3 Plateia 2014 ENG Axes

AXES
Users Manual
PLATEIA 2014
2014
Innovative IT and Environmental Technologies, d.o.o.
Axes 1
Axes 2
Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 5
1.1. About AXES Module ..................................................................................................... 5
1.2. Menu Commands with Short Descriptions.................................................................... 5
1.3. Layers .......................................................................................................................... 7
2. Command descriptions of the Axes Module ...................................................................... 9
2.1. 21A - Project ............................................................................................................... 9
2.2. 21B - Scale .................................................................................................................. 9
2.3. 21C - DEFINE AXES .................................................................................................... 11
2.4. 21D - Construction Elements .................................................................................... 15
2.5. 21E - Horizontal Elements ......................................................................................... 21
2.6. 21F - Edit horizontal elements .................................................................................. 47
2.7. 21G - Longitudinal Axis ............................................................................................ 55
2.8. 21H - Cross Axes ...................................................................................................... 63
2.9. 21I - Correspondent cross-sections .......................................................................... 79
2.10. 21J - DRAPE AXES TO DTM ...................................................................................... 82
2.11. 21K - Save Sections ................................................................................................. 87
2.12. 21L - Roadway and lanes ........................................................................................ 94
2.13. 21M - Cuts, fills and border-lines ......................................................................... 102
2.14. 21N - Extract data ................................................................................................. 111
2.15. 21O - Labels ......................................................................................................... 124
2.16. 21P - 3D Roadway-Model...................................................................................... 129
2.17. 21R - Tools ........................................................................................................... 138
2.18. 21S - Visibility splay .............................................................................................. 142
2.19. 21T Prepare drawing for plotting ........................................................................ 150
Axes 3
Axes 4
1. Introduction
1.1.
About AXES Module
AXES is PLATEIAs program module for creating horizontal alignments. It can be used for
designing roadways, railways and other similar civil engineering objects and structures. The
AXES module features both interactive as well as batch processing of horizontal elements
(i.e. Tangents, Curves, Spirals and Compound Spirals).
Once created, horizontal elements can easily be modified and connected together to form a
longitudinal axis. To help you construct your horizontal elements, PLATEIA also includes
commands for drawing auxiliary (construction) elements i.e. Lines and Circles which can
serve as a basis for creating the actual horizontal elements.
Horizontal Tangent and Curve elements are usually connected through a transition element
the (clothoid) Spiral. The Spiral is based on the following equation:
A2=L R
Where:
A is the Spiral parameter,

L is the Spiral length and
R stands for radius to which the Spiral is connected.
The longitudinal axis represents the basis for the construction of cross axes. By draping both
types of axes onto a digital terrain model you can acquire both longitudinal and cross section
and save them to appropriate files.
However, this is not the only method for acquiring the longitudinal and cross sections.
Another method built into PLATEIA 2008 allows you to acquire longitudinal and cross
sections by means of traverse and detail points that have been surveyed in the sections
without the need for creating a digital terrain model at all.
The resulting sections can afterwards be processed in the LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS and
CROSS SECTIONS modules. You can use the processed data from these two modules to
display roadsides, vertical alignments and cut/fill lines in the AXES module again.
Furthermore, the AXES program module also allows you to create visualizations of the
designed roadway.
1.2.
Menu Commands with Short Descriptions
A - SET PROJECT
Manage project files and define system variables.
B - SCALE
Set the output scale of the plan and change the scale of the plan.
C - AXESAXES-MANAGER
Define the axis to be created and edit basic axis parameters (e.g., stations chainage,
direction and visibility).
Axes 5
D - Construction Elements
Create the construction (auxiliary) elements of the axis Lines and Circles with
appropriate rotation directions (+ clockwise, - counter-clockwise).
E - Horizontal Elements (H
(HE)
E)
Construct the horizontal (main) elements of the axis Tangents, Curves, and
(Compound) Spirals and list/save their numerical values.
F - Edit Horizontal Elements

Edit the defined horizontal elements of the axis and modify the axis name that a
horizontal element belongs to.
G - Longitudinal Axis
Render a polyline, representing the entire longitudinal axis, over the defined
horizontal axis elements and convert an arbitrary polyline to a longitudinal axis
without having to define horizontal elements.
H - Cross Axes
Place cross axes on the longitudinal axis and label cross axes with stations and axis
names.
I - Correspondent cross axes

Calculating the distances between two axes and entering them into the drawing /
saving them to DIS and CAX files.
J - DRAPE
DRAPE AXES TO DTM
Drape the defined longitudinal and cross axes to a digital terrain model (QuickSurf)
and acquire three-dimensional longitudinal and cross axes.
K - Save sections
Save the generated three-dimensional longitudinal and cross axes (or any other 3D
PLINE) to appropriate files.
L - Roadway and lanes

Calculate and create expansions, left and right road edges, middle lanes and
transition curves for opening/closing lanes.
M - Cuts, fills and borderborder-lines

Draw cuts, fills. Define and save border-lines.
N - Extract data
Extract coordinates from cross axes.
O - Labels
Draw vertical alignment and superelevation labels.
P - 3D Roadway
Roadway-Model
Create a three-dimensional roadway model and view it from different angles.
R - Tools
Use these tools to create and analyze axes.
Y - Plateia AXES Help

Open Plateia help.
Z - Exit Plateia AXES

Close the PLATEIA AXES module menu.
Axes 6
1.3.
Layers
In the table below you can find a list of layers that the PLATEIA 2008 uses for the output of
axis elements. All layers are initialized when creating a new axis (see the Axes-Manager
command). The names of all AXES module layers are composed of three constituent parts:
1st PART - prefix "20_",

2nd PART - name of the axis and
3rd PART - name that stands for the basic purpose of the layer.
This way, a logical and clear layer structure is achieved that can easily be distinguished from
the layers created with other AutoCAD commands.
Example:
20_FIRSTAXIS_MAIN_ELEMENTS
Where:
Constituent part
Means
20_
PLATEIA AXES program module
FIRSTAXIS
FIRSTAXIS
name of the axis
MAIN_ELEMENTS
horizontal axis elements
Layers used by the AXIS program module are as follows:

Layer name
Layer description
20_AXISNAME_CONSTR_ELEMENTS
axis construction elements
20_AXISNAME_MAIN_ELEMENTS
horizontal (main) elements
20_AXISNAME_ME_LABELS
horizontal element labels
20_AXISNAME_LONG_AXES
longitudinal axis
20_AXISNAME_CROSS_AXES
cross axes
20_AXISNAME_CA_LABELS
cross axes labels and stations
20_AXISNAME_MIDDLE_LANE
middle-lane lines
20_AXISNAME_ROAD_EDGE_LEFT
left road edge
20_AXISNAME_ROAD_EDGE_RIGHT
right road edge
20_AXISNAME_3D_AXES
three-dimensional longitudinal/cross axes and road edges
20_AXISNAME_3D_LEVEL
3D vertical alignment
20_AXISNAME_LONG_AXES_LABELS
station labels of the longitudinal axis
20_AXISNAME_CUT
20_AXISNAME_CUT
cut hatches
20_AXISNAME_FILL
fill hatches
20_AXISNAME_VERT_ALIGN_LABELS
labels of the vertical axis elements
20_CONSTR_LINES
Contains auxiliary points, created by the programs

calculations that can be used by the user. The name of this
Axes 7
layer does not contain the axis name because it is common

to all axes.
AXISNAME string in the above layer is for illustration purposes only. In your drawing the layer
label will contain the name of your axis.
Axes 8
2. Command descriptions of the

Axes Module
2.1.
21A - Project
Project command group comprises the following commands:
2.2.
Project
Explore working directory
Settings
Axes-Icons
Conversions
21B - Scale
Command name:
SCALE
Command code:
21B
Icon:
Task:
elements
lements
Setting the current drawing scale for the output of axis e
Input data:
From drawing
Output data:
None
Layers:
This command does not use any.
See also commands:
11B
The Scale (21B) command sets the current scale for layout elements. This current scale
affects the following axis elements:
Horizontal element labels,

Labels of cross axes,
Labels of longitudinal axis, and
Labels of the vertical axis elements.
The scale settings for the output to a plotter can be modified by means of the Print/Plot
Configuration dialog box.
Axes 9
When plotting a survey plan, the settings you have set in the Print/Plot Configuration dialog
box have to match the current scale settings.
Valid settings:
Scale Plotted Milimeters=Drawing Units
1:1000
1=1
1:500
2=1
1:2000
1=2
and similarly for the rest of scales.

Parameters associated with the 21B command:
[200101] Drawing scale value ( 1000 )
Axes 10
2.3.
21C - DEFINE AXES
Command name:
AXESAXES-MANAGER
Command code:
21C
Icon:
Task:
Managing the projects axes: creating of a new axis, selecting the current axis,
Input data:
Via dialog box
Output data:
New layers (if a new axis has been defined)
Layers:
See also commands:
21R8
deleting
deleting an axis, etc.
This command is intended for management of axes present in drawing. Prior to designing of
a new axis, you need to define it by stating the initial properties (description, station,
direction, ) and define it as a current axis. Consequently, all commands from the PLATEIA
Axes module are related to this current axis. You can control the active axes in a status line
or in Axis Manager where the current axis is colored in red. In addition, this command
enables subsequent individual axis editing (after its elements have been already drawn).
The Axis Manager dialog box description that appears when you rightclick the axis name.
Active axis
Active axis name. All PLATEIA Axis module commands are related to it.
New axis
New axis name and its properties definition. When defining a new axis, layers get initialized.
(See in Introduction: Layers)
Erase axis
Erase axis. When erasing, all layers belonging to the individual axis get erased.
Refresh
Refresh axis list in Axis Manager
Zoom in the
drawing
drawing
Zoom a selected axis.
Select in the
drawing.
According to selected main horizontal element, program defines to which axis it belongs.
Axes 11
By doubleclicking the Parameters branch, the following dialog box opens:
The Parameters dialog box description:

Axis name
New axis name that should not contain any free spaces (only one word)
Description
Selected axis name additional description. User can use any text.
Km
Starting station (km)
Starting station (m)
Station direction
Station direction on axis can increase or decrease. Usually station increases. In special cases
(e.g. watercourses) it can even decrease.
Visibility
If you have more than one axis, you can make a selected axis invisible. This means that all
layers related to a selected axis can be automatically switched off. (See in Introduction:
Layers)
Currently active axis can not be switched off.
Axes 12
Command 21C is used to set up road category and terrain type. With these two parameters
velocity is calculated. By doubleclicking the Road category branch, program invokes the
command for a road category setting.
New feature in PLATEIA is defining road category for specific axis and not for
whole project. Now you can have multiple axes with different road categories in
same project.
The Slovene standard parameters dialog box explanation

Road category
select among different road categories available in the selected standard
TerrainTerrain-type
type
list of terrain types
Velocity
velocity is calculated from Road category and Terrain type
Critical parameters overview
click to open the Critical parameters overview dialogue box:
The Critical parameters overview dialog box explanation:

Rmin
minimal allowed horizontal radius for curves,
Lmin
minimal allowed parameter L for spiral,
Smax
maximal allowed longitudinal level fall
Rmin conv
minimal allowed convex radius for vertical alignments,
Rmin conc
minimal allowed concave radius for vertical alignments.
Axes 13
Values for critical parameters are checked in the following modules: Axes and
Longitudinal-sections. The program PLATEIA alerts you when some road
elements contain parameters outside the allowed range.
Using the 21C command you can select any number of lanes, their width and label.
PLATEIA introduces the LANE expression which can stand for selected elements
of a road body. Lanes can stand for traffic lanes, railroad lines, cycling paths,
pavements, etc.
By doubleclicking the Lanes branch, program invokes the command for a lane setting
You can define lanes separately for left and right side according to axis. Each side can
incorporate any number of lanes. Lanes closer to axis appears higher in the list. There are
some predefined lane types available in the Predefined types window. In addition, you can
define your own lanes. After pressing Add, define a lane name and its width. By
doubleclicking the lane, change its parameters. Using Delete, delete a selected lane.
Customized lane type can be saved under its own name in the predefined types rubric for
later use. You can erase only added types but not the predefined ones .
Axes 14
2.4.
21D - Construction Elements
Figure: Construction elements of the longitudinal axis (Lines and Circles).

Construction elements of the longitudinal axis (Lines and Circles) help you define the
horizontal axis elements (Tangents, Spirals and Curves). While Spirals can only be created
based on defined construction elements, Tangents and Curves can also be created without
these elements. Nevertheless, construction elements can often be of great assistance even
when creating Tangents and Curves.
Construction elements are defined and constructed interactively on the basis of a given
layout plan, a scanned or vectorized drawing, etc. Lines with known starting and ending
points and Circles with known center points and radii can also be inserted into the layout
based on a batch input procedure (from a CEL type).
Drawing construction elements can be a very difficult task when planning reconstruction
works on an existing roadway (because you must get as close to the real axis as possible).
In this case you will have to put all your expertise in using AutoCAD commands to a test.
Axis construction elements are and should always be drawn on the
layer.
Axes 15
Command name:
DEFINE CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS
Command code:
21D1
Icon:
Task:
elements
ents
Creating of Line and Circle longitudinal construction elem
Input data:
Geometrical characteristics and direction
Output data:
Construction elements
Layers:
See also commands:
21D2
With this command you can create the AXES modules construction elements Lines and
Circles.
A Line construction element is defined by means of a starting and ending point. The drawing
procedure is identical to the procedure of creating a Line entity with AutoCADs LINE
command.
Line construction elements are always drawn on the 20_AXISNAME_CONSTR_ELEMENTS layer.
Lines can also be drawn with the LINE command, just be sure to create it on the above layer.
A Circle construction element can be defined with four different types of input data:
Center and radius,

Three circle points,
Two diametrical points or
Two tangents and a radius.
The drawing procedure is the same as with the AutoCAD CIRCLE command. You also have to
define the circles sign (+ clockwise and - counter-clockwise rotation). The sign later
defines the rotation direction of the horizontal element, created on the circle. To obtain a
better plan legibility, Circle construction elements with different signs are drawn with
different line types ("PLUS_DIRECTION" or "MINUS_DIRECTION, respectively). You can
modify the line type to meet you own need (e.g., with Linetypescale) or even select an entirely
different line type (e.g., "CONTINUOUS"). Circle construction elements are always drawn on
the 20_AXISNAME_CONSTR_ELEMENTS layer.
You can also use normal AutoCAD Arc and Circle entities as construction elements. Both
entities are equivalent to PLATEIA Circle construction element with one exception. Namely,
they do not have the sign for the element rotation. When creating the horizontal elements,
you will therefore have to enter the appropriate rotation sign.
Axes 16
Command name:
READ CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS

ELEMENTS <<- CES
Command code:
21D2
Icon:
Task:
Loading of construction elements from a CES file
Input data:
CES file
Output data:
Drawn construction elements
Layers:
See also commands:
21D6
With this command you can load construction elements to be defined from a CES file. CES
files can be created with the Save construction elements to file -> CES (21D6) command but
you can also create them using Notepad or any other text editor. The command reads the
construction elements from the file and draws the Line and Circle elements on the
20_AXISNAME_CONSTR_ELEMENTS layer.
See Appendix A for further information on CES file format.
The Read construction elements dialog box explanation:

CES input file
click this button to find the path to the CES input file in an Explorer-like dialog box.
"File combo
box"
type in the name of the CES file or select one of the previously opened files from the drop
down list.
Existing
sections
displays a list of sections saved in the selected file; sections are groups of drawing elements
that can be inserted separately. You can only select a single section.
Command name:
DRAW CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS

ELEMENTS BASED ON HORIZONTAL
HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS
Command code:
21D3
Icon:
Task:
drawing of the construction elements on the basis of horizontal elements
Input data:
drawn axis using the main elements
Output data:
drawn construction elements
Layers:
See also commands
21E2, 21D
Axes 17
PLATEIA 2008 enables subsequent drawing of construction elements. Construction elements

are derived from the horizontal ones. After invoking this command the following dialog box
opens:
Select any axis from the list containing all axes in drawing. There are two buttons to choose
from:
Select all axes ... select all axes in drawing and draw construction elements for them,
Select from drawing >> ... select axis by pointing to it in drawing.
This command is suitable for axis editing. On the basis of main axis you can
draw construction elements that can be changed. Then you can draw horizontal
elements again over them.
Command name:
CALCULATE LINE OR ARC

ARC FROM POINTS
Command code:
21D4
Icon:
Task:
line or arc aproximation based on selected points
Input data:
points or PLINE
Output data:
ARC or LINE
Layers:
20_axis20_axis-name_CONSTR_ELEMENTS
See also commands:
21D, 111F1
The 21D4 command calculates a line or an arc on the basis of selected, randomly arranged
points using the smallest squares method. The result is an approximate (line or arc element)
closely adapting to the selected points.
This command is particularly useful when you have a recorded road edge or axis with points
in your layout and you want to fit lines or arc on them. Or in the longitudinal profile, where
you have selected points to which you want to approximate your line as closer as possible.
Using the selected PLATEIA points, AutocAD point elements or selected pline element, the
21D4 command calculates either a line or arc and then draws both line and circle elements to
the current layers. Gained elements can be regarded as construction elements for further
definition of an axis or line.
See the CALCULATE LINE OR ARC FROM POINTS (21D4) dialog box in the figure below.
Axes 18
Command name:
SET CURVECURVE-DIRECTION
Command code:
21D5
Icon:
Task:
Displaying a list of Circle elements and making modifications
Input data:
Construction elements in the drawing
Output data:
None
Layers:
See also commands:
21D1
Using this command you can display a list of defined Circle elements and modify their
rotation signs according to your needs the line type of the Circle is changed automatically
(MINUS_DIRECTION or PLUS_DIRECTION).
Using this command, you can also modify the sign of a circle (arc) created with the AutoCAD
CIRCLE/ARC command.
Axes 19
Command name:
SAVE CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS

ELEMENTS TO FILE -> CES
Command code:
21D6
Icon:
Task:
Saving construction elements to a CES file
Input data:
Construction elements in the drawing
Output data:
CES file
Layers:
This command does

does not use any.
See also commands:
21D2
Using this command you can save defined axis construction elements Lines and Circles to
a CES file. This file can later be read using the Read construction elements <- CES (21D2)
command.
The Save construction elements to file dialog box explanation:

CES input file
click this button to find the path to the CES file in an Explorer-like dialog box.
"File combo box
type in the name of the CES file or select one of the previously opened files from the
drop down list.
Existing sections
displays a list of sections saved in the selected file; if the name of the axis is identical
to the name of an existing section, the old section data will be automatically
overwritten.
Axes with construction

elements
select the construction elements to be saved to the file (use "Ctrl" to select more than
one axis).
Select all axes
click this button to select all axes in the list.
Select from drawing
click this button to select the construction elements to be saved directly from the
drawing (when you forgot the axis name of the construction elements).
See Appendix A for further information on CES file format.
Axes 20
2.5.
21E - Horizontal Elements
This command group contains different commands for the definition of horizontal elements.
The longitudinal axis can be defined using the following horizontal elements: Tangent,
Curve, Spiral and Compound Spiral. Horizontal elements can be drawn as independent
objects or as combinations between existing construction elements.
All horizontal elements are drawn on the 20_AXISNAME_MAIN_ELEMENTS layer while their
parameters ("A=..." and "R=...") are drawn on the 20_AXISNAME_ME_LABELS layer. When
creating and editing horizontal axis elements, you have to observe the following rules:
1. Horizontal elements and their combinations must always be created in the
direction of the station increase.
2. Elements with a "+" sign have a clockwise and elements with a "-" sign a
counter-clockwise direction.
Command name:
DRAW WITH FLOATING

FLOATING ELEMENTS
Command code:
21E1
Icon:
Task:
Creating of individual Tangent, Curve, Spiral, and Compound Spiral elements
Input data:
Construction elements
Output data:
Horizontal elements
Layers:
20_AXISNAME_CONSTR_ELEMENTS, 20_AXISNAME_MAIN_ELEMENTS
20_AXISNAME_MAIN_ELEMENTS
and their combinations
The Draw floating elements command enables drawing of floating alignment elements based
on construction elements. With drawing of floating elements their geometry can be changed:
Using grips on construction elements;

Changing the location or size (radius) of construction elements
Using edit floating elements command;
After selection of a horizontal alignment element which need to be changed the same
user interface used for drawing opens up
Using parametric values of construction elements properties
To draw floating elements construction elements (tangent or circle) need to be drawn in

drawing first. Based on construction elements layout the floating elements are drawn on
single construction element or between two construction elements. Possible combinations of
construction elements are shown below:
Axes 21
Construction elements need to be defined in station direction.
The Draw floating elements command interface differs based on combination of construction
elements that have been selected. There are several combinations possible, from single
construction element (tangent or circle), tangent circle combination to circle circle
combinations which include circle orientation in same or opposite direction. When started the
Draw floating elements command user needs to select one or two construction elements in
drawing. The following command line appears after invoking the command.
Command:
Select first fixed element <Enter to draw element at the beginning of the axis>:
Select second fixed element <Enter to draw element at the end of the axis>:
After selection of one or two construction elements following combinations to draw floating
elements open up:
1. Construction line - single tangent combinations:
Axes 22
Based on single construction line (tangent) three different combinations of floating

horizontal elements creation are possible:
Line extending throughout the length of construction element or beyond

Curve attached to construction line or
Curve with transition curve (parabola) connected to construction line
The direction of attached main alignment element differs in regards of the first or second
selection of construction element selection.
Axes 23
2. Construction curve - single curve combinations:
Based on single curve construction element six different combinations of floating horizontal
elements creation are possible:
Curve extending along the construction circle

Tangent connected to construction circle
Curve connected to construction circle
Inverse curve connected to construction circle
Tangent with transition curve (parabola) connected to construction circle
Curve with compound transition curve (parabola) connected to construction circle
Axes 24
3. Construction line - line combination (two tangents combinations):
Based on two construction line elements (two tangents) six different combinations of floating
horizontal elements creation are possible:
Curve between construction tangent elements

Spiral curve spiral combination between construction tangent elements
Spiral Spiral combination construction tangent elements
Axes 25
4. Construction line - curve combination (tangent - curve combinations):
Based on line and curve construction elements (tangent - curve combination) six different
combinations of floating horizontal elements creation are possible:
Curve between tangent and circle construction elements

Spiral between tangent and circle construction elements
Spiral Compound spiral between tangent and circle construction elements
Spiral Curve Spiral Spiral between tangent and circle construction elements
Spiral Curve Spiral between tangent and circle construction elements
For cases when tangent construction element is crossing the circle construction
element.
Spiral Curve Spiral between tangent and circle construction elements
For cases when tangent construction element is on the outer side of the circle
construction element.
Axes 26
5. Same direction construction circle - circle (same rotation curve - curve) combinations:
Based on same direction curve construction elements (curve - curve combination) twelve
different combinations of floating horizontal elements creation are possible:
Tangent between two circle construction elements

Curve between two circle construction elements
Inverse curve between two circle construction elements
Compound spiral between two circle construction elements (one circle inside other)
Spiral - Spiral between two circle construction elements
Spiral Tangent - Spiral between two circle construction elements
Spiral Spiral between two circle construction elements (circles crossing each others)
Spiral Curve - Spiral between two circle construction elements
Inner spiral Inner spiral between two circle construction elements
Inner spiral Inner Curve Inner spiral between two circle construction elements
Spiral Curve - Spiral between two circle construction elements (one circle inside
other)
Spiral Inverse spiral Inverse Curve - Inverse spiral Spiral combination
Axes 27
6. Opposite direction construction circle - circle (opposite rotation curve - curve) combinations:
Based on opposite direction curve construction elements (curve - curve combination) another
nine different combinations of floating horizontal elements creation are possible:
Tangent between two opposite direction circle construction elements

Curve between two opposite direction circle construction elements
Inverse curve between two opposite direction circle construction elements
S curve (spiral spiral) between two opposite direction circle construction elements
S curve with tangent (spiral tangent spiral) between two opposite direction circle
construction elements
Spiral Curve - S curve (spiral spiral) between two opposite direction circle
construction elements (when one construction circle element inside other)
Spiral Curve - S curve (spiral spiral) between two opposite direction circle
construction elements (when two construction circle elements aside)
S curve (spiral spiral) Curve - Spiral between two opposite direction circle
construction elements (when one construction circle element inside other)
Axes 28
S curve (spiral spiral) Curve - Spiral between two opposite direction circle
construction elements (when two construction circle elements aside)
Special example when only one construction element is selected:

If Enter is pressed at any step of selection instead of selecting a second construction element
(selection of one construction element only thus not selection second construction element
when running command) no element is selected at that step. Selecting a single construction
line (or construction circle element) is such example.
The one selection only option has two possibilities. Either the element is selected at first or
second selection option. The result of drawn horizontal element is influenced by this
selection option:
In case of tangent construction line being selected at first step the horizontal
alignment element will be draw from the beginning of the construction element till
end of it or to any distance defined in this combinations user interface.
If tangent construction line is selected at second step the horizontal alignment
element is draw from the end of the construction element till beginning of it or to any
distance defined in this combinations user interface.
Similar the construction of any other horizontal alignment element attached to tangent or
circle construction element is defined. It is important though to note the difference of
selecting single construction element at first or second selection. The two possibilities enable
drawing of alignment element in two ways. From construction element starting point towards
its end or from the end of construction element toward its beginning. The two examples are
shown below:
Horizontal alignment element defined on tangent construction element with the use of first
element selection when running Draw floating element command
Axes 29
Horizontal alignment element defined on tangent construction element with the use of
second element selection when running Draw floating element command
Draw floating elements example:

To draw floating elements user need to select (one or) two construction elements in drawing.
After selection general user interface as show in examples 1-6 opens up. After selection
proper combination detailed user interface opens where specific parameters like length of
spiral / A spiral parameter or radii value can be defined. Some user interfaces enable draw
through point for radii values definition possibilities.
Deleting floating elements:

Select alignment entity that needs to be deleted and press DELETE key.
Please note that all elements from the selected combination will be
deleted.
Axes 30
21E2
21E2 Draw with stick method
Command name:
DRAW WITH STICK METHOD
Command name:
21E2
Icon:
Task:
construction of the horizontal axis elements
Input data:
Output data:
horizontal axis elements
Layers:
this command does not use them
See also commands:
21E1, 21E3, 21E6,

21E6, 21F
PLATEIA 2008 has introduced a new approach to constructing horizontal axis elements. Axis
construction is now possible without the use of the horizontal axis elements. Using this new
method, you stick the horizontal elements together in a sequence.
After invoking the 21E2 command, program gives the following prompt:
Point or [Element / End / NULL]<NULL>:
You can select a start point of the first element or the horizontal axis element from which
you want to continue your drawing (using the Element option). Or, you may enter nothing by
pressing Enter. In the latter case, a start point needs to be defined later. A dialog box having
three tabs for drawing a line, arc and spiral (can be also a compound-spiral) opens. You can
simply switch from one tab to another and have therefore possibility to draw all possible
sequences of the horizontal elements. Some of the parameters found in tab are fixed and
cannot be modified according to the previous element. In addition, you will find a spiral
direction denoting a position of the individual diameters preset. If you find your line is
followed by the spiral, start direction angle (line angle) and start radius (infinity), direction of
spiral will be from bigger radius to a smaller one. After each drawn element program
suggests the most logical type of the next element by switching automatically to appropriate
tab. Using Finish, you can finish your drawing while by pressing Back you can go one step
back. Program erases the last drawn element and continues its drawing from the previous
one.
You can see how your drawing changes according to the selected or fixed elements, thus
representing a way of interactive construction. You can change only parameters colored in
yellow. A dialog box is of modeless type and therefore you can always reach either an
AutoCAD or your drawing.
Drawing line
Axes 31
Line is defined either by a start point, direction and length or by a start and end point. If one
of the parameter groups is selected, the remaining data is calculated automatically and an
auxiliary line in white is drawn matching the selected parameters. You can enter parameters
manually to the appropriate field or select them interactively by dragging the auxiliary line.
By pressing Draw, you can get your horizontal element drawn with its labels included.
If you have defined unsufficient number of parameters, you can additionally define them by
dragging an auxiliary line in drawing bearing in mind that only elements that havent been
defined can be edited. If the start point and direction have been defined, only length can be
interactively changed. And if only a start point has been defined, only end point can be
changed while a direction and length are calculated.
Using the upper Jig button, you can select a start point interactively (if not fixed previously).
Using the lower Jig button, you can interactively define those parameters that havent been
defined yet simply by dragging an auxiliary line. This is similar to using the Draw button
except this time a line isnt drawn and only parameters are transferred to a dialog where can
be reviewed and edited. If all parameters have been defined, you can define all those that
havent been fixed. In the Step frame, you can define steps for direction and length according
to which these two change during the interactive parameter definition.
Arc drawing
Axes 32
Arc can be defined using three different methods. First method comprises three points, the
second one a start point, start angle and end point while the third one includes a start point,
start angle, radius and length. When the three point method is used, the second point is not
directly seen in a dialog box. If one of the parameter groups is selected, the remaining data
is calculated automatically and an auxiliary arc in white is drawn matching the selected
parameters. You can define parameters manually or by dragging an auxiliary arc (similarly to
the line related procedures). By pressing Draw, you can get your horizontal element drawn
with its labels included (If you have defined unsufficient number of parameters, define the
missing ones interactively using the jig function.)
A method by which you interactively define the missing parameters is similar to the one used
with drawing of a line and depends on the fact which elements have been previously defined.
If a start angle, radius and angle havent been defined previously, you can define an arc by
three points. But this method is possible only when arc is the first axis element. Otherwise, a
start angle is already defined. If a start point and angle have been defined without a radius,
length and end point, you can change the arc end point. If radius or length have been
additionally defined, you can interactively change only length or radius. Both Jig buttons
operates similarly to the ones in a dialog used for a line definition. In the Step frame, user
can define steps for direction, radius and length according to which these three change
during the interactive parameter definition (Jig).
Spiral drawing
Axes 33
Spiral is defined three ways. Firstly, by a start point, start angle and end point. Secondly, by
start point, start angle, radius and length. And thirdly, by start point, start angle and the A
parameter. By pressing Length or Parameter, you can define whether you will employ the
length or A parameter (missing data can be calculated from the following equations:
A=
1
RL
2 1
.
or L = A
R
R R1
1
R1
Spiral can be positioned so that radius comes from infinity into some R. Or, it is turned so
that radius comes from some R value to infinity. The second option is possible only when the
previous element is in a form of arc, part spiral or a normally positioned spiral. In this case a
start point, start angle and radius are fixed and you can change only its length or parameter
(be it manually or interactively, similarly as with line and arc construction). If a spiral is
normally positioned, these are two main options for interactive drawing.
In the case radius, length or parameter (if R1 radius equals 0) havent been defined, you just
select a spiral end point. Otherwise, you can change a missing parameter while an end point
gets calculated. In the Step frame, you can define steps for direction, radius and length
according to which these three change during the interactive parameter definition (Jig).
Drawing compound-spiral
Axes 34
You get a compound-spiral when the R1 radius is different from 0. This radius is the one that
is bigger. Value 0 stands for a simple spiral where the bigger radius equals infinity. Spiral can
be positioned so that radius comes from infinity into some R. Or, it is turned so that radius
comes from some R to infinity. The second variant is possible only when the previous
element is in a form of arc, compound-spiral or a normally positioned spiral. In both cases
also a compound-spiral that can be positioned two ways can be drawn. Basically, radius
comes from R to R1 (R1 is bigger than R) but if user enters a value for R1 being smaller than
R, compound-spiral position changes. The same can be seen in the upper dialog where
radius comes from the bigger to smaller value.
Command name:
DRAW TANGENTTANGENT-POLYGON WITH HORIZONTAL

HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS
Command code:
21E3
Icon:
Task:
drawing of tangent polygon with main elements
Input data:
tangent polygon vertex
Output data:
corrected main elements
Layers:
20_axis_name_TANGENT POLYGON, axis_name_GLEL

axis_name_GLEL
See also commands:
21E1, 21E2, 21E8,

21E8, 21F
Using a tangent polygon, you can describe any combination of main elements. You can
interactively insert a tangent polygon across which main elements are drawn just by using
the 21E3 command. After invoking the command, the following dialog box opens:
Axes 35
The Draw tangent polygon dialog box description:

Automatic
At each vertex, program draws the biggest possible arc. If the Draw spirals option is
included, program draws the biggest possible arc taking into account the R/A ratio.
Interactive
When selecting the main elements interactively and after tangent polygon drawing
there appears the same dialog box as with the 21F2 command in which you select a
vertex type and main element parameters (see 21F2 command).
Draw spirals
When selecting main elements automatically, you can choose between drawing spirals
or an arc without spirals.
R/A ratio
You can select an R/A ratio only when the Draw spirals option is on. Using this
parametre, you select the ratio between the arc radius and A spiral parametre.
After clicking OK, select the first point of tangent polygon. Command line reads:
First point or [Polygon/End]:
If you select P as polygon, you can connect to the last element of any existing polygon. In
the next steps a command line reads:
Point or [polygon/End]:
Select a point or the P option with which you connect to the first element of the existing
polygon. Using the K option, finish polygon drawing without connecting to the existing
polygon.
When you have finished with axis definition, the 21L1 command is automatically invoked.
Program calculates individual lane widenings and the Draw lane dialog box automatically
appears on your screen. Using this dialog box, you can change parameters, import or save
widenings in a file or check a calculation standard. For details see the 21L1 command.
Command name:
CONVERT POLYLINE TO TANGENTTANGENT-POLYGON WITH HORIZONTAL

HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS
Command code:
21E4
Icon:
Task:
transformation of any polyline element to a tangent polygon with main elements
Input data:
polyline
Output data:
tangent polygon and main elements
Layers:
20_axis_name_TANGENT POLYGON, axis_name_GLEL
See also commands:
21E3, 21F
Axes 36
Using the 21E4 command to convert any polyline to a tangent polygon. On the basis of
tangent polygon, main elements are drawn and labeled. After invoking the command, select a
polyline to be converted. The following dialog box opens:
The Draw tangent polygon dialog box description:

Automatic
At each vertex, program draws the biggest possible arc. If the Draw spirals option is
included, program draws the biggest possible arc taking into account the R/A ratio.
Interactive
When selecting the main elements interactively and after tangent polygon drawing
there appears the same dialog box as with the 21F2 command in which you select a
vertex type and main element parameters (see 21F2 command).
Draw spirals
When selecting main elements automatically, you can choose between drawing spirals
or an arc without spirals.
R/A ratio
You can select an R/A ratio only when the Draw spirals option is on. By this
parametre, you select a ratio between the arc radius and A spiral parametre.
Command name:
CONVERT PLINE TO HORIZONTAL

HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS
Command code:
21E5
Icon:
Task:
Drawing of horizontal elements based on selected PLINE element in the drawing
Input data:
PLINE element
Output data:
Horizontal elements
Layers:
This command
command does not use any.
See also commands:
21E9,
21E9, 31F
With command you can convert an arbitrary two-dimensional polyline in the horizontal
elements of an axis. The selected polyline can either be "heavy" (Polyline) or "light"
(Lwpolyline). Straight polyline sections are converted to Tangents and others (Arcs) to Curves.
After converting the polyline to horizontal axis elements, the original polyline is
automatically erased from the drawing.
Axes 37
Figure: Converting the polyline to horizontal axis elements.
Command name:
READ HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS

ELEMENTS <<- AXS
Command code:
21E6
Icon:
Task:
Drawing of horizontal elements based on an AXS input file
Input data:
AXS file
Output data:
Horizontal elements
Layers:
See also commands:
21E9,
21E9, 31F
This command opens the specified AXS file and performs a batch input of the horizontal axis
elements.
The Read horizontal elements dialog box explanation:
Axes 38
AXS input file
click this button to find the path to the AXS file in an Explorer-like dialog box.
"File combo box"
type in the name of the AXS file or select one of the previously opened files from
the drop down list.
Existing sections in file
displays a list of sections saved in the selected file; sections are groups of
drawing elements that can be inserted separately; you can select only one section
or more sections simultaneously.
If the name of the axis has not been defined with the Axes-Manager (2C) command, the
program names the axis automatically, creates the appropriate layers and draws the
horizontal elements loaded from the AXS file.
The Read horizontal elements <- AXS (21E6) command is the inverse
command of the Save horizontal elements to file -> AXS (21E9) command.
See Appendix A for further information on AXS file format.

You can use the Read horizontal elements <- AXS (21E6) command, for example, to import
the results of an axis calculation carried out in another program. The format of the saved file
has to correspond to the AXS file format definition. The file does not have to contain all data
specified in the AXS file format because some of the information is not required for the input
of horizontal elements. The following is a list of obligatory data for individual horizontal
elements.
TANGENTS:
Serial number ... serial number of the element (integer)

Element type ... TANGENT.
Starting point ... EAST.
Starting point ... NORTH.
Ending point ... EAST.
Ending point ... NORTH.
Data that is not required for the input can be marked with an arbitrary character (e.g. *).
You can also omit the serial numbers (1-5) they are only included for your convenience.
Example:
TANGENT
*
*
UNLIMITED
UNLIMITED
-26.718
204.259
190.986
345.331
Axes 39
1
2
3
4
5
CURVES:

Element type ... CURVE.
Radius ... MUST include a sign (+ or -).
Center point ... EAST.
Center point ... NORTH.
Example:
CURVE
*
*
*
+250.525
*
22.592
375.545
*
*
184.238
196.174
266.213
*
*
305.927
1
2
3
4
5
SPIRALS:

Element type ... SPIRAL.
Starting radius ... radius at the beginning of the Spiral (can also be UNLIMITED for a
straight tangential part of the Spiral).
Ending radius ... radius at the end of the Spiral (can also be UNLIMITED for a straight
tangential part of the Spiral).
As the relation between parameter A, radius R and the starting/ending

coordinates is defined uniformly, the parameter has to be corrected for the
program to be able to use the coordinates exactly as defined.
The reason for this correction lies in the accuracy of the coordinates which depends on the
number of decimal places. These corrections are minimal and have virtually no effect on the
result (if the file contains real data).
Example:
SPIRAL
90.074
*
*
*
UNLIMITED
-75.306
186.048
272.294
*
*
Axes 40
210.456
270.886
*
*
1
2
3
4
5
The Spiral parameter A for the above example has been corrected to A=90.0745.
Figure: Spiral
COMPOUND SPIRALS:

Element type ... COMPOUND_SPIRAL.
Starting radius.
Ending radius.
As the relation between parameter A, radius R, and the starting/ending
coordinates is defined uniformly, the parameter has to be corrected for the
program to be able to use the coordinates exactly as defined. The reason
for this correction lies in the accuracy of the coordinates which depends on
the number of decimal places. These corrections are minimal and have
virtually no effect on the result (if the file contains real data).
Example:
1
COMPOUND_SPIRAL
192.592
*
*
*
-130.000
-75.000
Axes 41
175.223
265.476
*
*
*
207.525
350.879
*
*
*
1
2
3
4
5
Figure: Compound spiral.
The Spiral parameter A for the above example has been corrected to A=192.593.
For parameters associated with the commands for creating horizontal elements see
Chapter: Horizontal elements, Parameters associated with the commands for creating
horizontal elements.
Command code:
VIEW HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS

ELEMENTS DATA...
Command code:
21E8
Icon:
none
Task:
reviewing main
main elements' data
Input data:
axis main elements
Output data:
clipboard data
Layers:
it does not use them
See also commands:
Using the Review elements command, you review main elements and parametre values. Main
elements parametre values can not be changed. You can change main elements using the
Change main elements command group (see 21F command group). Elements from the list
are sorted according to the sequential main element number. After invoking the command,
the following dialog box appears:
Axes 42
You can see a tree containing all existing axes in a drawing on the left side of the dialog box.
By doubleclicking or clicking the + sign in front of the axis name, open a selected axis.
You will see all the main elements. At the same time, main elements with corresponding
parameters show up in an element list on the right side of the dialog box. By selecting
elements from the tree or list, they get marked in the drawing by a dashed line. To select
more than one element use CTRL+click or SHIFT+click.
The Main elements: Review parameters dialog box description:
If you erased or added an element in a drawing, refresh a main element list by
clicking Refresh list.
Copy selected elements to a clipboard. Element data from clipboard can be then
pasted to any program (Excel, Word, etc.)
If you don't know which element in the list is the one that is of interest to you,
select it in a drawing and in the data list a corresponding line will be marked.
Insert geometry data in drawing. ARO_MAINPTSTBL table style is used. Style is
defined CGS_TableStyles.dwt template file.
Zoom in the drawing
If this option is engaged, program will zoom to the selected element group. Select a
zoom factor from a drop-down menu.
Single element Selection
If this option is engaged, program marks element in drawing.
This dialog box remains active also when using other commands and helps
with searching for any element or axis.
Axes 43
Command name:
SAVE HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS

ELEMENTS TO FILE -> AXS
AXS
Command code:
21E9
Icon:
Task:
Saving horizontal elements to an AXS file
Input data:
Horizontal elements
Output data:
AXS file
Layers:
See also commands:
21E6
This command saves horizontal elements and their attribute values to an AXS file. This file
can later be read with the Read horizontal elements <- AXS (21E6) command or used in the
Longitudinal Sections program module (see DRAW HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENTS <-AX, 31F).
The SAVE HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS TO FILE dialog box explanation:

AXS output file
click this button to find the path to the AXS file in an Explorer-like dialog box.
"File combo box"
type in the name of the AXS file or select one of the previously opened files from
the drop down list.
Existing sections
displays a list of sections saved in the selected file; if the name of the axis is
identical to the name of an existing section, the old section data will be
automatically overwritten.
List of axes in the drawing
select the horizontal elements to be saved to the file (use "Ctrl" to select more
than one axis).
Select all axes
click this button to select all axes in the list.
Select axis from drawing
click this button to select the axis to be saved directly from the drawing (e.g. if
you forgot the axis name of an element combination).
See Appendix A for further information on AXS file format.
Axes 44
Command name:
Define horizontal elements with BESTBEST-FIT method
Command code:
21EA
Icon:
Task:
drawing the axis on the basis of the given points or the polyline with the method best
best-
fit
Input data:
points or polylines
Output data:
axis (tangent polygon, main elements)
Layers:
20_axis20_axis-name_TANGENT_POLyGON, 20_axis20_axis-name_MAIN_ELEMENTS
See also commands:
21E, 21F
21F
The command 21EA on the basis of the given sequence of points or the polyline calculates
and draws an axis that best fits to the given elements. As input data it is possible to give one
or two (parallel) sequences of points or one or two (parallel) polylines, where the program
can read points from. In case of two sequences of points or two polylines the program
calculates the middle line and as input data the points from this line are taken. Output data
is the axis with main elements that best follows the course of the given elements.
After the start of the command the following dialog box appears:
Description of the dialog box

One chain / two chains
input data one or two sequences of points or one or two polylines
Axes 45
AutoCAD blocks
input data are the points or optional AutoCAD blocks, the user can choose
an attribute for both groups from the drop-down list
Polyline
input data is the polyline or two polylines, the user can choose them in the
drawing with the button
Alignment name
the name of the new axis
Max. radius
the parameter sets the limit between the circular arcs and axes; it is possible
to improve the result with changes, where smaller value means that the
function perceives arcs with smaller radius better, greater value means
greater sensitivity for the arcs with greater radius
Spirals
switched on option means that the function is trying to insert the spirals in
the curves with the given parameter R/A or greater (maximum 5), whenever
it is possible
Detect straight lines
switched on option means, that the function is trying to reconstruct from the
input data also the tangents and connect them with help from spirals with
the reconstructed arcs, where they consider the given minimal ratio R/A that
must be valid for in such way gained spirals.
With the help of the described settings in the dialog it is possible to strongly influence the
end result and the error.
Axes 46
2.6.
21F - Edit horizontal elements
This command group enables editing of already drawn axis main elements. Editing of the
main elements is possible by means of a tangent polygon. Using a tangent polygon, you can
describe any combination of main elements. This way you can draw a tangent polygon for
editing of the main elements via already drawn main elements.
Whenever an axis is edited, 21L1 function is automatically invoked. Program calculates
individual lane widenings and the Draw lane dialog box automatically appears on your
screen. Using this dialog box, you can change parameters, import or save widenings in a file
or check a calculation standard. For details see the 21L1 command.
Command name:
EDIT FLOATING ELEMENTS
Command name:
21F1
Icon:
Task:
editing of floating elements
Input data:
floating elements
Output data:
floating elements
Layers:
20_AXISNAME_CONSTR_ELEMENTS,
20_AXISNAME_CONSTR_ELEMENTS, 20_AXISNAME_MAIN_ELEMENTS
See also commands:
21E1
21E1
After alignments was created using draw floating elements command specific parameters for
alignment entities can be edited by running the Edit Floating elements command, selecting
alignment entity which needs to be changed and user interface used for drawing of this
elements opens up where parameters can be changed.
Another possibility is to run Draw Floating element command, define parameters for new
alignment combination geometry and after OK existing alignment entity get automatically
deleted and replaced by new geometry combination definition.
Dynamic editing with construction elements grip moves enabled is also a possibility to edit
alignment geometry. Moving construction elements or changing their properties (like radii
value) applies to alignment geometry which is updated instantly after change made. When
using construction elements grip move alignment geometry preview is always available.
Axes 47
Command name:
EDIT HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS

ELEMENTS IN TANGENTTANGENT-POLYGON VERTEX
Command name:
21F2
Icon:
Task:
editing of the main elements in tangent polygon vertices
Input data:
Output data:
edited main elements

elements
Layers:
20_axis20_axis-name_TANGENT_POLYGON, 20_axis20_axis-name_MAIN_ELEMENTS
See also commands:
21F, 21E1, 21E2, 21E8
The 21F2 command is intended for editing of the main elements belonging to a selected
tangent polygon vertex. To use this command you need to draw a tangent polygon (see the
21FB) via main elements. After invoking of the command, command line reads:
Select object:
Select a tangent polygon vertex and the following dialog appears:
Axes 48
Using the Previous and Next buttons, move among the tangent polygon vertices. Program
marks a selected vertex by a red square.
The Vertex editor dialog box description:

Type
Select a vertex type. Options include: LRL, LR, RL, LL, Auto. See the Vertex type
descriptions section.
R1
Intial spiral radius 1 (optional). R1 should be always bigger than R. By setting of

the initial spiral radius, construct a compound spiral.
L1
Spiral angle length 1. If L1 isn't checked, a spiral length will equal 0 (L1=0).
Arc radius (with the LRL vertex type) or final spiral radius (with the LR and RL
vertex type). User interactively selects a radius by clicking R. After the R button
has been activated, command line executes the radius selection step.
L2
Spiral angle length 2. If L2 isn't checked, a spiral length will equal 0 (L2=0).
R2
Final spiral radius 2 (optional). R2 should be always bigger than R. By setting of

the final spiral radius, construct a compound spiral.
r_L
XL/DL ratio. See drawing in a dialog box. In case the r_L ratio selection is
activated, you cannot select an appropriate L parameter as it is one-way defined
by the r_L ratio.
Axes 49
r_R
XL/DR ratio. See drawing in a dialog box. In case the r_R ratio selection is
activated, you cannot select an appropriate L parameter as it is one-way defined
by the r_R ratio.
Draw spirals
If the Auto vertex type has been selected, you can have a possiblity to choose
between the drawing of spirals or arc without spirals.
R/A
You can select the R/A parameter only if the Draw spirals option is activated.
Using this parameter, you select a ratio between an arc radius and parameter A
of both spirals.
Vertex type descriptions:
LRL ... vertex consists of three main elements spiral 1, arc and spiral 2. Both spirals
are optional and can be omitted. In a dialog box, select L1, L2 and L3 parameters.
Parameters L1 and L2 can be selected also by means of appropriate r_L in r_R ratios.
LR ... vertex consists of two main elements spiral 1 and 2. In a dialog box, select L1
and R parameters. The L1 parameter can be selected also by means of appropriate r_L
ali r_R ratio.
RL ... vertex consists of two main elements spiral 1 and 2. In a dialog box, select R
and L2 parameters. You can select the L2 parameters also by means of appropriate
r_L ali r_R ratio.
LL ... vertex consists of two main elements spiral 1 and 2.
Auto ... vertex consists of three main elements spiral 1, arc and spiral 2. You can
switch off both spirals by using the Draw spirals option. If this option is activated,
select the R/A option. Program will seek for the biggest radius in a selected vertex
that is compliant with the R/A condition.
The simplest way you can balance tangent lengths is to select the r_L and r_R ratios. If you
don't want a tangent between the n and n+1 vertices, set the r_R ratio to 0.5 in vertex n.
Then move on to the next vertex (n+1) and set the r_L ratio to 0.5. This way, you get S and C
curves between the n and n+1 vertices. You can set any ratio. If both ratios' sum equals 1,
there is no tangent between them.
In certain combinations of the main element parameters, system is

not mathematically solvable. You will see a warning message and
main elements will not be drawn. In such cases you can activate the
Auto type and regain solvable parameters.
Command name:
MOVE
MOVE TANGENT POLYGON VERTEX
VERTEX
Command code:
21F3
Icon:
Task:
moving of tangent polygon vertex
Input data:
Output data:
Layers:
20_axis20_axis-name_TANGENT _POLYGON, 20_axis20_axis-name_ MAIN_ELEMENTS
See also commands:
21F,
21F, 21E1, 21E2, 21E8
In addition to editing of the main elements in the tangent polygon vertices, you can edit
them also by means of moving of a tangent polygon vertex. In order to use the command,
you need to draw a tangent polygon via main elements (see 21F3 command). After invoking
of the 21F3 command, select a tangent polygon vertex to be moved. Using a mouse select a
new vertex position.
Axes 50
When selecting a vertex, new tangents are colored white and red. White stands for possible
mathematic solution with selected parameters while red stands for impossible mathematic
solution with selected parameters of an individual vertex.
If the selected vertex type is Auto (see 21FB), program seeks the biggest possible R that is
compliant with the R/A condition. While moving the vertex, tangents get colored in red when
in selected position. This means that drawing by means of spirals is impossible. Program
draws vertex elements without using the spirals.
When moving the LRL vertex type, program retains the R parameter. If drawing using the
selected R parameter is impossible, tangents get colored in red.
After the vertex position has been selected, main elements and their labels will be drawn via
a tangent polygon.
Command name:
OFFSET TANGENT
TANGENTGENT-POLYGON
Command code:
21F4
Icon:
Task:
parallel moving of a tangent
Input data:
tangent polygon
Output data:
Layers:
20_axis20_axis-name_TANGENT _POLYGON, 20_axis20_axis-name_MAIN_ELEMENTS
See also commands:
21F, 21E1, 21E2, 21E8
Using the 21F4 command, you can make a parallel offset of a tangent. To use this command,
tangent polygon needs to be drawn via main elements (see 21FB command). After invoking
the command, you select a tangent to be moved:
Constant length (Yes/No)? <No>:
You can select a constant or flexible tangent length. When selecting the flexible tangent
length, inclinations of the neighbouring tangents are retained.
If a selected vertex type is Auto (see 21FB), program seeks the biggest possible R that is
compliant with the R/A condition. While moving a tangent, tangents get colored in red when
in selected position. This means that drawing by means of spirals is impossible. Program
draws vertex elements without using the spirals.
When moving the LRL vertex type, program retains the R parameter. If drawing using the
selected R parameter isn't possible, tangents get colored in red.
After the vertex position has been selected, main elements and their labels will be drawn via
a tangent polygon.
Axes 51
Command name:
ERASE TANGENTTANGENT-POLYGON VERTEX
Command code:
21F5
Icon:
Task:
erasing of vertex and related main elements
Input data:
Output data:
Layers:

name_MAIN_ELEMENTS
See also commands:
21F, 21E1, 21E2, 21E8
Using the 21F5 command, erase a tangent polygon vertex and the main elements belonging
to the selected vertex.
Tangent polygon must comprise at least three vertices.
After the vertex has been erased, if a mathematic calculation of the main elements is
possible, main elements and their labels will be drawn via a tangent polygon.
Command name:
ADD TANGENTTANGENT-POLYGON VERTEX
Command code:
21F6
Icon:
Task:
adding of vertex
vertex and related main elements
Input data:
tangent
Output data:
Layers:
20_axis20_axis-name_TANGENT _POLYGON, 20_axis20_axis-name_ MAIN_ELEMENTS
See also commands:
21F, 21E1, 21E2, 21E8
Using the 21F6 command, add a new vertex to a tangent polygon. After invoking the
command, select a new tangent onto which you want to add a new vertex and vertex
position.
The Auto vertex type is entered (see 21F2 command).
After the vertex has been entered, if a mathematic calculation of the main elements is
possible, main elements and their labels will be drawn via a tangent polygon.
Axes 52
Command name:
REFRESH LABELS
Command code:
21F7
Icon:
Task:
Redrawing of the horizontal element labels according to the new project settings
Input data:
Horizontal elements
Output data:
Modified horizontal elements
Layers:
See also commands:
21A31
The output of the horizontal element labels can vary according to the current output
settings. The default settings conform to the standards of individual countries but PLATEIA
does not restrict you to use those setting only furthermore, you can modify the output of
the labels to suit a lot of different needs. See Axes-Settings, parameter no. 5 to 30.
Command name:
PLACE STATION LABELS IN MAIN POINTS
Command code:
21F8
Icon:
Task:
Labeling of horizontal element stations
Input data:
Label position
Output data:
Labeled horizontal elements
Layers:
See also commands:
21A31, 21F7
This command saves the horizontal element stations in drawing. Select a label position and
click ENTER for a default setting.
Example of the horizontal element station labeling:
Axes 53
Figure: Horizontal element station labeling.
Command name:
DEFINE NEW AXISAXIS-NAME FOR THE SELECTED

SELECTED ELEMENTS
Command code:
21F9
Icon:
Task:
Assigning a new axis name to selected elements
Input data:
Horizontal elements
Output data:
Modified horizontal
horizontal elements
Layers:
20_NEWAXISNAME_MAIN_ELEMENTS and 20_NEWAXISNAME_ME_LABELS
See also commands:
21C
This command can be used to divide a large longitudinal axis into two or more smaller axes.
Procedure is as follows:
1. Define a new axis name with the appropriate parameter values set (e.g., starting station).
(See the description of the Axes-Manager, 21C command.)
2. Start the Define new axis-name for the selected elements (21F9) command, select the
elements you would like to include in the new axis, and select the new axis from the
axes list.
A similar procedure could also be used to combine smaller axes into a single larger one.
Axes 54
Command name:
ERASE TANGENTTANGENT-POLYGON AND HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS
Command code:
21FA
Icon:
none
Task:
erasing of a tangent polygon and the main elements
Input data:
tangent polygon
Output data:
Layers:
See also commands:
21F, 21E1, 21E2, 21E8
Using the 21FA command, erase a tangent polygon and related main elements. After
invoking the command, select any tangent from the tangent polygon. If axis comprises
several tangent polygons, command will erase only a selected one and related main
elements.
Using this command, erase both a tangent polygon and related

main elements. Tangent polygon is drawn on the 20_axisname_TANGENT POLYGON which can be switched off.
Command name:
DRAW TANGENTTANGENT-POLYGON FROM HORIZONTAL

HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS
Command code:
21FB
Icon:
Task:
drawing of a tangent polygon based on current axis main elements
Input data:
main elements
Output data:
tangent polygon
Layers:
20_axis20_axis-name_TANGENT_POLYGON
See also commands:
21F, 21E1, 21E2, 21E8
To edit current axis main elements you need to draw a tangent polygon. Use this command if
the main elements were drawn employing one of these commands:
DEFINE HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS BASED ON CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS (21E1),

DEFINE HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS WITH STICK METHOD (21E2),
Read horizontal elements <- AXS (21E6).
After invoking of the command, a tangent polygon (normally used for editing of the main
elements with commands such as 21F2, 21F3, 21F4, 21F5 and 21F6) is drawn on the
20_axis-name_TANGENT POLYGON layer.
2.7.
21G - Longitudinal Axis
The longitudinal axis is a line, representing the path of the entire horizontal alignment. It is
drawn using a two-dimensional polyline that is placed across the horizontal elements.
Axes 55
Command name:
DRAW LONGITUDINAL
LONGITUDINAL AXIS
Command code:
21G1
Icon:
Task:
Placing of a twotwo-dimensional polyline across the horizontal elements of the axis
Input data:
Horizontal elements
Output data:
Longitudinal axis (polyline)
Layers:
See also commands:
21C,
21C, 21A31
This command draws the longitudinal axis (a polyline), thus concluding the design phase of
constructing and modifying horizontal elements. The longitudinal axis, created on the layer
20_AXISNAME_LONG_AXES layer, represents the basis for the future construction of cross
axes and for the measuring of stations.
After starting the DRAW LONGITUDINAL AXIS (21G1) command, select the first horizontal
element (i.e. the element with the lowest serial number) in set of horizontal elements that
represent the longitudinal axis. The program automatically finds the subsequent horizontal
elements and connects them with a polyline. If the elements have not been defined accurately
and close enough to each other, the polyline will only be drawn to the point, where the first
error occurred.
The first station of the longitudinal axis is the Starting station as defined in the AxesManagers (command 21C) dialog box.
The Draw longitudinal axis (21G1) command draws a polyline across

the horizontal elements. This line represents the longitudinal axis and
consists of straight-line sections. The number of sections depends on
the Allowed distance between chord and arc for longitudinal-axis
approximation setting (see Axes-Settings, parameter no. 201001). The
greater the value, the less vertices define the curve resulting in a
lower accuracy when working with stations.
Command name:
CONVERT PLINE TO LONGITUDINAL

LONGITUDINAL AXIS
Command code:
21G2
Icon:
Task:
Converting of a normal PLINE entity

entity into a longitudinal axis
Input data:
Normal twotwo-dimensional polyline
Output data:
Longitudinal axis (polyline)
Layers:
See also commands:
21G1
With this command you can convert an arbitrary two-dimensional polyline into a longitudinal
axis, without the need of having to define the horizontal elements of the axis first.
This allows designers of watercourses, railroads, etc. to use the possibilities of PLATEIA 2008
to their advantage too.
Axes 56
After starting the Convert PLINE to longitudinal axis (21G2) command and selecting the
appropriate polyline, the program creates a new longitudinal axis along the selected polyline
on the 20_AXISNAME_LONG_AXES layer.
Command name:
PLACE STATION LABELS
Command code:
21G3
Icon:
Task:
Labeling the longitudinal axis with hectometer labels
Input data:
Longitudinal axis
Output data:
Hectometer labels
Layers:
20_AXISNAME_LONG_AXES_LABELS
See also commands:
This command creates station labels along the longitudinal axis in 100 m (hectometer)
interval steps. The labels are drawn on the 20_AXISNAME_LONG_AXES_LABELS layer.
Figure: Creating of station labels along the longitudinal axis.

Command name:
DEFINE STATION
STATION FOR THE SELECTED
SELECTED POINT
Command code:
21G4
Icon:
Task:
Defining the axis starting station based on the station of a selected point
Input data:
Longitudinal axis
Output data:
None
Layers:
This command does not use any
See also commands:
21C
With this command you can calculate the starting station of the longitudinal axis based on
the station of a selected axis point. Select the appropriate point and enter its station. The
result can be verified with the Axes Manager (command 21C).
Axes 57
Command name:
PLACE HORIZONTALHORIZONTAL-ELEMENT LABELS TO LINE,ARC,PLINE

LINE,ARC,PLINE
Command code:
21G5
Icon:
None
Task:
Labelling of selected horizontal elements
Input data:
Line, Polyline, or Arc entities
Output data:
Labels
Layers:
current layer
See also commands:
You can use this command to simply label Line, Polyline or Arc entities representing the road
axis and/or its horizontal elements. Usually this command is used when planning roads and
ways where no transition curves are used between tangents and arcs.
After you have started the command, select the Line, Polyline or Arc entities to be labelled.
The Draw labels for LINE, ARC, PLINE dialog box appears:
The Draw labels for LINE, ARC, PLINE dialog box explanation:
Label height
enter the text height for the R= labels here.
Line length
enter the length of the perpendicular label line here that is created at the
beginning and at the end of individual horizontal elements.
Side (Left/Right)
select the side for the label line placement here.
Label position (Up/Left)
select the side for the R= label placement here;
Use Up to place the label above the respective entity and Left to place it on the left side of
the entity (as seen when looking from the first station).
Axes 58
Figure: Assorted examples of labelled Line, Polyline or Arc entities elements.

Command name:
DEFINE CONTROL POINTS

POINTS
Command code:
21G6
Icon:
none
Task:
control point definition
Input data:
Output data:
control points
Layers:
See also commands:
21G7, 21G8, 21G1
Using the 21G6 command, you define control points. Control points are similar to the layout
points and can be edited using the commands from the Layout module. After invoking the
command, you enter control points interactively. If you select N in a command line, the
Control points dialog box opens.
Axes 59
The Control points dialog box description:

Radius 1
External control point radius. Radius can be entered manually or

selected interactively in drawing by pressing Radius 1.
Radius 2
Internal control point radius. Radius can be entered manually or

selected interactively in drawing by pressing Radius 2. R2 can be
also set to the 0 value.
ControlControl-point and axis position
Setting for checking control points according to longitudinal axis.

This option can be set to in or out. In stands for
longitudinal axis placed between R1 and R2. Out stands for
longitudinal axis placed out of R1 and crossing both R1 and R2.
Prefix
Prefix used for point labeling
Counter starting value
Set a point label counter starting value. For each newly entered
point, counter value changes for 1.
Point type
Select a point type
Command name:
EDIT CONTROL POINTS
Command code:
21G7
Icon:
none
Task:
control point editing
Input data:
control points
Output data:
control points
Layers:
See also commands:
21G6, 21G8, 21G1
Using the 21G7 command, you can edit control points in a drawing. After invoking the
command, you can select any control point element to be edited. You can even select several
points at a time.
Axes 60
The Data editing dialog box description:

Radius 1
External control point radius.
Radius 2
Internal control point radius. R2 can be set to the 0 value.
ControlControl-point and axis position
Setting for checking control points according to longitudinal axis.

This option can be set to in or out. In stands for
longitudinal axis placed between R1 and R2. Out stands for
longitudinal axis placed out of R1 and crossing both R1 and R2.
Show controlcontrol-point radius
Show/Do not show control-point radii
Command name:
CONTROL POINTS - REPORT
Command code:
21G8
Icon:
none
Task:
control point report production
Input data:
control points and longitudinal axis
Output data:
file with report
Layers:
See also commands:
21G6, 21G7, 21G1
Using the 21G8 command, you can produce a control point report. In addition to individual
point data, report contains the point position according to a longitudinal axis. After invoking
the command, select control points to be included in the report. Using a dialog box, select a
file to which the report is to be written. File contains the following columns:
LABEL ... point label,
X point X coordinate,
Y point Y coordinate,
RADIUS1 control point external radius,
RADIUS2 control point internal radius,
CONTROL POINT AND AXIS POSITION control point position set using the 21G6 or 21G7
commands,
RESULT control point check-up result according to axis. If the point matches the
control point and axis position condition, program writes OK to the report.
Otherwise, program writes ERROR.
Axes 61
Report example:
# OS_0
*
OZNAKA
4
3
2
1
Y
115.86
73.97
0.00
271.24
X
794.46
549.79
0.00
368.66
RADIJ1
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
RADIJ2 LEGA KONTROLNE TOKE GLEDE NA OS

50.00
Znotraj
0.00
Znotraj
0.00
Znotraj
50.00
Znotraj
Axes 62
REZULTAT
NAPAKA
OK
NAPAKA
NAPAKA
2.8.
21H - Cross Axes
After the longitudinal axis has been placed across the horizontal elements, you can construct
cross axes. Cross axes that are draped on the surface of the digital terrain model (DTM) are
cross sections. Using commands from the Cross Axes command group, you can create cross
axes on arbitrary stations as follows: equidistant (at regular intervals), at specific stations
saved in a CAX file, through selected points on the longitudinal axis or in the main points of
the axis.
Figure: Construction of cross axes.

Cross axes are drawn as two-dimensional polylines on the 20_AXISNAME_CROSS_AXES layer.
Cross axes are dynamic objects. This refers to automatic refreshing of cross axes after the
longitudinal axis has changed. The axes, defined by station, change their position. The axes
that have been converted from user-drawn polylines change their stations.
To save the geometry of cross sections, use commands from the 21K group.
The cross axes related parameters allow you to gain access to a large number of different
settings. The most important ones are:
Automatic refreshing of cross axes,

Station labels,
Cross-axis profile-number-label text height and
Station text-height.
Axes 63
1. Automatic refreshing of cross axes (see command 21A31)

This parameter 202024 controls automatic refreshing of cross axes after the longitudinal
axis has changed (1-Yes, 0-No).
2. Cross-axis station
(See command 21A31)
This setting allows you to choose between eight different station label formats
Example:
a.) 1.2+03.45
e.) 1.2+03.456
b.) 1+203.45
c.) 1203.45
f.) 1+203.456
g.) 1203.456
3. Cross-axis profile-number-label text height

(See the 21A31)
This parameter defines the output height of the cross-axis labels.
Axes 64
d.) 03.45
h.) 03.456
When selecting a text height, the scale in which the plan will be plotted also has to be
considered. A value of 2 means 2 mm on paper in a scale of 1:1000 and 4 mm in a scale of
1:500.
4. Cross-axis station-label text height

(See the 21A31 command, parameter no. 202009.)
This parameter defines the output height of the cross-axis station labels.
When selecting a text height, the scale in which the plan will be plotted also has to be
considered. A value of 2 means 2 mm on paper in a scale 1:1000 and 4 mm in a scale of
1:500.
Command name:
... EQUIDISTANT
Command code:
21H1
Icon:
Task:
Creating of cross axes with a constant intermediate interval
Input data:
Longitudinal axis
Output data:
Cross axes (two(two-dimensional

dimensional polylines)
Layers:
See also commands:
21H
Axes 65
The command constructs several cross axes at equal distance and characteristic points:
Axes 66
The Draw cross-axes dialog box explanation:

CrossCross-axes types
Equidistant inside limits :
Cross axes are created equidistantly along the whole axis (option
Over the whole interval) or within the specified limits. In the latter
case, enter the starting and ending station by typing values in the
edit boxes or select them from the drawing by clicking the
button
. Either the first cross axis can be aligned at the starting
station (option Align at starting station) or the last cross axis can be
aligned at the ending station (option Align at ending station).
Draw cross axis at the starting station
At the start point

Draw cross axis at the ending station
At the end point

Draw cross axes in horizontal elements' start/end points
At the h. el. Start/end points

CrossCross-axes parameters
Distance between CrossCross-axes [m]
Width left [m]
Width right [m]
Enter the distance between individual generated cross axes

(measured according to the stationing in meters).
Enter the left width of the generated cross axes (as seen from the
beginning of the longitudinal axis).
Enter the right width of the generated cross axes (as seen from the
Enter prefix for cross axes names.
Prefix of the crosscross-axis name

Enter starting number for axes numbering.
Starting crosscross-axis counter

Select whether axes numbers increase or decrease.
CrossCross-axis counter
Parameters related to the command:
[202003] Distance between cross-axes for equidistant generation (>0) (20.0)
[202020] Cross-axes width left (>0) (30.0)
[202022] Cross-axes width right (>0) (30.0)
Axes 67
Command name:
... READ DATA FROM FILE

FILE <<- CAX
Command code:
21H2
Icon:
Task:
Creating of cross axes based on the input data from a CAX file
Input data:
Longitudinal axis, CAX file
Output data:
Cross axes (polylines)
Layers:
See also commands:
21H9
With this command you can create cross axes using a batch procedure by reading data
from a CAX file. You can insert a single cross axis as well as a whole set of them as follows:
For a single axis - define the appropriate station and width of the left/right side.
For sets of axes - define the appropriate region using the starting/ending stations
and the constant distance between cross axes.
New feature in PLATEIA is saving and reading non-linear cross-axes. In case

with non-linear cross-axes file CAX contains data of all polyline vertices that
define cross-axes. See Appendix A for further information on CAX file format.
Command name:
... THROUGH DEFINED POINTS
Command code:
21H3
Icon:
Task:
Creating of cross axes in selected longitudinallongitudinal-axis points
Input data:
Longitudinal
Longitudinal axis, longitudinallongitudinal-axis points
Output data:
Cross axes (polylines)
Layers:
See also commands:
The Through defined Points (21H3) command allows you to interactively create cross axes at
selected longitudinal-axis points. Select an arbitrary number of points along the longitudinal
axis. After that the program generates the appropriate cross axes automatically.
Axes 68
Axes 69
Description of the Draw cross-axes at the station dialog box:

Station
Enter station, at which the cross axis should be drawn. In the

brackets the starting and ending station f the longitudinal axis
are displayed. The station can be picked from the drawing by
clicking the
button.
Enter the left width of the generated cross axes (as seen from the
Width left [m]

Enter the right width of the generated cross axes (as seen from
the beginning of the longitudinal axis).
Width right [m]

Enter prefix for cross axes names.
Prefix of
of the crosscross-axis name
Enter starting number for axes numbering.
Starting crosscross-axis counter

Select whether axes numbers increase or decrease.
CrossCross-axis counter
Draw multiple cross axes
Click this button to draw multiple cross axes. The dialog box will
close. Locations for the cross axes will be selected from the
drawing
Paremeters of the command 21H5
Command name:
... CONVERT PLINE TO CROSSCROSS-AXIS
Command code:
21H4
21H4
Icon:
Task:
Converting of an arbitrary (possibly broken) PLINE entity into a cross axis
Input data:
Arbitrary twotwo-dimensional polyline, intersecting with the longitudinal axis
Output data:
Cross axis (polyline)
Layers:
See also commands:
This command converts an arbitrary two-dimensional PLINE entity into a cross axis, allowing
you to create cross axes that are not perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. The cross axis
can also be a broken line.
Axes 70
Selected polyline must be oriented correctly (from left to right), otherwise it can be mirrored
while converted to a cross axis.
In the dialog box, specify the cross axis name. The list of existing cross section names
appears in the list below. Click OK to finish the command.
Figure: Conversion of a PLINE entity into cross axis.
Axes 71
Command name:
CROSS AXES LABELS SETTINGS
Command code:
21H5
21H5
Icon:
Task:
Labeling of cross axes

axes with appropriate profile numbers and stations
Input data:
Cross axes
Output data:
Station and/or profileprofile-number labels
Layers:
See also commands:
21H
This command is used to define the display and the position of the labels. The following
dialog box appears:
The Cross-axes and station tables settings dialog box explanation:

CrossCross-axes
Select the cross axes to which the changes should be applied
Single
If the option Single is off, the settings will apply to all axes. If it is selected, the cross
axes to which the settings will be applied can be selected by clicking in the list or by
picking them from the drawing. Click Pick to do the latter. Click Deselect to deselect
all cross axes in the list.
Labels
Select the side at which the labels will be displayed (in the flow direction)
Side
Labels
X-displacement from
the:
Labels
Y-displacement from
The distance in the local x direction (the direction of the cross axis) from the cross
axis endpoint.
The distance in the local y direction (the direction perpendicular to the cross axis)
from the cross axis endpoint.
Axes 72
the:
Click to select the label position in the drawing.
Stations
Select the side at which the labels will be displayed (in the flow direction)
Side
Stations
The distance in the local x direction (the direction of the cross axis) from the cross
axis endpoint.
X-displacement from
the:
Stations
The distance in the local y direction (the direction perpendicular to the cross axis)
from the cross axis endpoint.
Y-displacement from
the:
[202001] Cross-axis station (1-X.X+XX.XX,2-X+XXX.XX,3-XXXX.XXX,4-XX.XX,5X.X+XX.XXX,6-X+XXX.XXX,7-XXXX.XXX,8-XX.XXX) (1)
[202008] Distance between cross-axis station-label and endpoint of cross-axis (>=0)

(5.0)
[202009] Cross-axis station-label text height (> 0) (4.0)
[202010] Side for placing station-labels (0-Left, 1-Right) (0)
[202011] Side for placing cross-axes profile-numbers and station-labels (0-Left, 1Right) (0)
[202013] Cross-axis profile-numbers (0-increase, 1-decrease) (0)
[202014] Distance between cross-axis profile-number-label and endpoint of crossaxis (>=0) (5.0)
[202015] Cross-axis profile-number-label text height (> 0) (4.0)
[202016] Prefix for profile-number-label (can be also without prefix) (P)
[202017] Side for placing cross-axes labels (0-left, 1-right) (1)
[202018] Starting cross-axis profile-number (1)
[202019] Placing cross-axes profile-number-labels (0-on every cross-axis, 1-on

selected cross-axes) (0)
Command name:
RENAME CROSS AXIS
Command code:
21H6
Icon:
Task:
rename cross axis
Input data:
Cross axes
Output data:
new cross axis label
Layers:
See also commands:
21H
Use this command to rename a cross axis. Name can be fixed (user-specified) or automatic
(prefix + counter depending on the axis station). Fixed names always remain the same, while
automatic names may change if new axes are inserted. After selecting a cross axis, the
following dialog box appears:
Axes 73
Description of the Rename cross axis dialog:

Automatically assigned name
Changes the axis name to default name (prefix+counter), defined

when the cross axis was drawn (see 23G1 23G4).
New fixed name for the cross axis
Select this option to enter a new fixed user-defined name.
List of the existing crosscross-axes
List of the existing cross-axes.
Fix names of cross axes in the drawing
Select the cross axes that should be converted to fixed names.
Command name:
ERASE CROSS AXES
Command code:
21H7
Icon:
Task:
erase cross axes of the current axis
Input data:
Cross axes
Output data:
longitudinal axes without cross axes
Layers:
See also commands:
21H
This command erases cross axes of the current longitudinal axis.
Axes 74
Command name:
SAVE CROSS AXES TO FILE

FILE -> RCA
Command code:
21H8
Icon:
Task:
Saving a cross axis extract to a RCA file
Input data:
Cross axes
Output data:
RCA file
Layers:
See also commands:
The Save cross axes to file -> RCA (21H8) command creates an extract of the defined cross
axes and saves it to a RCA file. The following is the RCA file format:
PROFILE_NO STAT EAST NORTH DIR_ANGLE
The meaning of individual abbreviations:
PROFILE_NO ... profile number

STAT ...
station
EAST ...
EAST coordinate of the cross section axis
NORTH ...
NORTH coordinate of the cross section axis
DIR_ANGLEW ... direction angle of the cross section
The direction angle depends on the defined starting orientation. If no starting orientation is
defined, the direction angle is obtained as follows:
0 degrees, if the section lies in direction east-west and

90 degrees, if the section lies in direction north-south.
Angles can be measured in degree (90) or gradient (100).

See Appendix A for further information on RCA file format
Command name:
VERIFY AND SAVE CROSS

CROSS-AXES -> CAX
Command code:
21H9
Icon:
Task:
Verifying of cross
cross axes and saving them to a CAX file
Input data:
Cross axes
Output data:
CAX file
Layers:
See also commands:
21H2
After placing cross axes on the longitudinal axis, you can verify them and save them to a CAX
file. The Verify and save cross-axes -> CAX (21H9) command verifies whether some of the
defined cross axes are overlapping and automatically eliminates the redundant ones. After
the verification process has been finished, the program asks you whether you would like to
save the cross axes to a CAX file.
Axes 75
See Appendix A for further information on the CAX file format.

Command name:
Cross
Cross axes from points
Command code:
21HA
Icon:
Task:
construction of cross axes from points in a layout
Input data:
points in the layout and the longitudinal axis
Output data:
cross axes of the type 2D POLYLINE
Layers:
20_AXISNAME_CROAX
See also commands:
21H
The command replaces an existing command Read profiles from layout points > LON, CAX,
CAX. It enables drawing of the cross axes on the basis of points in individual profiles along
the axis, namely on the basis of more selected methods. Besides the classic method and the
zigzag method of the cross axes drawing, that was enabled by an existent command, the
new function enables drawing of the cross axes on the basis of a regression method. Here we
have two options, namely:
-
Perpendicular regression and

Ordinary regression
All together the function enables the drawing of cross axes from points in the layout using
four different methods that are described in the following text.
Description of the dialog box Cross axes from points
Data source
The user gives the data source in the drawing
CGS points:
CGS points (ACAD blocks) with appropriate attributes
Civil3D points:
Civil3D points (CoGo points)
Layer:
The user can select the layer, where the points of the cross
sections are, from which he wants to draw the cross axes. There
can be more points with defined cross sections in the drawing but
only those that are on the defined layer will be considered.
Method for drawing cross axes
The user defines the method and on its basis the cross axes are
Axes 76
Perpendicular regression
drawn
Ordinary regression
Cross axes perpendicular to the longitudinal axis on the basis of

the linear regression
Classic
Zigzag
Cross axes to the longitudinal axis on the basis of the linear

regression
Cross axes to axis according to the intersection with the closest
points
The longitudinal axis connects the points of an individual cross
section
Settings
The user defines the width for the axes drawing left and right
Width left:
The width of the cross axis on the left of the longitudinal axis
Width right:
The width of the cross axis on the right of the longitudinal axis
Drawing of the cross axes from points on the basis of the perpendicular regression:
Perpendicular regression
Ordinary regression
The method with the perpendicular

regression draws the cross axis
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, where
the position of the cross axis is defined on
the basis of the smallest squares of an
individual points offset from the defined
position of the cross axis.
The method with ordinary regression draws

a cross axis only on the basis of the smallest
squares of the points offset from the defined
cross axis. The eventual perpendicular
position of the created cross axis to the
longitudinal axis is merely coincidental.
Classic method
Zigzag method
Axes 77
The classic method draws the connection

between two points that lie closest to the
longitudinal axis on each side. At the
intersection point of the connection with the
longitudinal axis it draws he cross axis.
The zigzag method is the simplest method

and simply draws the cross axis on the basis
of the connection drawing between points
that belong to the same profile or that have
the same attribute PR_PROF
Condition for the drawing of cross axes from layout points are properly noted values in an
individual point block that defines which cross section along the axis belongs one or more
points. The value of an attribute PR_PROF must be filled for each point:
Axes 78
2.9.
21I - Correspondent cross-sections
Command name:
DEFINE CORRESPONDENT CROSSCROSS-AXES
Command code:
21I1
21I1
Icon:
Task:
Calculating and Labeling of distances between two axes into

into a drawing
Input data:
Longitudinal
Longitudinal axes
Output data:
creation
creation of correspondent cross axes
Layers:
this command does not create specific layers
Define correspondent cross-axes command relates to a problem when user would like to get
the relationship information between different alignments in drawing. General condition for
this possibility is to brake main alignment cross axes in order to form perpendicular cross
axes on selected one or more adjacent rail track. Adjacent rail tracks can be parallel or non
parallel.
Creating correspondent cross axes allows multiple rail track insertion to main alignment
cross section view. It also allows having main alignment cross axes position
represented/labeled in adjacent rail track longitudinal sections.
Example of broken correspondent cross-axes:
When crating correspondent cross-sections of the adjacent alignment bear in your mind that
active alignment needs to be set as the main alignment in Axes Manager.
This command can arrange cross-sections of the side axis according to the cross-sections of
the main axis.
Define correspondent cross-axes command supports three different ways of setting the main
alignment cross axes break method:
Axes 79
Midpoint break (Bisection break point)

Break over defined Polyline
Break defined at the midpoint between alignments offset lines (representing rails
offset value, road lanes outer edges etc )
Axes 80
Command name:
CONVERT TO CORRESPONDENT
CORRESPONDENT CROSS AXES
Command code:
21I2
21I2
Icon:
Task:
Convert selected main alignment cross

cross axes to correspondent ones
Input data:
Main alignments cross axes
Output data:
Correspondent cross axes
Layers:
This command does not create specific layers
Convert to correspondent cross axes command converts any selected main alignments cross
axes to correspondent ones without breaking them in order to set a perpendicular
intersection with adjacent rail track(s).
Axes 81
2.10. 21J - DRAPE AXES TO DTM
Command name:
DRAPE
DRAPE LONGITUDINAL AXIS
AXIS AND CROSSCROSS-AXES
Command code:
21J1
Icon:
Task:
Draping of a longitudinal axis and cross axes to the digital terrain model (DTM)
Input data:
Longitudinal axis and cross axes
Output data:
ThreeThree-dimensional axes (three(three-dimensional polylines)

polylines)
Layers:
20_AXISNAME_3D_AXES
See also commands:
21K1, 21K2, 21K3
The command enables the draping of the longitudinal axis and the cross axes for the needs
of data preparation for the longitudinal section and the cross sections. At the start of the
command the data source for the drape execution is chosen. The data source can be:
digital terrain model

points in individual profiles along the axis.
The digital terrain model can be of the type Civil3D surface or basic 3D face.
After the start of the command Drape the longitudinal axis and all cross axes (21J1) a dialog
box appears where the user chooses the data source (surface of the program Civil3D,
element 3D face or CGS points):
selection of Civil3D digital terrain model:
After the selection of the digital terrain model the program offers all existing terrains in the
drawing, on which the drape of the longitudinal axis and the cross axes can be executed.
Furthermore, in the dialog box can be defined, which terrain will be defined as an existing
ground for the use in the longitudinal and cross sections.
Axes 82
Description of the dialog box Drape Civil3D

Select a surface
From the list of Civil3D surfaces in the drawing (sorted by the surface names) the one is
chosen, on which we wish to drape the axes.
Existing ground
If this option is chosen, the program will handle this surface as existing ground. Only one
surface in the drawing can be an existing ground. An existing ground can afterwards also
be replaced.
If later you wish to change the data source for an existing ground, you tick the option
Existing ground again after the selection of another ground and confirm the selection:
The program will overwrite the previous existing ground with the data of newly selected
ground. The projections apply to all the grounds in Civil3D, also the ones that were created
on the layer 0.
selection of CGS points:
After the selection of the CGS points as data source for the projection creation of the
longitudinal and cross axis the user firstly chooses a layer, on which the points are arranged
on which basis the user wishes to create a projection. Similarly as when creating an existing
ground on the basis of the Civil3D digital terrain model, the user can define which points
layer will be defined as the data source for an existing ground.
Axes 83
Description of the dialog box Drape CGS points

Select a surface
From the list of layers on which the points are arranged the one is chosen, where the points
are, on which the projection of the longitudinal axis and the cross axes is to be done.
Existing ground
The program will treat the selected source of points on the given layer as an existing
ground. Only one surface in the drawing can be an existing ground. An existing ground
can afterwards also be replaced.
The drape on the Civil3D digital terrain model and CGS points is dynamically executed, when
the geometry of the longitudinal axis is changing and so it is not necessary to drape on the
selected data source every time. The data source has to be defined only for the first time, the
changes on the longitudinal axis or the cross axes are dynamically reflected in the
longitudinal and cross sections.
The longitudinal axis and the cross axes are basically planimetrical lines (2D PLINE), drawn
on the layers 20_IMEOSI_VZOSI OR 20_IMEOSI_PROSI. After the draping of the longitudinal
axis and the cross axes you get 3-dimensional polygon lines (3DPOLY) on the layer
20_IMEOSI_3D_OSI. On this layer the 3D axes of an existing ground are drawn. 3D axes of
additional grounds are drawn on layers 20_IMEOSI_3D_OSI_IMEPOVRSINE. The longitudinal
axis and the cross axes stay intact.
Parameters, related to the command:
[200108] Automatic refreshing of the 3D axis (0-No, 1-Yes)
The draped longitudinal and cross axes can be saved with the commands Reading the
longitudinal section in -> LAE (see command 21K1) and Reading cross sections in -> CRO
(see command 21K2).
Axes 84
Command name:
DRAPE SELECTED CROSSCROSS-AXES ONLY
Command code:
21J2
Icon:
Task:
Draping
Draping of selected cross axes onto the digital terrain model (DTM)
Input data:
Cross axes
Output data:
ThreeThree-dimensional axes (three(three-dimensional polylines)
Layers:
20_AXISNAME_3D_AXES
See also commands:
21J1, 21K1, 21K2, 21K3
In some cases we wish to create a drape on some of the created cross axes or vice versa, but
we dont wish to perform a drape on some of the cross axes in the drawing. In this case we
use the command Drape only defined cross axes that enables such an option.
After invoking the command Drape only defined cross axes (21J2) the following dialog box
opens according to the selection of civil3D digital terrain models or the CGS points as the
data source for the projection creation:
Selection of Civil3D digital terrain model:
Description of the dialog box Drape

Select a surface
In the window Select surface is the list of all defined surfaces in the drawing. We select
the surface from the list, on which the axes should be draped.
Select axes
CrossCross-axes
In the window Cross-axes is the list of all defined axes in the drawing. We select the axes
from the list that we wish to drape.
Axes 85
Longitudinal axis
The program drapes the longitudinal axis.
Existing ground
The program will treat the selected surface as an existing ground. Only one surface in the
drawing can be an existing ground.
Level
The program will treat the selected surface as a level.
selection of CGS points:
Description of the dialog box Drape

Select a surface
In the window Select a surface appears a list of all layers, on which the points in the
drawing are arranged. We select the layer from the list, on which the axes should be
draped.
Select axes
CrossCross-axes
In the window Cross-axes appears a list of all cross axes in the drawing that were
created on the basis of the points in the profiles. The names of the axes are equal to the
attribute PR_PROF that is mutual to all the points in an individual profile. The profiles we
wish to drape are chosen from the list.
Longitudinal axis
The program drapes the longitudinal axis
Existing ground
The program will treat the selected surface as an existing ground. Only one surface in the
drawing can be an existing ground.
Level
The program will treat the selected surface as a level.
Axes 86
2.11. 21K - Save Sections

This command group is used for creating files with saved the longitudinal (LON) and cross
sections (CRO). These files can later be used in the Longitudinal sections and Cross-sections
modules of PLATEIA.
Command name:
SAVE LONGITUDINAL SECTION

SECTION FROM DRAPED AXIS
AXIS ON DTM -> LON
Command code:
21K1
Icon:
Task:
Saving of the longitudinal section draped onto the DTM to a LON file
Input data:
ThreeThree-dimensional longitudinal axis
Output data:
LON file
Layers:
See also commands:
21J1, 31E1
This command has variable tipes of saving longitudinal section. One is saving only projection
on base ground, projection on additional ground or projection of longitudinal section on all
grounds. The base ground is here important. In saved LON file the base ground is ending
whith .0,
.0 when other grounds are named after the name of ground.
Base ground in longitudinal and cross sections is in tabels, additional grounds are used as
tools for checkin the condition of grounds, etc
Axes 87
The Save Longitudinal Section dialog box expalanation:

Using the explorer select the folder to which the LON file is to be saved;
Floating list - popup
List of already used LON files in the project where the first file is provided as the
offered LON file option;
Section/Surface
Select section or surface to be saved

Data to be saved preview
List of Axes
All existing axes are shown. Select an axis with a longitudinal profile you want
to save to a file. Using the Ctrl button, more than one axis can be selected.
Select all Axes
Select all axes from the list to be saved to the CAX file.
Select Axis in the Drawing
Select desired axis from the drawing.
Use the saved LON file to draw the longitudinal section in the Longitudinal sections program
module (See Draw terrain <- LON, 31E1).
See Appendix A for further information on LON file format.
Command name:
SAVE CROSSCROSS-SECTIONS FROM DRAPED AXES ON DTM -> CRO
Command code:
21K2
Icon:
Task:
Saving of the cross sections draped onto the DTM to a CRO file
Input data:
ThreeThree-dimensional cross axes
Output data:
CRO file
Layers:
See also commands:
21J1, 41E1
Axes 88
See the command 21K1 for description and orders.
Save
Save crosssections
crosssections dialog box explanation:
Using the explorer select the folder to which a LON file is to be saved;
Floating listlist-popup
List of already used LON files in the project where the first file is provided as the
offered LON file option;
Section/Surface
Select a section or surface to be saved

Data to be saved preview
Selection of crosscross-axes
Select All for saving of all cross-sections belonging to the selected axis or Single (of
the Current Axis) for saving individual axes selected later.
Section name
If saving to an individual axis file, you need to define a section name under which file
sections will be saved. A similar name to axis name is recommended.
List of Axes
All existing axes are shown. Select an axis with a longitudinal profile you want to save
to the file. Using the Ctrl button, you can select more than one axis.
Select all axes
Select all axes from the list to be saved to the CAX file.
Select Axis in the

Drawing
You can select a desired axis from the drawing.
The Cross sections program module uses database and/or the CRO file to draw cross
sections.
See Draw terrain <- CRO, 41E1.
See Appendix A for further information on CRO file format.
Axes 89
Command name:

SECTION FROM 3DPOLY -> LON
Command code:
21K3
Icon:
Task:
Converting of an arbitrary threethree-dimensional polyline into a longitudinal section and

saving it to a LON file
Input data:
Arbitrary threethree-dimensional
dimensional polyline
Output data:
LON file
Layers:
See also commands:
31E1
Use this command to save an arbitrary three-dimensional polyline as a longitudinal section.

This way you can create a longitudinal section that does not necessarily have to be a road
axis.
The Save 3Dpoly dialog box explanation:

LON output file
click this button to find the path to the LON file in an Explorer-like dialog box.
"File combo box"
type in the name of the LON file or select one of the previously opened files from the drop
down list.
Existing sections
displays a list of sections saved in the selected file; if the Section name (see below) is
identical to the name of an existing section, the old data will be automatically overwritten.
Section name
enter the name of the file section, the longitudinal sections will be saved to, here.
Calculating points
select one of the following options from the drop down list: Calculate and Do not calculate.
If you select the first option (i.e., Calculate), an appropriate serial number (1, 2, 3, etc.) will
be assigned to each vertex of the three-dimensional polyline. Otherwise the vertex serial
numbers will be equal 0 (meaning that the points will not be entered into the longitudinal
section table in the Longitudinal sections program module).
Km, m
here you can enter the starting station of the longitudinal section.
Use the LON file to draw the longitudinal section in the Longitudinal sections program
module. See Draw terrain <- LON, 31E1.
See Appendix A for further information on LON file format.
Axes 90
Command name:

SECTION FROM 3D3D-PLINE ACCORDING TO THE
THE
Command code:
21K4
Icon:
none
Task:
saving longitudinal section from 3D3D->LON along active axis
Input data:
any 3D polyline
Output data:
LON file
Layers:
See also commands:
31E1, 21K3
LONGITUDINAL AXIS -> LON
This command enables saving of any 3D polyline (ditch, wall, etc.) which is located near the
active axis to the LON file. This way it is possible to draw also other sections to the
longitudinal section besides the road section. For example, you can present a wall elevation
in correlation to the road elevation.
Axes 91
The Save longitudinal section dialog box description:

LON filename
Using the explorer, find the LON filepath.
Existing sections
Existing sections already in file. If the Section name to which 3D PLINE belongs
is equal to the existing one, old data in section get erased and will be replaced
by the new ones.
Section name
Section name under which a longitudinal section will be written to the file.
Put distance from the axis labels
Select for the 3D PLINE offsets to be written to the drawing or not.
Using the LON file, you can draw a longitudinal section in the PLATEIA-Longitudinal sections
module (See the 31E1 command).
In drawing, polyline offset distance from an active axis and point station can be read.
LON file structure is described in Appendix A.
Command name:
GENERATE PLATEIA POINTS

POINTS AT CROSSCROSS-AXES/CONTOURS/BREAKAXES/CONTOURS/BREAK-LINES INTERSECTIONS
Command code:
21K5
Task:
inserting of PLATEIA points to the section intersection with contours and 3D lines
Input data:
contours and 3D lines, axis with crossaxes
Ouput data:
detailed points
See also commands:
21K6
Axes 92
Frequently, you use DWG drawings produced by means of photogrametry or vectorisation as

a base for designing. Such drawings represent edges, ditches, terraces, waters and similar. If
you wanted to calculate longitudinal and cross sections according to the selected axis, you
needed to produce a digital relief model. This is a relatively demanding task, especially if
designing bases are vast.
That is why we have developed a command which calculates intersection points between
longitudinal and cross axes and contours, that is, break lines based on selected axis,
contours and edges. And without applying any DTM. The 21K5 command output results in
drawn PLATEIA points at the intersections. The command output is similar to the one when
sections are actually recorded and points get drawn using the Layout module. You can use
such points in sections for actual result calculations that can be saved in LON (longitudinal
section) and CRO (cross section) files. You can do this using the 21K6 command.
This command enables saving of two point types, the PK_DP type and a new one called PK_AP
type that has an added attribute (axis label) to be used for subsequent saving to LON file.
PK_AP type is set as a default.
Axes 93
2.12. 21L - Roadway and lanes

This group contains commands for calculating curve expansions and drawing road edges,
transition curves for opening/closing lanes (e.g., for bus stops) and cut/fill lines.
Command name:
CALCULATE AND SAVE EXPANSIONS

EXPANSIONS -> EX
Command code:
21L1
Icon:
Task:
Calculating expansions and saving them to an EX file
Input data:
Horizontal elements
Output data:
EX files
Layers:
See also commands:
21L2, 21C2, 21C3
Because the rear wheels of a vehicle describe a smaller radius when driving in a curve than
the front ones, the vehicle, consequently, occupies more space than when driving straight.
The size of the necessary roadway expansion depends on the radius R of the curve and on
the vehicle length.
The expansion calculation is performed based on curve data, a combination of two vehicles
and the design speed as specified in the 21C2 command, Road category. The result is an EX
file, containing expansion data for the left and the right roadside.
The vehicle combination of two vehicles (a car, bus and truck with trailer) and the expansion
length can be defined in the commands dialog box. To define a combination of two identical
vehicles, select only one vehicle type.
Smaller roadways are sometimes designed using only Tangents and Curves without transition
Spirals. Because there are no linear transitions between Tangents and Curves, this can lead to
non-linear changes in the expansion size along the roadside. You can avoid this problem by
setting the Half expansion-length value in the commands dialog box thus specifying the
length of the transition between Tangents and Curves. You can also activate the Calculate
checkbox to let the computer calculate the appropriate length automatically. The length is
then calculated based on the following equation:
LENGTH = 0.1*WIDTH*V
Where:
WIDTH ... is the total road width (left and right lane) and
V ... the design speed for this road segment.
Using the Calculate expansions and draw lanes command (21L1), you calculate widenings
and insert lanes to a drawing. After invoking the command, the following dialog box appears:
Axes 94
The Calculate expansions and draw lanes dialog box description:

Draw expansions
When this option is activated, program calculates expansions. If switched off,

program draws lanes without calculating the expansions.
Calculation Standard
Overwiev
Calculation standard appears.
Half of transition length
If you dont have spirals available, you need to define a transition-length, that
is, a starting (ending) expansion point at the line-arc horizontal element.
Offered option is an automatic calculation but you can set your own specific
offset.
VehicleVehicle-combination
Select a vehicle combination for a calculation of expansions. You can select 2

vehicles maximum. If you have selected only one vehicle, program considers a
combination of two equal ones.
Editor
Table shows calculated results. You can edit values for individual lane by
clicking the appropriate field and typing in a new value.
EXP >>
By pressing this button, insert the WID file.
Insert
Program inserts a new row at the pointers tip.
Remove
Selected row gets removed.
>>EXP
By pressing this button, save the WID type file for subsequent insertion in
longitudinal sections or in the same command.
Dont show this dialog again
Switch on/off an automatic dialog activation when editing axes.
The WID type file structure is described in Appendix A.
Axes 95
Command name:
ROADROAD-EDGE OR LANE OFFSET

OFFSET
Command code:
21L3
Icon:
Task:
Drawing a parallel line to the road edge
Input data:
Left/right road edge or any other twotwo-dimensional polyline
Output data:
Left or right road edge (two(two-dimensional polyline)
Layers:
20_AXISNAME_ROAD_EDGE_LEFT and
and 20_AXISNAME_ROAD_EDGE_RIGHT
See also commands:
Use this command to draw a parallel line to the selected road edge or to any other twodimensional polyline. You have to enter the distance and the side (i.e. left- or right-hand
side of the roadway).
Command name:
DRAW TRANSITION CURVES USING PARABOLAS/ARCS
Command code:
21L4
Icon:
Task:
creating a widening
Input data:
alignment or polyline in the drawing, parameters from the dialog
Output data:
widening
Layers:
See also commands:
21L2, 21L3, 21L5
This command can be used to draw widenings. Widening can consist of up to three parts:
opening, mid part with a constant offset and closing. The opening and closing can be
constructed with two parabolas or two arcs with or without a line in-between. Widenings can
be drawn as polylines or alignments and are created as dynamic objects meaning that they
are redrawn automatically when the source object changes.
The following dialog appears after starting the command:
Axes 96
In the upper left part of the dialog an element to draw the Widening has to be picked in the
drawing by clicking the
button. It can be a polylinie, or an alignment. It can also be a lane
created by the "Widenings in curves" command. In this case the alignment that the lane
belongs to is used to calculate the stations (start and end point of the widening).
A few other parameters can be specified in the upper left part: Width of the widening (offset
of the widening), Side (left or right) to draw the widening, Direction (forward to draw the
widening in the direction of the source element or backward to draw it in the opposite
direction), Design speed and Definition (length or end point). Changing the design speed
will result in the recalculation of the lengths of the start and end segment if the widening is
parabola-based and if it is defined by length (see below). The recalculation is done according
to the following equation:
L z = Ve
i
3,
where Lz is the length of the start or end-segment, Ve is the design speed and i is the width
of widening. If the source element is a lane or an alignment, the default design speed is read
from the alignment. The "Definition" combo box affects the way the length of the parabolabased widening is defined (otherwise it is disabled). Selecting "Length" means that the end
point will be calculated from the given lengths. Selecting "End point" means that the length
Axes 97
of the middle line (or one of the other two parts if there is no middle line) will be calculated
from the given end point.
In the upper right part of the dialog it is possible to define whether the widening will be tied
to the given station or to the start point. That can be achieved by selecting "Station" or
"Position" in the "Anchor" combo box. According to the selection the appropriate fields under
the combo box are enabled allowing the user to enter a station (or a start point) manually or
to pick it in the drawing via the "jig" buttons ( ). If "End point" is selected in the "Definition"
combo box the same applies to the end station and end point fields just under the start
point.
In the mid part of the dialog the user can enable the parts he would like to draw by checking
the "Draw" check boxes under all three categories. A widening can be made of any of the
following three parts: opening (Start of widening), straight part (Middle line) and closing (End
of widening). Straight part is the source element displaced for the width of the widening. The
opening and closing can be constructed with two parabolas or two arcs with or without a line
in-between, depending on what is selected in the "Type" combo box. The picture in the
dialog schematically shows what will actually be drawn. Depending on the type and definition
the length of all three parts or the rounding radii (R1, R2) of the opening and closing curves
or in some cases even all of the values can be defined. Typing in a new value for the length
will override the one that has been calculated from the design speed. When there is no start
segment, it is possible to extend the middle line to the end (or beginning) of the source
element by checking the "To the end" check box.
In the "Settings" section at the bottom the user can define which of the objects (polylinie,
alignment) will be used to draw the bus-stop. According to this setting some of the fields
below will be shown or hidden, as different element types require different parameters to be
defined. If "Polyline" is selected, it is only possible to specify a layer, either by selection one
from the "Layer" combo box or by typing in a new layer name. If "Alignment" is selected,
additionally an "Alignment style" and an "Alignment label style" can be selected in the combo
boxes, a name for the new alignment has to be provided in the "Alignment name" edit box
and an existing site can be selected in the "Site" combo box, where the user can also type in
a name to create a new one instead. Option *None* in the Site combo box means that
created alignment will not be part of any site in the drawing.
After clicking the "OK" button the new widening with the given parameters will be created. All
the parameters including the anchor settings are saved and used to redraw the widening
every time it needs to be updated.
Command name:
EDIT WIDENING
Command code:
21L5
21L5
Icon:
Task:
editing a widening
Input data:
widening in the drawing, parameters from the dialog
Output data:
widening
Layers:
See also commands:
21L2, 21L3, 21L4
This command can be used to edit parameters of widening drawn with command
Draw widening. Select the widening in the drawing and the same dialog will be opened as
the one that is used to create a new widening, except that some parameters (e.g. styles) will
be disabled because they cannot be changed.
Axes 98
Clicking OK button, widening is erased and new widening with modified parameters is drawn.
When source object on which widening is drawn changes, widening is created with modified
parameters.
Command name:
SAVE ROADROAD-WIDTHS -> WID
Command code:
21L6
Icon:
Task:
Saving the widths of the designed roadway to a WID file
Input data:
Left and right road edge, cross axes
Output data:
WID file
Layers:
See also commands:
31J1, 21L2
This command calculates the widths of the designed roadway (i.e. determines the distances
from the roadway axis to the road edges). Mathematically, this means that the program finds
all intersections of individual cross axes with the road edge. If no intersection can be found,
the program saves the string "NULL".
Figure: Program module finds all intersections of individual cross axes with the road edge.
Axes 99
The Save road-widths -> WID dialog box explanation:

Using the explorer select a folder to which the WID file is to be saved
Floating listlist-popup
List of used WID files in the project where the first file is provided as the offered WID
file option;
Sections in file
Existing section list
Section
You can save data to a new section having a new name
Search interval
Road width search interval left and right to the axis (m)
In Crosssections
Road width is saved for the left and right road lane at the points of crosssections
In Mainpoints
Road width is saved for the left and right road lane in each mainpoint of the
longitudinal axis
Equidistant
Road width is saved for the left and right road lane by equable distance. Select a
search step and interval (lane width in which command is searching for vertices of
cross-sections with a road edge).
Step
Equidistant step to which road widths will be saved
See Appendix A for further information on WID file formats.

Use the WID file to display roadway widths in the Longitudinal sections program module (See
Read widths from file <- WID, 31J1).
Command name:
READ ROADROAD-WIDTHS <<- WID
Command code:
21L7
Icon:
Task:
inserting roadroad-widths from WID file
Input data:
WID file
Output data:
ROAD_EDGE_LEFT,
ROAD_EDGE_LEFT, ROAD_EDGE_RIGFT
Layers:
20_AXISNAME_
20_AXISNAME_ ROAD_EDGE_LEFT _LANENAME,
LANENAME, 20_AXISNAME
20_AXISNAME_
AXISNAME_ ROAD_EDGE_RIGHT
_LANENAME
See also commands:
21L6
Axes 100
Command is used for inserting lines of width of road in drawing. Function inserts all lanes,
that were stated in input file. Input file can be written manually or we can use command
21L6. After invoking the command we see next dialog window.
We must choose needed WID file and choose section in file.
Axes 101
2.13. 21M - Cuts, fills and border-lines

With this group of commands you can draw cuts and fills based on input data from IL file. IL
file.
Command name:
DRAW CUTS AND FILLS <- IL
Command code:
21M1
Icon:
Task:
Drawing cuts and fills based on input data from a IL file
Input data:
IL file
Output data:
Cut/fill hatches and/or colors
Layers:
20_AXISNAME_CUT
20_AXISNAME_CUT and 20_AXISNAME_FILL
See also commands:
21M, 31V2, 31V3, 41K3,41K4
IL files contain information about the height of an arbitrary point type and its offset from the
axis. The file can be created with the following commands:
Save Intersection Lines -> IL (41K4) in the CROSS SECTIONS and

Save borderlines to file -> IL (21M4) in the AXES program module.
You can define four characteristic points in the file:

1.
2.
3.
4.
Cut left
Cut right
Fill right
Fill left
Axes 102
4
4
1
3
4
2
3
2
Figure: These characteristic points represent

represent the cut/fill points in the layout view.
The Draw lines along axis dialog box explanation:

The data source for the intersection line is selected. You can choose between the
actual drawing, AutoCAD DWG files and the file type LS. One of the existent
sources can be selected from the list.
The name of the section (axis) is selected. After the selection o the section (axis)
the list of intersection lines is filled.
List of intersection lines
Every data source can contain one or more intersection lines. The intersection
lines that we wish to draw in the layout are selected from the list.
With a click on the button all intersection lines in the list are marked;
Line names can be optional or charcateristic. Characteristic line names are CUT_L,
Axes 103
FILL_L, CUT_R and FILL_R representing characteristic points in cross-section (see

description of the 21M1 command). When drawing characteristic lines you can
also hatch and color surfaces reaching road edges while on the other hand you
can draw just a line.
Draw; 2D
All line coordinates will have an elevation of z=0
Draw; 3D
Line coordinates will have an elevation defined in the IL file;
Cut and fills;

Connect cut and fill lines
This option enables an automatic connection of cut and fill lines in drawing.
Usage of the option is possible even later by invoking the Connect cut and file
lines (21M1) command.
Cut and fills;

Hatch cut and fill
If line is named CUT_L or FILL_L or CUT_R or FILL_R (characteristic line), it is

possible to hatch a surface between the road edge and characteristic line (see
picture);
Hatching and coloring;

Color cut and fill
If line names are characteristic (CUT_L, FILL_L, CUT_R, FILL_R), it is possible to

color a surface between the road edge and characteristic line (see picture);
Embankment boundary
If the possibility Embankment boundary is switched on, around the limits of the
box-cuts and dams (lines that are the most distant from the axis) draws a closed
polyline. This polyline can be used for the visualization like "hide boundary" for
the existing surface.
All cut/fill hatches and colors are drawn on the 20_AXISNAME_CUT and 20_AXISNAME_FILL
layers.
You can find the description of the IL file format in the chapter, where all other file formats
are described. See Appendix A for further information on IL file format.
Command name:
DEFINE PROJECTION POINTS
Command code:
21M2
Icon:
Task:
Defining the points for the projection display in a longitudinal profile
Input data:
point position
Output data:
point in a situational plan
Layers:
current
See also commands:
31E1
This command defines the points in the situational plan or on a 3D model, projection of
which can be later shown in a longitudinal profile.
Before starting the command the current axis is set as the one we wish to arrange the points
on. The points that are arranged for a certain axis can then be drawn in the longitudinal
profile of this axis. After the start of the command, in the command line appears:
Define new point position <Existing object>:
A new point can be drawn or an object is selected (point or block) that already exists in the
drawing. In first case the position of the new point in the layer is clicked (2D). After appeal:
Define point name:
The point name is put in. Followed by appeal:

Define point name:
Axes 104
where the height of the point is put in.

If you want to use an existing element as the point for drawing in the longitudinal profiles,
you put at first appeal in the command line the letter o for existing element. Then the
appeal appears:
Select object <New point>:
You select the desired element (or you go back with n to selecting a new point). Afterwards
the name for the point is selected like in the first example.
After the point input you can proceed with entering points until the command is ended with
<Esc>.
Command name:
DEFINE BORDERBORDER-LINE FROM PLINE
Command code:
21M3
Icon:
Task:
Converting a PLINE entity into a cut, fill, border, wall, etc.
Input data:
TwoTwo- or threethree-dimensional polyline
Output data:
None
Layers:
See also commands:
21M4, 21M1
Using the Define border-line from PLINE (21M3) command, you can assign a label to an
arbitrary polyline and browse through the already defined labels. The label can be an
arbitrary alphanumerical string ("FOREST-BORDER", "WALL_TOP", "CUT", "FILL", etc.).
The label is used as an identification element when transferring data from the layout drawing
to longitudinal and cross sections (and vice versa) the program automatically equips the
drawn longitudinal and cross sections with the appropriate labels.
After starting the Define borderline from PLINE (21M3) command, select one or more
polylines along the axis and enter their labels.
Borderlines are different characteristic two-or three-dimensional lines, representing:
Cut and fill borders,

Object boundaries, forest borders, etc., and
Terrace break-lines, walls, viaducts, bridges and similar objects.
The borderline data (distances from the axis and elevations) often has to be transferred from
the layout plan to the longitudinal/cross sections or vice versa from the
longitudinal/cross sections to the layout plan.
To accomplish this, use the following PLATEIA commands:
Define borderline from PLINE (21M3),

Save borderlines to file -> IL (21M4),
Draw borderline <- IL (31V2),
Axes 105
Layout-data transfer <- IL (41K3).
Axes 106
Example:
To create a borderline and save it to a file suitable for import into the longitudinal/cross
sections follow the steps below:
1. Create a two- or three-dimensional polyline with AutoCAD.
2. Assign a label to the polyline using the Define borderline from PLINE (21M3)
command.
3. Save the borderline data to an IL file with the Save borderlines to file -> IL (21M4)
command.
If the defined borderlines are three-dimensional, the Save borderlines to file -> IL (21M4)
command will also save the appropriate line elevations (the default line elevation for twodimensional lines is "0.00").
Command name:
DEFINING 3D OBJECTS ALONG THE AXIS
Command code:
21M4
Icon:
Task:
Names 3D objects along the axis
Input data:
3D Solid, Body, Surface
Output data:
See also commands:
41K4
3D elements that should be selected or deleted are marked in the drawing. In the command
line we give them names and then press ENTER.
Note: With this command 3D objects are selected and named, which are then projected into
cross sections with the command 41K4 (Input of 3D objects).
Command name:
SAVE BORDERBORDER-LINES TO FILE -> IL
Command code:
21M5
Icon:
None
Task:
Saving defined borderlines to an IL file
Input data:
TwoTwo- or threethree-dimensional polyline entities with appropriate borderline labels (see the
21M3
21M3 command)
Output data:
IL file
Layers:
See also commands:
21M3, 41K3, 41K4
This command saves selected borderlines (defined with the Define borderline from PLINE
(21M3) command to an IL file. The file contains the following data:
Borderline labels,
Distances from the axis (for every borderline point),
Elevations of every borderline point (if the border line is three-dimensional).
Axes 107
Borderlines must be created within the area of defined cross axes. To calculate the distances
from the axis, the program looks for intersection points between cross axes and borderlines.
If the borderlines do not intersect with cross axes, the IL file will not be created.
Borderlines are saved in columns according to the side of the line (left or right). The IL file
format:
KM LINE_LEFT1 LINE_LEFTn SECTION_NAME LINE_RIGHT1 LINE_RIGHTn
Axes 108
The meaning of individual abbreviations:
KM station KM,
M station M,
LINE_LEFTn data pairs (distance and point elevation) for borderlines left from the
axis,
LINE_RIGHTn data pairs (distance and point elevation) for borderlines right from
the axis, and
SECTION_NAME label/number of the cross axis in the layout (i.e., the cross section).
Borderlines are defined with DISTANCE/ELEVATION data pairs for each individual cross
section:
DISTANCE ... distance from the axis measured along the cross axis;
ELEVATION ... elevation of the intersection point between the borderline and the cross
axis (the elevation for two-dimensional lines is always "0.00").
The following figure shows a borderline, starting on the left side and then passing over to
the right side of the axis:
Figure: Borderline starting on the left side and then passing over to the right side of the
axis:
Axes 109
The appropriate IL file:

# FIRST_SECTION
KM
M
0
140.000
0
160.000
0
180.000
0
200.000
0
220.000
0
240.000
0
260.000
0
280.000
0
300.000
0
320.000
0
340.000
LINE1
NULL
NULL
NULL
NULL
21.700
0.000
15.406
0.000
12.567
0.000
9.482
0.000
6.156
0.000
-3.774
0.000
-12.846
0.000
-12.832
0.000
-11.816
0.000
SECTION
P7
P8
P9
P10
P11
P12
P13
P14
P15
P16
P17
The "NULL" keyword means that the borderline does not intersect with a cross axis.
For further information on IL file see Appendix A of this manual.
After starting the Save border-lines to file -> IL (21M4) command, first select one or more
lines defined with the Define border-line from PLINE (21M3) command and then the
appropriate cross axes from the intersecting area. The name of the resulting IL file can be
defined in the following dialog box:
The Save border-lines to file dialog box explanation:

IL output file
click this button to find the path of the IL file in an Explorer-like dialog
box.
click this button to display a list of existing file sections in the IL file.
New section name
enter the name of the file section in the IL file, the data will be saved
to.
The IL file can later be used in the LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS (Draw border-line <- IL, 31V2)
or CROSS SECTIONS (Layout-data transfer <- IL, 41K3) program module.
Axes 110
2.14. 21N - Extract data
Command name:
COORDINATE EXTRACT <<- LS,CSE -> CSC
Command code:
21N1
Icon:
Task:
Saving an extract of crosscross-section coordinates to a CSC file
Input data:
LS and/or CSE file
Output data:
CSC file
Layers:
See also commands:
31N, 41L3
This command saves the elevations of the designed roadway along the selected cross axis to
a CSC file as follows:
1. Elevations of arbitrary road points can be saved by means of CROSS SECTIONS' Save
points to file -> CSE (41L3) command.
2. Elevations of axis and road edge points can be saved by means of LONGITUDINAL
SECTIONS Save longitudinal section -> LS (31N) command.
Axes 111
The format of a CSC file (if the input file is a LS type file):
remark - first line
&
sect_name sect_station sect_direction_ang
dist_from_axis
X Y Z
dist_from_axis
X Y Z
dist_from_axis
X Y Z
-""&
following_section_name ...
; left road edge

; in the axis
; right road edge
The Coordinate extract <- LS, CSE -> CSC dialog box explanation:
LS input file
click this button to find the path of the LS file in an Explorer-like dialog
box.
"File combo box"
type in the name of the LS file or select one of the previously opened
files from the drop down list.
Sections
displays a list of existing file sections in the LS input file.
Calculate road edge left and right
activate this checkbox to save the X, Y, and Z coordinates of road edge

points as well.
CSE input file
click this button to find the path of the CSE file in an Explorer-like
dialog box.
"File combo box"
type in the name of the CSE file or select one of the previously opened
Axes 112
Sections
displays a list of existing file sections in the CSE input file.
CSC output file
click this button to find the path of the CSC file in an Explorer-like
dialog box.
"File combo box"
type in the name of the CSC file or select one of the previously opened
Angle units
here you can select the units of the saved direction angles.
Later you will also have to define the starting direction angle (can be 0).
The direction angle is measured starting north and continuing clockwise.
See Appendix A for further information on CSE file format.
Command name:
COORDINATE EXTRACT <<- LS,CSE -> XYZ
Command code:
21N2
Icon:
Task:
Saving an extract of crosscross-section coordinates to a XYZ file
Input data:
LS and/or CSE file
Output data:
XYZ file
Layers:
See also commands:
11F1, 31N, 41L3
This command saves the elevations of the designed roadway along the selected longitudinal
axis to a XYZ file as follows:
1. The elevations of arbitrary road points can be saved by means of CROSS
SECTIONS' Save points to file -> CSE (41L3) command.
2. The elevations of axis and road edge points can be saved by means of
LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS Save longitudinal section -> LS (31N) command.
This command can be used to generate points that can later be read with the LAYOUTs Input
points (11F1) command. After the points have been read into the LAYOUT module, you can
generate drainage contours with the help of a digital terrain model.
Axes 113
The Coordinate extract <- LS, CSE -> XYZ dialog box explanation:
LS input file
click this button to find the path of the LS file in an Explorer-like dialog box.
"File combo box"
type in the name of the LS file or select one of the previously opened files from
the drop down list.
Sections
Calculate road edge left

and right
activate this checkbox to save the X, Y, and Z coordinates of road edge points as
well.
CSE input file
click this button to find the path of the CSE file in an Explorer-like dialog box.
"File combo box"
type in the name of the CSE file or select one of the previously opened files from
the drop down list.
Sections
displays a list of existing file sections in the CSE input file.
XYZ output file
click this button to find the path of the XYZ file in an Explorer-like dialog box.
"File combo box"
type in the name of the XYZ file or select one of the previously opened files from
the drop down list.
click this button to display a list of existing file sections in the XYZ file.
See Appendix A for further information on XYZ file format.
Axes 114
Command name:
GENERATE POINTS FROM CRO -> XYZ
Command code:
21N3
Icon:
Task:
Calculating of situation points on the basis of CRO file
Input data:
CRO file
Output data:
XYZ file
Layers:
Defined
Defined by points
See also commands:
11F1, 21K2, 21K6, 41E3
This command is intended for a terrain transfer you have prepared by using cross sections in
situation. Command reads a CRO file and produces an XYZ file. Point is entered in the XYZ
file in those places where the terrain breaks. If you want the points to be saved automatically,
select the Draw points and labels in drawing option.
When using this command, you need to select the CRO file as input data and the XYZ file as
output data.
See explanation of CRO and XYZ files in Appendix A.

Command name:
CALCULATE POINTS FOR THICKNESSTHICKNESS-CONTOURS PREVIEW <<-HD ->XYZ
Command code:
21N3A
Icon:
none
Task:
to calculate layout points based on the

the HD file
Input data:
HD file
Output data:
XYZ file
Layers:
defined by points
See also commands:
31O3, 31O4
Axes 115
Using the Calculate points for thickness-contours preview command (21N3A), save elevation
differences between terrain and roadway to the XYZ file. Data can be later read by using the
QuickSurf program that draws contours representing a roadway thickness.
Select HD file as Input file and XYZ file as Output file. You can get the HD file by using the
31O3 command in longitudinal sections.
Command name:
SAVE CANALIS MANHOLES

MANHOLES AND SECTIONS -> CAN
Command code:
21N4
Icon:
Task:
Saving manholes and sections drawn by CANALIS in CAN file
Input data:
Canalis manholes and sections
Output data:
CAN file
Layers:
See also commands:
31S6
This command enables saving of manholes and sections drawn by the CANALIS program to
the CAN file. In addition to manholes data such as name, type, cover height, pipe height),
also perpendicular distances of shaft from the road axis and station are saved to the file. The
picture below shows the perpendicular distance between the shaft and longitudinal axis.
Axes 116
Figure: Perpendicular distance between the shaft and longitudinal axis.

Before invoking the command, there needs to be a longitudinal axis drawn in drawing. After
invoking this command, the following dialog box appears:
The Save Canalis manholes and sections explanation:

>> KAN filename
name and location of file where you want to save the calculation results. You
can use the existing file.
Select CANALIS manholes

and sections
after clicking the button in drawing you select manholes and pipes you want
to save to a CAN file,
Use Canalis pipe catalogue
if you select this option and show where the Canalis pipe catalogue is located,
program searches for appropriate pipes diameters in the catalogue and saves
them to the CAN file.
Axes 117
Example of SEW file:
*******************************************************
* PLATEIA: AXES-Roads (ver 6.00 Beta 12)
* Filename : C:\CGSA2002\PLATEIA6\ENG\EXAMPLE\test2.SEW
* Date
: 15.07.2003
* Time
: 12:55
*******************************************************
# AXIS_0
!*STAKM
STAM
DISTANCE
MANHOLE_LABEL
MANHOLE_TYPE
COVER_ELEV
PIPE_ELEV
PIPE_DIAMETER
SLOPE
X
Y
X'
Y'
************************************************************************************************************************************************************
*****************************
0
5.585
106.476
1
0
105.200
102.000
0
33.347
118.461
98.219
114.879
114.261
0
32.549
106.182
2
0
104.713
0.000
0
0.000
145.030
102.960
141.195
120.137
0
53.852
105.867
3
0
104.328
0.000
0
0.000
165.906
107.228
161.987
124.779
0
93.037
105.340
4
0
103.621
0.000
0
0.000
204.336
114.814
200.230
133.315
0
133.027
104.005
5
0
102.925
0.000
0
0.000
241.343
125.720
239.541
140.561
Command name:
GENERATE STAKE
STAKETAKE-OUT POINTS ALONG THE AXIS
Command code:
21N5
Icon:
Task:
generating stakestake-out points along the axis or on lanes
Input data:
longitudinal axis, lanes
Output data:
AK_DT point types
Layers:
20_axisname_LONAXS
See also commands:
21N6, 21N7, 21N8
Using the 21N5 command, you can generate stake-out points along the axis. In addition,
points can be generated at any distance from the longitudinal axis or on lanes. After invoking
the command, select an area on which you want to generate points. By pressing ENTER,
generate points on the entire longitudinal axis. After you have selected the area, the Draw
points dialog box opens:
Axes 118
The Draw points dialog box description:

Use axis mainpoints
switch on/off axis mainpoints
Use lanes
If the Use lanes option is activated, points are generated also on lanes. By
pressing Select, select lanes on which you want to generate points. For
multiple lane selection use CTRL + click.
Station stepstep-size
Point generation step in m. By pressing Station step-size, you can select the
step interactivelly in drawing.
Distance
Point distance from longitudinal axis (perpendicularly). Positive values stand

for an offset on the right side of the longitudinal axis if looked in station
direction while negative values generate points on the left side.
Prefix
Prefix used when labeling the point.
Starting counter value
Set starting counter value. At each new entered point counter value changes
for 1.
Point type
Select a point type.
User can define any stake-out point. The stake-out point must
comprise the following attributes: LABEL. ELEVATION, DISTANCE,
STATION, SECTION, AXIS and LANE. The best way to define such
point is to use the 11E4 command and define a point that is
Axes 119
based on the existing Aquaterra AK_DT standard point.

Command name:
INSERT SINGLE STAKE - OUT POINTS
Command code:
21N6
Icon:
Task:
inserting point on or along longitudinal axis and label station and distance from axis
Input data:
interactive point insertion
Output data:
points in drawing
Layers:
20_CONSTR_LINES
See also commands:
21N5, 21N7, 21N8
The 21N6 command inserts an individual point on any station and at any distance from
longitudinal axis. In addition to point insertion, this command can label station and distance
from axis. After invoking the command, the Draw points dialog box opens:
The Draw points dialog box description:

Label station and distance from
axis
Switch on/off label station and distance from axis.
Insert point
Switch on/off point insertion at selected coordinates.
Point type
Select a point type.
Prefix
Prefix used when labeling the point.
Starting counter value
Set starting counter value. At each new entered point counter value changes
for 1.
After you have pressed OK, interactivelly select points to be inserted.
Axes 120
User can define any stake-out point. The stake-out point must comprise the
following attributes: LABEL. ELEVATION, DISTANCE, STATION, SECTION, AXIS and
LANE. The best way to define such point is to use the 11E4 command and define a
point that is based on the existing GeoEngineering AK_DT standard point.
Command name:
CONVERT POINT TO STAKE

STAKE - OUT POINT
Command code:
21N7
Icon:
Task:
converting any points to stakestake-out points

points
Input data:
any points
Output data:
stakestake-out points
Layers:
See also commands:
21N5, 21N6, 21N8
This command converts any points in drawing to stake-out points. After invoking the
command, select points to be used for a stake-out. After you have selected the points, the
Point type change dialog box opens:
Axes 121
The Point type change dialog box description:

Selected point types
Select a point type from a drop-down list to be converted to a stake-out

point
Points
Select a point type for a stake-out.
Assign (=)
By pressing Assign (=), assign a selected point type to the stake-out point.
Erase
Erase a point replacement from the replacement list.
User can define any stake-out point. The stake-out point must comprise the
following attributes: LABEL. ELEVATION, DISTANCE, STATION, SECTION, AXIS and
LANE. The best way to define such point is to use the 11E4 command and define a
point that is based on the existing GeoEngineering AK_DT standard point.
Command name:
SAVE REPORT FOR STAKE

STAKEKE-OUT POINTS -> SPL
Command code:
21N8
Icon:
none
Task:
saving of orthogonal measurements according to axis
Input data:
points and axis
Output data:
SPL file
Layers:
defined by points
See also commands:
11F6, 11F7
The command saves a file with stake-out points data. Data comprise a point station
according to axis, point label in addition to X and Y coordinates.
After invoking the 21N8 command, the following dialog box appears:
Axes 122
Select appropriate Output file and section in it. In addition, select points to be saved to the
file. After pressing OK, file is saved.
# AXIS_1
*******************************************************
* PLATEIA
* Filename : C:\Program Files\CGSA ENG\2004\PLATEIA6\EXAMPLE\NEW.txt
* Date
: torek, 25. januar, 2005
* Time
: 15:22:16
*******************************************************
STATION
DISTANCE
LABEL
2195.300
2222.790
2237.050
2261.280
0.000
0.000
0.000
19.150
AXIS_1
AXIS_1
AXIS_1
650.701
617.488
616.944
587.451
962.539
960.959
937.976
936.866
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Axes 123
2.15. 21O - Labels

Command name:
DRAW VERTICAL ALIGNMENT

ALIGNMENTENT-LABELS <<- LS
Command code:
21O1
Icon:
Task:
Drawing of vertical alignment labels based on input data from a LS file
Input data:
LS file
Output data:
Vertical alignment labels
Layers:
See also commands:
31N
This command allows you to schematically draw the tangents and vertical alignments as
designed in the LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS program module. The program reads the LS file
that has been created with the LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS Save longitudinal section -> LS
(31N) command.
Figure: Schematic drawing of vertical alignment labels.

The commands output includes the size of the vertical alignment (200 in the above example)
and the tangent slopes (%) and lengths (m). To modify the commands output parameters,
use the project settings (Axes-Manager (21A31), parameter no. 62 to 65).
Axes 124
The Draw vertical alignment-labels dialog box explanation:

LS input file
"File combo box"
type in the name of the LS file or select one of the previously opened files from the drop
down list.
"Sections list box"
See Appendix A for further information on LS file format.

Command name:
DRAW SUPERELEVATIONSUPERELEVATION-LABELS <<- LS
Command code:
21O2
Icon:
Task:
Generating superelevation labels along the roadway based on input data from a LS file
Input data:
LS file
Output data:
Superelevation labels
Layers:
See also commands:
31N
This command generates superelevation labels on cross sections or at the beginning and at
the end of the axis horizontal (main) elements.
The program retrieves the input data from a LS file that has been created with the
LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS Save longitudinal section -> LS (31N) command.
Figure: Generation of superelevation labels along the roadway.
Axes 125
The Draw superelevation labels dialog box description

LS file
We search for the path to LS file with the explorer
Select points for labeling
The user chooses in which points the labels of cross-sections should be

drawn. The critical points can be: changes of the cross-fall, start and end
points of the main elements, cross axes, points, where the cross-fall equals
0% and in the local extremes of the gradient.
Remove existing labels
preceding labels are deleted from the drawing
Label minimum and maximum
the labels for minimum and maximum are drawn on the corresponding
MAX MIN
points
CrossCross-fall label factor
the factor that controls the largeness of the cross-sections
CrossCross-fall text factor
the factor that controls the largeness of the label text of the cross-sections
Text angle from cross axis
Turn of the text according to the cross axis
Text offset from cross axis
offset of the text from the point of the cross-section
Command name:
DRAW ELEVATION AND SLOPE LABELS ON THE ROADWAY
Command code::
21O3
Icon:
Task:
Drawing of elevation and slope labels on the roadway from the LS type file
Input data:
LS type file
Output data:
Elevation
Elevation and slope labels
Layers:
20_AXISNAME_SLOPE_ELEVATION
See also commands:
31N
Axes 126
Program reads data from the LS file that you have previously prepared using the SAVE
LONGITUDINAL SECTION -> LS (see 31N command) command and draws elevation and slope
labels in selected points.
When invoking the command, a dialog box appears for selecting points in which elevation
and slope labels are drawn. You can draw slope labels simply by pressing In the LS main
points.
The Elevation and slope labels on the roadway dialog box description:
Input GLS file
Using the explorer, find the LS file
Floating listlist- popup
List of previously used LS files in the project where the first file is foreseen
as offered file option.
Section
List of existing sections in the LS file
Label lanes
Select one or several lanes on the left/right on which elevation is to be

labeled.
In the LS main points
By pressing this button, elevation labels are drawn in the longitudinal section
characteristic points (extremes, tangent start and end). In addition,
Axes 127
longitudinal slope and distance labels are drawn between the start and end
tangent points.
On lanes
Enables elevation labeling in axis and on selected lanes for a given station.
Select station in drawing using your mouse pointer.
Selected point
point
Enables elevation labeling in selected point on the roadway.
Axes 128
2.16. 21P - 3D Roadway-Model

Command name:
DRAW ALIGNMENT AND ROAD

ROAD EDGES IN 3D <<- LS
Command code:
21P1
Icon:
Task:
Drawing a threethree-dimensional
dimensional representation of the vertical alignment and the
Input data:
LS file
Output data:
ThreeThree-dimensional vertical alignment and road edges
Layers:
20_AXISNAME_3D_LEVEL and 20_AXISNAME_3D_AXES
See also commands:
31N
road edges based on input data from a LS file
This command draws a three-dimensional vertical alignment as well as the left and right road
edges. It uses the input data from a "saved longitudinal section" file (.LS), created with the
LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS Save longitudinal section -> LS (31N) command. The road edges
between profiles are calculated by means of a three-dimensional linear interpolation.
Road edges are drawn using the widths and expansions from the file (LS) after the program
has created the longitudinal section for the appropriate roadway section.
All road edges are drawn on the 20_AXISNAME_3D_AXES layer and the vertical alignment on
the 20_AXISNAME_3D_LEVEL layer.
3D polylines representing axes, road edges and cut/fill lines are of a great importance when
constructing a roadway model with geometrical meshes. The AutoCAD RULESURF command
can generate a surface consisting of a number of segments using two polylines; e.g., the
road edge and the cut/fill line. A roadway model built with such surfaces can be used as a
basis for creating perspective views with the Visualisation (21P4) command.
The Draw alignment and road-edges 3D dialog box explanation:

LS input file
"File combo box"
type in the name of the LS file or select one of the previously opened files from the drop
down list.
"Sections list box"
See Appendix A for further information on LS file format.
Axes 129
Command name:
3D embankments
Command code:
21P2
Icon:
Task:
draws 3D embankments
embankments
Input data:
Polylines
Output data:
drawing of 3D embankment
See also commands:
31P1
The command based on the input data (polyline) creates 3D embankments. In the available
dialog box the parameters for the drawing of 3D embankments in the cut or fill can be set.
After the start of the command the command line shows the following text: Select Polyline or
ENTER to end:
By selecting the polyline the command line shows the following text: Select side: The inner or
the outer side can be selected.
After the side selection the command line shows the following text: Select start or ENTER for
the whole polyline In case the start is selected (start point) the text appears: Select end or
ENTER for till end: Now the end point must be selected and ENTER pressed.
After ENTER is pressed, the following dialog box appears:
At the top of the dialog box you can add a new setting with a click on the button +, with a
click on the button X it can be deleted.
The target surface (in case multiple areas are available) can be selected through the dropdown menu. If only one surface is available, it is selected automatically.
The main area of the dialog box is intended for criteria selection (it can be filled with multiple
different criteria) for embankment creation in the fill or cut.
Axes 130
By clicking the button + a new criterion is added. By clicking X it is removed. The selectable
criteria (for the cut or fill) are:
Length/Slope
Length/Height difference
Slope/Height difference
Slope/Surface
1st example: The criterion Length/Slope is selected. In this case the desired length and slope
are given but the height difference cannot be selected (the height is 0.0 m).
2nd example: The criterion Length/Height difference is selected. In this case the desired
length and the height difference are given but the slope cannot be selected because it is
automatically set to 100% slope.
Command name:
MAKE 3D ROAD SURFACES

SURFACES
Command code:
21P4
Icon:
Task:
Drawing of 3D surfaces between selected lines
Input data:
3D lines in drawing
Output data:
Drawing of 3D road surfaces between selected lines
Layers:
20_AXIS_3DSURF_ROADWAY
See also commands:
21P5,
21P5, 21P6
21P6
By employing the 3D level and road edges drawing (3D axis lines, road edge, cut and fill
lines), you can make a surface between selected roadway lines. Using the dialog box shown
below, you can define between which lines a roadway surface is to be made.
The Info button dialog box:
Axes 131
Example of roadway body made:
For further visualisation processing, you can use the RDV module using the 21P8 command
that is described below.
Command name:
MAKE SINGLE SURFACE
Command code:
21P5
Icon:
Task:
Drawing 3D surfaces between selected lines
Input data:
3D lines in drawing
Output data:
Drawing of 3D surfaces between selected lines
Layers:
20_AX_3DSURF_
See also commands:
21P4
Axes 132
Processing/Drawing of individual surfaces functions similarly to the 21P2 command, except

to the fact that you can select any individual polylines between which surfaces shall be made.
After invoking the command, you need to select both polylines between which 3D surface will
be made.
Command name:
DEFINE BOUNDARY
Command code:
21P6
Icon:
Task:
integration of polylines into a closed polygon
Input data:
2D or 3D polylines\
polylines\
Output data:
2D polyline
Layers:
current
See also commands:
For creating intersections the function that helps us limit the intersection area is also
welcome. The job of this function is to prepare the outmost border of the intersection that
will be used as a border in the digital relief model. This sometimes time consuming job is
now very easy because you only need to select the lines that will be joint into a border. After
the start of the command, the command line states:
Select polyline startpoint:
If the first or the second crossing of the polyline was selected, the following appears:
Select next polyline startpoint or this polyline endpoint or [Point/Back/<Enter>]:
In this step we can select another point on the selected polyline or a new start point on a new
polyline. If we did not select the first and the last point in the first step, the following
appears:
Select polyline endpoint or [Back/<Enter>]:
In this case we must hover over the end point on this polyline and then we proceed with the
next polyline. The procedure is repeated until we get a closed polygon. This polygon can be
used as an outmost border when creating a digital relief model.
Command name:
DRAW 3D
3D PROFILE <<- OFF
Command code:
21P7
Icon:
Task:
Generating an arbitrary threethree-dimensional profile based on input data from an OFF file
Input data:
ThreeThree-dimensional vertical alignment or any other threethree-dimensional polyline, OFF file
Output data:
Three
Three-dimensional polyline, drawn parallel to the threethree-dimensional alignment
Layers:
20_AXISNAME_3D_AXES
See also commands:
Once the three-dimensional vertical alignment has been drawn, you can generate threedimensional lines parallel to the existing alignment. The Draw 3D Profile <- OFF (21P7)
command can, for example, be used for creating bridge constructions. Before starting the
command, you will have to create a file (.OFF) containing the offsets of the parallel lines from
the vertical alignment. The OFF file format:
Axes 133
* Remark
STA_FROM_KM STA_FROM_M
STA_TO_KM STA_TO_M
DX1 DY1
DX2 DY2
DX3 DY3
;-""-
; the beginning station (km and m) in view of the current axis

; the ending station (km and m) in view of the current axis
;
;
;
Where:
DXi represents the horizontal (+ to the right of the axis, - to the left of the axis)
and
DYi the vertical (+ above the axis, - below the axis) distance of the i-th parallel
line from the axis.
Example:
Figure: T profile
Output file:
* remark; example of a T profile with the length of 20 m
0
0
;starting station
0
20
;ending station
-3
0
;point 1
-3
-0.5
;point 2
-1
-0.7
;point 3
-1
-1
;point 4
1
-1
;point 5
1
-0.7
;point 6
3
-0.5
;point 7
3
0
;point 8
Axes 134
Command name:
VISUALISATION
Command code:
21P8
Icon:
Task:
Generating perspective views of the axis
Input data:
ThreeThree-dimensional vertical alignment or any other threethree-dimensional polyline
Output data:
SLD files
Layers:
This command
command does not use any
See also commands:
The Visualisation (21P8) command offers a comfortable and easy-to-use interface for
generating perspective views of the axis. Before using the command, at least the axis and the
road edges should drawn in 3D.
To generate a perspective view, you will have to enter the following information:
3D axis,
Camera position,
Target point of the camera,
Camera elevation above the axis,
Focus (view width).
Axes 135
Figure: Perspective views of the axis.
Axes 136
Figure: More perspective

perspective views of the axis.
Using the Visualisation (21P4) command, you can create a virtual flight along the axis. Single
views can be rendered or drawn with hidden lines and saved into a SLD file (slide). The slides
can afterwards be viewed with the VSLIDE command.
Axes 137
2.17. 21R - Tools
Command name:
CALCULATE STATION FROM

FROM AXISAXIS-POINT
Command code:
21R1
Icon:
Task:
Calculating and displaying the station of a selected longitudinal axis point
Input data:
Longitudinal axis
Output data:
Station value
Layers:
See also commands:
21C,
21C, 21R2, 21R3, 21R4
This command can be used to determine the station of a given longitudinal axis point. First
select the longitudinal axis (PLINE entity on the 20_AXISNAME_LONG_AXES layer) and then the
point whose station you would like to find out. The program calculates the station, displays it
on screen, and generates an appropriate station label. If you do not want the station label to
be generated, use the Axes-manager (21A3 1), parameter no. 200201.
Command name:
DEFINE STATION, DRAW PERPENDICULAR LINE
Command code:
21R2
Icon:
Task:
Creating a perpendicular line and a tangent at the specified station
Input data:
Longitudinal axis, station value
Output data:
Normal and tangent lines
Layers:
20_CONSTR_LINES
See also commands:
21C,
21C, 21R1, 21R3, 21R4
The program marks the longitudinal axis with a tangent and a perpendicular line (normal) at
the given station. After starting the command, select the longitudinal axis (PLINE entity on
the 20_AXISNAME_LONG_AXES layer) and enter the station where the tangent and normal will
be created.
This command can be used to find out the position of a specific station on the longitudinal
axis. The marked point can later be used, e.g., to effortlessly create a profile.
Command name:
DEFINE AXISAXIS-POINT, DRAW PERPENDICULAR

PERPENDICULAR LINE
Command code:
21R3
Icon:
Task:
Creating a perpendicular
perpendicular line in the given point of the longitudinal axis
Input data:
Longitudinal axis, longitudinallongitudinal-axis point
Output data:
Normal and tangent lines
Layers:
20_CONSTR_LINES
See also commands:
21C,
21C, 21R1, 21R2, 21R4
Axes 138
This command creates a tangent and a perpendicular line (normal) in the selected point of
the longitudinal axis. It is very useful for designing various road structures, like bridges and
viaducts.
Command name:
DEFINE SPIRALSPIRAL-POINT, CALCULATE RADIUS

RADIUS
Command code:
21R5
Icon:
Task:
Calculating the radius in a selected spiral point
Input data:
Spiral horizontal element, point on Spiral
Output data:
Center and radius
Layers:
20_CONSTR_LINES
See also commands:
21R6
R=
6
45
.
99
=
R
This command can be used in special cases when you need to determine the radius in a
specific Spiral point.
Figure: Spiral radius.
The Spiral radius is calculated according to the following equation:

R=A2 / L
Where:
R ... is the radius,

A ... the spiral parameter, and
L ... the distance of the selected spiral point from the spirals starting point.
Axes 139
The program requires the following input data: Spiral horizontal element and arbitrary point
on the Spiral. As a result, the program creates a construction line (starting in the center of
the virtual circle) and labels it with the appropriate radius value.
Command name:
DEFINE RADIUS, CALCULATE

CALCULATE SPIRALSPIRAL-POINT
Command code:
21R6
Icon:
Task:
Finding a Spiral point based on its radius
Input data:
Spiral horizontal element, radius
Output data:
Center and Spiral point
Layers:
20_CONSTR_LINES
See also commands:
21R5
This command is the inverse command to the Define spiral-point, calculate radius (21R5);
the corresponding equation is:
L=A2 / R.
Where:
R is the radius,
A ... the spiral parameter,
L ... the distance of the searched spiral point from the spirals starting point.
The program requires the following input data: Spiral horizontal element and the appropriate
radius value. As a result, the program creates a POINT entity on the Spiral.
Command name:
CURRENT AXIS ELEMENTS

ELEMENTS
Command code:
21R8
Icon:
Task:
Managing the elements of the current axis
Input data:
Axis elements
Output data:
None
Layers:
According
According to the selected parameters
See also commands:
The whole axis model under PLATEIA is based on an object paradigm. This also means that
every axis is composed of specific sub-elements (i.e., construction elements, horizontal
elements, HE labels, etc.). Designing an axis (or even more axes at once) involves using a
multitude of different sub-elements. Because selecting these elements is often a very
demanding and time-consuming task, you can use the Current axis elements (21R8)
command to select, erase and show/hide the complete axis. In addition, you can edit its
individual sub-element sets in an easy-to-use dialog box.
Axes 140
The Current axis elements dialog box explanation:

"Element check boxes"
activate the elements you would like to manage.
Select
click this button to select (AutoCADs SELECT command) the chosen elements; after
closing the dialog box you can recall the selection using the Previous selection
option.
Erase
click this button to erase the chosen elements from the drawing.
Show
click this button to turn all layers containing the chosen elements on.
Hide
click this button to turn all layers containing the chosen elements off.
Axes 141
2.18. 21S - Visibility splay
Command name:
HORIZONTAL VISIBILITY
VISIBILITY ANALYSIS
Command code:
21S1
21S1
Icon:
Task:
function calculates and draws visibility splay of choosen left and right lane axis of road
Input data:
TAN file,
file, containing data about vertikal alignment
ShLin.dat file,
file, containing data about table of stopping sight distance
Output data:
visibility splays, rays
Layers:
20_AXISNAME_RAYS_RIGHT,
20_AXISNAME_RAYS_RIGHT, 20_AXISNAME
20_AXISNAME_
AXISNAME_RAYS_LE
RAYS_LEFT
_LEFT,
FT,
20_AXISNAME
20_AXISNAME_
VISIBILITY_SPLAY_
SPLAY_RIGHT,
RIGHT, 20_AXISNAME_VISIBILITY_SPLAY_LEFT
AXISNAME_VISIBILITY_
See also commands:
21S2, 31Q
Along road we must sometimes maintain horizontal visibility analysis because of:
Overview on course of alignment in driving direction and traffic signs,
Stop of vehicle in front of barrier on road.
By designing roads and also in real state of road all barriers (continual and occasional) have
to be out range of visibility rays.
Line that defines limits of field of transpareny is named Visibility splay. This is a line that
goes from drivers eyes in the middle of driving lane at height of 1.0 m from roadway, to the
next point in the middle of driving lane in distance of horizontal stop visibility distance. This
line should not cross any barrier.
Axes 142
Dialog window Horizontal stop visibility distances

Axis:
We choose axis of road
Left:
We choose left driving lane; default setting is outside
Right:
We choose right driving lane; default setting is outside
Driving side:
We select driving side: possibility L for left side or D for right side
Start station [m]:
Station of start point of section of axis for which we want to calculate horizontal
visibility analysis
End station [m]:
Station of end point of section of axis for which we want to calculate horizontal
visibility analysis
Step [m]:
Step of calculation of rays
Index
Index of section of axis
Station
Start station of section of axis
Velocity
Project velocity of section of axis

We choose point on axis izberemo toko na osi tako, da jo pokaemo v risbi preko
pravokotnice na os
We choose a row and with this button we add choosen row from table
We choose a row and with this button we delete choosen row from table
We open *.tan file for choosen axis

Prewiev of choosen *.tan file with programm Notepad
Axes 143
Calculation of
stopping distances:
We choose one of options for calculating stopping sight distances:

- From formula: see additional documentation
- From table: see Uradni List RS, t. 91 / 14.10.2005 / page 9309
- Use defined: defining konstant stopping sight distance
Tr[s]:
reaction time
We open dialog window with extra documentation
Visibility splay:
We choose one of option:

- from geometry: konstruction of visibility splay with rays
- from aproximation formula: see additional documentation
Draw:
We set output data of function:doloimo izhodne podatke funkcije:

- we choose rectangle Rays for showing rays
- we choose rectangle Visibility splay for showing visibility splays of left and right
lane
Description of additional documentation is here
Dialog window is refering to this table, when we choose option From table for calculating
stopping sight distances. If user inserts value for project velocity (section of axis) that is not
in table, first higher value is selected or 130 km/h. Stopping sight distance for inserted value
of project velocity is calculated as linear interpolation of values in table.
Axes 144
Dialog window is refering to this formula, when we choose option From formula for
calculating stopping sight distances. Integral is calculated as Riemanns sum.
Axes 145
This are graphs of stopping sight distances for different velocities, calculation is based on
previous formula. We can see that deviation in comparison with Table for calculating
stopping sight distance is minimal.
Axes 146
Dialog box refers to this aproximation formula. This formula is good aprowimation only were
radius of horizontal curve is constant (main element of axis is circular arc).
Axes 147
Examples of horizontal visibility analysis:
Picture1: visibility splay with rays
Picture2: visibility splay without rays
Axes 148
Picture3: visibility splay with rays

.
Picture4: visibility splay without

rays
Slika 5: Drawn horizontal visibility analysis on roadway segment with constant stopping sight
.
distance and calculation of visibility splay from aproximation formula. We can notice .
smaller deviation.
Command name:
EDIT VISIBILITY ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS
Command code:
21S2
Icon:
Task:
function edits visibility analysis
Layers:
20_AXISNAME_RAYS_RIGHT, 20_AXISNAME_RAYS_LEFT,
See also commands:
21S1
20_AXISNAME _VISIBILITY_SPLAY_RIGHT, 20_AXISNAME _VISIBILITY_SPLAY_RIGHT
Function edits visibility analysis. After invoking the command, user selects any element of
visibility analysis (ray, boundary) and dialog Horizontal stop visibility distances will appear.
User can change parameters for visibility analysis.
Axes 149
Command name:
ERASE VISIBILITY ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS ELEMENTS
Command code:
21S3
21S3
Icon:
Task:
function delets all elements of visibility analysis
Layers:
20_AXISNAME_RAYS_RIGHT, 20_AXISNAME_RAYS_LEFT,,
20_AXISNAME_VISIBILITY_SPLAY_RIGHT,
20_AXISNAME_VISIBILITY_SPLAY_RIGHT, 20_AXISNAME_VISIBILITY_SPLAY_RIGHT
See also commands:
21S1
Function enables deleting all elements of visibility analysis. After invoking the command,
user selects optinal element (ray, boundary) and function will erase all elements that belong
to visibility splay.
2.19. 21T Prepare drawing for plotting

The 21T command group is intended for preparation of layout and longitudinal section for
plotting. Using the 21T commands, you cut layout and/or longitudinal section to the partial
plot areas and arrange them to paper space. You plot the drawing by means of the paper
space.
Command name:
Define plot area
Command code:
21T1
Icon:
Task:
defining of layout and longitudinal section areas for plotting
Input data:
Longitudinal axis and/or Longitudinal section
Plotting data:
Frames for plotting
Layers:
20_CONSTRUCTION_RECTANGLES
See also commands:
21T2
With command 21T1 the user creates areas (ploting frames) of suitable size along the
longitudinal axis and/or the longitudinal section. Use the command 21T2 to create
corresponding viewports in the paper space. After invoking the command, the following
dialog box appears:
Axes 150
The Plot layout frames dialog box explanation:

Paper:
Format,Orientation
Paper:
Dimension b x h (mm)
Frames settings
Fixed height
Frames settings
Fixed width and height
height
Frames settings
Interactively
Select a proper paper format and choose orientation of frame

(Landscape/Portrait).
Length and height of the paper in mm. If we choose one of preset paper format,
the value is displayed automatically.
Plot frames are determined according to the selected frame height (paper format
minus table height and edges). We can set overlapping of frames (by length).
If selected view is Plan view only, additionally enter the values of the left and right
minimum width. The maximum length is then determined in such a way that there
is space in each frame for the required minimum width to each side of the axis.
If selected view is Longitudinal section or Both, then enter the step for base
elevation of the frame and space above and below terrain in each frame. Length of
frames can be shorter from the set value because of the restriction of the height.
When calculating the frame length, the programme additionally checks for the
space above and below terrain for all terrain points in one frame.
Plot frames are determined according to the selected frame length (paper length
minus edges). We can set overlapping of frames (by length). If selected view is
Longitudinal section or Both, also enter the step for base elevation of the frame
and the offset of the centre of the frame from the terrain (by height).
We can set step for length and height (Longitudinal section view) or width (Plan
view). Select whether we wish to draw frames in plan view or in longitudinal
sections. When we click the OK button, the dialog box closes. If selected view is
Plan view, show the insertion point, length, width and rotation in the drawing for
each frame. If selected view is Longitudinal sections, we show the bottom left and
upper right corners of the frames in the drawing.
Axes 151
Margins' settings:
Define left and other margins on the paper
Margins (mm)
Setting edges:
Space between margin and viewport in paper space.
Distance between margins

and viewports (mm)
Title block width (mm)
Setting space on paper for title block.
Frame size
It shows the area in [m] that fits inside of one frame.
Longitudinal section example

example Frames by length
length:
Longitudinal section example

example Frames by height
height:
Axes 152
Command name:
Arrange to paper space
Command code:
33K2
Icon:
Task:
preparation of longitudinal sections for plotting into layout space
Input data:
Plotting data:
Layers:
20_CONSTRUCTION_RECTANGLES
See also commands:
21T1
This command prepares longitudinal section for plotting. First select longitudinal section
cutting areas. After invoking the command, program opens a new layout space and arranges
profiles in it.
We can put frames of the layout and longitudinal section on one or more sheets (layouts).
When multiple layouts are selected, the programme makes a new layout for every frame.
Name of layout space is composed of start and finish station. If we select single layout, the
programme puts all frames in one layout. If we choose All frames into one table, all frames
go into one table. In this case, the table heading is only displayed once.
If we want to use a title block, we can insert it into drawing by checking the Title block option
and select it on the disk by clicking the button
. If we check the Fold to A4 option, the
programme will draw marks on the paper for folding to A4 format.
Axes 153
Example of combined plot: layout + longitudinal section.
Command name:
REFRESH AXES
Command code:
21X
Icon:
Task:
Refresh data related to active alignment in layout
Refresh axes command enables user to update data in layout which has been changed either
in layout or cross sections, or both. Data that is automatically updated after command is
invoked are:
Draw 3D alignment and lanes
Draw intersection (Cut/Fill) lines
Axes 154
Options enable user to define whether the data is refresh for existing elements only
(previously already drawn elements in layout drawing) which results in not drawing any
additional lines than the one already present in layout drawing. The data can also be
refreshed for current active axis only or data can be refreshed for all axes present in layout
drawing at once.
Refresh Layout
Layout dialog box explanation:
Data source
Current drawing is set as default for data reading from profile view(s) and
cross sections which are all drawn in same drawing. In case layout data, profile
views and cross section views data are stored in separate drawing user has the
possibility to select proper drawing for source data reading.
Select elements
User can define which elements should be updated in case there is no need all
data is updated and therefore speed up the update process.
Refresh existing elements only
With this option selected only elements already draw will be update. No new
data will be added after update function invoked although maybe new data
has been created/added in longitudinal table view or cross sections.
Refresh all axes
This option enables update to be processed on all axes present in current

drawing in one step.
Command name:
EXIT PLATEIA AXES
Command code:
21Z
Icon:
None
Task:
Closing the PLATEIA AXES menu
Input data:
None
Output data:
None
Layers:

any.
See also commands:
Axes 155
This command closes the menu of the PLATEIA AXES program module.
Axes 156

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AXES

Innovative IT and Environmental Technologies, d.o.o.

About AXES Module

A is the Spiral parameter,

Menu Commands with Short Descriptions

F - Edit Horizontal Elements

I - Correspondent cross axes

L - Roadway and lanes

M - Cuts, fills and borderborder-lines

Y - Plateia AXES Help

Z - Exit Plateia AXES

1st PART - prefix "20_",

PLATEIA AXES program module

name of the axis

horizontal axis elements

Layers used by the AXIS program module are as follows:

axis construction elements

horizontal (main) elements

horizontal element labels

cross axes labels and stations

left road edge

right road edge

three-dimensional longitudinal/cross axes and road edges

station labels of the longitudinal axis

labels of the vertical axis elements

Contains auxiliary points, created by the programs

layer does not contain the axis name because it is common

2. Command descriptions of the

Project command group comprises the following commands:

This command does not use any.

See also commands:

Horizontal element labels,

and similarly for the rest of scales.

[200101] Drawing scale value ( 1000 )

21C - DEFINE AXES

Via dialog box

New layers (if a new axis has been defined)

This command does not use any.

See also commands:

Refresh axis list in Axis Manager

Zoom a selected axis.

By doubleclicking the Parameters branch, the following dialog box opens:

The Parameters dialog box description:

Starting station (km)

Starting station (m)

Currently active axis can not be switched off.

The Slovene standard parameters dialog box explanation

select among different road categories available in the selected standard

list of terrain types

velocity is calculated from Road category and Terrain type

Critical parameters overview

click to open the Critical parameters overview dialogue box:

The Critical parameters overview dialog box explanation:

minimal allowed horizontal radius for curves,

minimal allowed parameter L for spiral,

maximal allowed longitudinal level fall

minimal allowed convex radius for vertical alignments,

minimal allowed concave radius for vertical alignments.

21D - Construction Elements

Figure: Construction elements of the longitudinal axis (Lines and Circles).

DEFINE CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS

Geometrical characteristics and direction

See also commands:

Center and radius,