C LU CHT

Ging vin: V THANH TIN

B mn C Lu Cht
Tel.: 0169 8 243 203
Email: tienvt.rd@vietsov.com.vn

Chng 1

M U & CC TNH CHT CA LU CHT

PHN BIT LU CHT & CHT RN
Cht rn cng v kh bin dng
Lu cht mm v d bin dng (c dng ca bnh cha)
lng
Lu cht
kh
plasma
Lu cht chy khi chu tc dng (v d khi ta khuy c ph)
Cht rn b bin dng hay b cong
Sc ht phn t:

rn > lng > kh

M U & CC TNH CHT CA LU CHT

NH NGHA LU CHT
Lu cht c xem l mt mi trng lin tc
Lu cht l mt cht bin dng lin tc khi chu tc dng ca
lc ct, d rt nh
Cc tnh cht ca lu cht nh khi lng ring, nhit , p
sut, vn tc l nhng hm lin tc ph thuc v tr v thi
gian.
NH NGHA MN HC
Mn C hc lu cht nghin cu cc qui lut ng yn v
chuyn ng ca lu cht v s tng tc gia lu cht v vt
rn.
Hiu bit cc qui lut c bn ca mn C hc lu cht gip ta
phn tch, hiu v ci tin cc h thng trong lu cht
chuyn ng.

oi tng nghien cu:

Pham vi nghien cu :

chat long
chat kh
cac qui luat cua lu chat trang thai tnh va ong.

Muc tieu nghien cu : Nham phuc vu trong nhieu lnh vc :

Thiet ke cac phng tien van chuyen : xe hi, tau thuy, may bay, hoa tien...
Xay dng: nh cap, thoat nc, cong trnh thuy li (cong, e, ho cha, nha may
thuy ien ..), tnh toan thiet ke cau, nha cao tang
Thiet ke cac thiet b thuy lc : may bm, tua bin, quat gio, may nen..
Kh tng thuy van : d bao bao, lu lut , ..
Y khoa: mo phong tuan hoan mau trong c the, tnh toan thiet ke cac may tr tim
nhan tao..
Trong cuoc song hang ngay, cung can rat nhieu kien thc c ban ve CLC. V du:
Lc hut gia hai doan tau ang chay song song nhau, noi ap suat,
Phan biet lu chat :
Lc lien ket gia cac phan t nho
Co hnh dang phu thuoc vao vat cha.
Khong chu tac dung cua lc cat, keo Lu chat la moi trng lien tuc.
Di tac dung cua lc keo
Lu chat chay (khong gi c trang thai
tnh ban au)

TNH CHT LU CHT

Khi lng ring l khi lng ca 1 n v th tch lu
cht
m
= lim
0
th nguyn: [ ] = ML - 3 = FT 2 L - 4

kg m 3
Khi lng ring ca cht lng thng thng t b
nh hng bi s thay i ca p sut v nhit .
Ngc li s thay i ca p sut v nhit nh
hng nhiu n khi lng ring ca cht kh

Khoi lng rieng, kg/m3

M U & CC TNH CHT CA LU CHT

Nhiet o, oC

Khoi lng rieng cua nc, phu thuoc nhiet o

Chng 1 (tip theo)

M U & CC TNH CHT CA LU CHT

Trng lng ring l trng lng ca 1 n v th tch
lu cht
= g

th nguyn: [ ] = FL-3 = ML-2 T -2

n v:
N m 3 = Kg m 2s 2 (h SI)
Kgf m 3 = 9,81 N m 3
T trng l t s gia khi lng ring ca lu cht v
khi lng ring ca nc nhit nht nh.

=
=
nuoc@ 4o C = 1000kg m3
nuoc @ 4o C nuoc @ 4o C
V d: t trng ca thy ngn 20oC l 13,6
t trng ca glycerin 20oC l 1,26

The tch rieng:

V=

F*:Lc hut trai at (F*s,F*n).

F: Lc ly tam (Fs,Fn)
F*n- Fn= G: lc trong trng = Mg
Tai xch ao (=00): g=9,780 m/s2
Tai v tuyen =500 : g=9,810 m/s2
Tai vung cc:
g=9,832 m/s2
g cung thay oi theo chieu cao z, z cang ln, g cang giam do lc hut
cua trai at len vat giam
S thay oi g theo v o va o cao:
n
n
F
F*sF
F
F
n
F
n
F
F*
F*
s
F*n s
s

S o lc hut Trai at, lc ly tam va trong lc

Chng 1 (tip theo)

M U & CC TNH CHT CA LU CHT

KH L TNG
Phng trnh trang thai cua kh ly tng:
p = RT
p la ap suat tuyet oi ( N/m2 = pascal) (SI)
(ap suat la lc phap tuyen tren 1 n v dien tch)
la khoi lng rieng (Kg/m3) (SI)
T la nhiet o tuyet oi (o Kelvin OK)
R la hang so, phu thuoc chat kh
8314
R=
M la phan t khoi cua chat kh
M

TNH NN
Suat an hoi:

dp
dp
E=
=
d d

dp la s thay oi ap suat can thiet e tao s thay oi the tch

d cua the tch . Dau v khi ap suat tang th the tch
giam. Khi the tch giam nhng khoi lng khong oi m=
nen khoi lng rieng tang.
Tnh nen (dan) cua chat kh:
Qua trnh nen ang nhiet (T=const) cua kh l
tng:
p = RT p/ = const
hay p = const
Qua trnh nen ang entropi (qua trnh nen khong
ma sat va khong co s trao oi nhiet): p/ k = const
k la t so nhiet dung

(k = c

cv ; R = cp cv )

dp
dp
=
d d
Lu chat c xem la khong nen c khi khoi lng rieng
thay oi khong ang ke ( = const). Chat long thng c
xem la khong nen c trong hau het cac ng dung ky
thuat.

TNH NN (tt) E =

V du: Mot xilanh cha 0,1lt nc 20oC. Neu ep piston e

the tch giam 1% th ap suat trong xilanh tang len bao
nhieu?
Giai: 20oC, suat an hoi cua nc E = 2,2.109Pa.

d = 1 / 100
d
dp = E
= 2, 2 10 9 10 2 = 2, 2 10 7 Pa

Chng 1 (tip theo)

M U & CC TNH CHT CA LU CHT

TNH NN (tt)
dp
E
=
Van toc truyen am trong lu chat: c =
d

oi vi kh ly tng trong qua trnh nen ang entropi:

kp
c=
= kRT

V du: khong kh 15,55oC(tc khoang 60oF hay 288,55oK)

k=1,40
R = 287m2/s2K

c = 340,5m/s.
Nc 20oC co
E = 2,2 GN/m2
= 998,2kg/m3

c = 1484 m/s

K thng dung cho chat long, hau nh la hang so, rat t phu thuoc vap ap suat va
nhiet o
Hau het cac loai chat long rat kho nen nen c xem nh la lu chat khong nen
Mot dong kh chuyen ong vi van toc nho th s thay oi khoi lng rieng khong
ang ke nen van c xem la lu chat khong nen.
Khi dong kh chuyen ong vi van toc ln hn 0,3 lan van toc am thanh (khoang
100 m/s) thi mi xem la lu chat nen c

V du: Mot bnh bang thep co the tch = 0,2m3 cha ay

nc ieu kien chuan. Tm gia tang ap suat nc trong
bnh sau khi nen them vao = 2 lt nc cung ieu kien
chuan trong 2 trng hp:
1) Bnh c xem nh tuyet oi cng.
2) Bnh dan n. The tch bnh gia tang =0,01%/at cho moi
at ap suat gia tang.

d
dp = E
TNH NN (tt)

1) Bnh c xem nh tuyet oi cng bt = bs = b

th tch nc trc khi nn = ?

= trc = b + = 0,202m3
sau = b = 0,2m3
p = E

( b ) ( b + ' )

= E

b + '

= 2 , 2 10 9

0 , 002
= 2 ,18 10 7 Pa = 222 at
0 , 202

TNH NN (tt)

d
dp = E

2) Bnh dan bt = b

bs = ?

th tch nc trc khi nn = ?

= trc = b + = 0,202m3
sau = bs
p = E

p (at ) b '

b + '
' E (at )
p(at ) =
b E (at ) + b + '

bs = b [1 + p (at )]
2, 2.10 9 Pa
E (at ) =
= 2,24 .10 4 at
98100 Pa / at

(0,002 m ) (2,24.10 at )
=
= 68,9at
0,0001 (0,2m ) (2,24.10 at ) + (0,202 m )
3

V du 1: Noi ap lc gom phan tru tron co ng knh d=1000mm, dai l=2m; ay

va nap co dang ban cau. Noi cha ay nc vi ap suat p0. Xac nh the
tch nc can nen them vao noi e tang ap suat trong noi t p0=0 en
p1=1000at. Biet he so nen cua nc la p=4,112.10-5 cm2/kgf=4,19.10-10
m2/N. Xem nh bnh khong gian n khi nen
Giai:
Goi V0 ; p0 la the tch va ap suat nc trang thai au; e sau khi nen
co:
V1 ; p1 la the tch va ap suat nc trang thai sau;
Nh vay sau khi nen them nc vao, the tch nc V1 trong bnh chnh
la the tch bnh:

4 d d
V1 = + l = 2.094395m 3
3 2 2

d
Ta co:

p . p.V1
V / V0
V /( V1 V )
p =
=
V =
p
p
p p 1

The so vao ta c : V = V1 - V0 = -89.778lt

Vay can nen them vao bnh 89.778 lt nc

V du
2:

Giai:

Dau mo c nen trong xi lanh bang thep thanh day tiet dien eu nh
hnh ve. Xem nh thep khong an hoi. Cot dau trc khi nen la h=1,5 m,
va mc thuy ngan nam v tr A-A. Sau khi nen, ap suat tang t 0 at len
50 at, th mc thuy ngan dch chuyen len mot khoang h=4 mm. Tnh suat
an hoi cua dau mo
nc
Thep
Hg

p =

V / V0
S.h / S.h h
=
=
= 5.44E-10
p
p
p.h

1
K = = 1.84E+ 09
p

N/m2

m2 / N

Dau
mo
h

V du 3: Mot bnh thep co the tch tang 1% khi ap suat tang them 70 MPa.
ieu kien chuan, bnh cha ay nc 450 kg ( nc=1000kg/m3). Biet
Kn=2,06.109 Pa. Tm khoi lng nc can them vao ( ieu kien
chuan) e tang ap suat trong bnh len 70 MPa.
Giai cach 1:

450
3
=
0
.
45
m
The tch bnh luc au VB tnh nh sau:
1000
0,45 m3 cung chnh la the tch nc ban au trong bnh .k chuan.
VB =

Goi V0 ; p0 la the tch va ap suat nc trang chuan; e sau khi nen tr thanh
V1 ; p1 (la the tch va ap suat nc trang thai sau);
Ta co the ly luan c V1 chnh la the tch bnh luc sau:

V1 = VB + 1% VB = 0.4545m 3
Ta co:

K = V0

p
K.V1
= 0.470487m3
V0 =
(V1 V0 )
K p

Nh vay, the tch nc can nen them vao bnh (tnh vi ieu kien chuan): la:

V = V0 - VB = 0 ,470487 0 ,45 = 0.020487m

Tng ng vi khoi lng:

M = 20.48744kg

Mot bnh thep co the tch tang 1% khi ap suat tang them 70 MPa. ieu
V du 3: kien chuan, bnh cha ay nc 450 kg ( =1000kg/m3). Biet
nc
Kn=2,06.109 Pa. Tm khoi lng nc can them vao ( ieu kien chuan)
e tang ap suat trong bnh len 70 MPa.
Giai cach 2:

450
3
=
0
.
45
m
The tch bnh luc au VB tnh nh sau:
1000
Goi V0 ; p0 la the tch va ap suat nc trong bnh trang ban au; V0=VB
V1 ; p1 la the tch va ap suat nc nc trong bnh trang thai sau;
Nh vay sau khi nen trong bnh con rong mot the tch la:
VB =

V1 = (V0 - V1) +1%VB = V +1%VB

Ta co:

p
V0 .p
V0 .p
K = V0
V =
V1 =
+ 1%VB = 0.019791m3
V
K
K

V1 la the tch phan rong ma ta can bo sung nc them vao bnh ng vi ap suat p1
e tnh the tch nc V0 tng ng o vi ieu kien ap suat p0, ta can tnh lai mot
p
K.V1
lan na qua suat an hoi K: K = V
V =
V = 0.020487m 3
0

V1 V0

K p

Nh vay, the tch nc can nen them vao bnh (tnh vi ieu kien chuan p0) : la:

V0 = 0.020487m 3
Tng ng vi khoi lng: M = 20.48744kg

V du 4: Nen kh vao bnh thep co the tch 0,3 m3 di ap suat 100at. Sau thi gian b
ro, ap suat trong bnh con lai 90 at. Bo qua s bien dang cua bnh. Tm the
tch kh b ro ng vi . kien ap suat kh tri pa=1at. Xem qua trnh nen la
ang nhiet
Giai
Goi V0 ; p0 la the tch va ap suat kh trong bnh trang chuan ban au;
V1 ; p1 la the tch va ap suat cung cua khoi kh o trang thai sau;
Ta co:

V0 p 0 = V1p1 V1 =

V0 p
= 0.333333m
p1

(V1-V0)=V la the tch kh b mat i (v bnh ch con cha lai V0), ng vi ap suat 90 at :
e tnh the tch kh Va tng ng o vi ieu kien ap suat pa, ta can tnh lai mot
lan na :

Va =

V.p1
= 3m 3
pa

V du 4a: (xem Baitap+2.xls, SV t giai)

Mt bnh gas ban u co khi lng M = 15 kg co ap sut d po = 500 kPa . Sau

mt thi gian s dng , ap sut d trong bnh con li p = 300 Kpa. Bit v bnh
gas co khi lng 5 kg va khong b thay i khi ap sut thay i. Tnh khi
lng gas a s dng trong thi gian tren
M

p0,Kpa

p1, Kpa

Mvo

Mgaz0

Mgaz1

Mgazsudung

15

500

300

10

6.656078

3.34392242

Chng 1 (tip theo)

M U & CC TNH CHT CA LU CHT

TNH NHT
ng suat xuat hien do au?
oi vi chat ran, ng suat xuat hien khi vat the b bien
dang an hoi.
oi vi lu chat, ng suat xuat hien do nht.
V the ngi ta noi vat ran an hoi, con lu chat nht
Tnh nht ca lu cht th hin s li i ko li khi c
chuyn ng tng i gia cc phn t lu cht

Chng 1 (tip theo)

M U & CC TNH CHT CA LU CHT

TNH NHT (tt)
Quan h gia bin dng v ng sut tip:
l
M

Phan t lu
chat thi
iem, t

y
x

ng suat tiep:
Suat bien dang:

Phan t lu chat
thi iem, t+dt

y
N

Lc, dFx,
Van toc, du

Fx
dFx
xy = lim
=
A y 0 A
dA y
y
d dl dy du
lim
=
=
=
t 0 t
dt
dt
dy

Chng 1 (tip theo)

M U & CC TNH CHT CA LU CHT

TNH NHT (tt)
Lu chat newton la cac
lu chat co ng suat tiep
t le thuan vi suat bien
dang.
du
=
dy
Lu chat phi newton la
cac lu chat co ng suat
tiep khong t le thuan vi
suat bien dang.

Bingham plastic
Pseudoplastic
Dilatant

Newtonian

Suat bien dang du/dy

du
=
dy

: ng suat tiep, n v N/m2 = Pa (SI)

: o nht tuyet oi hay o nht ong lc hoc, hay goi tat
la o nht. :[kg /(m.s ); N .s /(m 2 ); Pa.s, poise];1 poise = 0,1kg /(m.s)
=

:[ m 2 / s; stokes ];1st = 10 4 m 2 / s

= / : o nht ong hoc.

Th nguyen [
] = FTL-2 n v N.s/m2 = Pa.s
[
] = L2T-1 n v m2/s (SI)
du/dy la suat bien dang hay gradient van toc hay bin
thin vn tc theo phng vuong goc vi chuyn ng

Nh vay lc ma sat nht se tnh bang

Fms = A

n ="" du
dn

o nht ong lc hoc la mot ac tnh cua lu chat lien quan

en ng suat tiep va chuyen ong cua lu chat o. Vi lu

chat Newton, o nht la hang so phu thuoc loai lu chat.
o nht

sc ht phn t
s trao i ng lng gia cc phn t lu cht

Tnh chat cua he so nht :

Chat long:
He so nht phu thuoc vao nhiet o
Chat kh:
Chat long:
He so nht phu thuoc vao ap suat:
Chat kh :

u
A

giam
tang
tang
khong oi

Chat long Newton va phi Newton

Hau het cac loai lu chat thong thng nh nc,
xang, dau eu thoa man cong thc Newton, tuy
nhien co mot so chat long (hac n, nha nong chay,
dau tho ..) khong tuan theo cong thc Newton c
goi la chat long phi Newton, hoac oi vi chat
long thong thng khi chay trang thai chay roi
cung khong tuan theo cong thc Newton.

khi nhiet o tang

khi nhiet o tang
khi p tang
khi p thay oi

l.c ly tng du/dn

TNH NHT (tt)

Cong thc Sutherland
(dung cho chat kh):

CT 3 2
=
T +S
C, S la cac hang so thc nghiem
T la nhiet o tuyet oi

Cong thc Andrade

(dung cho chat long):

= DeB / T

D, B la cac hang so

Chng 1 (tip theo)

M U & CC TNH CHT CA LU CHT

TNH NHT (tt)
V du 2: Chat long newton (he so nht 1,9152Pa.s) chay
gia 2 tam phang song song, vi van toc phan bo theo qui
luat :
2
3V y
u=
1
2 h

V la van toc trung bnh.

Vi V = 0,6m/s va h = 0,51m.
Tnh ng suat tiep tac dung len tam di va tai iem gia.

Chng 1 (tip theo)

M U & CC TNH CHT CA LU CHT

TNH NHT (tt)
Giai:

2
3V y
u=
1
2 h

du
3Vy
= 2
dy
h
du

Tren mat tam di: td

dy

du
=
dy

td = (1,9152 Pa ).

3V

h
y= h

3 (0,6m / s )
= 6,759 N m 2
(0,51m )

du
Tai iem gia: y = 0 , du/dy = 0 dg =
dy

=0

y =0

TNH NHT (tt)

V du 1: Mot tam phang chuyen ong tren tam phang th 2
vi lp chat long boi trn gia co chieu day d =0,3mm.
Vi d nho ta gia thiet rang van toc cua cac lp chat long
phan bo theo qui luat tuyen tnh.
He so nht cua chat long la 0,65 centipoise va t trong la
y
0,88.
d=0,3mm

V=0,3m/s

Xac nh: ng suat tiep tai tam phang tren va tam phang
di.

Chng 1 (tip theo)

M U & CC TNH CHT CA LU CHT

TNH NHTy (tt)
du
=
dy

V=0,3m/s

d=0,3mm

= 0 , 65 centipoise = 0 , 65 10 3 Pa .s
du u V 0 V
0 .3 m s
1
=
=
= =
=
1000
s
dy y d 0 d 0.3 10 3 m

tren

du
= 0,65 103 Pa.s . 1000s 1 = 0,65Pa
= duoi =
dy y=d

)(

V du
5:

ng ong co ng knh d, dai l, dan dau vi he so nhn , khoi lng

rieng . Dau chuyen ong theo quy luat sau:
u=ady-ay2 (a>0; 0<=y<=d/2). Tm lc ma sat cua dau len thanh ong

Giai
Chon truc toa o nh hnh ve, xet lp chat long bat ky co toa
o y (lp chat long nay co dien tch la dien tch mat tru co
ng knh (d-2y)). Ta co:

du
=
= ( 2 ay + ad )
dy

Tai thanh ong: y=0; suy ra:

= (ad )
Nh vay lc ma sat cua dau len thanh ong la:

Fms = A = ( ad ).( ld ) = ald 2

umax

V du
6:

Tam phang dien tch A trt ngang tren mat phang tren lp dau boi trn
co be day t, he so nht vi van toc V. Tm phan bo van toc lp dau
theo phng phap tuyen n cua chuyen ong

Giai
Phan tch lc tac dung len lp chat long bat ly
co toa o n nh hnh ve, ta co:

du
F
F
F = Fms = A
du =
dn u =
n+C
dn
A
A

n
N
,t

Fms
0
G

Tai n=0 ta co u=0, suy ra C=0

F
VA
Tai n=t ta co u=V, suy ra:
V =
tF =
A
t
Thay vao tren ta co c bien thien u tren n theo quy luat tuyen tnh:

V
u= n
t
Nhan xet thay ng suat tiep =const tren phng n

V
F

V du Tam phang dien tch A=64 cm2 ; nang Gp=7,85N trt tren mat phang
7: nghieng goc =120 tren lp dau boi trn co be day t=0,5mm, vi van toc
eu V=0,05 m/s. Tm he so nht cua lp dau va cong suat e keo tam
phang ngc doc vi van toc neu tren. Cho dau=8820 N/m3
Giai
Bay gi tam phang chuyen ong nh lc trong
trng G chieu tren phng chuyen ong:

G sin = Fms
du
A
= (G p + A(t n )) sin
dn
G p t
sin

du =
+ sin
n dn

G p t
sin n
u =
+ sin n
+C
2
A

Tai n=0 ta co u=0, suy ra

Tai n=t ta co u=V, suy ra:

C=0

G p t
sin t 2
V =
+ sin t
2
A
G p t
2
=
+
sin

t
=
2
.
56
Ns
/
m

AV
2
V

e keo tam phang ngc len vi van toc

V=0,05 m/s, ta can tac ong vao tam phang mot
lc ngc len theo phng chuyen ong co gia
tr bang Fk:

du
Fk = G sin + Fms A
= Fk G p sin A(t n) sin
dn
V =

Fk G p sin At sin
A

The cong thc tnh vao ta c:

A sint 2
VA
A sint
Fk =
+ G sin +
t+
2 A
t
2

Fk = 2G sin + A sin t

Nh vay ta can mot cong suat la :

N = V .Fk = V (2G sin + A sin t ) = 0.164W

V du
Mot loai nht co , chay eu tren mat phang nghieng 1 goc so vi
8:
mat phang ngang. Tm be day t cua lp nht.
Giai
Chon he truc toa o nh hnh ve. Xet lc tac dung len mot lp vi phan chat long
can bang, toa o y :
G sin = Fms

du
A
= (t y) sin
dn

sin

du =
(t y) dy

sin t 2 sin t 2
u y =t ut =0 =

Ta biet rang tai y=0 th u=0, tai y=t th u=V; nen:

t =

2V
sin

V du
9:

Mot truc co ng knh d=10cm c gi thang ng bi mot o truc dai

l=25cm. Khe h ong truc co be day khong oi bang h=0,1mm c boi
trn bang dau nht co =125cpoise. Truc quay vi toc o n=240 vong/ph.
Tm ngau lc can do o truc gay ra va cong suat tieu hao.

Giai

=125cpoise=1,25 poise=1,25dyne.s/cm2=0,125 Ns/m2

Chon he truc toa o nh hnh ve. Xet mot lp chat long toa o y tnh t thanh
ran, ta tm moment lc ma sat cua lp chat long nay:
h
du
M ms = A(r + h y ) = 2l (r + h y ) 2
dy
Khi truc quay on nh th Mms=Mtruc=const
l

M
1
du = 2l (r + h y ) 2 d (r + h y)

Tai y=0
th u=0:

M
1
u =
+C
2l (r + h y )
M
1
M
1
1

C=
u =

2l (r + h)
2l r + h y r + h

Tai y=h th u=V= r= nr/30:

nr
M 1
1

30 2l r r + h

d
u
0
y

y
r

Suy ra moment ma sat:

Cong suat tieu hao:

M=

2 nl r 2 (r + h)
15

= 6.156166Nm

N = F .V = F ..r = M . = M

n
30

= 154.72W

e n gian, ta xem phan bo van toc theo phng y la tuyen tnh, luc ay:

M = tru Atru r =

r
h

.2.rl.r =

2 nlr 3
15h

= 6.168503Nm

V du 10:

Khe h be day t gia hai a tron ng knh d nam ngang cung truc
c boi trn bang dau nht co ,. Mot a co nh, mot a quay
vi toc o n vong/ph. Tm ngau lc can va cong suat.

Chon he truc toa o nh hnh ve. Xet mot vi phan lp chat long hnh vanh khuyen
day dr toa o y tnh t a co nh di, lc ma sat tac dung len vi phan nay la:

du
dFms = dA =
2rdr
dy

ay la chuyen ong tng oi gia hai tam phang ngang, nen ta chap nhan c
quy luat tuyen tnh cua van toc theo phng y:
r
2 2
y
dFms =
2rdr =
r dr
n
t
t
r
2 3
d
Suy ra :
dM ms = dFms .r =
r dr
2rdr.r =
V=r
t
t
t
d /2
2 3
2 r 4
Nh vay moment ma sat: M =
r dr =
0
0

M=

Cong suat :

2 n d 4
960.t

N = M . = M

n
30

3n 2 d 4
28800.t

dr
y

AP SUAT HI
La ap suat hi tren be mat chat long kn. Khi toc o boc hi
cua cac phan t lu chat bang toc o ngng tu th tren
be mat lu chat at ti ap suat hi bao hoa.

Tai mot so vung nao o trong dong chay neu ap suat

tuyet oi nho hn gia tr ap suat hi, chat long se soi va
tao bot. Cac bot nay khi v se gay ton hai en be mat
cua thanh ran goi la hien tng xam thc kh.

Ap suat hi bao hoa tang theo nhiet o

V du 20 0C, pbao hoa cua nc la 0,025 at=0,25 m nc
1000C, pbao hoa cua nc la 1at=10mnc
Khi ap suat chat long Ap suat hi bao hoa chat long bat au soi (hoa kh).
V du co the cho nc soi 200C neu ha ap suat xuong con 0,025at.
Trong mot so ieu kien cu the, hien tng Cavitation (kh thc) xay ra khi ap suat
chat long nho hn Pbao hoa

Chng 1 (tip theo)

M U & CC TNH CHT CA LU CHT

SC CANG BE MAT
Sc cang be mat la lc hut phan t tren mot n v
chieu dai cua be mat chat long.
Th nguyen []=F/L, n v: N/m (SI)
Chenh lech ap suat ben trong (i) va ben ngoai (e) cua
vong tron dien tch R2 la:
p = p i p e =

2
R

pR2

Lc tac dung len na

hat chat long

Chng 1 (tip theo)

M U & CC TNH CHT CA LU CHT

SC CANG BE MAT (tt)
Hien tng mao dan xuat hien trong cac ong nho, tai
mat giao tiep gia ran long kh, gay ra bi sc cang
be mat.

Nc

2 cos
h=
R

Thuy ngan

Chng 1 (tip theo)

M U & CC TNH CHT CA LU CHT

SC CANG BE MAT (tt)
V du: Ap suat oi khi c o bang cach o o cao cot chat
long trong ong thang ng. Xac nh ng knh nho nhat
cua ong thuy tinh sach ( 0o) sao cho o dang cua nc
(20oC) trong ong do hien tng mao dan khong qua 1mm.
2 cos
h=
R
e co h = 1mm th:
Nc 20oC
2 (0,0728 N / m )
R
=
= 0,0149m
= 0,0728N/m
3
3
(
9789 N m )(10 m )
3
= 9789N/m .
D min = 2 R = 0 ,0298 m = 29 ,8 mm
o
0

2.5 Sc cang be mat va hien tng mao dan:

Xet lc hut gia cac phan t chat long va kh
tren be mat thoang:

Fkh
Fnc

Fkh < Fnc con lc tha hng vao chat long,;

la
lam be mat chat long nh mang mong b cang ;
Sc cang be mat : lc cang tren 1 n v chieu dainam trong be mat
cong vuong goc vi ng bat ky tren be mat
hat nc co dang cau
hien tng mao dan
h

h
nc

Ftt-n>Fn

Fn<<<FHg<Ftt

Ftt-Hg<FHg

Hg

III. CAC LC TAC DUNG TRONG LU CHAT

r
Fk
F = lim
V 0 V
r
F = ( Fx , Fy , Fz )

Noi lc
Ngoai lc

Lc khoi

Cng o
lc khoi

V du ve lc khoi:
Lc khoi la lc trong trng G : Fx=0, Fy=0 , Fz=-g
Lc khoi la G+Fqt (theo phng x): Fx=-a, Fy=0 , Fz=-g
Lc khoi la G+Fly tam
: Fx=
2x, Fy=
2y, Fz=-g

Fm
= lim
A0 A
r
= ( , n )
r

Lc mat

Cng o
lc mat

n
Khi lu chat tnh: =0
p = n: Ap suat thuy
tnh

CHNG 2

TNH HOC LU CHAT

I. HAI TNH CHAT CUA AP SUAT THUY TNH

1. p A va hng vao A. (suy ra t nh ngha).
2. Gia tr p tai mot iem khong phu thuoc vao hng at cua be mat tac dung.
Xem phan t lu chat nh mot t dien vuong goc at tai goc toa o nh hnh ve:
Cac lc len phan t lu chat:
Lc mat : pxyz; pyxz; pzyx; pnys.
z

Lc khoi: Fxyz.

pn

Tong cac lc tren phng x phai bang khong:

pxyz - pnys(z/s) + Fxxyz = 0
Chia tat ca cho yz :
px - pn + Fxx = 0 px = pn khi x 0.
Chng minh tng t cho cac phng khac
Suy ra:

px =py = pz = pn

px

y
s
pz

II. PHNG TRNH VI PHAN C BAN

Xet lu chat trang thai can bang co the tch W gii han bi dien tch A.
Ta co tong cac lc tac dung len lu chat =0:
Lc khoi + lc mat = 0:
W
Fdw pdA = 0

n
A
w
A
Ta xet tren truc x:
b .d .Gauss
p

F dw p dA = 0 F dw div (p.n
x

)dw = 0

( p x n xx ) ( p y n xy ) ( p z n xz
= 0
Fx
+
+
y
z
x
( p x n xx )
(p)
p=p x =p y = pz
Fx
= 0

Fx
=0
x
x

Xet tng t cho cac truc khac

Ket luan:

Fdw pdA = 0 Fdw grad (p)dw = 0

w

1
F grad ( p ) = 0

III. TCH PHAN PHNG TRNH VI PHAN C BAN

1 p
F

=
0

dx

x x

1 p
1
= 0 dy + (Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz) dp = 0
Fy
y

1 p
= 0 dz
Fz
z

pa

Chat long nam trong trng trong lc: Fx, Fy=0, Fz=-g: pA
1
p
=const
gdz= dpgz+ = const

p
pA
pB
hay: z + = const zA + = zB +

hay: pB = pA + hAB hay p = pa+h

(2)
(1), (2) la phng trnh thuy tnh

hAB
pB

(1)

chuan 0

zA
zB

Chat kh nam trong trng trong lc, nen c:

pV
p
=R
hay
= RT
Xem nh chat kh la kh ly tng:
T

1
RT
gdz = dp gdz =
dp

p
Neu biet c ham phan bo nhiet o theo o cao, v du: T=T0 az; a>0,
T0 la nhiet o ng vi o cao z=0 (thong thng la mc nc bien yen lang):
gdz =

R(T0 az)
dp
dz
g
dp
= g
ln p =
ln(T0 az) + ln(C)
p
p
R(T0 az)
aR
p = C(T0 az)

aR

Goi p0 la ap suat ng vi z=0:

Phng trnh kh tnh:

p 0 = CT0

aR

C=

T0 az

p = p0
T

p0
g

T0 aR
g

aR

V du 1:

Ap suat tuyet oi tai mat bien yen lang la 760mmHg, tng ng vi

nhiet o T=288 0K. Nhiet o tang kh quyen giam 6,5 o K khi len cao
1000m cho en luc nhiet o at 216,5 o K th gi khong oi. Xac
nh ap suat va khoi lng rieng cua khong kh o cao 14500m. Cho
R=287 J/kg.0K

Giai:
T0 la nhiet o ng vi o cao z=0 (mat bien yen lang):
Ta tm ham phan bo nhiet o theo o cao: T=T0 az; vi a=0, 0065
Cao o ng vi nhiet o T1=216,5 o K la z1= 11000m
Suy ra:

216,5=288 0,0065z1

Nh vay t z0=0 en z1=11000m, ap suat bien thien theo phng trnh kh tnh:
g

T az

p = p 0 0
T0
p1 = 0.1695mHg

T:

aR

T az1

p1 = p 0 0
T0

g
aR

216,5 0.0065 *11000

= 0.76

216,5

9.81
0.0065*287

p
p1
0 . 1695 * 13 . 6 * 9 . 81 * 10 3
= RT 1 =
=
= 0.364 kg/m
RT 1
287 * 216 . 5

T z1=11000 m en z2=14500m, nhiet o khong oi nen:

RT1
RT1

RT1
RT1 dp
RT1
dp dz =
ln p + ln(C) = ln Cp g Cp g = e z
gdz =
z=

p
g p
g

Tai o cao z1 ta co ap suat bang p1; suy ra:

C=

z1

(p1 )

RT1
g

p = p1e

( z1 z )

g
RT1

Nh vay tai o cao z2 =14500m ta tnh c:

p 2 = p1e

( z1 z 2 )

g
RT1

= 0.17 * e

(1100014500 )

9.81
278*216.5

= 0.09752 mHg = 97.52mmHg

va:

p 21
2 =
= 0.209kg / m 3
p1

IV. MAT ANG AP, P TUYET OI, P D, P CHAN KHONG

Mat ang ap cua chat long nam trong trng trong lc la mat phang nam
ngang
Phng trnh mat ang ap:
Ap suat d :

Fxdx + Fydy + Fzdz=0

pd = pt - pa

Neu tai mot iem co pd < 0 th tai o co ap suat chan khong pck
pck= -pd = pa pt
p trong phng trnh thuy tnh la ap suat tuyet oi pt. hoac ap suat d

0
5
Cc im nao (?) c p sut bng nhau;
trong oan ong 2-5-6 cha chat kh hay
chat long ?

6
3

7
4

V. NG DUNG
1. Cac ap ke:
pa

p=0, chan khong tuyet oi

paB

B
htA

pA = pB + htd

hdA
A

pduA = pduB + hdu = hdu

2. nh luat bnh thong nhau:

T p.tr thuy tnh:
Suy ra

pA=pA+ 2h2; pB=pB+ 1h1

1h1=2h2

hckA

pduA = pduB hck pckA = hck

A
A

2 h
2
A

h1
B
1

3. nh luat Pascal:
Tai mot v tr nao o trong lu chat nep ap
suat tang len mot ai lng p th ai lng
nay se c truyen i trong toan mien lu
chat ng dung trong may nen thuy lc.

p=f/a

F=pA

Pascal 1623-1662 , Phap

4. Bieu o phan bo ap suat chieu sau:

pa
h

pa

pa

pa+h
pck

pd/=h

pd=h

pck

pck

pck

pck/

h
pck/-h

pck-h

h1=pck/

pd=0, pt=pa

pd/=h-h1

5 . Phan bo ap suat tren mot mat cong:

h
p/=h

pck/

p/=h

6 . Ap ke vi sai:

pa

papa+ p

Ban au th p1=p2=pa:

1h1= 2h2

Khi ap suat ong ben trai tang len p: p1=pa+p; p2=pa

pa + p = p A = p B 1h AB = pC + 2 h BC 1h AB

1
h1

h2

= pa + 2 h BC 1h AB

p = 2hBC 1hAB = 2 (h2 h + z) 1(h1 h z)

p = h ( 1 2 ) + z(1 + 2 )
Goi A, a lan lt la dien tch ngang ong ln va ong nho:

ah
a.h = A.z z =
A

ah
p = h(1 2 ) + ( 1 + 2 )
A

B
h
0

VI. LC TAC DUNG LEN THANH PHANG

pa

Gia tr lc
F du = p du dA =
A

hdA =

y sin dA

= sin ydA = sin y C A = h C A =

A

p du
C A

hD
hC

xD =

IC
yD = yC +
yCA
sin I xy
F

I xy
yCA

Ix ' y '
x D = xC +
ycA

y yC
I x 'y ' + x C y C A

yD

Tam ap
lc

I C + y C2 A
sin I xx
I xx
yD =
=
=
F
yCA
yCA

Tng t :

dA
C
D

y DF = ydF = y sin ydA = sin y 2dA = sin Ixx y

Suy ra:

Fdu = p du
C A

iem at lc
A

O(x)

x
Ixx=Ic+yC2A
Ixy=Ixy+xCyCA
Ic

yCA

Ic: M. q tnh cua A so vi truc //0x va qua C

Ixy: M. q tnh cua A so vi trong tam C

Lc tac dung len thanh phang ch nhat ay nam ngang:

hA + hB
pC =
2

hA + hB
F = ApC =
(AB)b
2

hA
A
C*

hB

D
B

at:

=(hA+hB).(AB)/2

Suy ra:

F=b
BD=[(hB+2hA)/(hB+hA)].(AB)/3

hA

hB

VII. LC TAC DUNG LEN THANH CONG N GIAN

F = Fx2 + Fy2 + Fz2

Az
O(y)

Thanh phan lc theo phng x

Fx = dFx = pdA cos(n, ox)

A

hdA x =

hdA x = p cx A x

Ax

Thanh phan lc theo phng z

dAz

pa x
Mat
cong A

h
Ax
dAx
z

dA

(n,ox)
n

dFx

Fz = dFz = hdA cos(n, oz)

A

= hdA z = W
A

W: the tch vat ap lc: la the tch cua vat thang ng gii han bi mat cong A
va hnh chieu thang ng cua A len mat thoang t do (Az)

pa

Cac v du ve vat ap lc W:
pa

pd
w

pd/
Fz

pck
Fz

pck

pck/
pa

pa

pck

w
Fz
w
Pa
Pdu

Fz

pck/

w1

pck/

Fz1

pa

w2

pa

Fz

Fz2
Pck

Pa

Pck

Fz

Fz

w
Pa

pa

pa
pd

pd

Fz
W1: phan cheo lien net
Fz1 hng xuong.
W2: phan cheo cham
cham
Fz2 hng len.
W=W1-W2
Fz hng len

Fz
W1: phan cheo lien net
Fz1 hng len.
W2: phan cheo cham cham
Fz2 hng xuong.
W=W1-W2
Fz hng xuong

Lc ay Archimede:

Ar = W2 W1 = W

Ar
W1
W
W2 (phan gach cheo)

Archimede

287-212 BC

VIII. S CAN BANG CUA MOT VAT TRONG LU CHAT

G
Ar
Vat chm l lng

Vat noi

D
C

C
D

G
on nh

Ar
khong on nh

G
C

yy

D
Ar

MD =

I yy
W

Ar

DC
G
Phiem nh
Ar

Ar
C

Ar = G

M
D

G
on nh: MD>CD
M cao hn C

M
D

G
khong on nh:MD<CD
M thap hn C

M: Tam nh khuynh.
Iyy: Moment quan tnh cua dien tch mat noi A so vi truc quay yy.
W: the tch nc b vat chiem cho

VIII. NG DUNG
V du 2:

Ta co:

Tnh z, pa=76cmHg, nb=11200 N/m3; Hg=133000

N/m3
pA = pB + Hg hAB=0.84 Hg + Hg hAB
= Hg (0.84+0.8)=1.64 Hg

pt =0

Mat khac: pA pa = nb .(z+0.4)

40cm
40cm

Suy ra:

Suy ra

pa

(z+0.4)=(pA pa )/ nb
=(1.64 Hg - 0.76 Hg )/ nb
=0.88(Hg / nb )
=0.88.133000/11200=10.45m
z = 10.05 m

B
A

Hg

84cm

V du 3:
Giai:

Bnh ay vuong canh a=2m. o vao bnh hai chat

long khac nhau, 1 =0,8; 2=1,1. V1=6m3; V2=5m3.
Tm pB

1= 1 n=0.8*9.81*10^3 N/m3
2= 2 n=1.1*9.81*10^3 N/m3

pa
1

h1
A

Goi h2 la be day cua lp chat long 2: h2=(5/4)m.

Goi h1 la be day cua lp chat long 1: h1=(6/4)m.

h2

B
h=1m
a=2m

Ta co hAB = h2 h = 0.25m
Suy ra: pB=pA+2*hAB= pA + 2*(0.25)
Suy ra: pB= pa+ 1*h1 + 2*(0.25)
Suy ra: pdu B= 0+ 1*(1.5) + 2*(0.25)=9.81*103(0.8*1.5+1.1*0.25)=14.5 m nc

Th nghim: Ottovon Guericke (8.5.1654) ti Maydeburg, c

Dng 2 bn cu D = 37 cm, bt kn v ht kh p sut tuyt i trong
qa cu bng khng .
Cho 2 n nga ko vn khng tch bn cu ra c. Vy phi cn 1 lc
bng bao nhiu tch hai bn cu ra (xem lc dnh gia 2 bn cu khng
ng k)

Chn khng p(tuyt i) = 0

F =?

F =?

Van phang AB hnh ch nhat cao 1,5m, rong 2m, quay quanh truc A
V du 4: nam ngang nh hnh ve. Tnh ap lc nc tac dung len van . Tnh lc
F (xem hnh ve) e gi van ng yen
Giai:

Gia tr lc:

Fn

du

3
= p du
A
=

h
A
=
9
.
81
*
10
* (5 1,5 / 2) *1,5 * 2
C
C

= 125.0775 KN
V tr iem at lc D:

2 * 1 .5
I
12
y D = y C + C = 4.25 +
= 4.294m
yC A
4.25 *1.5 * 2

DB = 5 4.294m = 0.706m

pa

yC=hC

5m

Tnh cach khac:

1,5m

h B + 2h A AB 5 + 2 * 3.5 1.5
DB =
.
=
= 0.706m
hB + hA 3
5 + 3.5 3
e tnh lc F gi van yen, ta can bang moment:
Suy ra:

Fn

C*

C
D
B
y

Fn(AD)=F(AB)

F=Fn(AD)/(AB)=125.07*(1.5-0.706)/(1.5) = 66.22 KN

yD

F?

Van phang ABE hnh tam giac eu co the quay quanh truc A nam ngang
V du 5: nh hnh ve. Tnh ap lc nc tac dung len van va v tr iem ac lc D .
Tnh lc F ngang (xem hnh ve) e gi van ng yen
Giai:

pa

hC = 3+2/3 = 3.666m
AB chnh la chieu cao cua tam giac eu,
2
2
4
AB =
=
=
= 2.31m
0
sin(60 )
3
3
2

3m

Canh ay AE cua tam giac: AE=2*AB/tg(600)=2.667m

2m

Dien tch A cua tam giac: A=(AE)*(AB)/2=3.079 m2

E
hC

A
C

Fn

Ap lc: Fndu =hCA=9.81*3.666*3.079 = 110,76 KN

Toa o yC = OC= hC/sin(600) = 4.234m

=600

C
D

B
F

B
y

b * h3
2.667 * 2.313
I
36
OD = y D = y C + C = y C + 36 = 4.234 +
= 4.304m
yCA
yCA
4.234 * 3.079
Fn(AD)=F(2)

Suy ra:

F=Fn(AD)/(2)=110.76*(OD-OA)/2 = 110.76*(4.304-3.464)/2 =46.507 KN

V du 6:

Giai:

Van phang ABE hnh tam giac eu co the quay quanh truc A nam
ngang nh hnh ve. Tnh ap lc nc tac dung len van va v tr iem ac
lc D . Tnh lc F ngang (xem hnh ve) e gi van ng yen
pa

hC = 1+ 3+2/3 = 4.666m
AB chnh la chieu cao cua tam giac eu,
2
2
4
AB =
=
=
= 2.31m
0
sin(60 )
3
3
2

1m

P0du = 0,1at
E
A

3m hC
A

Canh ay AE cua tam giac: AE=2*AB/tg(600)=2.667m

Dien tch A cua tam giac: A=(AE)*(AB)/2=3.079 m2
Ap lc: Fndu =hCA=9.81*4.666*3.079 = 140,97 KN
Toa o yC = OC= hC

/sin(600)

2m

C
Fn

= 5.389m
b * h3
2.667 * 2.313
IC
36
OD = y D = y C +
= y C + 36 = 5.389 +
= 5.444m
yCA
yC A
5.389 * 3.079
Fn(AD)=F(2)
Suy ra:

=600

C
D

B
F

B
y

Ghi chu: OA=4/sin(600)

F=Fn(AD)/(2)=140.97*(OD-OA)/2 = 140.97*(5.444 4.619)/2 =58.133 KN

Van phang ABE hnh tam giac eu co the quay quanh truc A nam
V du 7: ngang nh hnh ve. Tnh ap lc nc tac dung len van va v tr iem
ac lc D . Tnh lc F ngang (xem hnh ve) e gi van ng yen
Giai:
pC = -hC = -9.81*103*(1+ 2-2/3) = -9.81*103* 2.333 N/m2

P0ck = 0,6at

AB =2.31 m
AE= 2.667m

Ap lc:

3m

A=3.079 m2

Fndu =-hCA=-9.81*2.333*3.079

= -70.483 KN

2m
hC

Toa o yC = - OC= hC/sin(600) = -2.694 m

3

Fn

1m
3

b*h
2.667 * 2.31
IC
36
OD = y D = y C +
= y C + 36 = 2.694 +
= -2.804m
yCA
yCA
2.694 * 3.079
Fn(AD)=F(2)
Suy ra:

C
=600
pa

B
F

B
O
y

Ghi chu: OA=3/sin(600)

F=Fn(AD)/(2)=140.97*(OA-OD)/2 = 70.483*(3.464 2.804)/2 =23.25 KN

V du 8: Mot ca van cung co dang hnh tru ban knh R=1,5m; dai
L=3m quay quanh truc nam ngang qua O. Van co khoi lng
6000 kg va trong tam at tai G nh hnh ve. Tnh ap lc nc tac
dung len van va v tr iem ac lc D . Xac nh moment can m
Giai:
van
1.5
Fx = p cx A x = h cx A = 9.81*10 * *1.5 * 3 = 33.10KN
2
3

2
R 2
3 *1.5
Fz = W =
L = 9.81*10 *
* 3 = 52KN
4
4

F = Fx2 + Fz2 = 33.102 + 522 = 61.65KN

Fz
52
tg() =
=
= 1.570796 = 57,520
Fx 33.1
M = G * 0.6 = 9.81* 6000 * 0.6 = 35316 Nm

pa
0,6m
1,5m
0,6mG
Fx
D

Fz

F
nc

V du 9: Mot hnh tru ban knh R=2m; dai L=2m v tr can bang nh
hnh ve . Xac nh trong lng cua phao va phan lc tai A
Giai:

pa

R A = Fx = p cx A x = h cx A x
2
= 9.81*10 * * 2 * 2
2
= 39.24KN

Fz1=W1
R
A

r
G + Fz1 + Fz 2 = 0
3 2
G = W2 - W1 = 9.81* L * ( R + R 2 )
4
G = 263.3941KN

nc
Fz2=W2

V du 10: Mot ca van cung co dang hnh tru ban knh R=1,5m; dai L=2m
quay quanh truc nam ngang qua O nh hnh ve. Tnh ap lc nc tac
dung len van va v tr iem ac lc D .
Giai:

AB =

2R 2 =

2 * 1 .5 2 = 2.12m

Fz1

pa

Fx = p cx A x = h cx A
= 9.81 * 10 3 *

2.12
* 2.12 * 2
2

= 44.145 KN
R 2 R 2
L
Fz = W =

2
4

450
450

2
2

*
1
.
5
1
.
5

3
* 2
= 9 .81 * 10 *

2
4
= 12.5989 KN

F = Fx2 + Fz2 = 44 .145 2 + 12 .60 2 = 45.91 KN

Fz
12 .6
tg ( ) =
=
= 0 .285 = 15 .92 0
Fx 44 .15

nc

Fz2
B

Fx

Fz

V du 11:

Mot khoi hnh hop canh a=0,3m ong chat ty trong 0,6 noi tren
nc nh hnh ve. Tnh chieu sau ngap nc x cua hnh hop .
Giai:

G = Ar
n*a2*x

0.6*n*a3 =

x= 0.6*a =0.6*0.3
x = 0.18 m

V du 12: Mt bnh bang sat hnh non cut khong ay ( =7.8) c up nh hnh
Giai:

v. ay ln R=1m, ay nho r=0,5m, cao H=4m, day b=3mm. Tnh

gii hn mc nc x trong bnh e bnh khoi b nhac len.

Vnoncuttrong = H(R 2 + r 2 + Rr ) / 3
Vnoncutngoai = H((R + b) 2 + (r + b) 2 + (R + b)(r + b)) / 3

Trong lng bnh:

G = n V = n (Vnoncutngoai Vnoncuttrong ) = 1000 * 7.8 * 0.057 = 441.96kgf

Ta tnh lc Fz hng len do nc tac dung len bnh:

T quan h: x = R rx r = R x (R r )
x
H R r
H
x 2 2

Fz = n W = n R 2 x
(R rx + Rrx )
3

x 2
x
x

2
= n
2
R

(
R

(
R

r
))

R
(
R

(
R

r
))

3
H
H

2
x 3R (R r )
(
R

r
)

= n
x
x = 392.7 x 2 16.36x 3

3
H
H

r
H

rx
x

W
R
Fz

ieu kien: G Fz
Suy ra: 441.96 Fz 16.36x 3 392.7 x 2 + 441.96 0 Giai ra c x 1.09 m

VIII. TNH HOC TNG OI

1.Nc trong xe chay ti trc nhanh dan eu:

z
O

Phan bo ap suat:

1
(Fxdx+ Fydy+ Fzdz) dp= 0 vi Fx=-a; Fy=0; Fz=-g

Suy ra:
1
p
(adx gdz) dp = 0 ax + gz + = C

H
B

g*

oi vi hai iem A,B thang ng:

pA
p
+ gzA = B + gzB pB = pA + hAB hay p = pa + h*

P.tr Mat ang ap:

a
(adx gdz) = 0 ax + gz = C z = x + C
g

2.Nc trong bnh tru quay eu quanh truc thang ng:

z

Phan bo ap suat:
ay: Fx=2x; Fy=2y; Fz=-g.
Suy ra:

2r
2 2
1
p

r
(2xdx+ 2 ydy gdz) dp = 0 z +
=C

2g

B
g

oi vi hai iem A,B thang ng:

2

pA 2rA
pB 2rB
*
zA +
= zB +
pB = pA + hAB hay p = pa + h

2g

2g
P.tr Mat ang ap:

2r 2
2r 2
( xdx+ ydy gdz) = 0 z
= Cz =
+C
2g
2g
2

H/2 H
H/2
A
r

IX. NG DUNG TNH TNG OI

Nguyen ly lang ly tam :

Fl

lWg

r <
l : noi vao
lW
2r

W
rWg

rW
2
r
r >
l : chm
ra
Fr

Hat dau quay cung trong nc se noi len mat thoang va tam bnh tru.
Hat cat quay cung trong nc se chm xuong va mep day bnh tru.

V du 13:
Mot thung hnh tru h cao H = 1,2 m cha nc o sau ho=1m va di chuyen
ngang theo phng x vi gia toc a = 4m/s2. Biet bnh co ng knh D = 2m.
Tnh ap lc cua nc tac dung len ay bnh trong luc di chuyen vi gia toc tren
Giai Chon goc toa o la giao iem cua truc bnh va mat thoang , p.tr mat
thoang:
a
z= x
g
4
z
=
1 = 0.407 m > H h 0 = 1.2 1 = 0.2m
D / 2
Tai x=-D/2:
9.81
D
Vay khi bnh chuyen ong nc tran ra ngoai. Sau khi
tran ra xong, mat thoang nc phai va cham mep sau h/
O
bnh. Gia s luc ay bnh dng lai, th mc nc trong h2
1
bnh con lai la h1. Ta co:
h
4
h
= z D / 2 =
1 = 0.407m h1 = H = 1.2 0.407 = 0.793m
2
9.81
2
D2
Suy ra lc tac dung len ay bnh luc ay la: F = h1 = 24.42 KN
4

H h
x

V du 14: Mot bnh tru D=100mm cha nc quay tron quanh truc thang ng qua

Giai

tam.
Khi mc chat long gia bnh ha thap xuong 200mm (so vi luc tnh) th bnh
quay vi van toc bao nhieu? Neu quay bnh vi n=800v.ph ma khong muon
ay b can th chieu cao toi thieu cua bnh phai bang bao nhieu?
z

Phng trnh mat thoang:

2 r 2
2 R 2
z=
H=
2g
2g

Khi mc nc gia bnh ha xuong 0,2m th H=0,4m.

Suy ra:
2 (0.05) 2
0.4 * 2 * 9.81
-1
0.4 =
=
=
56.03s
= 535vong / ph
2
2 * 9.81
(0.05)

2r

0.2 H
0m.2
A mr
B

Neu quay bnh vi n=800v/ph =83,76 s-1 ma khong muon ay b can th :

(83.76) 2 (0.05) 2
H=
= 0.896m
2 * 9.81
Vay chieu cao toi thieu cua bnh phai la 0.896 m

V du 15:

Giai
Ta co:

Mot bnh hnh hop kn (cao b, ay vuong canh a) cha nc ay

nc quay tron quanh truc thang ng qua tam. Biet tai A- tam ay
tren cua bnh la ap suat kh tri. Tnh lc tac dung len mat ben cua
bnh

h* =

Mat ang ap - pa

r
2g

2 2

h*

Lc tac dung len vi phan dAx

bang:
2

a
2
2

(y + )
b
4 bdy
dF = p C dA x = +
2

2g

a/2
2
2

a
2
Suy ra: F = 2 b +
0 2 2g ( y + 4 ) dy

A
C
dAx
r
y
0 a/2
a

b a 2 (a / 2 ) a 2 a

= 2 b
+
+

4 2
2 2 2g 3
3

ab 2 a 3 a 3
+
= 2 b +
4 2g 24 8

b 2a 2
F = ab +

2
6
g

V du 16:

Mot he thong gom 3 ong nghiem thang ng bang va thong nhau

quay quanh Oz qua ong gia nh hnh ve. Van toc quay n=116
vong/ph. Bo qua o nghieng mat nc trong ong. Tm pC, pO, pB trong
hai trng hp nut kn va khong nut C, C,

Giai:

Neu nut kn C,C th khi quay, nc khong di chuyen,

nhng ap suat tai C va C se tang len. Phng trnh
mat ang ap ap suat pC (chon goc toa o tai ay
parabol): 2 2
2
2

12.15 * 0.2
r
z=
h=
= 0.30 m
2g
2 * 9.81

Nh vay ap suat d tai C va C bang nhau va

bang: du
du
2

p C = p C ' = h = 9810 * 0.30 = 2951N/m

2
p du
=

*
0
.
4
=
9810
*
0.40
=
3924N/m
D
2
p du
=

*
(
0
.
4
+
0
.
3
)
=
6875
N/m
B

C
h

O
40cm

r=0.2m r=0.2m

Neu khong nut C,C th khi quay, nc tai A se ha thap

xuong h, va nc tai C va C se dang len h/2. Phng
trnh mat ang ap ap suat kh tri (chon goc toa o tai
ay parabol):

2 r 2
3
12.152 * 0.2 2
z=
h=
= 0.30 m h = 0.2m
2g
2
2 * 9.81

C A
O

pCdu = pCdu' = h / 2 = 9810*0.10 = 981N/m 2

2
p du
=

*
(
0
.
4

0
.
2
)
=
9810
*
0.2
=
1967.5N/m
D
2
*
(
0
.
4
0
.
1
)
4905
N/m
p du
=

+
=
B

r=0.2m r=0.2m

h/2
h

V du 17

Mot ong tron ban knh r = 1 m cha nc en na ong nh hnh

ve. Tren mat thoang kh co ap suat d po = 0,5 m nc. Biet nc
trang thai tnh. Tnh tong ap lc cua nc tac dung len mat cong
(BC) tren 1m dai cua ong
po

Giai:

r
Fx = p cx A x = (0,5 + )r.1 = 9810 * (0,5 + 0,5) *1 = 9810 N
2
r2
Fz = W = ( + 0,5r ).1 = 9810 *1.285 = 12605.85 N
4

F = Fx2 + Fz = 15973.2 N
2

V du 18

Mot ong o t trong nh hnh ve co khoi lng M = 0,045kg va tiet

dien ngang cua ong la = 290mm2 . Khi bo vao trong nc co t trong
N = 1 , ong chm en vach A, va khi bo vao trong dau co t trong D =
0,9 ong chm en vach B. Tm khoang cach oan AB

Giai:

G = gM = n W = d ( W + L AB)

Nc

G
G 1
1
W = ; L AB =
n
n d

L AB

9.81 * 0.045 1

*1000 = 17.24mm
6
290 *10 * 9810 0.9

Dau

V du 19: Bnh tru tron cha chat long trong o co tha phao hnh cau. Bnh nay lai
c nhung noi tren mat thoang be cha cung loai chat long. Biet :
Trong lng cua bnh la G1; Trong lng cua chat long cha trong bnh
la G2;
Ty so cac chieu sau (nh hnh ve) k=z1/z2;
Tm trong lng cua phao
Giai:
Theo nh luat Ar.; toan bo he chu tac dung cua
lc ay Ar, hng len, bang trong lng cua
khoi chat long b vat chiem cho.
Trong khi o lc theo phng thang ng tac
dung len toan bo he bao gom G+G1+G2 .
Vay:

G + G1 + G2 = Ar = z1A

vi A la tiet dien ngang cua bnh.

Xet rieng he gom chat long trong bnh va phao,
ta co trong lng cua phao cung bang trong
lng cua khoi chat long b phao chiem trong
bnh :
G = z2A -G2 A = (G+G2)/z2
Suy ra:

G + G1 + G2 = z1(G+G2)/z2 = kG+kG2.

G1
G
G2

Ar

G1
G=
G2
k 1

z2

z1

CHNG 3

ONG HOC

I. HAI PHNG PHAP NGHIEN CU CHUYEN ONG CUA LU CHAT

1. Phng phap Lagrange (J.L de Lagrange, nha toan hoc ngi Phap,1736-1883)
2

d
x
dx

a
=

x
u x = dt
dt 2

x = x(x0 , y0 , z0 , t)
r
r

2r
r
r
r dr
dy

r du d r
d2y

u = u y =
r = f (r0 , t) y = x(x0 , y0 , z0 , t)
a=
=
a y =
2
dt
dt
dt dt
dt 2

z = x(x , y , z , t)
0
0 0

dz

2
d
u
=
a z = z
z dt

dt
Quy ao
z

Trong phng phap Lagrage , cac yeu to chuyen

ong ch phu thuoc vao thi gian , VD: u = at2+b
2. Phng phap Euler

y
r0(x0, y0, z0)

(L. Euler, nha toan hoc ngi Thuy S, 1707-1783)

u x = u x ( x, y, z, t )
r r

u = u ( x, y, z, t ) u y = u y ( x, y, z, t )

u z = u z ( x, y, z, t )

Phng trnh ng dong:

r(x, y, z)

Cac ng dong tai thi iem t

dx
dy
dz
=
=
ux
uy
uz

(x,y,z)

V du 1a: ux=3x2; uy=-6xy;

uz=0

Thiet lap phng trnh ng dong:

dx
dy
=
3 x 2 6 xy
Chuyen cac so hang co bien x ve ve trai, bien y ve ve phai:
2 xdx
dy
2dx
dy
=

=
x2
y
x
y

Tch phan hai ve:

2dx
=
x

dy
y

2 ln( x ) = ln( y ) + ln C x 2 y = C

Vay phng trnh ng dong co dang: x 2 y = C

V du 1b:

ux=x2y+2x; uy=-(y2x+2y);

Thiet lap phng trnh ng dong:

dx
dy
=
2
x y + 2x
( xy 2 + 2 y )

Trong trng hp nay ta khong the chuyen cac so hang co cung bien x, y ve
cung mot pha, nen khong the lay tch phan hai ve c, ta se giai bai toan nay
sau trong chng the lu

II. CAC KHAI NIEM THNG DUNG

ong dong
1. ng dong, dong nguyen to

2. Dien tch mat cat t A,

Chu vi t P,
Ban knh thuy lc R=A/P
3. Lu lng Q,
Van toc trung bnh m/ cat
t V:

Q=

u dA = udA
n

Abatky

Am / c.uot

dA
P
A
Dong co ap

Dong khong
ap

u
Abat ky

Am/c t

Q
V=
A
Nhn xet: Lu lng chnh la the tch
cua bieu o phan bo van toc :

Dong tia

Bieu o phan bo van toc

III. PHAN LOAI CHUYEN ONG:

1. Theo ma sat nht:

Chuyen ong chat long ly tng, : khong co ma sat

Chuyen ong chat long thc: co ma sat -Re =

Fquantinh
Fmasat

Re=VD/=V4R/:tang(Re<2300) - roi (Re>2300)

2. Theo thi gian:

on nh-khong on nh.

3 Theo khong gian:

eu-khong eu.

4 Theo tnh nen c: so Mach M=u/a

a: van toc truyen am; u:van toc phan t lu chat
di am thanh (M<1)
ngang am thanh (M=1)
tren am thanh (M>1)
sieu am thanh (M>>1)
Th nghiem Reynolds

IV. GIA TOC PHAN T LU CHAT :

Theo Euler:

du x u x
u x
u x
u x
ax =
=
+ ux
+ uy
+ uz
dt
t
x
y
z
du y u y
u y
u y
u y
ay =
=
+ ux
+ uy
+ uz
dt
t
x
y
z
du
u z
u
u
u
az = z =
+ ux z + uy z + uz z
dt
t
x
y
z
{
14444244443
t.ph.cuc - bo

thanh phan oi lu

Theo Lagrange:

r
r
r
r
du
u
u = u (x 0 , y0 , z0 , t) a =
=
dt
t

V. PHAN TCH CHUYEN ONG CUA LU CHAT:

Trong he truc toa o O(x,y,z), xet van toc cua hai iem M(x,y,z) va
M1(x+dx,y+dy,z+dz), v hai iem rat sat nhau, nen ta co:

u x
u x
u x
u x1 = u x +
dx +
dy +
dz
z
x
y
u y
u y
u y
u y1 = u y +
dx +
dy +
dz
x
y
z
u z
u z
u z
u z1 = u z +
dx +
dy +
dz
x
y
z

van toc chuyen

ong tnh tien

van toc bien

dang dai

van toc bien dang goc

va van toc quay

nh ly Hemholtz
1. Tnh tien
Chuyen

Van toc r = 1 Rotur =

2
quay:

2. Quay

ong

3. Bien dang
Bien dang goc

zy = yz

xz = zx =
xy = yx

u z u y

+
z
y

r
k

z
u z

Suat bien dang dai

1 u x u z
+

2 z
x

u y u x

+
y
x

1
=
2

r
j

y
uy

Bien dang dai

Suat bien dang goc

1
=
2

r
i

1
2 x

ux

xx

yy

zz

u x
=
x

x =

1 uz u y

2 y
z

y =

1 u x u z

2 z
x

y
u z
z

1 u y u x

z =

2 x
y

Chuyen ong quay cua phan t lu chat:

ux

u
dyt y dxt

+ 1
1 y

=
=
+ x

2 t
2t dy
dx

1 u y ux 1
= rotuz
=

2 x y 2

x
uxt

ux/
ydy

dy

+
dx

r
rot ( u ) = 0

chuyen ong khong quay (the)

r
rot (u ) 0

chuyen ong quay

uy/
xdx

t
uyt
y

V du 2:

Xac nh ng dong cua mot dong chay co : ux = 2y va uy = 4x

dx dy
=
ux u y
dx dy
=
2 y 4x

4 xdx = 2 ydy
2 xdx = ydy

x2 y2
2 =
+C
2 2

2x2 y2 = C

V du 3:
Dong chay qua mot oan ong thu hep dan vi van
toc dong vao va ra lan lt la 10 m/s va 50 m/s.
Chieu dai cua ong la 0,5m
Gia thiet dong mot chieu, va van toc bien oi
tuyen tnh doc theo truc ngang cua ong.

Hay tm quy luat bien thien cua van toc va gia toc
theo truc ong. T o suy ra gia toc tai au vao va ra
cua voi

Li Giai:

Quy luat bien thien van toc tuyen tnh doc theo truc ong:
u = ax + b.
a, b la hang so
Chon truc x nh hnh ve, vi goc 0 au ong, ta co
tai x=0, u =10 m/s; tai x=0,5m, u = 50 m/s. The ca
ieu kien tren vao ta suy ra c a=80; b=10. Suy ra
quy luat bien thien van toc doc theo truc x la:
u = (80x + 10) m/s
T o suy ra quy luat bien thien gia toc nh sau:

The gia tr x=0 va x=0,5 vao ta suy ra c gia toc tai au vao va ra
cua ong lan lt la: 800 m/s2 va 4000m/s2.

VI NH LY VAN TAI REYNOLDS- PHNG PHAP THE TCH KIEM SOAT

1. The tch kiem soat, va ai lng nghien cu:
Xet the tch W trong khong gian lu chat chuyen ong. W co dien tch bao
quanh la A. Ta nghien cu ai lng X nao o cua dong lu chat chuyen
ong qua khong gian nay. ai lng X cua lu chat trong khong gian W
CV
c tnh bang:
A

X = kdW
W

W: the tch kiem soat

X : ai lng can nghien cu
k : ai lng n v ( ai lng X tren 1 n v khoi lng)
V du: X la khoi lng:

k=1 ;

r
X la ong lng: k = u
X la ong nang:

k=u2/2

X = dW
v
X =

;X=

v
u
dW
W

u2
dW
2

u
dw

2. nh ly van tai Reynolds- phng phap the tch kiem soat:

Nghien cu s bien thien cua ai lng X theo thi gian khi dong chay qua W
Dien tch
dX X
=
+ ku n dA
Dien tch
A2
dt
t W A
A1
C
A
B
n
n
Tai t: lu chat vao chiem ay the tch
kiem soat W.
Tai t+t: lu chat t W chuyen ong
W1
en va chiem khoang khong gian W1.
W
t +t
t +t
t
t
XW1 XW
dX
Xt +t Xt
(XB
+ XC
) (XA
+ XB
)
X
= lim
= lim
= lim
= lim
dt t 0 t t 0
t
t
t
t 0
t 0
t + t
t + t
t
t
t + t
t + t
(X B
+ XA
) (X A
+ XB
)
XC
XA
= lim
+ lim
t
t
t 0
t 0
t + t
t + t
X tW+ t X tW
XC
XA
= lim
+ lim
t
t
t 0
t 0

=
=

X
t
X
t

t k u n dA + t k u n dA
+ lim

t 0

+
W

A2

k u
A

A1

t
n

dA

dX X
=
+ ku n dA
dt
t W A

VII AP DUNG PHNG PHAP TTKS

1. PHNG TRNH LIEN TUC
X la khoi lng: theo . luat bao toan khoi lng:
dX
=
dt

Hay
:

dW
W

=
u n d A b .d .Gauss

dX
=0
dt

dW +
t

div ( u ) dW

=0

+ div ( u ) = 0 : dang vi phan cua ptr lien tuc

t

Neu =const
ptr vi phan lien tuc cua lu chat khong nen c:

u x u y u z
div ( u ) = 0
+
+
=0
x
y
z
Dong nguyen to chuyen ong on nh: ptr lien tuc cua dong nguyen to
chuyen ong on nh:

u n dA = 0 1u1dA1 = 2u 2dA2
A

dA1

u1

dA2
u2

oi vi toan dong chuyen ong on nh (co mot m/c vao, 1 m/c ra) ptr lien
tuc cho toan dong lu chat chuyen ong on nh dang khoi lng:

1u1dA1 =

A1

2 u 2dA2 M1 = M 2

A2

M1: khoi lng lu chat vao m/c A1 trong 1 v t.gian

M2: khoi lng lu chat ra m/c A2 trong 1 v t.gian
oi vi toan dong chuyen ong on nh (co mot m/c vao, 1 m/c ra), lu chat
khong nen c: ptr lien tuc cho toan dong lu chat khong nen c
chuyen ong on nh:

Q1 = Q2

hay

Q = const

Trong trng hp dong chay co nhieu mat cat vao va ra, c. ong on nh,
lu chat khong nen c, tai mot nut, ta co: ptr lien tuc tai mot nut cho
toan dong lu chat khong nen c chuyen ong on nh:

Qen = Qi

2. PHNG TRNH NANG LNG dX = X

dt

+
W

k u n dA

Khi X la nang lng cua dong chay co khoi lng m (ky hieu la E, bao gom noi
nang, ong nang va the nang (the nang bao gom v nang lan ap nang), ta co:
X = E = Eu + 1/2mu2+ mgZ

vi Z=z+p/

1 2
p
Nh vay, nang lng cua mot n v khoi lng lu chat k bang:k = e u + u + gz +
2

trong o: eu
la noi nang cua mot n v khoi lng.
1/2u2 la ong nang cua mot n v khoi lng.
gz
la v nang cua mot n v khoi lng.
p/ la ap nang cua mot n v khoi lng.

nh luat I Nhiet ong lc hoc: so gia nang lng c truyen vao chat long
trong mot n v thi gian (dE/dt) , bang suat bien oi trong mot n v thi gian
cua nhiet lng (dQ/dt) truyen vao khoi chat long ang xet, tr i suat bien oi
cong (dW/dt) trong mot n v thi gian cua khoi chat long o thc hien oi vi
moi trng ngoai (v du cong cua lc ma sat):
Nh vay

dE dQ dW
=

dt
dt
dt

1 2
1 2
dQ dW
p
p

= (eu + u + gz + )dw+ (eu + u + gz + )undA

dt dt t w
2
2

Dang tong quat

cua P. tr NL

3. PHNG TRNH ONG LNG

Khi X la ong lng:

v
X =

r
k=u

v
u
dW
W

nh bien thien ong lng: bien thien ong lng cua lu chat qua the
tch W (c bao quanh bi dien tch A) trong mot n v thi gian bang
tong ngoai lc tac dung len khoi lu chat o:

dX
= Fngoailc
dt
Nh vay, t ket qua cua pp TTKS:

dX X
+ ku n dA
=
dt
t W A

Fngoailc = t (u)dw + (u)u n dA

w
A

; ta co:
Damg
tong
quat cua p.tr
L

V du 4:

Mot dong chay ra khoi ong co van toc phan bo dang nh hnh
ve, vi van toc ln nhat xuat hien tam va co gia tr Umax = 12
cm/s . Tm van toc trung bnh cua dong chay
dA=2rdr

Giai:
Tai tam ong, u=umax; tai thanh ong,
u=0.
Ta co tren phng r,; van toc dong
chay phan bo theo quy luat tuyen tnh:

Umax
dr

u max
u=
(R r )
R

Lu lng :

2u max
u max
(R r)2rdr =
Q=
R
R
0
Q u max
V= =
A
3
V = 4cm / s

Rr 2 r 3
u max R 2
=

3 r =R
3
2

V du 5: Lu chat chuyen ong on nh trong ng ong co ng knh D. au vao

cua oan ong, lu chat chuyen ong tang, van toc phan bo theo quy luat :

r2
u1: van toc tai tam ong khi chay tang.
u = u1 1
2
r : c tnh t tam ong (0 r D/2)
(
)
R

Khi lu chat chuyen ong vao sau trong ong th chuyen sang chay roi, vi phan
1/ 7
bo van toc nh sau :
u2: van toc tai tam ong khi chay roi
y
u = u2
y : c tnh t thanh ong (0 y D/2)
R

Tm quan he gia u1 va u2

dA=2 r
rdr

Giai:
Theo phng trnh lien tuc:

dr

Q1 = Q2

r
o

u1

u2
o

r2
y 7
Q1 = u1 1 2 2rdr;
Q2 = u 2 2(R y)dy
R
R

0
0
R

r2
u1R 2
r2
r4
Q1 = u1 1
2rdr = 2u1
=
2
2
2
4
(
R
)
2

r =R
(R )
0
1
8
15
R
R y 17

7
7
6
1
y
7
y
7
y
49

7
Q2 = 2u 2 R dy y dy = 2u 2
R
R 7 = u 2 R 2
R
15
60
0 R

y =R
49
u1 = u 2
30
R

Chat long ly ltng quay quanh truc thang ng (oz). Gia s van toc
V du 5: quay cua cac phan to chat long ty le nghch vi khoang cach t truc
quay tren phng ban knh (V=a/r; a>0 la hang so. Chung minh rang
ay la mot chuyen ong the. Tm phng trnh cac ng dong
r
Giai:
u y u x
rot
(
u
)
=
0
chuyen ong khong quay (the)

= 0
z

x y
a y ay
ay

u = u cos(u, ox) =
=
=
;
x

Suy ra:

r r

r2

x2 + y 2

a x ax
ax
uy = u cos(u, oy) = = 2 = 2 2
rr r
x +y

y r

uy

ax a(x2 + y 2 ) ax(2x) a(y 2 x2 )

= 2 2 =
= 2 2 2;
2
2 2
x x x + y
(x + y )
(x + y )

O x

ux ay a(x2 + y 2 ) + ay(2y) a(y 2 x2 )

= 2 2 2
= 2 2 =
2
2 2
y y x + y
(x + y )
(x + y )

u y

u x
= 0 rot ( u ) z = 0
x
y
ay la chuyen ong Mot chuyen ong the tren mat phang xOy

Vay:

Phng trnh cac ng dong:

u x dy = u y dx
(x2 + y 2 ) = C

ay
ax
dy
=
dx
2
2
2
2
x +y
x +y

CHNG 4

ONG LC HOC LU
CHAT

V PHNG TRNH VI PHAN CHO CHAT LONG LY

TNG
CHUYEN ONG (P.Tr EULER)
u x
u x
u x
1 p du x u x

=
=
+
u
+
u
+
u
x
y
z
x x
dt
t
x
y
z
r

1
du
u y
u y
u y

1 p du y u y
F grad(p) =
Fy
=
=
+ ux
+ uy
+ uz

dt
y
dt
t
x
y
z

1 p du z u z
u z
u z
u z

F
=
=
+
u
+
u
+
u
z
x
y
z

z
dt
z

Dang Lamb-Gromeco cua phng trnh Euler:

Sau khi sap xep, tren phng x ta c:

uy

u y
x

(1)

(2)

(3)

va

uz

2
u y u x
1 p u x u 2x u y u 2z
u x u z

Fx
+
+
+
=
+ uz

u y

x
t x 2
2
2
x
y
z
x
2
u x u
=
+
+ u z rot(u) y u y rot(u) z

t x 2

Ta bien oi tng t cho p.tr (2) va (3).

u z
x

Cuoi cung ta c Dang Lamb-Gromeco cua phng trnh Euler:

r 1
u2
u
r
r
F grad p =
+ grad + rot ( u ) u

t
2
i
r
r
rot ( u ) u = rot ( u ) x
ux

j
rot ( u ) y
uy

r
r
( rot ( u ) u ) x = u z rot ( u ) y u y rot ( u ) z
k
r
r

rot ( u ) z ( rot ( u ) u ) y = u x rot ( u ) z u z rot ( u ) x

( rot ( ur ) ur ) = u rot ( u ) u rot ( u )
uz
z
y
x
x
y

II TCH PHAN P. TR. LAMB-GROMECO

PHNG TRNH BERNOULLI

1 p u x
u2

=
+
+ u z rot ( u ) y u y rot ( u ) z dx
Fx

x
t
x 2

u2
1 p u y
+ u x rot ( u ) z u z rot ( u ) x dy +
=
+
Fy
y
t
y 2

1 p u z u 2
=
+ + u y rot ( u ) x u x rot ( u ) y dz
Fz
z
t
z 2

oi vi dong on nh, lu chat nam trong trng trong lc, khong nen c:

dx

p u
d gz + + = rot (u ) x
2

ux
2

dy
rot (u ) y
uy

dz
rot (u ) z
uz

Trong mot so cac trng hp cu the sau, ta co tch phan phng

trnh tren vi ve phai = 0 P. tr. Bernoulli

p u2
gz + +
=C
2

hay

p u2
z+ +
=C
2g

Lu chat chuyen ong the toan mien: rot(u)=0 :(C la hang so cho toan mien)
Tch phan doc theo ng dong (C la hang so tren ng dong)
Tch phan doc theo ng xoay (C la hang so tren ng xoay).
Tch phan doc theo ng xoan oc (C la hang so tren ng xoan oc)

Trong trng hp dong chay lu chat khong nen c, on nh vi

rot(u)
0, xet tren phng phap tuyen n vi ng dong:
Neu lc khoi la mot ham co the, ta a ham the vao vi nh ngha sau:
r

Fx = ; Fy = ; Fz =
hay
F = grad
x
y
z
Viet lai phng trnh vi phan dang Lamb-Gromeco:

u2
r r
1
u
grad gradp =
+ grad + rot(u) u

t
2
Tren phng phap tuyen n vi ng dong (ngc chieu vi phng ban knh r):

u2
p
+ = 2 . u . sin( , u)
n

n 2
r
u2 u2
u2
u2
= u
2
=
2
=
n
r
r
r
r

Neu lu chat chu tac dung cua lc trong trng:

r

p u2
+ =

p
u2
gz + =

Nhan xet:
Theo phng r (hng t tam quay ra): r cang ln,

Khi r;

p
z + = const

p
z +
cang ln

ap suat phan bo tren mat cat t theo

quy luat thuy tnh (khi ay cac ng
dong song song va thang, m/c t la mat
phang) - ay la trng hp chat long
chuyen ong eu hoac bien oi dan

Y ngha nang lng cua phng trnh Bernoulli:

p
z +

u2
2g

: la the nang cua mot n v trong lng lu chat

(bao gom v nang n v z va ap nang n v p/).
: la ong nang cua mot n v trong lng lu chat.

Bnh luan:

Dong chay vi cac ng dong nh hnh ve, ta co:

a)

pA
pD
zA +
= zD +

pC
p
= zD + D

b)

zC +

c)

pC
pB
zC +
= zB +

d)

zA +

pA
p
= zB + B

Cau nao ung?

A
B
C

III. PHNG TRNH VI PHAN CHO CHAT LONG THC CHUYEN

ONG (P.Tr Navier-Stokes)

r
r du
1
1
2r
F grad(p) + u + grad(div(u) =

3
dt
Tch phan phng trnh Navier-Stokes cho toan dong chay, ta c phng trnh
Bernoulli viet cho toan dong chat long thc khong nen c chuyen ong on
nh. ay la mot dang cua phng trnh nang lng, ma ta chng minh c
bang pp TTKS trong chng ong hoc:
IV. PHNG TRNH NANG LNG

dQ dW
1 2
p
1 2
p

= (eu + u + gz + )dw+ (eu + u + gz + )undA

dt dt t w
2

A
ay chnh la phng trnh nang lng cho dong chat long khong on
nh co khoi lng rieng thay oi.

1.oi vi dong on nh, khong co s trao oi nhiet vi moi trng ben ngoai:

dW
1
p
= (e u + u 2 + gz + )u n dA
dt
2

dW
1 2
e u u n dA +
= ( u + gZ)u n dA
dt
2
A
A
dW
Nhan xet thay:
e uundA +

chuyen
dt
A

chu y rang:
Z = z+p/ la the nang n v

la phan bien oi nang lng do

ong cua cac phan t ben trong khoi lu chat gay ra va do ma sat cua khoi lu
chat vi ben ngoai. ai lng nay kho xac nh c bang ly thuyet, thong
thng, no c tnh t thc nghiem, tuy theo trng hp cu the. Ta at:
dW
e
u
dA
+
= gh f Q ay chnh la nang lng b mat i cua lu chat qua
A u n
dt
the tch W trong mot n v thi gian.
hf la mat nang trung bnh cua mot n v trong lng lu chat.

1 2
Qh f = ( u + gZ)u n dA
2
A

Neu xet cho mot oan dong chay vao mat cat 1-1 va ra tai m/c 2-2 (=const)

1 2

1
2
gh f Q = ( u + gZ)u 2 n dA ( u + gZ)u1n dA
2

2
A1
A2

Ta tnh rieng cac tch phan:

Neu tren m/c t A, ap suat
phan bo theo quy luat thuy
tnh.

p
(gZ)dQ = gZQ = (gz + )Q
A

Tch phan thanh phan

ong nang:.

1 2
1 2
2 u u n dA = N that > 2 V Q = N V
A

a vao he so hieu chnh ong nang :

vi tang =2;
Nh vay:
hay:

roi=1,05 - 1,1

1 2
1
2
u

u
dA
=
N
=

V
Q = N V
n
tha
t
2
2
A

1
1
2
2
gh f Q = ( 1V1 + gZ1 )Q ( 2 V2 + gZ 2 )Q
2
2
p1 1 V1 2
p 2 2 V2 2
z1 + +
= z2 +
+
+ h f1 2
2g
2g

ay chnh la ph.tr. nang lng cho toan dong chay on nh chat long thc khong
nen c nam trong trng trong lc t m/c/1 ti m/c 2 (khong co nhap hoac tach
lu)

Neu dong chay co nhap hoac tach lu (=const)

ivao

1
1
2
2
( i Vi + gZ i )Q i ( jVj + gZ j )Q j = H f
2
2
jra

Hf la tong nang lng dong chay b mat i khi chay t cac m/c vao en cac m/c ra
(trong 1 .v thi gian).
2. Trong trng hp dong chay co s trao oi nang lng vi ben ngoai (c
bm cung cap nang lng Hb ; hay dong chay cung cap nang lng Ht cho
turbine), th ph. tr tren co dang tong quat hn:

p1 1V12
p 2 2 V2 2
H B + z1 + +
= HT + z2 +
+
+ h f1 2

2g

2g
Hb la nang lng do bm cung cap cho mot n v trong lng dong chay khi
dong chay qua bm - Ta goi la cot ap bm .
Ht la nang lng ma mot n v trong lng dong chay cung cap cho turbine khi
qua turbine.

A B

V. AP DUNG PHNG TRNH NANG LNG

V du 1: o lu toc iem cua dong kh bang ong Pito vong
Ap dung ph.tr Bernoulli tren ng dong t A ti
B (bo qua mat nang):
pA
u 2A
pB
u 2B

zA +

2g

= zB +

h
B

2g

u
p
p
vi uB=0, suy ra: A = z B + B z A + A
2g
k
k

Ap dung phng trnh thuy tnh lan lt cho cac cap iem AA (trong moi
trng kh), AB (trong moi trng long); BB (trong moi trng kh) ta co:

pA'
pA
z A' +
= z A +
k
k

p
p
z B' + B' = z B + B
k
k

Nh vay: u A =

pB
pA
pB' pA'
zB + zA + = (zB' zA' ) +
k
k
k

Suy ra
l h l
= h +
= h 1
k
k

2 gh
1
k

Thc t do mt nng nen van toc

thc tai iem A ln van toc tnh
t cong thc ben.

V du 2: o Lu lng qua ong Ventury

Ap dung p. tr nang lng cho dong chay
t m/c 1-1 en 2-2 (bo qua mat nang):

z1 +

p1
+
n

1 V12
2g

= z2 +

p2
+
n

1
D
1

2 V 22
2g

(1,2=1): Suy ra:

2
d
2

d
A

p1
p2
Q2 1
1

2 = z1 + z 2 +
2

2g A 2 A 1
n
n
Hay:

A 22 A12
d
2gh1
Q = 2
2

A

A
n

2
1

Lu lng Q tren tnh c khong ke ti ton that nang lng,

Thc te lu lng Qthc nho hn, nen can hieu chnh lai lu lng sau khi
tnh Qtnh Hieu chnh bang cong thc tren nh sau:
Qthc = CQtnh
vi C<1 la he so hieu chnh Ventury (do mat nang sinh ra).

V du 3: Dong chay on nh qua lo thanh mong:

p0
z0 +
+

0 V 02
2g

pc
= zc +
+

c V c2
2g

+ hf

Nang lng cua dong chay t bnh ra ngoai chu

yeu b mat i la do co hep khi qua lo, ay la loai
mat nang cuc bo, no ty le vi Vc2 tai mat cat co
hep c-c (hoc trong chng ng ong). Ta co the
viet lai:
p
V2
p
V2

z0 +

2g

= zc +

2g

c
c

V c2
+
2g

1
2gH = CV 2gH
Vc =
+

vi CV < 1 goi la he so lu toc.

V0 =0, p0=0; Suy ra:

Lu lng:
Vi

1
2gH = AcCV 2gH = CVA 2gH = CdA 2gH
Q = AcVc = Ac
+

A la dien tch lo thao, la he so co hep,

Cd (<CV) la he so lu lng

V du 4: Dong chay on nh qua ap tran thanh mong:

Xem dong chay la tap hop cua nhng
dong chay qua lo thanh mong co be rong
B, cao dh nam toa o h tren truc toa o
Oh nh hnh ve.

dh

Lu lng qua lo thao:

dQ = C d Bdh

2 g (H h ) = C d 2 tg ( h ) 2 g (H h ) dh
2
H

Q = C d 2tg ( h ) 2g(H h )dh

2
0
e lay tch phan tren ta at: u = h ;

Ket qua cho:

dv = (H h)dh

8 2
Q = C d tg H 2gH
15 2

V du 5: Dong chay qua voi lap ngoai:

zc +

pc

2g

suy ra:

2
V
c c

= z1 +

p1
+

1 V12
2g

0
pcck

pc
1 V12 c V c2
=

<0

2g
2g

c
A
c

1
1

Gia s voi co ng knh d bang lo thanh mong, va he so co hep ca hai trng

hp nh nhau. Ta chng minh c van toc Vc qua voi ln hn qua lo, v tai
m/c c-c trong voi ap suat la ap suat chan khong, nen:

1
pc
pc

2g H = CV 2g H > Vclo
Vcvoi =

c +
Nh vay, lu lng qua voi ln hn lu lng qua lo thanh mong va bang:
(viet phng trnh nang lng cho dong chay t m/c 0-0 en 1-1 e tm ra
van toc 1 tai mat cat ra 1-1).trong trng hp nay :Cd = CV:

Q = CV A 2gH = Cd A 2gH

V du 6: Dong chay khong on nh ra ngoai bnh:

A

Q = Cd a 2gh
trong o h giam theo thi gian
Sau thi gian dt, the tch trong bnh giam:

dh

dW = Adh = Qdt = C d a 2 gh dt

h
a

A
dt =
dh
C d a 2gh
Vay thi gian e nc chay het bnh la:
0

A
A
A
dh =
2 h =
2 H
Cd a 2g
Cd a 2g
H Cd a 2gh
H
0

T =

V du 7a: Dong chay qua may thuy lc:

p0
0 V 02
p 1 1 V12
z0 +
+
= z1 +
+
+ h f 0 1
1

2g
2g
p0=0; V0=0; z0=0

Suy ra tai mat cat 1-1 trc bm

co ap suat chan khong:

p1
1 V12
= (z1 +
+ hf) < 0

2g

H
chuan

p 0 0 V 02
p 2 2 V 22
z0 +
+
+ H B = z2 +
+
+ h f02

2g

2g
Suy ra:

H B = H + h f 0 2

Cong suat hu ch cua bm:

N = QH B

Hieu suat bm:

QH B
=
N truc

V du 7b

Bm hut nc t gieng len nh hnh ve.Biet lu lng Q=30

lt/s, ng knh ong hut D=0,12m.Tai cho uong con co he so ton
that la =0,5. Chieu dai ng ong hut L = 5m. Ong co he so ma
sat ng dai la =0,02. Neu nc co nhiet o la 200C va bo qua
ton that cuc bo vao mieng ong. Tm chieu cao at bm zB toi a
1

Giai: 200C, ap suat hi bao hoa cua nc

la 0,25 m nc. Vay ap suat chan khong tai
mat cat trc bm cho phep toi a la 9,75 m
nc.
Ta co:

V=

zB

Q
= 2.653m/s
A

p 1 1 V12
=

2g

z B = 9 , 75

0
gieng

1
+

1 2 . 653

z B = 8.91m

1
+
0
.
02
+
0
.
5
)

2 * 9 . 81
0 . 12

zB

Cau tao bo phan cai tien cua bm

Q
2
Q
1

1
Q

Q
1

Q
2

hbom

V du 8:o chenh mc thuy ngan trong ong ch U noi hai au vi cuoi ong hut va
au ong ay la. ng knh ong hut la D1=8 cm. Dng knh ong ay la D2=6
cm. Q=17 lt/s. Cong suat hu ch cua bm la 1261 W.
1. Bo qua mat nang, xac nh o chenh ap suat trc va sau bm.
2. Xac nh h trong ong chu U
2
1
V1 =

V2 =

Q
Q . 4 17 * 10 * 4
=
=
= 3.38 m/s
2
2
A1 D1
* ( 0 . 08 )

D1

Q
Q.4 17 * 10 * 4
=
=
= 6.01 m/s
A1 D22 * ( 0 .06 ) 2

1
B

p 1 1 V12
p 2 2 V 22
+
+ HB = z2 +
+
z1 +

2g
2g

T : N = QH B Suy ra:
Vay chenh lech ap suat:

p2
pA
z2 + = zA +
n
n

p1
pB
z1 + = zB +
n
n

HB =

D2

2
h

nc
A
Hg

N
1261
=
= 7.56m
Q 9.81*103 *17 *103

p
z 2 + 2

1 V12 2 V 22

p1
z 1 +
= H B +

2
g
2g

= 6.30m

p
p
p p

p
p
z2 + 2 z1 + 1 = (zA zB ) + A B
z 2 + 2 z1 + 1
n
n
n
n
n

h =
Hgh Hg
Hg

1
= h +
= h
1
n
n

Tnh c: h=0.50 m

V du 9: Nc chay t be cha qua turbin. Hieu suat ca he thong la

80%. Cho H=60m, V=4,24m/s.
1. Xac nh lu lng Q chay qua turbine
2. Tnh cong suat ien phat ra, bo qua mat nang

D 2 4 .24 * * 3 2
Q = VA = V
=
= 29.97 m 3 /s
4
4

p 1 1 V12
p 2 2 V 22
z1 +
+
= z2 +
+
+ HT

2g

2g
1

1
d=3m

HT = H

H
T

N T = QH T * 80% = 9.81*103 * 29.97 * 60 * 0.8 = 14.11*106 W

V du10: Xac nh lu lng Q va ton that nang lng khi dong chay ra
ngoai khong kh. Bo qua co hep

p 1 1 V12
p 2 2 V 22
z1 +
+
= z2 +
+
+ hf

2g

2g

1
H=6m

V1 = 0 ; p 1 = 0 ; p 2 = 0
2 V 22
H =
+ hf
2g

Mat khac tia nc ban ra vi ong nang

nghiem,

h=5.75m

2 V 22
2g

ap

d=0.08
m

vao

ong

dng lai, vay toan bo ong nang nay chuyen hoa thanh ap nang ay cot
nc trong ong nghie2 m len mot o cao h=5,75m.
2V2
h =
V 2 = 2 gh = 10.62m/s
Vay:
2g
d 2
* 0 . 08 2
Q = AV =
V =
* 10 . 62 = 0.0534m 3 /s
4
4
Va:

h f = 6 5 . 75 = 0 . 25 m nc

V du10b: Ben hong mot bnh cha nc co hai lo thao nc A va B nh hnh ve.
Lo A nam di mat thoang nc mot o sau HA; lo B nam di mat thoang nc
mot o sau HB. Tia nc ban ra t hai lo giao nhau tai O. Gia s he so lu toc cua
hai lo la nh nhau va bang CV. Tm khoang cach x t O en thanh bnh
Giai: phng trnh ng quy ao cua tia nc
ban ngang ra khoi lo vi van toc V cho di
dang: x2=2V2y/g; vi goc toa o tai lo, x hng
ngang va y hng xuong, g la gia toc trong
trng. Suy ra:
2

2VA y A 2VB y B
2
x =
=
g
g
2
2
4
C
gH
y
4
C
2
V
A A
V gH B y B
x =
=
g
g
HA yA = HB yB

Mat khac ta co:

Giai ra c:
Suy ra:

HA+yA=HB+yB
HB=yA

HA=yB ;

x = 2C V H A H B

Pa

HA
HB

A
B

yA

yB
x

VI. PHNG TRNH ONG LNG

Dang tong quat cua p.tr L (chng minh t chng ong Hoc):

Fngoailc = t (u)dw + (u)u n dA

w
A
X
oi vi dong on nh:
t

= 0
W

F ngoailc

r
r
= uu n dA = udQ
A

oi vi dong nguyen to chuyen ong on nh (vao dA1; ra dA2):

r
r
u 2 2 u 2 n dA 2 u 1 1 u 1 n dA 1 =

r
F ngoailc

oi vi toan dong chay t mat cat 1-1 en 2-2, ta can chieu phng trnh
L tren len mot phng s bat ky, roi sau o lay tch phan tren tng m/c
A1, A2:

u
A2

2s

2 dQ 2 u1 s 1 dQ 1 =
A1

s ngoailuc

 u dQ = L

Ta co:

that / S

> QVS = L V / S

Ta a vao he so 0 :

Lthat = usdQ = 0LV = 0VsQ

A

0 la he so hieu chnh ong lng; 0tang=4/3; 0roi =1,02-1,05

Nh vay ph.trnh ong lng chieu tren mot phng s bat ky oi vi
toan dong chay on nh lu chat khong nen c i vao m/c 1 ra m/c 2
viet di dang sau:

( F) s = Q ( 02 V2 s 01V1s ) = L ra / s L vao / s
Trng hp dong chay co nhieu m/c ra va nhieu m/c vao:

( F )s = L ra / s L vao / s

VII. AP DUNG PHNG TRNH ONG LNG

( F )s = Q( 02 V2s 01V1s ) = L ra / s L vao / s

Phan tch ngoai lc, thong thng gom co cac lc sau ay:
Trong lc G
Lc ma sat Fms gia chat long vi thanh ran.
Phan lc N vuong goc va t thanh ran tac dung vao khoi lu chat.
Ap lc Fi t cac pha tac dung vao cac m/c (ma dong chay ra hoac vao
khoi the tch kiem soat. (tnh nh ap lc thuy tnh).
Hai lc gia (Fms va N) thong thng gom chung thanh mot lc R goi
la phan lc cua thanh ran tac dung vao khoi lu chat.
Lc trong trng G thong thng b triet tieu khi chieu len phng
nam ngang (v G theo phng thang ng), hoac gia thiet nho nen
khong tnh ti (tr trng hp co gia tr ln ang ke va khi chieu p.tr
L len phng thang ng)

V du (t giai):
Lu cht khi lng rieng chy trong trong ng
tron ban knh ro co phan b vn tc nh sau:

r2
u = u max 1 2
ro
Trong o umax la vn tc cc i ti tam ng. Tm ng lng i qua mt ct
thng goc vi dong chy trong n v thi gian:

S= umax2 ro2/3

V du 11. Lc F t/dung len voi cu hoa:

Ap dung p. tr L cho the tch KS nh hnh ve:

Q(02V2 01V1 ) = R x + F1 F2
Chon 0=1:

F1

F2=0

R x = Q(V2 V1 ) F1

F1=p1A1; F2=0; ap dung them p.tr nang lng cho dong chay t 1-1 ti 2-2, ta co:

p1 V22 V12
V22 V12
=
F1 =
A1

2g
2
(V22 V12 )
R x = A1V1 (V2 V1 )
A1
2
V2 + V1

= A1 ( V2 V1 ) V1
<0
2

Nh vay lc F cua lu chat tac dung vao voi hng ti va bang R.

V du 12. Lc F cua dong chay tac dung len voi uong cong 900:
Tren phng x:

Q( 02 V2 ) = R x
Chon 0=1:

R x = Q(V2 ) > 0
Tren phng y:

Q( 01V1 ) = R y + F1

Fy
Rx
Q=0,25 m3/s

Fx
Ry

D1=27cm
1
1
F1
V1; p1=194 Kpa

2
F2=0
2

D1=13cm

R y = Q( V1 ) F1 < 0
Ta suy ra:
Rx hng ti trc, Ry hng xuong di.
Nh vay lc cua dong chay tac dung len voi:
Fx hng ra sau ; Fy hng len tren
The so vao ta c: Fx=4709 N; Fy=11109 N; F=12065N

V2

V du 13. Lc cua dong chay tac dung len ap tran:

Ap dung p. tr L cho the tch KS nh hnh ve:

R x = Q(Vc V1 ) F1 + F2

()

F1=p1A1=[(H+L2)/2]A1; F2=p2A2=[(hc)/2]A2
1

Bo qua mat nang:

p 1 1 V12
p c c V c2
+
= zc +
+
z1 +

2g

2g
H + L1 +
Q =

1Q 2
2 gA 12

A c2 A 12
A 12 A c2

= hc +

H
F1

L1

cQ 2
2 gA

2
c

L2

2g(H + L1 h c )

Sau khi tnh c lu lng ta tnh Vc =Q/Ac ; V1=Q/A1;

Sau o the vao p.tr (*) e tm Rx;
va F=-Rx.

c
F2

hc
c

V du 14. . Lc tac dung cua tia nc ap vao canh gao

a.Khi gi xe ng yen,
Lc tac dung len xe Fx = -Rx

R x = Q ( V2 V1 ) F1 F2

A 1V
1 Fx
2
2V

u*

= VA ( V V ) = 2V 2 A
F1va F2 eu bang 0 v ay la dong tia, chung quanh eu la ap suat kh tri
b. Khi xe chuyen ong ti vi van toc u*,
Lc tac dung Fx=-Rx vao xe se nho hn va bang:

R x = (V u*)A((V u*) (V u*)) = 2(V u*)2 A

* 2

Nh vay, cong suat hap thu bi gau bang: N gau = Fx u = 2(V u ) Au

V2
V3
Cong suat cung ng bi voi nc:
N voi = Q
= A
2
2
2
*
2
*
*
*
N

Hieu suat ca he thong = gau = 2(V u ) Au = 4 u V u = 4x(1 x )2

N voi
V V
AV 3 / 2
(at x=u*/V):
Khao sat ham so tren, ta thay dat gia tr cc ai khi x=1(loai bo) va x=1/3.

V du 15 . Ong Borda thang ng:

Ab

G R y = A cV1V1

A
1

+
1
Ac

Xem nh ong Borda u dai e sat ay bnh nc yen lang.

Ta co:

Suy ra:

G=gAbH;

Ry=g(Ab-A)H;

V1 = 2gH

gAH = A c 2gH A = 2A c

V du 16 . Q=12 lt/s. Tm V1; V2. Bo qua mat nang, xac nh p1

Xac nh Fx tac dung len ong

Q
Q.4 12 *10 3 * 4
V1 =
=
=
= 2.39 m/s
2
2
A1 D1
* (0.08)
Q Q.4 12 *103 * 4
V2 =
=
=
= 6.12 m/s
2
2
A1 D 2 * (0.05)

p 1 1 V12
p 2 2 V 22
z1 +
+
= z2 +
+

2g

2g

Rx
P1 ?

D2=5cm
V2
12m

D1=8cm

p1
2 V 22 1 V12

= z 2 z1 +

= 13 . 61 m F1 = p 1 A 1 = 671.2747N

2g
2g

R x = Q(V2 V1 ) F1
2
3
.
14
*
(
0
.
08
)
R x = 1000 * 12 * 10 3 ( 6 .12 2 .39 )
13 .61 * 9 .81 * 10 3
4
= -626.584N

Fx = 626.58N

V du 17 . V=30m/s.
Tnh lc nan ngang can gi cho xe ng yen
Neu e xe chay ti vi u=5m/s, th lc tac ong vao xe la bao nhieu?
Tm hieu suat

D 2
Q = VA =
V = 0.059m 3 / s
4
R x = Q(V1 cos(300 ))

R x = 1000 * 0.059 * (30 cos(300 )) = -1530.39N

V
1

1
D=50mm
300

Vay lc Fx e gi xe ng yen la 1530N

Khi xe chuyen ong ti vi van toc u=5 m/s, th
ph. Tr L se viet lai nh sau:
R x = Q[ V1 cos( 30 0 ) u ]

= 1000 * 0.059 * (30 * cos( 30 0 ) 5)

= 1235.8689N

V2
V3
= Q
= A
= 26507.19W
2
2

Cong suat tia nc:

N tia

Cong suat xe:

N xe = Fx u = 1235.8689 * 5 = 6179.345W

Hieu suat:

N
N

xe
tia

= 0 . 233

V du 18 . D=1,2m; d=0.85m, Q2=Q3=Q1/2; Q1=6 m3/s; p1=5Mpa

Bo qua mat nang. Xac nh lc nam ngang tac dung len chac ba

Q1
V1= = 5.305m / s;V3= V2 = 5.287m / s
F1
A1

1
D

Rx

V1

( F )s = L ra / s L vao / s

2 V2

d
3

F2
2

R R
y

(Q 2 V2 + Q3V3 cos(450 )) Q1V1 = R x + F1 F2 F3 cos(450 )

Q3V3 sin(450 ) = R y + F3 sin(450 )

450

p 2 p1 V12 V22
V12 V22
= +
p 2 = p1 +
= 5000097Pa p 3 = p 2

2g
2

3
V3

F3

F1 = p1A1 = 5654867N; F3 = F2 = p 2 A 2 = 2837306N;

R x = (Q 2 V2 + Q3V3 cos(450 )) Q1V1 F1 + F2 + F3 cos(450 )
R y = Q3V3 sin(450 ) F3 sin(450 )
The so: Rx=-816,038KN;

Ry=-2017,493 KN;

R=2176,281 KN

y
x

Chng minh h s , 0 >1:

Lu y rang: u = V u

udA = ( V u )dA
A

Q=Q

udA udA = 0
A

u2
udA
3
3

DNthat A 2
1 u
1 (V u
=
=
= dA =
dA
2
V
DNV
A A V
AA V
VA
2
1 (V3 3V2u + 3Vu2 u3
1
3u
u2
u3
dA = dA
=
dA+ 3 2 dA 3 dA >1
3
AA
V
A A
V
V
V

A
A
A

uudA

DLthat A
1 u
1 (V u
0 =
=
= dA =
dA
DLV
VAV
A A V
A A V
2

1 (V 2 2Vu + u 2
1
2u
u 2
dA = dA
=
dA + 2 dA > 1
2
A A
V
A A
V
V

A
A

CHNG 5

DONG CHAY EU
TRONG ONG

I. DONG CHAY TREN BAN PHANG

Lp bien tang ngam co be day
tang ngam
Cac mau nham

roi
tang

L=0

L=Lti han
oan dau chay tang
Re = VL/
< Rephan gii
ng vi lp bien chay tang

oan chay roi

Re = VL/
> Rephan gii
ng vi lp bien chay roi

II. DONG CHAY TRONG ONG

Ta hnh dung dong chay trong ong giong nh dong chay qua ban phang c
cuon tron lai. Nh vay theo ly thuyet , au vao cua ong co mot oan ma
dong chay che o chay tang, roi sau o mi chuyen sang chay roi.
V tr lp bien
tang a phat
trien
hoan
toan

Van ton tai lp bien tang ngam

co be day tang ngam

Loi roi

L=0

oan au ong chay tang

L=Lti han

oan tiep theo chay roi

III. PHNG TRNH C BAN CHO DONG EU TRONG ONG

Trong ong xet oan vi phan dong chay eu hnh tru co dien tch dA nh hnh ve:
Lc tac dung tren phng dong chay
( phng s) :

1
L

F1=p1dA

Fms

G sin + F1 F2 Fms = 0
(z1 z 2 )
LdA
+ p1dA p 2dA L = 0
L

p
p
L
L
(z1 + 1 ) (z 2 + 2 ) =
hd =

R
R

Gsin

F2=p2dA

1
G

=0
2

z1
Mat chuan

z2

Ta co : J = hd / L la o doc thuy lc, L la chieu dai oan dong chay

Suy ra:

= JR

Phng trnh c ban cua dong eu

Hay:

= Jr / 2

ng suat tiep ty le bac nhat theo r

T pt c ban co the viet :

max

r0
= J
2

hay

= max

r
r0

=max

IV.PHAN BO VAN TOC TRONG DONG CHAY TANG PHAT TRIEN HOAN
TOAN TRONG ONG
r

P.Tr.C.Ban
r
= J
2

r0

Newton
dr

r
o

du
dr
parabol

r
du = J
dr
2

du
r

= J
dr
2
r2
u = J
+C
4

J 2
u=
ro r 2
4

Tai r=r0 ta co u=0

Tai r=0 ta co u=umax

ro2 r 2

u = u max
2
ro

hay

u=

r
J
dr
2

r02
C = J
4

u max =

r2
u = u max 1 2
ro

Phan bo van toc trong chay tang co dang Parabol

( )

J 2
ro
4

Lu lng va van toc trung bnh trong dong chay tang trong ong :
dA

r2
u = u max 1 2
ro

r
ro

r0

r0

2umax
2
2
dQ = udA = u.2rdr Q = 2 urdr =
(r

r
)rdr
0
2

r0 0
0
r02 umax
Q umax
Q=
V= =
2
A
2

V.PHAN BO VAN TOC TRONG DONG CHAY ROI

oi vi dong chay roi trong ong, ng suat tiep phu thuoc chu yeu vao o chuyen
ong hon loan cua cac phan t lu chat, do o:
du
= tang + roi ; v roi >> tang nen ta bo qua tang

Neu at: roi

dy
Theo gia thiet cua Prandtl, phu thuoc
y
2 du
vao chieu dai xao tron va gradient van toc,
= l
u
dy
goi la ng suat nht roi, va tnh bang:
y : khoang cach t thanh en lp chat long ang xet
l :chieu dai xao tron

roi

Nh vay:
Nhan xet:

2
du
= l 2 2
dy

Theo Prandtl: ng suat nht roi khong phu thuoc vao tnh nht cua lu chat.
T th nghiem , Nikudrase cho rang chieu dai xao tron l trong ong: l = ky 1 y

ro

k : hang so Karman ( k = 0,4)

roi

y du
= k y 1 2
r0 dy

2
r

y
du
max = k 2 y 2 1 2
r0 dy
r0

1/ 2

Neu at goc toa o tai thanh ong:

2
r0 y

y
du
= k 2 y 2 1 2
max
r0 dy
r0

max

du
= k y
dy 2

du =

Umax

max dy
du =
k 2 y 2

ro
o

max 1 dy
k y

max

ng cong logarit

ma
x

u* dy
du =
k y

*
u
at u =
u = Ln y + C
( u*: van toc ma sat)
k
u*
C = u max Ln ro
Tai tam ong r = ro , u = umax
k
u*
ro
u = u max Ln
y
k
Nh vay: Phan bo lu toc trong trng hp chay roi co dang ng logarit

Nhan xet: s phan bo van toc trong trng hp chay roi tng oi ong eu , gan
vi van toc trung bnh hn so vi trng hp chay tang. o cung la ly do tai sao cac
he so hieu chnh ong nang () hay he so hieu chnh ong lng (o) co the lay
bang 1

VI. TNH TOAN MAT NANG CUA DONG CHAY EU TRONG ONG
1. Mat nang ng dai:
Cong thc Darcy:

L V2
hd =
D 2g

: he so ma sat doc dng ong.

T thc nghiem, ng suat tiep sat thanh ong phu thuoc vao cac ai lng sau:
max = f(V, D, , , )
max = KVa.Db. c. d . e
a

Can bang th nguyen: M2 = L [ L ] M3 M [ L ]e

LT T
L TL

d
e
M: 1 = c+d
VD
2
L : -1 = a + b - 3c - d + e
max = K

V
D

T : -2 = - a - d
suy ra: e = e ; d = d; c = 1 d;
V2
= f(Re, )
b = -d - e; a = 2 - d
D 2
Vay max =KV2-d .D-d-e . 1-d . d. e
=4f(Re, /D)
Mat khac
r0
V 2
h d r0
2

max

r0
= J
2

J = f(Re, )
=
2
D 2
L 2
V2 L
V2 L
h d = 2f(Re, )
= 4f(Re, )
D 2g r0
D 2g D

LV
hd =
D 2g

Tnh toan he so ma sat doc dng ong :

u max
Jr02 JD 2
32VL
64 L V 2
=
=
h d = JL =
=
Dong chay tang: V=
2
VD D 2g
2
4.2 32
D
64

Suy ra:

Dong chay roi:

Re

hd V

Roi thanh trn thuy lc: (2300 < Re < 105 ) :

= f(Re).
Khi be day lp bien tang ngam tngam > (chieu cao trung bnh cac mau nham).
Cac cong thc thc nghiem :
0,316
Blasius:

Prandtl-Nicuradse:

tr =

Re

1
= 2lg(Re tr) 0,8
tr

Roi thanh nham thuy lc: ( Re > 105 ): = f(Re, /D).

Khi be day lp bien tang ngam tngam <
Antersun:
Colebrook:

0,25

100

= 0,11,46 +
D Re

1
2,51

= 2 lg
+

3,71.D Re

Chay roi thanh hoan toan nham (khu sc can bnh phng) = f( /D).
Khi Re rat ln > 4.106).
Prandtl-Nicuradse:
Chezy:

1
D
D
= 2 lg + 1,14 2 lg(3,17 )

8g
= 2
C

1 16
; C= R
n

C la he so Chezy, tnh thc nghiem theo Manning vi n la he so nham

Ta chng minh cong thc Chezy nh sau:
L V2
L V2
8g
h
hd =
=
V=
R d = C RJ
D 2g
4R 2g

L
8g
= 2
C

Theo Chezy, van toc tnh bang :

V = C RJ Q = AC RJ = K J

2
1
3
(
)
R
K
=
AC
R
=
A
K goi la module lu lng:
n
hd
E
J=
=
J la o doc thuy lc :
L la chieu dai oan dong chay
L
L

Nh vay, cong thc tnh mat nang ng dai (trong trng hp co so lieu o
nham n) la:
Q2
hd = 2 L
K

0,1
0,09

O TH MOODY

Khu chuyen tiep

Khu
Chay tang

Khu chay roi

thanh nham

Khu chay roi thanh nham hoan toan (Khu sc can bnh phng)

0,08

0,05
0,04

0,07
0,06

0.03

0,05

0,02
0,015

0,04

0,01
0,008
0,006
0,004 _

0,03
0,025

0,002

0,02

=/D

0,001
0,000 6
0,000 4

Khu chay roi

thanh trn

0,015

0,000 2
0,000 1

0,01
0,009
0,008

0,000 005
0,000 007
13
x10

2 3 45 7 14
x10

2 3 45 7 15
x10

2 3 45 7 16
x10

2 3 45 7 17
x10

0,000 05

0,000 01
2 3 4 5 7 18
x10

Re = vD/
3

Log(Re)
7

2. Mat nang cuc bo:

V2
h c = c
2g

Tnh theo cong thc thc nghiem Weisbach:

c la he so mat nang cuc bo, phu thuoc vao tng dang mat nang (phu luc
CLC).
Thng thng, V la van toc dong chay tai v tr sau kh xay ra mat nang,
tr hai trng hp sau ay:
M rong ot ngot: Co 2 he so ng vi hai m/c 1-1 va 2-2 nh hnh ve:
A1

1 = 1
A2
A

2 = 2 1
A1

vi V = V1

vi V = V2

V2
mieng ra cua ong: h c = c
2g

V1,

V2,

vi c=1
va V la van toc cua ng ong ra (van toc tai m/c trc khi xay ra ton that)

IV. CAC TNH TOAN TRONG NG ONG

1. Phan biet ng ong dai, ngan: hc<5%hd : ong dai
hc>5%hd : ong ngan
Trong trng hp ong ngan, khi tnh toan phai tnh ca ton that hd lan hc
2. ng ong mac noi tiep (bo qua mat nang cuc bo)
Goi H la tong ton that cua dong chay qua cac ong,
0
0
Ta thiet lap c cac ptr:

H = h d1 + h d 2 + h d 3

H 0 3

l1; d1;
n1

Q = Q1 = Q 2 = Q 3
Ta thay co 4 thong so thuy lc
can xac nh: Q, hd1, hd2, hd3, H.
Neu cho trc mot thong so,
da vao he phng trnh tren ta
xac nh cac thong so con lai
V du 1:
Cho H, tm Q, hd1, hd2, hd3.
Sau khi tm c Q, ta lan lt
tm hd1, hd2, hd3 theo cong thc:

l2; d2;
n2

H = hd1 + h d2 + hd3

Ta co :

V32
=H+
2g

l3; d3;
n3

H0-3
3
3

Q12
Q 22
Q 23
= 2 L1 + 2 L 2 + 2 L 3
K1
K2
K3
=Q

i =1

Li
K i2

Q=

H
3

i =1

Q 2i
h di = 2 L i
Ki

L1
K i2

3. ng ong mac song song (bo qua mat nang cuc bo).
Ta co:

EA-EB=HAB = hd1 = hd2 = hd3

va

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3

L1 , d1, n1
A

L2, d2 , n2

Cung giong nh bai toan mac noi tiep,

ay cung co 5 thong so thuy lc: Q ,
Q1 , Q2 , Q3 va HAB.

L3 , d3 , n3

Ta cung se tm bon thong so con lai khi

biet c mot thong so.
3

V du 2: Cho Q, tm Q1 , Q2 , Q3 va HAB.
T :

h di =

Q i2
K i2

Li Qi = K i

Sau khi tm c HAB, ta

tnh Qi theo cong thc:

Q = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3 = H AB
i =1

h di
Li
Qi = Ki

Lu y: Neu co tnh ti mat nang cuc bo

H AB =

Q2

Ki
i =1 L
i

h di
Li

Ki
Li

EA-EB=HAB = hd1 +hC11 +hC12

= hd2
= hd3 +hC31 +hC32

4. Giai bai toan cac ong re nhanh noi cac ho cha (bo qua mat nang cuc bo).
V du 3: Cho zC = 2,4m; Q3=50lt/s; zB=3,04m. Tm Q1; Q2; zA.
Cho: L1=1250m; d1=0,4m; n1=0,016. A1=0,1256 m2
L2=1400m; d2=0,32m; n2=0,016. A2=0,0804 m2
L3=800m; d3=0,24m; n3=0,02.
A3=0,0452 m2

Giai:
Theo cong thc:

zA

K = AC R
suy ra: K1=1,691 m3/s;
K2=0,933 m3/s
K3=0,347m3/s
a co :
h d3

zB

B
l1; d1; n1

l2; d2; n2
J

C zC

l3; d3; n3

p C VC2
VC2 Q 32
Q 32
= E J E C = E J (z C +
+
) E J = hd3 + zC +
= 2 L3 + zC + 2

2g
2g K 3
A 3 2g

The so ta c EJ=19,06m > EB=3.04m nen nc se chay t J en B.

Ta lap c cac he phng trnh sau:

Q1 = Q2 + Q3

T ph trnh (3) ta tnh c :

T ph trnh (2), tnh c:

(1)

Q
L1
K

(2)

Q 22
= z B + 2 L2
K2

(3)

z A = E J + hd1 = E J +
E J = z B + hd2

2
1
2
1

Q2 = 100lt/s; Q1= Q2 + Q3 =100+50=150 lt/s.

zA=28,87 m

V du 4: Cho he thong ong noi cac bnh cha nh hnh ve. Cac thong so thuy
lc cua cac ng ong cho nh sau:
L1= 1000m ; d1=0,4m ; n1= 0,02
zA
L2= 800m ; d2=0,4m ; n2= 0,02
z
B B
L3= 500m ; d3=0,4m ; n3= 0,02
A
Cho zA = 15m; zB = 7m; zC = 2m..
Q2
Q
Tm lu lng chay trong 3 ong.
1
zC
Giai:
J
Vi cac so lieu cho tren ta tnh c:
Q3
C
K1 = K2 = K3 = 1,353 lt/s.
Ta khong biet trong ong 2 co dong chay
khong (v con tuy thuoc vao cot nc nang
lng EJ tai iem J (neu EJ> EB =zB th nc
chay t J en B; ngc lai, nc khong chay)
Gia s nc khong chay t J en B ( ngha la EJ < EB). Nh vay ta co Q2=0; Q1=Q3=Q.
Q12
Q12
Q32
Q12
Q32
z A = E A = E J + 2 L1 = E C + 2 L1 + 2 L3 = z C + 2 L1 + 2 L3
Ta co:
K1
K1
K3
K1
K3
L1
zA zC
2 L3
zA zC = Q 2 + 2 Q =
Suy ra:
L3
L1
K 3 K1
+
K2 K2
The so vao ta c Q = Q1 = Q3 = 126 lt/s.
1
3

Q12
Ta tnh lai: E J = E A 2 L1 the so c: EJ = 6,33m Ta thay EJ < zB nen nc
khong the chay trong ong 2
K1
t J en B la ieu hp ly.

Trong trng hp e bai cho zB < EJ (v du zB=5m) th gia s ban au khong ung.
Ta phai gia s lai co nc chay t J en be B trong ong 2.
Luc ay theo phng trnh lien tuc::
Q1 = Q2 + Q3

(1)

Q12
E J = E A 2 L1
Theo phng trnh nang lng:
K1
2
2
2
1
Q
V
Q
L
E J = E B + 22 L 2 = z B + B + 22 L 2 = z B + Q 22 2 + 22
K2
2g K 2
K2
A 2 2g
Q32
E J = E C + 2 L3
K3
Ta thanh lap c he 4 phng trnh, vi 4 an

so:
Q1; Q2; Q3; va EJ va lan lt giai c nh sau:
Ket hp phng trnh (1) (2) va (4) ta co:
Ket hp phng trnh (3) va (4) ta co:
T phng trnh (6) suy ra :
Thay Q3 t (7) vao (5) :
The so vao (8) giai ra ta c:
Q2 = 24,3 lt/s.
The gia tr Q2 vao (7), giai
c: Q3 = 109,2 lt/s.
Va t (1) ta suy ra:
Q1 = 133,5 lt/s.

EJ = zA

(Q2 + Q3 )2
K12

(2)
(3)
(4)

L1 = z C +

(Q3 )2
K32
Q 32
K 32

L3

L2
zB +
+ 2 = z C +
L3
2
A
2
g
K
2
2
L2
1
2

(z B z C ) + Q 2 2 + 2
A 2 2g K 2 K 2
Q3 =
3
L3
2
Q 2

(5)
(6)
(7)

L2
2 1

(zB zC ) + Q2 2 + 2

A2 2g K2 2

Q2 +
K3
(8)
L3

L2

2 1

zA
L1 = z B + Q2 2 + 2
2
K1
A2 2g K2

V du 5: May bm nc t bon 1 en bon 2 nh hnh ve. ng ong noi hai

bon co ng knh bang nhau va bang 10cm, dai L=25m, co he so ma sat doc
ng =0.03. H=20m. Q=10 lt/s. Tm cong suat bm.
2
H=20m
V=

Q Q4
= 2 = 1,273m / s
A d

2
2
LV
25 V
hd =
= 0.03
= 0.619m
D 2g
0.1 2g

1
B

E1 + H B = E 2 + h d H B = E 2 + h d E1 = 20 + 0.619 = 20.619m

N = QH B = 9.81*1000 *10 *103 * 20.619 = 2022W

V du 6: May bm nc t gieng len hnh ve. Lh=10m, Ld=5m co he so ma

sat doc ng =0.03. H=14m. v=0.5; ch=0.7. V=30m/s. Tm Q, hc,hd, N.
Giai: Q = AV1 = 0.059m / s
V2
7.512
h cv = v
= 0.5
= 1.41m
2g
2 * 9.81
V2
7.512
h ch = ch
= 0.7
= 2.04m
2g
2 * 9.81
3

1
V

H=14m

h c = h v + h ch = 3.44m
2

d=5 cm
1
V1

Q
V = = 7.51m / s
A

LV
15 7.51
hd =
= 0.03
= 12.9m
D 2g
0.1 2 * 9.81

0
D=10cm

h f = h c + h d = 16.34m

V12
30 2
+ h f z 0 = 14 +
E 0 + H B = E1 + h f H B = z 1 +
+ 16.34 = 76.21m
2g
2 * 9.81

N = QH B = 9.81*1000 * 0.059 * 76.21 = 44.1KW

V du 7:

L1=600m; D1=0.3m; 1=0.02; Q1=122 lt/s

L2=460m; D2=0.47m; 2=0.018;
Tnh hd1; Q2 ; Q

Q1
Q A
= 1.762m / s
A1
2
L1 V1
600 1.726 2
h d1 = 1
= 0.02
= 6.08m
D1 2g
0.3 2 * 9.81
L 2 V22
D 2g
h d1 = h d 2 = 2
V2 = h d1 2
= 2.56m / s
D 2 2g
L2 2

Q1,L1,d1, 1

V1 =

Q 2 = V2 A 2 = 0.44m 3 / s
V du 8:

B
Q2,L2,d2, 2

Q = Q1 + Q 2 = 0.562m 3 / s

L1=600m; D1=0.3m; 1=0.02;

L2=460m; D2=0.47m; 2=0.018;
Cho pAB=500Kpa; Tm Q1 ; Q2

500 *1000
E A = E B + h d1 h d1 = E A E B =
= 50.97 m
9.81*1000
D1 2g
0.3 2 * 9.81
V1 = h d1
= 50.97
= 5m / s
L1 1
600 0.02
V2 = h d1

D 2 2g
0.47 2 * 9.81
= 50.97
= 7.534m / s
L2 2
460 0.018

Q1 = V1A1 = 0.353m 3 / s
Q 2 = V2 A 2 = 1.307m 3 / s

V du 9:
L1=600m; D1=0.2m; n1=0.02;
L2=460m; D2=0.2m; n2=0.02;
Ch tnh ti mat nang cuc bo tai van.
Cho H=10m; Tnh Q1; Q2 ; Q

Van, v=0.9

Giai:

Q1,L1,d1, n1

Q12
V12
Q2
Q12
Q12
E 0 = E B + h d1 + h cv z 0 = z B +
+ 2 L1 + v
H=
+ 2 L1 +
2
2g K 1
2g
2gA
K1
2gA 2

h f 1 = h f 2 h d1 + h cv = h d 2

Q = Q1 + Q 2

(1,4)

Q2,L2,d2, n2

VB2

(2)

(3)

Q12
Q12
Q 22
2 L1 + v
= 2 L2
2
K1
2gA
K2

(2)

Q = Q1 + FQ1 = 2.144Q1

L1
v
2 L2

= Q 2 2 Q 2 = Q1
Q 2+
2
K
2
gA
K2
1

2
1

(1)

2
L1

K
2 + v 2 2 = F.Q1
L
K
2
gA
1

(4)
Vi F=1.144

V 2.1442 Q12
V
Q2
2 L1
2 L1
+
+
=
+
+
H=
Q
Q
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
K
gA
gA
K
gA
2 gA2
2
2
2
1

Q1 =

H
= 0.027m3 / s
2
V
2.144 L1
+
+
2 gA2 K 2 2 gA2

Q 2 = 1 .144 * Q 1 = 0 .03 m 3 / s
Q = Q 1 + Q 2 = 0 .057 m 3 / s

V du t giai:
Mot he thong hai bon cha va bm nh hnh ve, cao trnh tai mat thoang
bon I la 15 m . Hai ng ong noi t bon cha en bm co cung chieu dai
L = 20 m, cung ng knh d = 10 cm va cung o nham n = 0,02. Neu bm
cung cap cong suat N = 300 W cho dong chay th e lu lng chay ve bon
II la 15 lt/s, Tnh cao trnh mat thoang bon II

I
II

ap so :
Bm

z1

15

20

0.1

0.02

300

0.015

0.025

hd

Hb

z2

0.034 7.98367 2.04 9.05506

5. Bai toan ng ong phan nhanh:(bo qua mat nang cuc bo).
Xac nh cao trnh thap nc va kch thc cac ng ong.
Cho: qE, qF, qD,
LAB; LBC; LCD;
Cao trnh cot ap cac iem: D; B; F;
B=zB+pB/

QAB=qE+qF+qD
A
B

qE
C

QBC=qF+qD

qF

QCD=qD
C

qD

Trnh t giai:
1. Chon ng ong chnh ABCD, sau o tnh lu lng tren tng oan ong nh
hnh ve.
2. Tnh hdAB, hdBC; hdCD; bang cach chon trc kch thc cac ng ong, va
tnh theo cong thc sau:
Q i2
h di = 2 L i
K i = A i Ci R i
trong
o
K

3. thap = D + h dAB + h dBC + h dCD

'

Ghi chu: Sau khi tnh xong, phai kiem tra lai xem cao trnh cot ap tai cac nut re
nhanh co am bao khong, ngha la phai thoa ieu kien:
B >E ; va C > F
4. Neu cao trnh cot ap tai cac nut re nhanh thoa . kien tren , ta tien hanh
tnh cac kch thc cua cac nhanh phu nh sau:
h dBE = 'B 'E

Va t

h dCF = 'C 'F

Q i2
h di = 2 L i
Ki

ta suy ra ng knh cac nhanh phu

Bai toan ngc:

Gia s ca he thong nh tren a co san (co thap, co he thong cac ng ong). Ta
kiem tra lai xem co ap ng yeu cau khong. Neu khong se tien hanh sa cha
lai he thong ( thay ong mi hoac nang cop ao cua thap len).
Trnh t:
1. Xac nh tong ton that: H=thap - D. T o suy ra o doc thuy lc trung
bnh cho ca ng ong chnh: J = H
TB

2.

Xem JTB la o doc thuy lc cho tng oan, suy ra: K AB =

3.

sau o suy ra kch thc ng ong.

Tren cac oan nhanh phu, giai tng t nh bai toan 1 e tm d.

Q AB
Q
; K BC = BC
J TB
J TB

v .... v.

6. Bai toan ng ong mach kn:

Cho Q vao , lu lng lay ra tai cac nut
(neu co), cac kch thc va o nham cua
cac nhanh. Tm lu lng va chieu dong
chay trong moi nhanh.
Hai ieu kien e giai bai toan la:
Q en =
1. Tai moi nhanh:

Q i

I
Q=50 lt/s A

II

IV
+
H

+
E

III
+
G

2. Chon chieu dng cho moi vong, vi quy c: dong chay thuan chieu dng th
ton that mang dau cong, ngc lai mang dau tr. Ta co:

h di = 0

vongkn
Trnh t giai:
1. Chon chieu dng cho moi vong (hnh ve). T phan bo lu lng Q va
chieu dong chay tren cac nhanh sao cho thoa man ieu kien 1.
2. Tien hanh hieu chnh lu lng tren cac nhanh cho tng vong (lam theo th
t t vong 1 en vong cuoi cung) e htoa man ieu kien 2 bang phng
phap Hardy-Cross.
3. Sau khi hieu chnh lu lng cho vong mot xong, tien hanh hieu chnh nh
tren cho vong 2,3,,n
4. Lap lai qua trnh tren en khi tat ca lu lng va ton that cho cac vong eu
thoa hai ieu kien a neu au bai

Ghi chu:
Theo phng phap Hardy-Cross, cong thc tnh hd can co dang sau: h d = kQ x
Q2
Trong bai toan, ta s dung cong thc tnh hd:
hd = 2 L
K
so sanh vi dang neu tren, ta co k=L/K2 va x=2.
Tm lu lng hieu chnh:
Goi Q la lu lng hieu chnh cho mot vong (v du vong I). e am bao
c s lien tuc cho cac nut Q cho moi vong phai la hang so.
Lu lng that cho nhanh th i trong vong mot la: Qi = Qi + QI.
x
x
x
x1
x2
2
x
h
=
k
Q
=
k
(
Q
'
+

Q
)
=
k
(
Q
'
+
xQ
'

Q
+
xQ
'

Q
+
...
+

Q
)
Ta co:
di
i i
i
i
I
i
I
i
i
i
I
I

ki (Q'xi +xQ'xi 1 QI ) = 0

e am bao ieu kien 2:

h di = 0

vongI

k (Q' + xQ'
i

x 1

Q I ) = 0

vongI

k Q' + k xQ'
i

x
i

vongI

xQ I

x 1
i

Q I =

Q I = 0

vongI

vongI

k i Q'ix 1 =

k iQ'ix =
vongI

h'di

h' di

vongI

x 1
k
Q
'
i i

vongI

vongI

Sau khi tm c QI, tien hanh hieu chnh lu lng cho vong 1 (ghi chu rang QI
co the am hoac dng).

CHNG 6

THE LU

Gii han:

dong chay phang, lu chat ly tng khong nen c chuyen ong on nh

I. CAC KHAI NIEM C BAN

1. Ham the van toc:

Ta nh ngha ham sao cho: u x = ; u y =

x

1
hay u r =
; u =
r
r

(1)

r
Trng vect u la trng co the khi: u ds ch phu thuoc vao hai v tr A va B.

Ta co:

A
tontai thoa (1)

r
u
ds = (u x dx + u y dy )

u
ds
=
(
dx
+
dy )

x
y
A
A
B

Ro rang t chng minh tren,

Vay:

= d = A B

r
u
ds

ch phu thuoc vao gia tr ham the tai A va B.

Dong chay co the /thoa .k. (1)

u y u x

=0

= 0
x
y
x y y x

2. Phng trnh ng ang the: d = 0 u x dx + u y dy = 0

3. Y ngha ham the van toc: AB = B A
4. Tnh chat ham the:u

AB = u s ds

rot(u)=0

la lu so van toc

n
un
u

us

u y

2
2

x
+
= 0 + = 0 2 + 2 = 0
T ptr lien tuc, ta co: x y
x x y y
x
y

Ham the thoa phng trnh Laplace

5. Ham dong:
Khi dong chay lu chat khong nen c ton tai, th cac thanh phan van toc cua no
thoa ptr lien tuc : u x u y

+
= 0 / u x =
; uy =
x
y
y
x
goi la ham dong.

hay

ur =

; u =

Nh vay ton tai trong moi dong chay,

con ch ton tai trong dong chay the.

6. Ham dong trong the phang:

u y u x

2 2
V la dong chay the nen:
= 0 2 + 2 = 0

=0

x
y
x x y y
x
y
Vay trong dong the th ham thoa ptr Laplace.

7. ng dong va ptr:

T ptr ng dong: u x dy u y dx = 0

dy +
dx = 0 d = 0
y
x

Nh vay tren cung mot ng dong th gia tr la hang so.

8. Y ngha Bham doB ng:
Ta co:

q AB

rr
= u n ds = unds = u x n x ds + u y n y ds = u x cos ds + u y sin ds
A

Vay:

q AB = B A

dy

dy
dx = d = B A
y
x
A
A

u x dy u y dx =

ny

dx

nx
ds

(-dx=ds.sin
)

9. S trc giao gia ho cac ng dong va ng ang the:

+
= u x ( u y ) + u y ( u x ) = 0
x x y y

Suy ra ho cac ng dong va cac ng ang the trc giao vi nhau.

10. Cong the lu:

= 1 + 2 + ...
= 1 + 2 + ...

11. Bieu dien dong the:

e bieu dien dong chay the, ta co the bieu dien rieng tng ham dong va ham the, ta
cung co the ket hp ham dong vi ham the thanh mot ham the phc nh sau::

The phc f(z):

Nh vay:

f ( z ) = + i

vi z = x+iy = ei .

df
d
d
= u x iu y =
+i
dy
dz
dx

II. CAC V DU VE THE LU

1. Chuyen ong thang eu: t xa vo
cc ti, hp vi phng ngang mot goc
.
ux = V0cos; uy = V0sin
d = uxdy - uydx
=3
= V0ycos
ycos - V0xsin
xsin + C
=2
Chon:=0 la ng qua goc toa o
=1
=0
C=0.
=-1
= V0ycos - V0xsin
Vay:
=-2
Tng t: = V0xcos + V0ysin
=-3

y
V0

=-3

x
=3
=2
=1
=0
=-1
=-2

Bieu dien bang ham the phc:

F(z) = +i = (V0xcos + V0ysin) + i(V0ycos - V0xsin)
= x(V0cos- iV0sin)+yi(V0cos - iV0sin)
= az
vi: a=(V0cos -iV0sin) la so phc; z=x+iy la bien phc.

2. iem nguon, iem hut: vi lu lng q tam at tai goc toa o.

(q>0:iem nguon; q<0:iem hut).
Ham dong:
Ham the van toc:
q

dr +
d = u dr + ru r d = ru r d
2 r d =

u = 0
u r=

q
+ C ; chon = 0
2
q
q
y
arctg
=
=
2
2
x
=

khi

=0

d=

q

dr+ d = urdr+ rud = urdr= dr
r

2r
q
= ln(r) + C; chon = 0 khi r =1
2
q
q
= ln(r) = ln(x2 + y2 )
2
4
=(q/4)

Ho cac ng dong la nhng ng thang qua O.

q
q

y
= 2 = 2 arctg x

q
q

ln(
r
)

=
=
ln(x 2 + y 2 )
=0
=q/2

Ket luan: 2
O
4

f (z) = q (ln r + i) = q (ln r + ln e i )

2
2

q
q
i

=
ln( re ) =
ln z = a ln z

=3q/
2
2
Ghi chu:
Trng hp iem nguon (hut) co tam at tai mot v tr khac goc toa o4, v du at tai
A(x0; y0) th trong cong thc tnh ham dong (hoac the van toc), tai v tr nao co cac bien x
phai thay bang (x=x0) ; tai v tr nao co bien y phai thay bang (y-y0).

3. Xoay t do: at tai goc toa o va co lu so van toc

r
= uds = const
C

=
arctg

2
2
x

2
2
u r = 0

=
ln(
r
)
=
ln(
x
+
y
)

2
4

f ( z ) = ( i ln r ) = i (ln r + i )
u = 2 r = const

2
2

i
i
i

=
ln( re ) =
ln z = a ln z

2
2
=
/4

Ghi chu:
>0: xoay dng ngc chieu kim ong ho;
<0: xoay am thuan chieu kim ong ho;
Tng t, ta co tren ay la xoay at tai O(0,0).
Muon bieu dien cho xoay co tam at tai iem
bat ky, ta cung thc hien nh trong phan ghi
chu cua iem nguon, hut.

= /2

=0

=3
/4
>0: xoay dng

4. Lng cc: la cap iem nguon + hut co cung lu lng qat cach nhau mot
oan vo cung nho (cho 0 vi ieu kien qm0 , la moment lng cc).
V du ta xet trng hp nam tren truc hoanh:

Tm ham dong:

q
q
y
y
( n h ) =
arctg
arctg

2
2
x+
x

2
2

y
y

y
x

y
x
+

x
+
x

q
q
2
2

2
2
=
arctg
arctg
=

2
2

2
2
y y
x
+y

1 +

x
x
+

2
2

= n + h =

Khi 0 t so trong dau arctg tien ti 0 nen ta co the viet:

y x y x +
q
2

=
2
2
2
x
+ y2

q
y
2

=
2
2
2
+ y2

y
m0

2 x 2 + y 2


Tm ham the van toc: = n + h = q ln x +
4

2
2

2
2

+ y ln x + y
2
2

x + + y
q
q
2
x

1 +
=
ln
ln
=
2
2

4
4

2
2
x + y
x + y
2
2

x2
+ ... va bo qua cac so hang bac cao vo cung be, ta co:
Trien khai ln(1 + x) = x
2

q
m0
2x
x
=

khi 0

2
2
2
2
2 x + y
2
x 2 y

Vay tom lai, oi vi chuyen ong lng cc th:

m0
m 0 sin
y
=
=
2 x 2 + y 2
2
r
m0
m 0 cos
x
=
=
2
2
2 x + y
2 r
f (z) =

m 0 cos i sin m 0 cos + sin m 0 1

=
=
2
r
2 r(cos + i sin ) 2 z

+q

-q

5. Dong chay quanh na co the:

La chong nhap cua chuyen ong thang eu ngang (U0)+ nguon tai goc toa o (q)
q
q
2
2
= u0x +
ln(x + y ) = u 0 r cos +
ln r
4
2
q
y
q
= u0y +
arctg( ) = u 0 r sin +

2
x
2

iem dng A:
u A = 0 u xA = 0; u yA = 0
q
2x
q

u
+
=
0

x
=

=
0
A
2
2
x
4
x
y
2u 0

= q 2 y = 0
yA = 0
2
2
y
4 x + y

iem dng

6. Dong chay quanh co the dang Rankin

La to hp cua dong chuyen ong thang
ngang eu (u0) + nguon (+q) + hut(-q).
Trong o iem nguon va hut nam tren
truc hoanh, cach nhau mot oan 2a hu
han,
q
( x + a) + y
= uox +
ln
4 ( x a ) 2 + y 2
2

= uo y +

u0
A

+q -q

2a

q
y
y
arctg
arctg

2
x+a
x a

Co hai iem dng A va B:

q

2y
2y

= 0 {y = 0

2
2
2
2

( x a) + y
y 4 (x + a) + y

= u + q 2(x + a) 2(x a) = 0
0
x
4 (x + a) 2 + y 2 (x a) 2 + y 2
u x = 0
u=0

u y = 0
the y = 0 u + q 2 2 = 0

4 (x + a) (x a)

q 4a
aq
2
u0 +
=
0

x
=

+
a
2

4 x a 2
u 0

7. Dong chay quanh tru tron (

=0)
Xet to hp cua chuyen ong thang eu, nam ngang (u0)+lng cc (m0)

m0
m 0 cos
m0
x

= uox +
=

+
=

+
u
r
cos
u
r
cos
1
o
o

2 x 2 + y 2
2 r
2u 0 r 2

m0
m 0 sin
m0
y

= uoy +
=

u
r
sin
=
u
r
sin

o
o

2 x 2 + y 2
2 r
2u 0 r 2

Do khong co s trao
m 0 bang ng
Thay ng
oi lu chat gia
r=
R=
tro
n
tro
n
2

u
0
trong
va
ngoai
ng dong =0

R2
= u o r cos 1 + 2
r

R2
= u o r sin 1 2
r

iem dng

Xet ng dong =0

=0
va

m0
2u 0

r=

m0
2u 0

th ban chat
dong chay van
khong oi

Ta co hnh anh cua dong

chay bao quanh tru tron.
(tru khong xoay)

Tm phan bo van toc tren mat tru r=R:

1

= 2 u 0 sin
u =
r r = R
= 2 u 0 R cos
u = 0
r
Tm hai iem dng tren mat tru:
u = 0 = 0
va
=
co hai iem dng A. B trc va sau mat tru.
Tm hai iem co gia tr van toc ln nhat tren mat tru:

3
u = u max = ; =
2
2
u C = 2 u 0 ; u D = 2 u 0

pA = pB = u02/2
uC = -2u0

C
B

A
D

uD = 2u0

pC = pD = -3
u02/2

C, D nam tren va di mat tru

co gia tr van toc ln nhat.

Khao sat phan bo ap suat ren mat tru:

Ap dung P.Tr NL tren ng dong =0 t iem xa vo cc en iem tren mat tru:

u 20
u 2tr
p +
= p tr +
2
2

u 20
Tai A, B: p A = p B =
2

2
3

u
0
Tai C, D: p = p =
D
D
2

Nhan xet:

Gia s p=pa

u 02
u tr2
u 02
4u 02 sin 2
p =
(1 2 ) =
(1
)
2
2
u0
2
u0
2

u
2
0
p d
=
(
1

4
sin
)
tr
2
d
tr

Do bieu o phan bo ap suat oi xng qua ox lan oy nen

tong lc tac dung len mat tru trong trng hp nay = 0

7. Chuyen ong quanh tru tron xoay (

0):

Bao gom chuyen ong quanh tru tron + xoay t do ( +)

R2

= u o r cos 1 + 2 +
r 2

L cc

Dong eu

Xoay
t do

R2
= u o r sin 1 2
ln r
r 2

Phan bo van toc tren mat tru :

1
V r = R nen u r = 0; u = 2 u 0 sin +
R 2

< 4Ru 0 2.iem.dng

suy ra:

u = 0 2 u 0 sin =
sin =
= 4Ru 0 1.iem.dng
2R
4Ru 0
> 4Ru 0.iem.dng
0

Phan bo ap suat tren mat tru :

u 20
u 2tr
1
vi u = 2u0 sin +
p +
= p tr +
2
2
R 2
2
2
2
2

u
u
u

d
0
tr
0
Gia s p=pa p =

1 2 sin
(1 2 ) =
tr
2
u0
2
2 Ru 0

Lc tac dung tren mat tru:

Lu y :
Phng x:
Fx =0
2
2
Phng y:
d
n
--Lc nang Jukovs Fy = p tr R sin .d = U 0
sin .d =0
0

/2
Ru0=1
iem dng

Cac
trng
hp xoay
>0

/2
Ru0=2
iem dng

Fy

/2
Ru0=3
iem dng

Cac
trng
hp xoay
< 0

y
Fy

r
r

Stagnation
ie
m dng
Point

| | /2
Ru0=1

Stagnation
iem dng
Point
| | /2
Ru0=2

r
Stagnation
iem
dng
Point

| | /2
Ru0=3

V du 1:
Chuyen ong the cua chat long hai chieu tren mat phang nam ngang xoy vi
ham the van toc = 0,04x3 + axy2 + by3 , x,y tnh bang m, tnh bang
m2/s.
1. Tm a, b.
2. Tm o chenh ap suat gia hai iem A(0,0) va B(3,4), bietb khoi lng
rieng long bang 1300kg/m3
Giai:
T ham the van toc = 0,04x3 + axy2 + by3 ta co:

2
2
ux =
= 0,12x + ay
; uy =
= 2axy + 3by 2
x
y
Cac thanh phan van toc phai thoa phng trnh div(u)=0 nen:
u x u y
+
= 0 0,24x + 2ax + 6by = 0 (0,24 + 2a )x + 6by = 0
x
y
V div(u)=0 ung vi moi iem nen the (x=0; y=1) vao ta c b = 0
(x=1; y=0) vao ta c a = -0,12

uA=0;

uB = ((0,12*32 -0,12*42)2+(-0,24*3*4)2)1/2 = 3 m/s

V ay la chuyen ong the nen p.tr Ber ung cho hai iem bat ky A va B, ta co:

pA u2A pB uB2
(uB2 u2A )
1300 ( 3 2 )
+
p AB =
= + (pA pB ) =
= 5,85 KN / m 2

2
2
2
2

V du 2:

Dong chay the uon cong mot goc 900 vi ham the van toc
c cho nh sau:
1
( x, y ) = ( y 2 x 2 )
2
(x,y tnh bang m).Tm lu lng phang qua ng thang noi
hai iem A(1,1) va B(2,2)
Giai:

ux =
=x
x

; uy =
=y
y

= u y = yx = yx + C( y )
x

= u x x + C' ( y ) = x C( y ) = const = xy + const

y

q AB = B A = 2 * 2 1 * 1 = 3m 2 / s

V du 3:
Fy
dF
Gio thoi qua mai leu dang ban tru R=3m vi
V=20m/s, khong kh co khoi lng rieng

bang 1,16 kg/m3 . Tm lc nang tac dung len

1m be dai leu.
Giai:
e tm lc nang Fy tac dung len 1m be dai leu, tren ban tru ta chon mot vi phan
dien tch ds, tm lc dF tac dung len ds, sau o chieu dF len phng y dFy. Va tch
phan (dFy) tren toan ban tru
u 02
d
p tr =
(1 4 sin 2 )
Ap suat d tren mat tru bang:
2

u 02
Fx = dFx = pds cos() =
(1 4 sin 2 ) cos()Rd = 0
2
0
0
0

u 02
Fy = dFy = pds sin( ) =
(1 4(1 cos 2 )) sin( )Rd
2
0
0
0

Ru 02
R
u
2
2
0
Fy =
(4 cos 3) sin( )d =
(4 cos ( d(cos()) 3 sin( )d

2 0
2 0
0

Ru 02
Ru 02
4
4
4 5Ru 02
3
Fy =
3 cos cos =
3 + 3 =

2
3
2
3
3
3
0

Fy = 2320

V du 4:
Mot xi lanh hnh tru tron di chuyen trong
nc vi van toc u0 khong oi o sau
10m. Tm u0 e tren be mat xi lanh khong
xay ra hien tng kh thc , biet nc 200C
Giai:
200C ap suat hi bao hoa cua nc : pbh = 0,25m nc
e tren be mat xi lanh khong xay ra hien tng kh thc
th ptru t > pbh = 0,25m nc

ptru ck < 9,75m nc

hay

pA = pB = u02/2
uC = -2u0

C
B

A
D

uD = 2u0

pC = pD = -3
u02/2

ptru d > - 9,75m nc

Ap suat d nho nhat tren mat tru (neu tru di chuyen tren mat thoang ), nh ta a
biet, tai v tr C va D, ba bang:
pC = pD = -3
u02/2
u02/2
Vay neu tru di chuyen o sau 10m th : pC = pD = 10n -3
Suy ra, van toc toi a ma tru co the di chuyen c e khong co hien tng kh thc
xay ra tren mat tru phai giai t bat p.tr :
Ptru d = 10n -3
u02/2 > - 9,75 n
3
u02/2 < 19,75 n
u0 < 11,365 m/s

V du 5:
Hai na xi lanh c noi vi nhau va at trong trng
chay eu co the nh hnh ve. Ngi ta khoet 1 lo nho tai
v tr goc e cho khong co lc tac dung len hai moi noi.
Gia thiet rang ap suat ben trong xi lanh bang ap suat ben
ngoai xi lanh tai lo khoet. Xac nh goc

/2

dF

ds

dFx
0

Giai:
e cho khong co lc tac dung len hai moi noi th tong lc Fx tac dung len moi na
mat tru phai bang khong.
Do bieu o ap suat tren mat tru phan bo oi xng qua truc ox, nen ta ch can xet
tong lc Fx tren mat tr. Ta xet tren mat tru t 0 en /2:

2
Ap suat d tren mat tru:

u
2
0
p d
=
(
1

4
sin
)
tr
2
Tren mat tru ta chon vi phan ds, goi dFn la lc tac dung len ds t ben ngoai mat
tru, ta co:
dFn=pds dFnx= - pdscos = -pRcosd
Fnx =

/2

/2

u 02 R
4 3
u 02
2
(1 4 sin ) cos Rd =
sin sin

2
2
3
0

u 02 R
=
6

Nhan xet:
Lc F nx >0 hng theo chieu dnglc Ftx t ben trong mat tru phai hng theo
chieu am. Nh vay, ap suat tai lo khoet phai la ap suat chan khong
Goi p la ap suat tai lo khoet, ta co: p
Ftx =

/2

p ds =

/2

Ftx =

Ta co:

u 02
=
(1 4 sin 2 )
2

p cos Rd = p R[sin ]0

/2

= pR

u R
(1 4 sin 2 )
2
2
o

Fnx + Ftx = 0

2
2

u
R

u
o
oR
Suy ra: Fnx = Ftx
(1 4 sin 2 )
=
6
2
4
1
2
2
4 sin = sin =
3
3
1
sin =
3
= 35,260

/2

Ftx

Fnx
0