Chapter 5

MAE 310 course notes Fall 2011 Copyrighted by R. D.
Gould
HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS

V.
Convection
The transfer of energy to or from an interface due to the directed bulk motion of
fluid particles.
Convection includes both diffusion effects (due to potential gradients) and bulk
motion or mixing effects.
Convection transport rates are governed by the conditions in the boundary layer.
A boundary layer is a thin region next to a solid wall where flow conditions
transition from freestream values to the wall values. Steep gradients exist in this
region.
U, T y
U
(x)
u(y)
velocity
profile
across t(x)
momentum
B.L.
T T(y)
temperature
profile across
thermal B.L.
Ts
no slip condition (u=0)
wall
Chapter 5 Page 1
MAE 310 course notes Fall 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

Overall boundary layer effects may be represented by equations of the form:
"
qconv
hTs T
where,
(Newton's law of cooling)
heat flow W
"
, 2
qconv
convective heat flux
unit
area
m
W
h heat transfer coefficient, 2
m C
h hfluid properties, flow conditions, geometry

h is determined experimentally or from analytical studies
Chapter 5 Page 2

A useful analogy between convection and conduction can be made by introducing
a film thickness, '.
'
T
solid
ks
(T -Ts)
Ts
T1
A steady state surface energy balance gives

E in E out E gen E st
qcond
qconv
qcond qconv 0
From previous sketch:
k A
ks A
T1 Ts hATs T f Ts T
'
L
Chapter 5 Page 3

"
qw
Tacross
B . L.
kf
' Effective B.L. thickness

where temperature changes
from wall to freestream values
Once you know how (x) behaves with fluid motion & geometry
you have h!
1. Boundary Layer Concept
The region where viscous effects are important (thin region next to a
solid wall where large velocity gradient exist)
viscous region
Inviscid region
u
0
Separation occurs when
y wall
no slip velocity at solid bdry

Wall shear
u
w
y y 0 stress Eq. 6.2
dynamic viscosity [N-s/m2]

Chapter 5 Page 4
u(y)
u
u
0
y y 0
u
0
y y 0
u
0
y y 0
reverse flow caused
by adverse pressure
gradient, dp/dx > 0
Frictional forces (due to viscosity) decelerate the motion of the fluid

near the wall (i.e., fluid particles attain the wall velocity).
Chapter 5 Page 5
Blunt bodies give rise to a large pressure change

which causes boundary layer separation and a wake.
U , p
stagnation point
V = 0, p = po
On back side
of blunt object
the static pressure
rises (adverse)
causing the flow to
decelerate and
separate.
maximum velocity
(minimum static pressure)
Bernoullis equation on a streamline:
V12 p2 V22
p1
Chapter 5 Page 6

Blunt Bodies (contd)
If the flow is decelerated strongly, the particles are forced outwards from the
body which means the boundary layer thickness increases and separation
occurs.
m
Air flowing over a flat plate at 60 mph (27 ) has a B.L. thickness of
s
~ 2 mm (0.080'') 30 cm from the leading edge.
A boundary layer is not a streamline, mass crosses the B.L. from wall into
freestream.
The B.L. starts off laminar (orderly fluid laminates) at a critical Reynolds
number, Re, small instabilities form and are further amplified. After
transition, fully turbulent flow exists.
Chapter 5 Page 7

laminar
transition
turbulent
U
(x)
x=0
For flow
over a flat Re c U xc 2 105
plate
xc
xtr
and
U xtr
Re tr
2.5 10
For zero
freestream
turbulence
Rec is the critical Reynolds number flow stops being laminar when
Rex > Rec.
Ret is the transition Reynolds number flow becomes fully turbulent

when Rex > Retr.
The B.L. thickness is a function of axial distance and is arbitrarily

defined where u(y) = .99U.
m2
kinematic viscosity
Chapter 5 Page 8

a.
The boundary layer equations (Prandtl 1904) for laminar flow Sec. 6.4
SS, 2D incompressible flow with no energy generation
u v
0
y y
continuity
u
u 1p
2u
2
u v
x
y x
y
x-momentum
T
T
2T u
u
v
2

x
y
C p y
y
energy
[6.27]
y-momentum
[6.28]
2
[6.29]
p/y = 0 p = p(x) only!
p(x) is impressed on B.L. from the inviscid outer flow

Bernoullis eqn.
dU
1 dp
U
dx
dx
(1)
A similarity solution (Blasius & Pohlhausen) to these equations is given in Chap. 7.2
Chapter 5 Page 9

b.
Relevant independent non-dimensional parameters

i.)
Hydrodynamic B.L.:
U L ~ inertia force
Re L
viscous force
gL3 Ts T ~ bouyancy forces
GrL
viscous forces
2
ii.) Thermal B.L. (ReL or GrL) plus:
Pr
C p
k
momentum transfer by diffusion

energy transfer by diffusion
liquid metals (Pr << 1)

TBL
VBL
(Reynold's #)
(Grashof #)
(Prandtl #)
oils (Pr >> 1)

VBL
TBL
U 2
freestream K.E./unitmass
Ec
~ B.L.enthalpy difference
(Eckert #)
C p Ts T
Ec x Pr measure of viscous dissipation relative to conduction
Chapter 5 Page 10

c.
Dependent variables and parameters
i.)
Thermal boundary layer:

*
x y
T Ts
dp
*
*
[6.33] T f , , Re L , Pr,
T
*
T Ts
dx
L L
T
"
qconv
h
T
T
k
Since zero velocity at wall Fouriers

,x
x s, x
f
y x, y 0 law works at that point!
,
kf
hx
T
y
y 0
Ts T
k f T *
L y *
[6.5]
x , y* 0
This is the most important relation in convection H.T.

If you know T(y), you can evaluate T
and you have h!
y y 0
This is how correlations are defined from exact solutions to the

conservation equations.
Chapter 5 Page 11

Nu
hx L T
kf
y*
Nu x
hx
kf
~
y* 0
heat transfer by convection

heat transfer by conduction
across layer of thickness L
f , Re x , Pr ,
L
Nu L
[6.49]
hL
Nu
L
Note:
kf
hL
f Re L , Pr
kf
[6.50]
average Nusselt #
local Nusselt #
high speed gas
For { low speed oil } flow
(Nusselt # - not Bi # !!!) [6.48]
viscous dissipation important! Nux & NuL also f(Ec)
where
1
h
As
xL
h
dA
A x s L w x0hx x dx
s
[6.14]
Chapter 5 Page 12

2.
Similarity solution
Similarity transformation converts x momentum equation from PDE
to 3rd order nonlinear ODE (Eq. 7.17) Exact method, numerical soln.
d2 f
d3 f
2 3f
0
2
d
d
where
x U
y U x
Requires numerical integration (Table 7.1, p. 439)
y
x
Chapter 5 Page 13

a.
Laminar flow over flat plate (dp/dx = 0)
Boundary conditions:
u = 0, v = 0 at y = 0 (no slip)
u = U at y =
5 .0
U x
5.0 Re x1 2
[7.19]
(continuous distribution)
where
Re x
U x U x
Knowing how behaves allows us to calculate other parameters

w, x
du
dy
0.332
y 0
C f ,x
w, x
1
U 2
2
U 3
x
.664
U x
U d 2 f
x d 2 0
.664 Re x1 2
Wall shear stress [N/m2]
Local skin friction

coefficient
[7.20]
Chapter 5 Page 14

Energy Equation
(low speed laminar flow over flat plate)
b.b. Energy
Integral Equation
T
T
2T
u
v
2
x
y
y
T Ts
T *
Define:
T Ts
d 2T * Pr T *
2 f
0
2 d
d
[7.6]
[7.21]
Solving this for T() and noting that

12
U
hx x k
x
hx x 0.332
kf
x
T *
12
U
k
x
.332 Pr1 3
Re x2 Pr 3
Chapter 5 Page 15

The exact solution given by Pohlhausen.
1
1
hx x
2
Nu x
0.332 Re x Pr 3
k
for Re x 5 105
[7.23]
This relation can be used for laminar flow where Pr > 0.6
If heating starts at a distance from the leading edge of the flat plate we get

Nu x 0.332 Re x Pr 1
x
1
2
1
3
3
4
1
3
[7-42]
Chapter 5 Page 16

3.
Chilton-Colburn analogy
The Chilton-Colburn analogy is a relationship between the fluid friction and the
heat transfer rate.
[7.20]
C f , x w, x .664 Re x1 2
1
U 2
2
1
1
[7.23]
Nu x 0.332 Re x2 Pr 3
Dividing [7.23] by RexPr gives:
2
1
Nu x
St x 0.332 Re x 2 Pr 3
Re x Pr
(Stanton #)
Substituting (7.20) into the right side of this gives
C f , x 23 C f , x 23
Nu x
Pr
St x
Pr
0.332
Re x Pr
.
664
2
Chapter 5 Page 17
23
Stx Pr
C f ,x
2
[6.70]
Applies to:
Laminar external flow over a flat plate
Turbulent external flow over a flat plate
Turbulent internal flow (with slight modifications)
Does not work for laminar internal flow !
Chapter 5 Page 18

4.
Turbulent Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer
Turbulence occurs when instabilities are amplified (large Re) and is characterized a
random and non-deterministic.
Typical transition criterion for flat plate

Re x, c
U xc
5 105
5 105
xc
U
Chapter 5 Page 19
Transition is delayed for accelerating flows ( dp [-]) and occurs sooner for
dx
decelerating flows.
The unsteady (random) nature of turbulent flow means that all the dependent
variables are functions of time (i.e., u, v, p, T, etc.) and location.
A stationary turbulent flow implies that the average values for each dependent
variable remain constant with time (i.e., steady turbulent flow).
It is common practice to decompose the instantaneous flow property into a

time average property value and a fluctuation property value.
i.e., u (t ) u u ' (t )
Chapter 5 Page 20
To fully describe turbulent flow you must present both mean (time averaged)
data and fluctuation data.
Comparison of laminar velocity profiles with mean velocity turbulent profiles

indicate that the mean turbulent profile is much fuller.
Chapter 5 Page 21
Away from the wall, power law expressions for the mean velocity of turbulent flows
are commonly used. That is:
n
u
y

U
where n is a function of the Reynolds number and varies between 1/6 and 1/11.
n = 1/7 is a reasonable value.
Chapter 5 Page 22

a.
Heat transfer correlation for turbulent flow over a flat plate.
Using the experimentally determined (Schlichting) drag correlation

C f , x 0.0592 Re x 0.2
for 5 105 < Rex < 108
[7.34]
allows the use of the Chilton-Colburn analogy

2
3
St x Pr
but,
St x
C f ,x
2
0.0296 Re x 0.2
Nu x
Nu x St x Re x Pr
Re x Pr
or
1
2
0.2
0.8
3
Nu x 0.0296 Re x Pr Re x Pr 0.0296 Re x Pr 3
Chapter 5 Page 23

finally,
1
Nu x 0.0296 Re 0x.8 Pr 3
For 5 105 < Rex < 108

0.8
Note: Heat transfer for turbulent flow is proportional to Re x
[7.36]
while heat
0.5
transfer for laminar flow is proportional to Re x .
Experimental measurements for flat plate, turbulent flow give:
Nu x 0.029Re0x.8 Pr 0.43
(Whitaker)
Note: All fluid properties in convective heat transfer correlations are evaluated at
the film temperature.
Tf
Ts T
2
Chapter 5 Page 24

If we are interested in the average heat transfer coefficient, , for a plate of length L, we
must consider both laminar and turbulent regimes (mixed boundary layer, Sec. (7.2.3)).
Chapter 5 Page 25

1
2
1
U 21
hx, ( x) 0.332 k f Pr
x Ax 2

1
3
U
hx,t ( x) 0.0296 k f Pr

1
3
0.8
From [7.23]
x 0.2 Bx 0.2
From [7.36]
1 xc
1 x
L
L
x
0 h ( x)dx xc ht ( x)dx 0 c hx, ( x)dx 0 hx,t ( x)dx 0 c hx,t ( x)dx
L
L
1
x
L
x
A0 c x 0.5dx B0 x 0.2dx B0 c x 0.2dx
L
1
2 Axc0.5 1.25 BL0.8 1.25 Bxc0.8
L
1
1
1
1
0.5
0.8
3
3
h 0.664k f Pr Re xc 0.037 k f Pr Re L 0.037 k f Pr 3 Re 0xc.8
L
Chapter 5 Page 26

The average Nusselt number for flow over a flat plate which transitions from
laminar to turbulent is
1
1
hL
0.8
0.8
3
Nu L
0.037 Pr Re L Re xc 0.664 Pr 3 Re 0xc.5
kf
For Re x 5 105 we get:

c
Nu L
1
hL
0.037 Re 0L.8 871 Pr 3
kf
[7.38]
A better relationship (especially for liquids where viscosities are strong

functions of temperature) Whitaker suggests:
14

hL
Nu L
0.036 Pr 0.43 Re 0L.8 9200
kf
w
0 Pr 380
2 105 Re L 5.5 106
0.26
3.5
w
Chapter 5 Page 27

Note:
x is always measured from the point where the boundary layer starts
(leading edge?). This is true for mixed laminar/turbulent flow also,
even though from x = 0 to xc the flow is laminar!
It is very easy to "trip" the boundary layer so that it is turbulent at x=0!
fully turbulent B.L

Boundary layer trip (wire)
For this case:
Re x 0
c
1
hL
0.8 3
NuL 0.037ReL Pr
kf
Chapter 5 Page 28

Example 5.1
Given: Air at atmospheric pressure and 24C flows with a velocity of 10 m/s along a
flat plate of length 4 m which is maintained at a uniform temperature of 130C.
Assume Rec = 5 105.
Find: a.) the local heat transfer coefficient at x = 4 m, b.) the average heat transfer
coefficient, and c.) heat rate from the plate to the air per meter width of plate.
Solution:
Chapter 5 Page 29
Chapter 5 Page 30

Example 5.1 (continued)
Chapter 5 Page 31
Chapter 5 Page 32

Chapter 5 Page 33

Chapter 5 Page 34

5.
External Flow with Separation
Cylinders, tube bundles, & spheres in cross-flow (see Sec. 7.4 in text)
a. Sphere:
CD
24
6
0.4
Re D 1 Re D
0 ReD 2105
2

hD
3 Pr 0.4
2 0.4 Re 0D.5 0.06 Re D
Nu D

0.25
where
FD AfrontalCD
3.5 < ReD < 7.6104

0.71 < Pr < 380
1 < m/ms < 3.2
U2
2
[7.48]
b. Long cylinder:
58
hD
0.62 Re 0D.5 Pr1 3 Re D
Nu D
0 .3
1

2314
k
282
,
000

1 0.4 Pr

45
[7.46]
valid when ReDPr > 0.2

Chapter 5 Page 35

c. Cross flow of non-circular cylinders (Text, p. 437):
n
h De
U D
C e Pr1 3
Nu D
k

[7.44]
n and C are tabulated by Sparrow below
Chapter 5 Page 36

d. Flow across tube banks (Sec. 7-6, p. 447):
Zukauskas correlation (use Table 7-5 for C and n)

Pr
hD
C Re nD,max Pr 0.36
Nu D
Pr
k
s
where
Re D ,max
Vmax D
and for in-line geometry:
for staggered geometry: Vmax
[7.50]
0.25
Vmax
V ST
ST D
V ST
V ST
V
max
2S D D if A2 < A1, or
2ST D
if A1 < A2
Chapter 5 Page 37
Nu D
N 20
C2 Nu D
N 20
[7.51]
Chapter 5 Page 38

6.
Internal flow (Text Chap. 8)
Uo
L.B.L.
T.B.L.
turbulent
f.d. profile
xfd,h
entrance length
laminar
f.d. profile
fully developed flow
where,
L.B.L. laminar boundary layer
T.B.L. turbulent boundary layer
f.d. fully developed flow same velocity profile at any x location u 0.
x
Chapter 5 Page 39

Re D ,c
U m Dh
2300
where,
um
[8.1 & 8.2] (critical Reynolds # for internal flow)

m
Ac
and
Dh
4 Ac
P
(hydraulic diameter)
Internal flow is fully turbulent when ReD > 10,000
xfd,h hydrodynamic entry length

For laminar flow:
x fd ,h
D
For turbulent flow:
10
~ 0.05 Re D
x fd ,h
D
rough surface
60
[8.3]
[8.4]
smooth
Chapter 5 Page 40

a. Fully developed hydrodynamic flow
By continuity:
rv = c
ux 0
u 1
rv 0
x r r
v=
0 (due to no-slip BC)
u
u 1 dp u
v
r
x
r dx r r r
1 d du 1 dp
r
r dr dr dx
[8.12]
The boundary conditions are:

u = 0 at r = ro (no slip)
du = 0 at r = 0 (symmetry)
dr
Chapter 5 Page 41

Integrating (8.12) twice and applying the boundary conditions:
2
1 dp 2 r
u r
ro 1
4 dx ro
um
ro2
oo u r 2rdr
r
ro2
[8.13]
2
ro2 dp
r
dp
o
um
8 dx
8 dx
Substituting (8.14) into (8.13) gives

u r
r
2 1
um
ro
[8.14]
[8.15]
ucl= 2um = 2uo
initial
uniform velocity
u
1 dp
If we let r = R - y
2r
r
4 dx
ro dp
(1)
2 dx
or
dp 2 s
dx
ro
Chapter 5 Page 42

Equation (8.14) can be written as
dp 8um
dx
ro2
(2)
For laminar flow, using (2) in the expression for s (1) gives:
r dp r 8um
um
du
o o
4
dr r ro
ro
2 dx
2 ro2
um for
(3)

laminar
flow
Defining the Darcy or Moody friction factor (a dimensionless pressure drop)

f
D dp
dx
1 u 2
m
2
For fully developed

internal laminar flow
Note : Fanning friction factor
f
is related by C f
64
Re D
[8.16]
[8.19]
Chapter 5 Page 43

Integrating (8.16) for fully-developed flow (f = constant) from x = x1 to x2 gives
p fd f
um2
x2 x1
(laminar) [8.22a]
2D
For turbulent flow Equations (8.16) and (1) give:
8 s
um2
4c f
(4)
A curve fit to experimental turbulent flow data gives:

Colebrook (1939) correlation for friction factor
e D
1
2.51
2 log
f
3.7 Re D f
where
Re D
um D
e D - relative roughness
Chapter 5 Page 44
Moody friction factor chart

Chapter 5 Page 45

b. Heat Transfer Effects for Internal Flow
Chapter 5 Page 46

xfd,h hydrodynamic entrance length (i.e. .u > 0.99% ucl,F.D)
xfd,t
thermal entrance length (when Nux < 1.05 Nux, F.D.)
For laminar flow:
xfd,h 0.05 Re D
[8. 3]
xfd,t 0.05 Re Pr D
[8.23]
For pipe flow when ReD = 2000 (laminar!)

xfd,h = 100 D
xfd,t 70 D (air), 700 D (water, Pr 7)
Note:
Entrance lengths are much longer for laminar flow

than for turbulent flow!
Chapter 5 Page 47

c. Fully Developed Laminar Tube Flow
Thermally fully developed internal flows do not have a freestream

temperature like external flows.
Define the mixture mean temperature or bulk mean temperature
Tm
ro
0 m C pT
r
0o m C p
ro
0 C pu (r )T (r )2rdr
r
0o C pu (r )2rdr
For circular tube
(Represents the total energy at a particular axial location)

If and Cp are assumed constant
Tm
ro
0 u(r )T (r )2rdr
um ro2
ro
u (r )T (r )rdr
2 0
um ro
[8.26]
Chapter 5 Page 48

T ( r , x )
= const 0
x
Let's perform a S.S. energy balance on the C.V. for constant wall heat flux
(i.e., dqs = 2roh[Ts(x) Tm(x)]dx = const = C1 = C2 dx)
Proof that the flow is thermally developed when
in - out = 0
dx
um AcC pTm
um AcC pTm
d
um AcC pTm dx
dx
dqs 2ro dxhTs x Tm x C2 dx
where Tm bulk mean or mixed mean fluid temperature
um AcC pTbm um AcC pTm
um AcC p
dTm
C2
dx
d
um AcC pTm dx C2 dx 0
dx
dT ( x)
m
const
dx
but
T (r , x) dTm ( x)
x
dx
[8.32]
Chapter 5 Page 49

Constant wall heat flux boundary
For hydrodynamically & thermally fully

developed flow (Sec. 8.4.1)
u (r )
Because
dT d dT
dx r dr dr
[8.48]
r 2
We know that: u r 2um 1
ro
dT dTm
and
[8.32]
Const
dr
dr
2
d dT 2 dTm r
r
um 1 r

dr dr dx ro
[8.49]
Integrating to find the radial temperature
Chapter 5 Page 50

2um dTm r 2
r4
T (r , x)

C ln r C2
dx 4 16ro2 1
dT
BCs: k
dr
r ro
qs"
const ,
dT
dr
(symmetry)
(1)
qs
r 0
+r
From 2nd BC, C1 = 0

Define T(r=0,x) = To (x), at r = 0 (C2 = To)
2
4
2 dTbm um R 2 r 1 r

T (r ) To ( x)
dx 4 ro 4 ro
(2)
Note that we do not know how To in (2) is related to the inlet temperature to the heat
transfer rate. Tm , on the other hand can be used to give overall heat transfer! (T
between the surface and bulk mean temperature drives the convective heat transfer)
q"s ( x ) hTs ( x ) Tm ( x)
(3)
Chapter 5 Page 51

Recall the mixture mean or bulk mean temperature
Tm
ro
0 u(r )T (r )2rdr
um ro2
o
u (r )T (r )rdr
0
2
um ro
(3)
Using the temperature distribution given by (2) in Equation (3) gives:

7 um ro2 dTm
Tm ( x) To ( x)
48 dx
Evaluating (2) at wall:
3 um ro2 dTm
Ts ( x) T (ro , x) To ( x)
8 dx
(4)
(5)
The heat transfer coefficient can be found by performing a surface energy balance
at wall
dT
qs" ( x) hx Ts ( x) Tm ( x) k f
dr r ro
kf
hx
dT
dr
r ro
(6)
Ts Tm
Chapter 5 Page 52

From (2)
dT
dr
r ro
2 dTm um ro2 2r r 3

dx 4 ro2 ro4
r ro
um ro dTm
2 dx
(7)
um ro dTm
2 dx
h
3 um ro2 dTm
7 um ro2 dTm
To ( x)
To ( x)
8
48
dx
dx
kf
h
Nu D
(8)
48 k 48 k
22 ro 11 D
hD 48
4.36
k
11
[8.53]
(for fully developed laminar pipe flow with constant wall heat flux)
Chapter 5 Page 53

For the constant wall temperature case (See Sec. 8.3.3, p. 505 in text)
Log mean
temperature
difference
Note: For internal flows evaluate all fluid properties at the average between inlet
and exit bulk mean temperatures.
Tm,i Tm,o
Tf
(1)
2
Chapter 5 Page 54

dx
um Ac C pTm
um AcC pTm
d
um Ac C pTm dx
dx
dqs q"s Pdx
um AcC pTbm um AcC pTm
(2)
dTm q"s P
(3)
dx m C p
dT
um AcC p m q"s P
dx
but
d
um AcC pTm dx q"s Pdx 0
dx
q"s ( x ) hTs ( x ) Tm ( x)
(4)
dTm
P
hTs Tm
dx m C p
(5)
Separating variables (note Ts is a constant here)

dTm
P
hdx
Ts Tm m C p
(6)
Chapter 5 Page 55

Tm ,o
dTm
P L
hdx
Cp 0
Tm ,i Ts Tm m
Ts Tm,o
Ts Tm,i
Tm,o
but
lnTs Tm Tm,o
T
m ,i
PLh
To
[8-41b]
exp
To
m C p
P
Lh
m C p
Letting
L=x
PLh
(7) and
Ts Ts Tm,i exp
m C p
Tm, x
Ts Tm, x
Ts Tm,i
ln Ts Tm,o
ln Ts Tm,i
Pxh
exp
m C p
PLh
m C p
[8-41b]
Pxh
Ts Ts Tm,i exp
m C p
(8)
qs m C p Tm,o Tm,i m C p Ts Tm,i Ts Tm,0

qs m C p Ti To PLh
To Ti PLh T
lm
lnTo Ti
[8.43]
Laminar flow in ducts of various cross-sections can be analyzed by using Nusselt

number and friction factor data listed in Table 8.1, p. 525 in text.
The Reynolds number and Nusselt number are based on the hydraulic diameter
Dh
4 Ac
hDh
u D
, Nu D
, Re D m h
k
P
Chapter 5 Page 56
Chapter 5 Page 57

d. hydrodynamically fully developed - thermally developing flow
1 T 2T
T ( r , x )
u (r )
r
2
x
r
r
r
(1)
This is the Graetz (1885) entry region problem (see Fig. 8.10, p. 514.)
When GzD-1 > 0.05 => fully developed thermally
where:
when
x
D
x
1
D Gz D 1
Gz D Re D Pr
0.05 Re D Pr
Recall [8.23]:
thermally fully developed flow
xfd,t 0.05 Re Pr D
Chapter 5 Page 58
Chapter 5 Page 59

e. Turbulent Internal Flow (Sec. 8.5, p. 516, text)
The Chilton-Colburn analogy has been found to hold for internal turbulent flow:
2
St x Pr 3
C f ,x
2
Nu x
Re x
1
Pr 3
or
Nu x
C f ,x
2
Re x Pr 3
(1)
For internal flow we use the Darcy friction factor

f Cf
8
2
For turbulent pipe flow with smooth walls experimental measurements indicate:
f 0.184 Re D0.2 (2 10 4 Re D 3 10 5 )
1
Nu D 0.023 Re 0D.8 Pr 3
This is known as the Colburn equation for turbulent pipe flow and is valid for
ReD > 10000, L/D > 10, 0.7 < Pr < 160, smooth pipes.
Chapter 5 Page 60

Dittus-Boelter equation
Nu D 0.023 Re0D.8 Pr n
n = 0.4
for heating (Ts > Tm)
n = 0.3
for cooling (Tm < Ts)
[8.60]
Valid over same ranges as the Colburn equation.
Seider & Tate Equation (can handle large property variation)
Nu D 0.027 Re 0D.8 Pr 3 bm
s
1
0.14
[8.61]
Valid for ReD > 10000, L/D > 10, 0.7 < Pr < 16700, smooth pipes.
All fluid properties are evaluated at the bulk temperature Tm , except for s,
which is evaluated at Ts.
Chapter 5 Page 61

Gnielinski Equation (can handle rough wall tubes)
Nu D
Re D 1000 Pr
f
2
8
f
3
1 12.7 Pr 1
8
1
2
[8.62]
Valid for 3000 < ReD < 5 106, 0.5 < Pr < 2000
Turbulent entry region (for smooth pipes - Nusselt) not in text

1
D
Nu D 0.036 Re 0D.8 Pr 3
0.055
Valid for ReD > 10000, 10 < L/D < 400, 0.7 < Pr < 160, smooth pipes.
All fluid properties are evaluated at the bulk temperature Tm.
Chapter 5 Page 62

Example 5.2
Given: Air at atmospheric pressure and 27C flows with a velocity of um = 0.5 m/s inside
a thin walled tube 2.5 cm in diameter in the hydrodynamically and thermally fully
developed region. Assume the tube is 3 m in length.
Find:
a.) If electric resistance heating with = 86 W/m2 is used to heat the air calculate
convective heat transfer coefficient and the outlet air temperature, b.) if instead
heating is done by condensing steam (Tsat = 100 C) on the outside of the tube
calculate convective heat transfer coefficient and the outlet air temperature, c.)
determine if the fully developed assumption is a good one for this situation, and
d.) repeat parts a.) and b.) for um = 50 m/s.
Solution:
Chapter 5 Page 63
Chapter 5 Page 64

Chapter 5 Page 65
Chapter 5 Page 66

Chapter 5 Page 67

Chapter 5 Page 68

Chapter 5 Page 69

Chapter 5 Page 70

Chapter 5 Page 71

Chapter 5 Page 72

f. Obtaining empirical HT correlations from experimental data (I & D, Sec. 7.1)
Exact and approximate analysis for forced convection suggest the following
relation
Nu C1 Re m Pr n
(1)
where C1, m, and n are constants to be determined from the experimental data.
A multi-variable linear regression (least squares) analysis can be used to find
these constants. First let's recast Equation (1) by using logarithms.
log( Nu ) log(C1 Re m Pr n ) log C1 log Re m log Pr n log C1 m log Re n log Pr
log( Nu ) mlog(Re) nlog(Pr) log C1
(2)
Equation (2) has the general form
z mx ny C
(3)
The sum of the square error between the actual value of z and the value predicted
by Equation (3) is
N
E e zi mxi nyi C 2
2
i 1
(4)
Chapter 5 Page 73

The sum of the errors squared, E, depends on m, n, and C. A necessary condition for
E to be minimum is:
E
E
E
dE dm dn dC 0
C
m
n
E e 2
e
2e
m m
m
(5)
ei N
E N
2e
2 z mxi nyi C xi 0
m i 1 i m i 1 i
ei N
E N
2e
2 z mxi nyi C yi 0
n i 1 i n i 1 i
(6)
(7)
e
E
2ei i 2 zi mxi nyi C 1 0
C i 1
C i 1
N
We now have 3 equations (5)-(7) and 3 unknowns as follows:

Once the N
measurements
are taken, the
summations are
just constants
N
N
N
2
m xi n xi yi C xi xi zi
i 1
i 1
i 1
i 1
N
N
N
2
m xi yi n yi C yi yi zi
i 1
i 1
i 1
i 1
N
i 1
i 1
i 1
i 1
m xi n yi C 1 zi
3 unknowns:
m, n & C
(8)
(9)
(10)
Chapter 5 Page 74

In matrix form
xi2
xi yi
x
i
xi yi xi m xi zi
yi2 yi n yi zi
N C zi
yi
Use any matrix solver (i.e. Gauss elimination) to find m, n, & C.

Once we have these coefficients we can find C1 = 10C in Eq (1) as:
Note: We could also find a correlation of the form
Nu C1 Re Pr
s
m
(11)
using a similar analysis (4-Equations, 4 unknowns).

Note: If you plot log(Nu) vs. log(Re) and the data has two slopes, expect a
correlation of the form:
m1
Nu C1 Re C2 Re
m2
Pr
s
n
(12)
Chapter 5 Page 75

Example Obtaining empirical heat transfer correlations
Given: The following measurements were made for air flow over a roughened
flat plate of length 1 m. The freestream velocity was varied while its
temperature was held constant at 20C. The wall temperature was maintained
uniform at 34C throughout the experiments.
Test #
1
2
3
Pr
.708
.708
.708
U(m/s)
1.684
16.84
168.4
q (W/m2)
127.8
509.5
2028.4
A correlation is proposed in the form:

Find:
The values for C and m.
Test #
1
2
3
ReL
hL
Nu C Re m Pr 0.4
NuL
NuL/Pr0.4
Chapter 5 Page 76

Example Obtaining empirical heat transfer correlations (contd)
Chapter 5 Page 77

Chapter 5

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MAE 310 course notes Fall 2011 Copyrighted by R. D.

HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS

no slip condition (u=0)

MAE 310 course notes Fall 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS

(Newton's law of cooling)

h hfluid properties, flow conditions, geometry

MAE 310 course notes Fall 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS

A steady state surface energy balance gives

MAE 310 course notes Fall 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS

' Effective B.L. thickness

1. Boundary Layer Concept

no slip velocity at solid bdry

y y 0 stress Eq. 6.2

dynamic viscosity [N-s/m2]

MAE 310 course notes Fall 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS

Frictional forces (due to viscosity) decelerate the motion of the fluid

MAE 310 course notes Fall 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS

Blunt bodies give rise to a large pressure change

Bernoullis equation on a streamline:

MAE 310 course notes Fall 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS

MAE 310 course notes Fall 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS

Ret is the transition Reynolds number flow becomes fully turbulent

The B.L. thickness is a function of axial distance and is arbitrarily

MAE 310 course notes Fall 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS

p/y = 0 p = p(x) only!

p(x) is impressed on B.L. from the inviscid outer flow

MAE 310 course notes Fall 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS

Relevant independent non-dimensional parameters

momentum transfer by diffusion

liquid metals (Pr << 1)

oils (Pr >> 1)

MAE 310 course notes Fall 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS

Dependent variables and parameters

Thermal boundary layer:

Since zero velocity at wall Fouriers

This is the most important relation in convection H.T.

This is how correlations are defined from exact solutions to the

MAE 310 course notes Fall 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS

heat transfer by convection

(Nusselt # - not Bi # !!!) [6.48]

viscous dissipation important! Nux & NuL also f(Ec)

MAE 310 course notes Fall 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS

Requires numerical integration (Table 7.1, p. 439)

MAE 310 course notes Fall 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS

Laminar flow over flat plate (dp/dx = 0)

Knowing how behaves allows us to calculate other parameters

Wall shear stress [N/m2]

Local skin friction

MAE 310 course notes Fall 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS