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Astronomy: Debris-strewn exoplanetary construction yards

Date: November 6, 2014

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Source: Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI)

Summary: Over the past few years, astronomers have found an incredible diversity
in the architecture of exoplanetary systems, as well as the planets
themselves. A survey using the sharp view of the Hubble Space
Telescope has uncovered a similar diversity in the debris systems that
coincide with the formation of exoplanets. These circumstellar dusty
disks are likely generated by collisions between objects left over from
planet formation around stars. The survey's results suggest that there is
some sort of interdependence between a planet and the accompanying
debris system.

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Related Topics
Space & Time
Extrasolar Planets

Related Stories

Stars
Astronomy

Astronomical Forensics
Uncover Planetary Disks in
NASA's Hubble Archive

Astrophysics
Pluto

Apr. 24, 2014 Astronomers using

NASA's Hubble Space Telescope
have applied a new image processing
technique to obtain near-infrared scattered light
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Galaxies

Cosmic Dust Belts Without Dust

This is a set of images from a NASA Hubble Space Telescope survey of the
architecture of debris systems around young stars. Ten previously discovered ...
[show more]
Credit: NASA, ESA, G. Schneider (University of
Arizona), and the HST/GO 12228 Team

[Click to enlarge image]

stronomers using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope have completed

the largest and most sensitive visible-light imaging survey of dusty
debris disks around other stars. These dusty disks, likely created by
collisions between leftover objects from planet formation, were imaged
around stars as young as 10 million years old and as mature as more than 1
billion years old.

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"It's like looking back in time to see the kinds of

destructive events that once routinely happened in our
solar system after the planets formed," said survey
leader Glenn Schneider of the University of Arizona's
Steward Observatory. The survey's results appeared in
the Oct. 1, 2014, issue of The Astronomical Journal.

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Once thought to be simply pancake-like structures, the

unexpected diversity and complexity and varying
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strongly suggest these disks are gravitationally affected

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by unseen planets orbiting the star. Alternatively, these

effects could result from the stars' passing through
interstellar space.
The researchers discovered that no two "disks" of material surrounding stars look the
same. "We find that the systems are not simply flat with uniform surfaces," Schneider
said. "These are actually pretty complicated three-dimensional debris systems, often
with embedded smaller structures. Some of the substructures could be signposts of
unseen planets." The astronomers used Hubble's Space Telescope Imaging
Spectrograph to study 10 previously discovered circumstellar debris systems, plus
comparatively, MP Mus, a mature protoplanetary disk of age comparable to the
youngest of the debris disks.

outside of our solar system -- is very

popular these days. About 700 planets are known
at the moment, a number that is continuously rising
due ... full story
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Irregularities observed in one ring-like system in particular, around a star called HD

181327, resemble the ejection of a huge spray of debris into the outer part of the
system from the recent collision of two bodies.
"This spray of material is fairly distant from its host star -- roughly twice the distance
that Pluto is from the Sun," said co-investigator Christopher Stark of NASA's Goddard
Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. "Catastrophically destroying an object that
massive at such a large distance is difficult to explain, and it should be very rare. If we
are in fact seeing the recent aftermath of a massive collision, the unseen planetary
system may be quite chaotic."
Another interpretation for the irregularities is that the disk has been mysteriously
warped by the star's passage through interstellar space, directly interacting with
unseen interstellar material. "Either way, the answer is exciting," Schneider said. "Our
team is currently analyzing follow-up observations that will help reveal the true cause of
the irregularity."
Over the past few years astronomers have found an incredible diversity in the
architecture of exoplanetary systems -- planets are arranged in orbits that are
markedly different than found in our solar system. "We are now seeing a similar
diversity in the architecture of accompanying debris systems," Schneider said. "How
are the planets affecting the disks, and how are the disks affecting the planets? There
is some sort of interdependence between a planet and the accompanying debris that
might affect the evolution of these exoplanetary debris systems."
From this small sample, the most important message to take away is one of diversity,
Schneider said. He added that astronomers really need to understand the internal and
external influences on these systems, such as stellar winds and interactions with
clouds of interstellar material, and how they are influenced by the mass and age of the
parent star, and the abundance of heavier elements needed to build planets.
Though astronomers have found nearly 4,000 exoplanet candidates since 1995, mostly
by indirect detection methods, only about two dozen light-scattering, circumstellar
debris systems have been imaged over that same time period. That's because the
disks are typically 100,000 times fainter than, and often very close to, their bright
parent stars. The majority have been seen because of Hubble's ability to perform high-

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contrast imaging, in which the overwhelming light from the star is blocked to reveal the
faint disk that surrounds the star.
The new imaging survey also yields insight into how our solar system formed and
evolved 4.6 billion years ago. In particular, the suspected planet collision seen in the
disk around HD 181327 may be similar to how the Earth-Moon system formed, as well
as the Pluto-Charon system over 4 billion years ago. In those cases, collisions
between planet-sized bodies cast debris that then coalesced into a companion moon.
Story Source:
The above story is based on materials provided by Space Telescope Science
Institute (STScI). Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Journal Reference:
1. Glenn Schneider, Carol A. Grady, Dean C. Hines, Christopher C. Stark, John H.
Debes, Joe Carson, Marc J. Kuchner, Marshall D. Perrin, Alycia J. Weinberger,
John P. Wisniewski, Murray D. Silverstone, Hannah Jang-Condell, Thomas
Henning, Bruce E. Woodgate, Eugene Serabyn, Amaya Moro-Martin, Motohide
Tamura, Phillip M. Hinz, Timothy J. Rodigas. PROBING FOR EXOPLANETS
HIDING IN DUSTY DEBRIS DISKS: DISK IMAGING, CHARACTERIZATION, AND
EXPLORATION WITHHST/STIS MULTI-ROLL CORONAGRAPHY. The
Astronomical Journal, 2014; 148 (4): 59 DOI: 10.1088/0004-6256/148/4/59

APA

Chicago

Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). "Astronomy: Debris-strewn

exoplanetary construction yards." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 6 November 2014.
<www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/11/141106143534.htm>.

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