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Convection
Two Major Types
Forced
Flow is driven by external force
Pump
Moving surface
Natural
Flow is driven by density difference due to
temperature gradient in the fluid
Calculating h
h Convection of Fluid
Nu =
=
k Conduction of Fluid
Forced Convection
Nu = ARemPrn, where A, m and n are constants
Natural Convection
Nu = A(GrPr)m = Aram, whre A and m are
constants
Dimensionless Numbers
h
Nu =
k
Pr =
v
Re =
g (Tsurf Tamb )
Gr =
2
Natural Convection
Buoyancy force
Requires temperature dependence of fluid density
Requires the presence of gravity
Magnitude of natural convection characterized by
Grashof or Rayleigh #
Gr =
g Tsurf Tamb 3
2
Ra = Gr Pr
Buoyancy Force
=
Viscous Force
Empirical Relations
Nu x ,loc =
Nu x ,loc =
hx ,loc x
k
h x ,loc x
k
1/ 3
(
)
= 0.0296 Re 0.8
Pr
, 0.6 Pr 60 , Turbulent flow Flat Plate (7.36)
x
h L
Nu L = L = 0.664 Re L (Pr )1 / 3 , Pr 0.6, Laminar flow Flat Plate (7.30)
k
h L
Nu L = L = 0.037 Re 0L.8 A (Pr )1 / 3 , 0.6 Pr 60 , Turbulent flow Flat Plate (7.38)
k
Re x ,c =
U xc
, Re at transition location (6.24)
hL
Nu L = 0.037Re 0L.8 871 Pr 1 3 =
k
Average Temperature
Average between the two surface temperature
of an enclosure
Natural convection in an enclosure
Linear Interpolation
Evaluating physical properties that are a
temperature between to values in a table
Tbetween Tlow
y between = y low +
* (y high y low )
Thigh Tlow
Assumptions
Steady State
Heat transfer from only one side of the plate
Ideal gas
Neglect radiation
Thermal conductivity not a function of pressure
Characteristic length is the length of the plate
Laminar flow (ReL 5x105)
Where do we start??
Question asks for the convection heat
transfer for different orientations
Calculating h
Physical properties (at the film temperature)
k, , Pr
Re
Pr
Correct correlation for Nu
Back out h
Physical Properties
120C + 30C
= 75C = 348 K
Tf =
2
Temperature
(K)
k (W/mK)
(m2/s)
Pr
340
0.0290
1.96x10-5
0.707
348
0.0296
2.04x10-5
0.706
350
0.0297
2.06x10-5
0.706
Solution
1atm
P = 83.4 kPa
= 0.823atm
101.325 kPa
2
m
P = 0.823atm = 2.05 x10 5
s
2
1
atm
m
5
= 2.49 x10
s
0.823atm
m
6 (8 m )
6
s
Re =
= 1.93 x10
2
5 m
2.49 x10
s
Pr
(0.706 )1 3
6 0.8
13
h
=
k
0.8
= 3517
W
0.0296
W
mK
= 13
h = 3517
8m
m2 K
qconv = 13
W
m2 K
Nu = 0.664Re
1/ 2
Pr
13
5 1/ 2
h
=
k
(0.706 )
13
= 355
Solution
W
0.0296
W
mK
h = 355
=7
2.5m
m 2C
qconv = 7
W
2
m K
Nu = 0.037Re
0.8
871 Pr
13
h
=
k
13
6 0.8
871(0.706 )
= 2738
Nu = 0.037 1.93 x10
W
0.0296
W
mK
= 10.1
h = 2738
2
8m
m K
Solution
qconv = 10.1
W
m2 K
q (=8m)
Turbulent
14 kW
q (=1.5m)
Turbulent
7.5 kW
q (=8m)
Laminar 11 kW
+Turbulent
U
=
FD = C D AF
U 2
2
Nu = C Rem Pr n
Examples (qconv.)
Forced convection Calculating q
Atmospheric Air at 5C flows across a 10cm
diameter pipe at 8m/s
Pipe surface temperature is 95C
Determine qconv
k (W/mK)
(m2/s)
Pr
320
0.0275
1.77x10-5
0.710
323
0.0277
1.80x10-5
0.709
330
0.0283
1.86x10-5
0.708
Calculations
Forced convection
Reynolds Number
Select proper correlation
Determine Nussult Number
Calculate heat transfer coefficient
Calculate qconv
Solution
m
8 (0.1m )
s
= 44,444
Re =
2
m
1.8 x10 5
s
Nu = 0.027Re
0.805
Pr
13
h
=
k
W
0.0277
W
0.805
13
mK
(0.709 )
= 36.8
h = 0.027 (44 ,444 )
0.1m
m2 K
Solution
qconv = 36.8
W
2
m K
Assumptions
Steady State
All heat rejected by convection side surface only
Atmospheric Conditions
Diagram of Problem
L = 0.53cm
PCB
Tsurf,max = 90C
D = 0.44cm
What We Know
Solution Methodology
This is an iterative problem
Iteration 1
90C + T
Tfilm =
2
T,guess1 = 44C
Temperature
(K)
k (W/mK)
(m2/s)
Pr
330
0.0283
1.86x10-5
0.708
340
0.0290
1.96x10-5
0.707
350
0.0297
2.06x10-5
0.706
Iteration 1
m
10 (0.0044 m )
s
Re =
= 2245
2
5 m
1.96 x10
s
Nu = 0.683Re
0.466
Pr
13
Nu =
Iteration 1
0.466
13
(
)
(
)
0.683 2245
0.707
= 22.2
0.0290
k
mK
h = Nu = 22.2
0.0044 m
W
= 146.16
2
m
K
Iteration 1
W
0.58W = 146.16
m K
[ (0.0053cm)(0.0044cm)](90C T )
T,calc = 35.8C
Since calculated value does not equal guess
44C 35.8
Iteration 2
T,guess 2 = 35.7C
Temperature
(K)
k (W/mK)
(m2/s)
Pr
330
0.0283
1.86x10-5
0.708
335.8
0.0287
1.92x10-5
0.707
340
0.0290
1.96x10-5
0.707
Iteration 2
m
10 (0.0044 m )
s
= 2293
Re =
2
5 m
1.92 x10
s
0
.
0287
k
mK
h = Nu = 22.4
0.0044 m
0.58W = 146.17
W
2
m K
= 146 W
2
m
K
[ (0.0053cm)(0.0044cm)](90C T )
T ,calc = 35.8C
ST
V,T
A1
m
1/ 3
Nu D = 1.13C1 Re D ,max Pr
Internal Flow
Flow inside pipes (round) and ducts (not
round)
Tin Tout
Laminar v. Turbulent
Velocity to be used?
Consider development of pipe flow
1 dP 2 r
u (r ) =
ro 1
4 dx ro
um =
2
ro dP
8 dx
u m D
Re =
m = Ac u m
Mean Temperature
q = m C p (Tout Tin )
m = udAc
m C p Tm = uC p TdAc
Ac
uC pTdAc
Tm =
Ac
m C p
uTdAc
=
Ac
ro
2
u m ro 0
uTrdr
D
Nu D = 1.86 Pe
L
1/ 3
0.14
, Pe = Re D Pr
Kays
Constant Surface Temp
Nu D = 3.66 +
D
0.0668 Re D Pr
L
D
1 + 0.04 Re D Pr
L
2/3
Values of n
Heating fluid n = 0.4
Cooling fluid n = 0.3
Nu D = 0.023 Re 0D.8 Pr n
f
(Re D 1000 ) Pr
8
Nu D =
f
1 + 12.7
Pr 2 / 3 1
8
0.14
Solution
Water physical properties at 40C
Density = 992.2 kg/m3, k = 0.633W/mK,
=0.663x10-6m2/s, Cp = 4175J/kgK, Pr =
4.33
Across =
Solution
m3 1 min
kg
0.01
= 0.165
m = 992.2
3
min 60 s
s
m
kg
q = 0.165
J
kg
(65C 15C ) = 34444W
4175
kgK
s
Solution
m3 1 min
0.01
min 60 sec = 0.236 m
V =
s
7.07 x10 4 m 2
m
0.03m
s
= 10760(Turbulent )
Re D =
2
m
0.663 x10 6
s
0.236
h=
W
mK 69.5 = 1462 W
0.03m
m2 K
0.633
Solution
34444W
2
0
.
471
m
= 115C
Ts = 65C +
W
1462 2
m K
Buoyancy
Archemides Principle.: A body wholly or partly
immersed in a fluid is buoyed up with a force
equal to the weight of the fluid displace by the
body.
y
Buoyancy
Resultant force hold body in equilibrium
If l > b then the resultant force will cause the
object to float.
Fnet = ( fluid body )gVbody
Fweight = body gVbody
Fbouyancy = fluid gVbody
dP
= g
dx
u
u
2u
u
+V
=g
+
x
y
y 2
1
1
=
T P
T T
Natural Convection
u
u
2u
+V
= g (T T ) +
u
x
y
y 2
T
T
2T
T
= k
C p u
+V
y
y 2
x
h
= C (Gr Pr )n
Nu =
k
0.75m
Ts=45C
Very Long
What is the heat loss?
Fluid Properties
15C + 45C
+ 273 K = 303 K
Tf =
2
Pr
0.71
m
3
9.81 2 0.0033K 1 (45C 15C )(0.3m )
7
s
(
)
0
.
71
7
.
07
x
10
=
Ra =0.3m =
2 2
1.62 x10 5
s
0.670 Ra 0.25
Nu = 0.3m = 0.68 +
= 47.8
4
/
9
0.492 9 / 16
1 +
Pr
W
0.0265
W
mK
h = 47.8
= 4.23
0.3m
m2 K
=
= 0.375 m
=
P 2(L + W ) 2
2
9.81
Ra = 0.375 m =
(
0.0033 K 1 )(45C 15C )(0.375 m )3
s2
m
2
m
1.62 x10 5
s
= 1.95 x10 8
Determine qloss
12C + 2C
= 7C = 280K
2
Temperature (K)
k (W/mK)
(m2/s)
Pr
280
0.0246
1.40x10-5
0.717
1
1
=
= 0.0036K -1
T (K ) 280K
Solution
9.81
Gr =
m
s2
2 2
1.40 x10 5 m
Nu = 0.42Ra
0.25
Pr
0.012 H
0.3
h
=
k
Solution
W
0.3 0.0246
W
0.25
0.012 0.8m
mK
(0.717 )
=
1
.7
h = 0.42(10253)
0
.
02
0.02m
m
m2 K
qconv = 1.7
W
2
m K
Alternative Question
(Dimension)
Alternative Solution
qconv = 1.6
W
m2 K
35W
Width =
1.6
W
m2 K
(0.8 m )(12C 2C )
= 2.7m
Example 3 (Temp)
Horizontal Plate is convecting 90W to
ambient air.
Plate Area = 0.6m x 0.6m
Ambient air temperature is 30C
What is the surface temperature of the
plate?
Solution
Natural Convection
Have to iterate on Tsurf.
Need to guess to determine air properties
Characteristic length = Area/Perimeter (A/P)
Solution
Tsurf + 30C
2
Temperature (K)
k (W/mK)
(m2/s)
Pr
(1/K)
320
0.0275
1.77x10-5
0.710
0.00312
323
0.0277
1.80x10-5
0.709
0.00310
330
0.0283
1.86x10-5
0.708
0.003
Solution
2 3
0.36 m
= 1.27 x107
Gr =
2 2
1.80 x10 5 m
0.25
h
=
k
Solution
W
0.0277
0
.
25
W
6
mK
= 5.46
h = 0.54 8.97 x10
2
0.36m 2
m
K
2.4m
qconv = 5.46
W
m2 K
Tsurf = 76 C
30C = 90W
Tsurf + 30C
2
Temperature (K)
k (W/mK)
(m2/s)
Pr
(1/K)
320
0.0275
1.77x10-5
0.710
0.00312
326
0.0280
1.82x10-5
0.709
0.00306
330
0.0283
1.86x10-5
0.708
0.003
Solution
0.36 m 2
m
1
9.81 0.00306 K (76 C 30C )
2.4 m
s2
Gr =
2
2
1.82 x10 5 m
= 1.40 x107
0.25
h
=
k
Solution
W
0.028
0
.
25
W
6
mK
= 5.67
h = 0.54 9.9997 x10
2
0.36m 2
m
K
2.4m
qconv = 5.66
W
2
m K
Tsurf = 74C
30C = 90W