HUMAN BRAIN

LARGEST AMONG ANIMALS

The human brain has the same general
structure as the brains of other mammals, but
is larger than any other in relation to body
size.

 Large animals such as whales and elephants

have larger brains in absolute terms, but when
measured using the encephalization quotient
which compensates for body size, the human
brain is almost twice as large as the brain of
the bottlenose dolphin, and three times as
large as the brain of a chimpanzee

 Much of the expansion comes from the part of

the brain called the cerebral cortex, especially
the frontal lobes, which are associated with
executive functions such as self-control,
planning, reasoning, and abstract thought.
The portion of the cerebral cortex devoted to
vision is also greatly enlarged in humans.

Difference between MEN &WOMEN

BRAIN
The adult human brain weighs on average
about 3 lbs. (1.5 kg) with a volume of around
1130 cubic centimetres (cm3) in women and
1260 cm3 in men, although there is
substantial individual variation. Men with the
same body height and body surface area as
women have on average 100 grams heavier
brains, although these differences do not
correlate in any simple way with IQ or other
measures of cognitive performance.

LANGUAGES
In human beings, it is the left hemisphere that
usually contains the specialized language
areas. While this holds true for 97% of righthanded people, about 19% of left-handed
people have their language areas in the right
hemisphere and as many as 68% of them have
some language abilities in both the left and
the right hemisphere.

RECOVERY IN CHILD
Studies of children have shown that if a child
has damage to the left hemisphere, the child
may develop language in the right hemisphere
instead, an example of plasticity of the brain,
allowing other regions of the brain to adopt
the function of a damaged area. The younger
the child, the better the recovery. So, although
the "natural" tendency is for language to
develop on the left, human brains are capable
of adapting to

METABOLISM OF BRAIN
The brain consumes up to twenty percent of
the energy used by the human body, more
than any other organ.[37] Brain metabolism
normally relies primarily upon blood glucose
as an energy source, but during times of low
glucose (such as fasting), the brain will
primarily use ketone bodies for fuel with a
smaller requirement for glucose. The brain can
also utilize lactate during exercise.

 Although the human brain represents only 2%

of the body weight, it receives 15% of the
cardiac output, 20% of total body oxygen
consumption, and 25% of total body glucose
utilization.
he energy consumption of the brain does not
vary greatly over time, but active regions of
the cortex consume somewhat more energy
than inactive regions

MEMORY

Long-term memory (LTM)

Short-term memory(STM)
Intermediate-term memory
According to the theory, long-term memory
differs structurally and functionally from sensory
memory, working memory, short-term memory,
and intermediate-term memory. While shortterm and working memories persist for only
about 20 to 30 seconds, information can remain
in intermediate-term memory for 5 to 8 hours,
and in long-term memory indefinitely

EFFECT OF SLEEP
one group was given the information at 9am and
the other group received theirs at 9pm.
Participants were then tested on the word pairs
at one of three intervals 30 minutes, 12 hours, or
24 hours later. It was found that participants who
had a period of sleep between the learning and
testing sessions did better on the memory tests.
This information is similar to other results found
by previous experiments by Jenkins and
Dallenbach (1924).

DREAMS
Dreams are successions of images, ideas,
emotions, and sensations that occur involuntarily
in the mind during certain stages of sleep. The
content and purpose of dreams are not
definitively understood, though they have been a
topic of scientific speculation and a subject of
philosophical and religious interest throughout
recorded history. The scientific study of dreams is
called oneirology. Scientists believe that other
mammals, birds and reptiles, also dream.

 Dreams mainly occur in the rapid-eye movement

(REM) stage of sleepwhen brain activity is high
and resembles that of being awake. REM sleep is
revealed by continuous movements of the eyes
during sleep. At times, dreams may occur during
other stages of sleep. However, these dreams tend
to be much less vivid or memorable.
Dreams can last for a few seconds, or as long as
twenty minutes. People are more likely to
remember the dream if they are awakened during
the REM phase. The average person has three to
five dreams per night, but some may have up to
seven dreams in one night.

BRAIN ACTIVITY DURING DREAM

HOW TO HACK HUMAN BRAINS

Emotiv brain-computer interface (BCI) for the
gaming and entertainment industry. The
device was designed to let users play
computer games or to control their computers
by their thoughts alone. But now researchers
show that this device can also be used for a
malicious purpose: to hack into a persons
mind and extract information such as
computer passwords and banking data.

 Researchers at the University of California and

the University of Oxford in Geneva tested the
security risks of BCIs. They found that a person
can easily reveal private information via a
brain wave pattern known as the P300
response, which is present when a persons
brain registers stimuli as meaningful.