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Convective Heat Transfer

Evaluating processes where there is


convective heat transferred to/from a solid
surface
External or Internal
Gas or liquid

Convection
Two Major Types
Forced
Flow is driven by external force
Pump
Moving surface

Natural
Flow is driven by density difference due to
temperature gradient in the fluid

Convective Heat Transfer

q conv = hA surf (Tsurf Tamb )

Calculating h
h Convection of Fluid
Nu =
=
k Conduction of Fluid
Forced Convection
Nu = ARemPrn, where A, m and n are constants

Natural Convection
Nu = A(GrPr)m = Aram, whre A and m are
constants

Dimensionless Numbers
h
Nu =
k

Pr =

v
Re =

g (Tsurf Tamb )
Gr =
2

Natural Convection

Buoyancy force
Requires temperature dependence of fluid density
Requires the presence of gravity
Magnitude of natural convection characterized by
Grashof or Rayleigh #
Gr =

g Tsurf Tamb 3

2
Ra = Gr Pr

Buoyancy Force
=
Viscous Force

Empirical Relations
Nu x ,loc =

Nu x ,loc =

hx ,loc x
k

h x ,loc x
k

= 0.332 Re x (Pr ) , Pr 0.6, Laminar flow Flat Plate (7.23)


1/ 3

1/ 3
(
)
= 0.0296 Re 0.8
Pr
, 0.6 Pr 60 , Turbulent flow Flat Plate (7.36)
x

h L
Nu L = L = 0.664 Re L (Pr )1 / 3 , Pr 0.6, Laminar flow Flat Plate (7.30)
k

h L
Nu L = L = 0.037 Re 0L.8 A (Pr )1 / 3 , 0.6 Pr 60 , Turbulent flow Flat Plate (7.38)
k

A = 0.037 Re 0x.,8c 0.664 Re 0x.,5c

Re x ,c =

U xc
, Re at transition location (6.24)

hL
Nu L = 0.037Re 0L.8 871 Pr 1 3 =
k

General Approach to Calculating


h
Determine Natural or Forced Convection
Collect the appropriate physical data of the fluid
Thermal conductivity, Viscosity, Prandtl Number,
Coefficient of Expansion

Calculate appropriate dimensionless numbers


Use proper correlations to determine Nu
Calculate h from Nu

Evaluating Physical Properties


Film Temperature
Average between Tsurf and Tamb
Used for force convection, and external natural
convection

Average Temperature
Average between the two surface temperature
of an enclosure
Natural convection in an enclosure

Linear Interpolation
Evaluating physical properties that are a
temperature between to values in a table
Tbetween Tlow
y between = y low +
* (y high y low )
Thigh Tlow

Flow over a flat plate


Problem
P = 83.4kPa
Tair = 30C, Vair = 6m/s
Plate Area = 1.5m x 8m, Tplate = 120C

What will result in more heat transfer?


Flow perpendicular to the 1.5m edge
Flow perpendicular to the 8m edge

Assumptions

Steady State
Heat transfer from only one side of the plate
Ideal gas
Neglect radiation
Thermal conductivity not a function of pressure
Characteristic length is the length of the plate
Laminar flow (ReL 5x105)

Where do we start??
Question asks for the convection heat
transfer for different orientations

qconv = hAsurf Tsurf T

Calculating h
Physical properties (at the film temperature)
k, , Pr
Re
Pr
Correct correlation for Nu
Back out h

Physical Properties
120C + 30C
= 75C = 348 K
Tf =
2
Temperature
(K)

k (W/mK)

(m2/s)

Pr

340

0.0290

1.96x10-5

0.707

348

0.0296

2.04x10-5

0.706

350

0.0297

2.06x10-5

0.706

Solution
1atm
P = 83.4 kPa
= 0.823atm
101.325 kPa
2
m
P = 0.823atm = 2.05 x10 5
s

2
1
atm
m

5
= 2.49 x10

s
0.823atm

m
6 (8 m )
6
s
Re =
= 1.93 x10
2
5 m
2.49 x10
s

Solution (fully turbulent)


Nu = 0.037Re

Nu = 0.037 1.93 x10

Pr

(0.706 )1 3

6 0.8

13

h
=
k

0.8

= 3517

W
0.0296
W
mK
= 13
h = 3517
8m
m2 K

qconv = 13

W
m2 K

(8 m )(1.5m )(120C 30C ) = 14056W

Solution (1.5m Length)


m
6 (1.5 )
s
Re =
= 3.614 x10 5
2
m
2.49 x10 5
s

Nu = 0.664Re

1/ 2

Nu = 0.664 3.614 x10

Pr

13

5 1/ 2

h
=
k

(0.706 )

13

= 355

Solution
W
0.0296
W
mK
h = 355
=7
2.5m
m 2C
qconv = 7

W
2

m K

(8 m )(1.5m )(120C 30C ) = 7565W

Solution (laminar + turbulent)

Nu = 0.037Re

0.8

871 Pr

13

h
=
k

13
6 0.8
871(0.706 )
= 2738
Nu = 0.037 1.93 x10

W
0.0296
W
mK
= 10.1
h = 2738
2
8m
m K

Solution
qconv = 10.1

W
m2 K

(8 m )(1.5m )(120C 30C ) = 10908W

q (=8m)

Turbulent

14 kW

q (=1.5m)

Turbulent

7.5 kW

q (=8m)

Laminar 11 kW
+Turbulent

Flow Over Cylinders and Sphere


External flow over a fluid over a
heated/cooled solid object.
Fluid flow pattern is disturb by a solid
stationary object

Characterizing Fluid Flow Over


Objects
Re =

U
=

FD = C D AF

U 2
2

Nu = C Rem Pr n

Examples (qconv.)
Forced convection Calculating q
Atmospheric Air at 5C flows across a 10cm
diameter pipe at 8m/s
Pipe surface temperature is 95C
Determine qconv

Evaluating Fluid Properties


95C + 5C
Tfilm =
= 50C = 323K
2
Temperature
(K)

k (W/mK)

(m2/s)

Pr

320

0.0275

1.77x10-5

0.710

323

0.0277

1.80x10-5

0.709

330

0.0283

1.86x10-5

0.708

Calculations

Forced convection
Reynolds Number
Select proper correlation
Determine Nussult Number
Calculate heat transfer coefficient
Calculate qconv

Solution

m
8 (0.1m )
s
= 44,444
Re =
2
m
1.8 x10 5
s
Nu = 0.027Re

0.805

Pr

13

h
=
k

W
0.0277
W
0.805
13
mK
(0.709 )
= 36.8
h = 0.027 (44 ,444 )
0.1m
m2 K

Solution

qconv = 36.8

W
2

m K

(0.1m )1m(95C 5C ) = 1040W

Example (Iterative Problem)


Given
Transistor mounted on a PCB. Dissipated 0.58W of
heat. Maximum surface temperature allowed is 90C
Fan blows air across the transistor at a rate of 10m/s

Assumptions
Steady State
All heat rejected by convection side surface only
Atmospheric Conditions

Diagram of Problem
L = 0.53cm
PCB

Tsurf,max = 90C
D = 0.44cm

Direction of air flow


10m/s

What We Know

Dimensions of the transistor


Fluid is air
Velocity of air
Surface temperature
Dissipation of heat
This is the amount need to be transferred by
convection!!!

What We Dont Know


The heat transfer coefficient (h)
The ambient air temperature
Problem
The heat transfer coefficient is dependent on
the ambient air temperature
Need to know Tamb to calculate h!

Solution Methodology
This is an iterative problem

Guess an Ambient Temperature (T)


Calculate the film temp
Determine the physical properties at Tfilm
Calculate Re and Nu
Determine h
Solve for T
Compare guess with calculated value of T
If Tguess = Tcalc STOP
If Tguess Tcalc THEN
Use Tcalc as new Tguess for ambient temperature

Iteration 1
90C + T
Tfilm =
2

T,guess1 = 44C

Temperature
(K)

k (W/mK)

(m2/s)

Pr

330

0.0283

1.86x10-5

0.708

340

0.0290

1.96x10-5

0.707

350

0.0297

2.06x10-5

0.706

Iteration 1
m
10 (0.0044 m )
s
Re =
= 2245
2
5 m
1.96 x10
s

Nu = 0.683Re

0.466

Pr

13

Nu =

Iteration 1
0.466
13
(
)
(
)
0.683 2245
0.707
= 22.2

0.0290

k
mK

h = Nu = 22.2
0.0044 m

W
= 146.16
2

m
K

qconv = hAsurf Tsurf T

Iteration 1
W

0.58W = 146.16

m K

[ (0.0053cm)(0.0044cm)](90C T )

T,calc = 35.8C
Since calculated value does not equal guess
44C 35.8

Use calculated value as new guess to determine


Tfilm
90C + 35.8C
T film =
= 62.8C = 335.8 K
2

Iteration 2
T,guess 2 = 35.7C
Temperature
(K)

k (W/mK)

(m2/s)

Pr

330

0.0283

1.86x10-5

0.708

335.8

0.0287

1.92x10-5

0.707

340

0.0290

1.96x10-5

0.707

Iteration 2
m
10 (0.0044 m )
s
= 2293
Re =
2
5 m
1.92 x10
s

Nu = 0.683Re 0.466 Pr 1 3 = 22.4


W

0
.
0287

k
mK
h = Nu = 22.4
0.0044 m

0.58W = 146.17

W
2

m K

= 146 W
2

m
K

[ (0.0053cm)(0.0044cm)](90C T )

T ,calc = 35.8C

Cross Flow Over Tubes


SL

ST
V,T
A1

m
1/ 3
Nu D = 1.13C1 Re D ,max Pr

Internal Flow
Flow inside pipes (round) and ducts (not
round)
Tin Tout
Laminar v. Turbulent
Velocity to be used?
Consider development of pipe flow

Flow Inside Pipe


ro

1 dP 2 r
u (r ) =
ro 1
4 dx ro

um =

2
ro dP

8 dx

u m D
Re =

m = Ac u m

Mean Temperature
q = m C p (Tout Tin )
m = udAc
m C p Tm = uC p TdAc
Ac

uC pTdAc
Tm =

Ac

m C p

uTdAc
=

Ac

ro

2
u m ro 0

uTrdr

Forced Internal Convection Entry


Effects
Consider pipe flow
Sieder Tate correlation for laminar flow
ReD < ~2400

D
Nu D = 1.86 Pe
L

1/ 3

0.14

, Pe = Re D Pr

Kays
Constant Surface Temp

Nu D = 3.66 +

D
0.0668 Re D Pr
L
D

1 + 0.04 Re D Pr
L

2/3

Forced Internal Convection


Turbulent
Turbulent Flow (ReD >~104)
Pr range: 0.7 < Pr < 100
L/D > 60
All fluid properties at mean bulk temperature
(Tinlet + Toutlet)/2

Values of n
Heating fluid n = 0.4
Cooling fluid n = 0.3

Nu D = 0.023 Re 0D.8 Pr n

Forced Turbulent Continued


1 / 3
0.8
Nu D = 0.027 Re D Pr

f
(Re D 1000 ) Pr
8

Nu D =
f
1 + 12.7
Pr 2 / 3 1
8

0.14

Example Forced Internal Convection


Pipe dimensions: D = 3cm, L = 5m
Water flows through the pipe at 10L/min.
Heating water with a resistance heater
Inlet = 15C, Outlet = 65C

Assume outside of pipe is perfectly insulated.


Determine the required heater power
Inner surface temperature of the pipe at the exit

Solution
Water physical properties at 40C
Density = 992.2 kg/m3, k = 0.633W/mK,
=0.663x10-6m2/s, Cp = 4175J/kgK, Pr =
4.33
Across =

(0.03m )2 = 7.07 x10 4 m 2

Asurf = (0.03m )5m = 0.471m 2

Solution
m3 1 min
kg
0.01
= 0.165
m = 992.2
3
min 60 s
s
m
kg

q = 0.165

J
kg
(65C 15C ) = 34444W
4175
kgK
s

q = hAsurf (Ts Tamb )

Solution
m3 1 min
0.01
min 60 sec = 0.236 m
V =
s
7.07 x10 4 m 2

m
0.03m
s
= 10760(Turbulent )
Re D =
2
m
0.663 x10 6
s
0.236

Nu D = 0.023(10760)0.8 (4.33)0.4 = 69.5

h=

W
mK 69.5 = 1462 W
0.03m
m2 K

0.633

Solution
34444W
2
0
.
471
m
= 115C
Ts = 65C +
W
1462 2
m K

Buoyancy
Archemides Principle.: A body wholly or partly
immersed in a fluid is buoyed up with a force
equal to the weight of the fluid displace by the
body.
y

Buoyancy
Resultant force hold body in equilibrium
If l > b then the resultant force will cause the
object to float.
Fnet = ( fluid body )gVbody
Fweight = body gVbody
Fbouyancy = fluid gVbody

Note that when a body is floating the buoyancy force is


calculated using only the submerged portion of the body.

Fluid Mechanics Governing


Equation
u
u
1 dP
2u
u
=
g +
+V
x
y
dx
y 2

dP
= g
dx

u
u
2u
u
+V
=g
+
x
y

y 2
1
1

=
T P
T T

Natural Convection
u
u
2u
+V
= g (T T ) +
u
x
y
y 2
T

T
2T
T
= k
C p u
+V
y
y 2
x

g (Ts T ) 3 g 2 (Ts T ) 3 inertial


=
=
Gr =
2
2
viscous

h
= C (Gr Pr )n
Nu =
k

Example Natural Convection


Tamb=15C
0.3m

0.75m
Ts=45C

Very Long
What is the heat loss?

Fluid Properties
15C + 45C
+ 273 K = 303 K
Tf =
2

(m2/s) (m2/2) K (W/mK (K-1)


1.62x10-5 2.29x10-5 0.0265
0.0033

Pr
0.71

From the Sides


(

m
3
9.81 2 0.0033K 1 (45C 15C )(0.3m )
7
s
(
)
0
.
71
7
.
07
x
10
=
Ra =0.3m =
2 2

1.62 x10 5
s

0.670 Ra 0.25
Nu = 0.3m = 0.68 +
= 47.8
4
/
9
0.492 9 / 16

1 +

Pr

W
0.0265
W
mK
h = 47.8
= 4.23
0.3m
m2 K

From the Top


As
LW
W 0.75 m
=

=
= 0.375 m
=
P 2(L + W ) 2
2

9.81
Ra = 0.375 m =

(
0.0033 K 1 )(45C 15C )(0.375 m )3
s2
m

2
m
1.62 x10 5
s

= 1.95 x10 8

Example Internal Convection


Double Paned Window
Tinside = 12C, Toutside = 2C
Area
Height = 0.8m, Width = 2m, Gap = 2cm

Determine qloss

Evaluating Fluid Properties


Tfilm =

12C + 2C
= 7C = 280K
2

Temperature (K)

k (W/mK)

(m2/s)

Pr

280

0.0246

1.40x10-5

0.717

Assume ideal gas


=

1
1
=
= 0.0036K -1
T (K ) 280K

Solution
9.81
Gr =

m
s2

0.0036 K 1 (12C 2C )(0.02 m )3


= 14300

2 2

1.40 x10 5 m

Ra = GrPr = 14300(0.717 ) = 10253

Nu = 0.42Ra

0.25

Pr

0.012 H

0.3

h
=
k

Solution
W
0.3 0.0246
W
0.25
0.012 0.8m
mK
(0.717 )
=
1
.7
h = 0.42(10253)

0
.
02
0.02m
m

m2 K

qconv = 1.7

W
2

m K

(0.8m )2m(12C 2C ) = 27W

Alternative Question
(Dimension)

Double Paned Window


Maximum allowable qloss = 35W
Tinside = 12C, Toutside = 2C
Height = 0.8m, Gap = 2cm

How wide of a window is allowable?

Alternative Solution
qconv = 1.6

W
m2 K

(0.8 m )Width(12C 2C ) = 35W

35W

Width =
1.6

W
m2 K

(0.8 m )(12C 2C )

= 2.7m

Example 3 (Temp)
Horizontal Plate is convecting 90W to
ambient air.
Plate Area = 0.6m x 0.6m
Ambient air temperature is 30C
What is the surface temperature of the
plate?

Solution
Natural Convection
Have to iterate on Tsurf.
Need to guess to determine air properties
Characteristic length = Area/Perimeter (A/P)

Solution

Guess a surface temperature


Calculate air properties at film temperature
Determine Ra
Select proper correlation
Determine Nu
Calculate h
Calculate Tsurf.
Compare calculated Tsurf with guess Tsurf.
If Tguess = Tcalc STOP
If Tguess Tcalc THEN
Use Tcalc as new Tguess for surface temperature

Evaluating Fluid Properties


Tfilm =

Tsurf + 30C
2

Tsurf ,guess1 = 70C

Temperature (K)

k (W/mK)

(m2/s)

Pr

(1/K)

320

0.0275

1.77x10-5

0.710

0.00312

323

0.0277

1.80x10-5

0.709

0.00310

330

0.0283

1.86x10-5

0.708

0.003

Solution
2 3

0.36 m

9.81 0.0031K (70C 30C )


2.4 m
s2

= 1.27 x107
Gr =
2 2

1.80 x10 5 m

Ra = GrPr = 1.2 x107 (0.709 ) = 8.97 x10 6


Nu = 0.54Ra

0.25

h
=
k

Solution
W
0.0277
0
.
25
W
6
mK
= 5.46
h = 0.54 8.97 x10
2
0.36m 2
m
K

2.4m

qconv = 5.46

W
m2 K

(0.6 m )0.6 m(Tsurf

Tsurf = 76 C

30C = 90W

Evaluating Fluid Properties


Tfilm =

Tsurf + 30C
2

Tsurf ,guess 2 = 76C

Temperature (K)

k (W/mK)

(m2/s)

Pr

(1/K)

320

0.0275

1.77x10-5

0.710

0.00312

326

0.0280

1.82x10-5

0.709

0.00306

330

0.0283

1.86x10-5

0.708

0.003

Solution
0.36 m 2
m
1
9.81 0.00306 K (76 C 30C )
2.4 m
s2

Gr =
2
2

1.82 x10 5 m

= 1.40 x107

Ra = GrPr = 1.41x107 (0.709 ) = 9.89 x10 6


Nu = 0.54Ra

0.25

h
=
k

Solution
W
0.028
0
.
25
W
6
mK
= 5.67
h = 0.54 9.9997 x10
2
0.36m 2
m
K

2.4m

qconv = 5.66

W
2

m K

(0.6 m )0.6 m(Tsurf

Tsurf = 74C

30C = 90W

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