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INTRODUCTION
AIM
BLOCK DIAGRAM
WORKING
MAJOR COMPONENT
COMPONENT DISCRIPTION
PCB DESIGNING
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLOGRAPHY
BOOKS:
1) Electronic devices and circuit theory
WEBSITES:
1)
www.efyindia.com
2) www.nationalsemiconductor .com
3) www.datasheet.com
TRANSISTOR
n-p-n-transistor
(2)
p-n-p-transistor
Function
Transistors amplify current, for example they can be used to
amplify the small output current from a logic IC so that it can
operate a lamp, relay or other high current device. In many circuits
a resistor is used to convert the changing current to a changing
voltage, so the transistor is being used to amplify voltage.
A transistor may be used as a switch (either fully on with
maximum current, or fully off with no current) and as an amplifier
(always partly on).
The amount of current amplification is called the current gain,
symbol
hFE.
For further information please see the Transistor circuits page.
Types of transistor
There are two types of standard
transistors, NPN and PNP, with
different circuit symbols. The letters
refer to the layers of semiconductor
material used to make the transistor.
Most transistors used today are NPN Transistor circuit symbols
because this is the easiest type to make from silicon. If you are new
to electronics it is best to start by learning how to use NPN
transistors.
The leads are labeled base (B), collector (C) and emitter (E).
These terms refer to the internal operation of a transistor but they
are not much help in understanding how a transistor is used, so just
treat them as labels!
RELAY:-
Gourav Poddar
0610EC091013
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Infinity Management and Engineering College, Sagar (M.P.) 470002
CERTIFICATE
Principal
IMEC, Sagar
IMEC, Sagar
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
has been
(Internal Examiner)
(External Examiner)
Date:
Date:
AIM
PCB DESIGNING
The main purpose of printed circuit is in the routing of
electric currents and signal through a thin copper layer that
is bounded firmly to an insulating base material sometimes
called the substrate. This base is manufactured with
integrally bounded layers of thin copper foil which has to be
partly etched or removed to arrive at a pre-designed pattern
to suit the circuit connections or other applications as
required.
The term printed circuit board is derived from the original
method where a printed pattern is used as the mask over wanted
areas of copper. The PCB provides an ideal baseboard upon which
to assemble and hold firmly most of the small components.
From the constructors point of view, the main attraction of
using PCB is its role as the mechanical support for small
components. There is less need for complicated and time
consuming metal work of chassis contraception except perhaps in
providing the final enclosure. Most straight forward circuit designs
can be easily converted in to printed wiring layer the thought
required to carry out the inversion cab footed high light an possible
error that would otherwise be missed in conventional point to point
wiring .The finished project is usually neater and truly a work of
art.
Actual size PCB layout for the circuit shown is drawn on the
copper board. The board is then immersed in FeCl3 solution for 12
hours. In this process only the exposed copper portion is etched out
by the solution.
(A) LAYOUT DESIGN:
When designing the layout one should observe the
minimum size (component body length and weight). Before
starting to design the layout we need all the required
components in hand so that an accurate assessment of
space can be made. Other space considerations might also
be included from case to case of mounted components over
the printed circuit board or to access path of present
components.
It might be necessary to turn some components around to a
different angular position so that terminals are closer to the
connections of the components. The scale can be checked by
positioning the components on the squared paper. If any
connection crosses, then one can reroute to avoid such condition.
(C) ETCHING PROCESS:
Etching process requires the use of chemicals. acid resistant
dishes and running water supply. Ferric chloride is mostly used
solution but other etching materials such as ammonium per
sulphate can be used. Nitric acid can be used but in general it is not
used due to poisonous fumes.
The pattern prepared is glued to the copper surface of the
board using a latex type of adhesive that can be cubed after use.
The pattern is laid firmly on the copper using a very sharp knife to
COMPONENT USED
LM35 Temperature sensor.
16 x 2 LCD MODULES
PIC16f876a Micro controller
LM7805 3 Terminal Voltage Regulator
QBC547 NPN TRANSISTOR
12V SPDT RELAY PCB MOUNTS
PCB MOUNT PUSH ON SWITCH
LED
Resistor, Capacitor and Transistor
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
GENERAL
WORKING
DISCRIPTION
&
APPLICATIONS
Capacitors
Function
Capacitors store electric charge. They are used with resistors in
timing circuit because it takes time for a capacitor to fill with
charge. They are used to smooth varying DC supplies by acting as
a reservoir of charge. They are also used in filter circuits because
capacitors easily pass AC (changing) signals but they block DC
(constant) signals.
Capacitance
This is a measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge. A large
capacitance means that more charge can be stored. Capacitance is
measured in farads, symbol F. However 1F is very large, so
prefixes are used to show the smaller values.
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
TRANSFORMER
DEFINITION:
one
and
the
the
PRINCIPAL:
A transformer consists of laminate magnetic core forming the
magnetic frame. Primary and secondary coils are wound upon the
two cores of the magnetic Frame, linked by the common magnetic
flux O. When an alternating voltages is applied across the primary
the coil. a current flows in the producing the magnetic flux in the
transformer core:Transformers are classified as:Position of the windings with respect or core i.e.
Power
Power used = PP = PS =
watts
changed.
DIODES
LM35
LM35 Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensors
General Description The LM35 series are precision integratedcircuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly
proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35
thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in
Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant
voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centi- grade scaling.
The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to
provide typical accuracies of 14C at room temperature and
34C over a full 55 to +150C temperature range. Low cost is
assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The
LM35s low output imped- ance, linear output, and precise
inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry
especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with
plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 A from its supply, it
has very low self-heating, less than 0.1C in still air. The LM35 is
rated to operate over a 55 to +150C temperature range, while
the LM35C is rated for a 40 to +110C range (10 with
improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while the LM35C,
LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92
transistor package. The LM35D is also avail- able in an 8-lead
surface mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220
package.
Features n Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade) n Linear +
10.0 mV/C scale factor n 0.5C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25C)
n Rated for full 55 to +150C range n Suitable for remote
applications n Low cost due to wafer-level trimming n Operates
from 4 to 30 volts n Less than 60 A current drain n Low selfheating, 0.08C in still air
BLOCK DIAGRAM
LM35
Sensor
A/D
Conv
erter
Micro
chip
16f876a
Micro
Controller
Relay
Drive
CIRC
-UIT
Relay-1