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BI TP: PHNG TRNH NG THNG TRONG MT PHNG Oxy

Bi 1: Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy cho tam gic ABC c A(1; -2), ng cao CH : x y
+ 1 = 0, ng phn gic trong BN : 2x + y + 5 = 0. Tm ta cc nh B, C v tnh din tch tam
gic ABC.
Bi lm :
AB i qua A(1 ;-2) v AB CH AB : x + y + 1 = 0
x y 1 0
x 4
B = AB BN nn ta im B l nghim ca hpt

2 x y 5 0
y 3
B(-4 ; 3)
Gi A l im i xng ca A qua BN th A BC.
Phng trnh ng thng d i qua A v vung gc vi BN l d : x 2y 5 = 0.
Gi I = d BN th ta im M l nghim ca h pt :
x 2 y 5 0
x 1

I(--1;-3).

2 x y 5 0
y 3
I l trung im ca AA nn A(-3 ;-4)
Phng trnh ng thng BC : 7x + y + 1 = 0
C= BC CH nn ta im C l nghim ca h pt :
13

x 4
7 x y 25 0

x y 1 0
y 4
13 9
; )
4 4
15 2
BC =
, d(A,BC) = 3 2 ;
4
45
SABC =
24

C(

Bi 2:Trong mt phng oxy cho ABC c A(2;1) . ng cao qua nh B c phng trnh x- 3y
- 7 = 0 .ng trung tuyn qua nh C c phng trnh : x + y +1 = 0 . Xc nh ta B v C .
Tnh din tch ABC .
Bi lm :
- ng thng (AC) qua A(2;1) v vung gc vi ng cao k qua B , nn c vc t ch phng

x 2 t
n 1; 3 AC :
t R
y 1 3t
x 2 t

- Ta C l giao ca (AC) vi ng trung tuyn k qua C : y 1 3t


x y 1 0

Gii ta c : t=2 v C(4;-5). V B nm trn ng cao k qua B suy ra B(3a+7;a) . M l trung


3a 9 a 1
;
im ca AB M
.
2
2
- Mt khc M nm trn ng trung tuyn k qua C :
3a 9 a 1

1 0 a 3 B 1; 2
2
2


12
x 2 y 1

3 x y 5 0, h C ; AB
- Ta c : AB 1; 3 AB 10, AB :
1
3
10
1
1
12
10.
6 (vdt).
- Vy : S ABC AB.h C , AB
2
2
10
Bi 3: Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy, hy vit phng trnh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC bit
trc tm H (1; 0) , chn ng cao h t nh B l K (0; 2) , trung im cnh AB l M (3; 1) .
Bi lm :
- Theo tnh cht ng cao : HK vung gc vi AC cho
nn (AC) qua K(0;2) c vc t php tuyn

KH 1; 2 AC : x 2 y 2 0 x 2 y 4 0 .
A
K(0;2)
- B nm trn (BH) qua H(1;0) v c vc t ch phng

KH 1; 2 B 1 t; 2t .
M(3;1)
H(1;0)
- M(3;1) l trung im ca AB cho nn A(5-t;2+2t).
- Mt khc A thuc (AC) cho nn : 5-t-2(2+2t)+4=0 , suy
B
C
ra t=1 . Do A(4;4),B(2;-2)
- V C thuc (AC) suy ra C(2t;2+t) ,

BC 2t 2;4 t , HA 3;4 . Theo tnh cht ng cao k t A :



HA.BC 0 3 2t 2 4 4 t 0 t 1 . Vy : C(-2;1).

x4 y4

- (AB) qua A(4;4) c vc t ch phng BA 2; 6 // u 1;3 AB :


1
3
3x y 8 0

- (BC) qua B(2;-2) c vc t php tuyn HA 3; 4 BC : 3 x 2 4 y 2 0

3x 4 y 2 0 .
Bi 4: Trong mt phng to Oxy, cho hnh ch nht ABCD c phng trnh ng thng AB: x
2y + 1 = 0, phng trnh ng thng BD: x 7y + 14 = 0, ng thng AC i qua M(2; 1). Tm
to cc nh ca hnh ch nht
Bi lm :
D nhn thy B l giao ca BD vi AB cho nn ta d B l nghim ca h :
x 2 y 1 0
21 13
B ;

5 5
x 7 y 14 0
- ng thng (BC) qua B(7;3) v vung gc vi (AB) cho nn c vc t ch phng:
21

x 5 t
u 1; 2 BC :
y 13 2t

5
- Ta c : AC , BD BIC 2 ABD 2 2 AB, BD

n1.n2
1 14
15
3
- (AB) c n1 1; 2 , (BD) c n2 1; 7 cos =

5 50 5 10
10
n1 n2

- Gi (AC) c n a, b cos AC,BD cos2 =

a-7b

4
9
2 cos2 1 2 1
5
10
50 a 2 b2

- Do : 5 a 7b 4 50 a 2 b 2 a 7b 32 a 2 b 2 31a 2 14ab 17b 2 0


17
17

a b AC : x 2 y 1 0 17 x 31y 3 0

- Suy ra :
31
31

a b AC : x 2 y 1 0 x y 3 0

21

x 5 t

13
7

14 5
- (AC) ct (BC) ti C y 2t t C ;
5
15
3 3

x 2 y 1 0
x 7
- (AC) ct (AB) ti A :

A 7; 4
x y 3 0
y 4

x 7 t
- (AD) vung gc vi (AB) ng thi qua A(7;4) suy ra (AD) :
y 4 2t
x 7 t
7

98 46
t D ;
- (AD) ct (BD) ti D : y 4 2t
15
15 15
x 7 y 14 0

- Trng hp (AC) : 17x-31y-3=0 cc em lm tng t .


Bi 5: Trong mt phng to Oxy cho tam gic ABC, c im A(2; 3), trng tm G(2; 0). Hai
nh B v C ln lt nm trn hai ng thng d1: x + y + 5 = 0 v d2: x + 2y 7 = 0. Vit
phng trnh ng trn c tm C v tip xc vi ng thng BG
Bi lm :
x t
- B thuc d suy ra B :
, C thuc d' cho
A(2;3)
y 5 t
x 7 2m
x+2y-7=0
nn C:
.
y m
G(2;0)
- Theo tnh cht trng tm :
t 2m 9 2, y m t 2 0
C
xG
M
B
G
3
3
x+y+5=0
m t 2
m 1
- Ta c h :

t 2m 3 t 1

- Vy : B(-1;-4) v C(5;1) . ng thng (BG) qua G(2;0) c vc t ch phng u 3;4 , cho

20 15 8 13
x2 y
4 x 3 y 8 0 d C ; BG
R
3
4
5
5
13
169
2
2
- Vy ng trn c tm C(5;1) v c bn knh R= C : x 5 y 1
5
25
Bi 6: Trong mp (Oxy) cho ng thng () c phng trnh: x 2y 2 = 0 v hai im A
(-1;2); B (3;4). Tm im M () sao cho 2MA2 + MB2 c gi tr nh nht
Bi lm :
- M thuc suy ra M(2t+2;t )
nn (BG):

- Ta c : MA2 2t 3 t 2 5t 2 8t 13 2MA2 10t 2 16t 26


2

Tng t : MB 2 2t 1 t 4 5t 2 12t 17
- Do d : f(t)= 15t 2 4t 43 f ' t 30t 4 0 t
=

2
641
26 2
t c ti t M ;
15
15
15 15

2
. Lp bng bin thin suy ra min f(t)
15

Bi 7: Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c phng trnh cnh AB: x - y - 2
= 0, phng trnh cnh AC: x + 2y - 5 = 0. Bit trng tm ca tam gic G(3; 2). Vit phng trnh
cnh BC
Bi lm :
- y - 2 = 0, phng trnh cnh AC: x + 2y - 5 = 0. Bit trng tm ca tam gic G(3; 2). Vit phng
trnh cnh BC
x y 2 0
- (AB) ct (AC) ti A :
A 3;1
x 2 y 5 0
- B nm trn (AB) suy ra B(t; t-2 ), C nm trn (AC) suy ra C(5-2m;m)
t 2m 8

3
xG
t 2m 1 m 2 C 1; 2
3
- Theo tnh cht trng tm :

1
t

y
t 5 B 5;3
2
G

3
Bi 8: Trong mt phng Oxy , cho tam gic ABC bit A(3;0), ng cao t nh B c phng
trnh x+y+1=0 trung tuyn t nh C c phng trnh : 2x-y-2=0 . Vit phng trnh ng trn
ngoi tip tam gic ABC
Bi lm :
- ng thng d qua A(3;0) v vung gc vi

(BH) cho nn c vc t ch phng u 1;1 do


B
2x-y-2=0
x

d :
. ng thng d ct (CK) ti C :
K
y t
x 3 t

t 4 C 1; 4
A(3;0)
y t
C
H
2 x y 2 0

- V K thuc (CK) : K(t;2t-2) v K l trung im


x+y+1=0
ca AB cho nn B i xng vi A qua K suy ra
B(2t-3;4t-4) . Mt khc K li thuc (BH) cho nn : (2t-3)+(4t-4)+1=0 suy ra t=1 v to B(-1;0) .
Gi (C) : x 2 y 2 2ax 2by c 0 a 2 b 2 c R 2 0 l ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC .
1

a 2
9 6a c 0

Cho (C) qua ln lt A,B,C ta c h : 4 4a c 0


b 0
5 2a 8b c 0 c 6

1
25

- Vy (C) : x y 2
2
4

Bi 9: Trong mt phng Oxy , cho hnh vung c nh (-4;5) v mt ng cho c phng trnh :
7x-y+8=0 . Vit phng trnh chnh tc cc cnh hnh vung
Bi lm :
- Gi A(-4;8) th ng cho (BD): 7x-y+8=0. Gi s B(t;7t+8) thuc (BD).
- ng cho (AC) qua A(-4;8) v vung gc vi (BD) cho nn c vc t ch phng

x 4 7t
x 4 y 5
u 7; 1 AC :

x 7 y 39 0 . Gi I l giao ca (AC) v (BD)


7
1
y 5t
x 4 7t
1

1 9
th ta ca I l nghim ca h : y 5 t
t I ; C 3; 4
2
2 2
7 x y 8 0

- T B(t;7t+8) suy ra : BA t 4;7t 3 , BC t 3;7t 4 . l hnh vung th BA=BC :


t 0
V BAvung gc vi BC t 4 t 3 7t 3 7t 4 0 50t 2 50t 0
t 1
t 0 B 0;8
B 0;8 D 1;1

. Tm ta ca D i xng vi B qua I
t 1 B 1;1
B 1;1 D 0;8

x4 y5

- T : (AB) qua A(-4;5) c u AB 4;3 AB :


4
3

x 4 y 5

(AD) qua A(-4;5) c u AD 3; 4 AB :


3
4

x y 8
(BC) qua B(0;8) c uBC 3; 4 BC :
3
4

x 1 y 1

(DC) qua D(-1;1) c uDC 4;3 DC :


4
3
* Ch : Ta cn cch gii khc
1
x 31
- (BD) : y 7 x 8 , (AC) c h s gc k v qua A(-4;5) suy ra (AC): y .
7
7 7
x

2
x
A C
I
y y 2y
C
I
A
-Gi I l tm hnh vung : yI 7 xI 8 C 3; 4

yC xC 31

7 7


- Gi (AD) c vc t ch phng u a; b , BD : v 1;7 a 7b uv u v cos450
3
3
3
AD : y x 4 5 x 8
4
4
4
4
4
1
3
3
7
Tng t : AB : y x 4 5 x , BC : y x 3 4 x v ng thng
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
(DC): y x 3 4 x 8
3
3
Bi 10: Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A, bit phng trnh ng thng AB, BC ln lt l:x + 2y 5
= 0 v 3x y + 7 = 0. Vit phng trnh ng thng AC, bit rng AC i qua im F(1; - 3).
Bi lm :
- Ta thy B l giao ca (AB) v (BC) cho nn ta B
9

A
x

x 2 y 5 0
7
l nghim ca h :

x+2y-5=0
3 x y 7 0 y 22

F(1;-3)
7
9 22
B ; . ng thng d' qua A vung gc vi
7
7
B
C
3x-y+7=0

1
(BC) c u 3; 1 n 1;3 k . (AB) c
3
1
k AB . Gi (AC) c h s gc l k ta c phng
2
a 7b 5 a 2 b 2 . Chn a=1, suy ra b

1 1
1
k

k

15
k

k
3
k

1
8
3
trnh : 2 3
15k 5 3 k

11
k
5 3 k
15k 5 k 3
k 4
1
1

23
3
7
1
1
- Vi k=- AC : y x 1 3 x 8 y 23 0
8
8
4
4
- Vi k= AC : y x 1 3 4 x 7 y 25 0
7
7
Bi 11: Trong mt phng Oxy , cho hai ng thng d1: 2x + y + 5 = 0, d2: 3x + 2y 1 = 0 v
im G(1;3). Tm ta cc im B thuc d1 v C thuc d2 sao cho tam gic ABC nhn im G
lm trng tm. Bit A l giao im ca hai ng thng d1 v d 2
Bi lm :
2 x y 5 0
x 11
- Tm ta A l nghim ca h :

A 11;17
3 x 2 y 1 0
y 17
- Nu C thuc
C
d1 C t; 2t 5 , B d 2 B 1 2m; 1 3m
3x+2y-1=0
- Theo tnh cht trng tm ca tam gic ABC khi G l
t 2m 10
1
M

t 2m 13
3
A
G
trng tm th :

11 2t 3m 3 2t 3m 2

3
2x+y+5=0
t 13 2m
t 13 2m t 35
B

m 24
m 24
2 13 2m 3m 2
- Vy ta tm c : C(-35;65) v B( 49;-53).
Bi 12: Trong mt phng ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c C(1;2), hai ng cao xut pht t
A v B ln lt c phng trnh l x + y = 0 v 2x y + 1 = 0. Tnh din tch tam gic ABC.
Bi lm :
- (AC) qua C(1;2) v vung gc vi ng cao BK cho nn c :

x 1 y 2
u 2; 1 AC :

x 2y 5 0
2
1
3

2 x y 1 0
5

3 11
5
- (AC) ct (AH) ti A :

A ; AC
5
5 5
x 2 y 5 0
y 11

x 1 t
- (BC) qua C(1;2) v vung gc vi (AH) suy ra uBC 1;1 BC :
y 2t
x 1 t
3

1 1
- (BC) ct ng cao (AH) ti B y 2 t t B ;
2
2 2
x y 0

1
1 5
9
1 5 9
9
2

S
.

- Khong cch t B n (AC) :


2 5 2 5 20
5
2 5

13 13
Bi 13: Trong mpOxy, cho ABC c trc tm H ; , pt cc ng thng AB v AC ln lt
5 5
l: 4x y 3 = 0, x + y 7 = 0. Vit pt ng thng cha cnh BC.
Bi lm :
4
x

- Ta A l nghim ca h :
x y 7 0
A(2;5)
3 12
x+y-7=0
K
Suy ra : A(2;5). HA ; // u 1; 4 . Suy ra
H
5 5
4x-y-3=0

(AH) c vc t ch phng u 1; 4 . (BC) vung gc



vi (AH) cho nn (BC) c n u 1; 4 suy ra (BC): xB
E
4y+m=0 (*).
- C thuc (AC) suy ra C(t;7-t ) v
13

22
CH t ; t u AB 1; 4 CH . Cho nn ta
5
5
13
22
c :
t 4 t 0 t 5 C 5; 2 .
5
5

- Vy (BC) qua C(5;2) c vc t php tuyn n 1; 4 BC : x 5 4 y 2 0

Bi 14: Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho ABC c nh A(4; 3), ng cao BH v trung
tuyn CM c pt ln lt l: 3x y + 11 = 0, x + y 1 = 0. Tm ta cc nh B, C
Bi lm :
x 4 3t
ng thng (AC) qua A(4;3) v vung gc vi (BH) suy ra (AC) :
y 3 t
x 4 3t

2t 6 0 t 3 C 5;6
(AC) ct trung tuyn (CM) ti C : y 3 t
x y 1 0

- B thuc (BH) suy ra B(t;3t+11 ). Do (CM) l trung tuyn cho nn M l trung im ca AB , ng


t 4 3t 14
B
thi M thuc (CM) . M
;

2
2
t 4 3t 14
M
M CM

1 0 t 4 .
x+y-1=0
2
2
Do ta ca B(-4;-1) v M(0;1 ).
C
H
A(4;3)
Bi 15: Lap ph. trnh cac canh cua ABC, biet
nh A(1 ; 3) va hai ng trung tuyen xuat phat
t B va C co ph.trnh la: x 2y +1= 0 va y
1= 0.
Bi lm :
Gi G l trng tm tam gic th ta G l nghim
x 2 y 1 0
ca h
G 1;1 . E(x;y) thuc
y 1 0
(BC), theo tnh cht trng tm ta c :

3x-y+11=0

A(1;3)
N
y-1=0
B

M
G

x-2y+1=0
C

GA 0;2 , GE x 1; y 1 GA 2GE
0 2 x 1

E 1;0 . C thuc (CN) cho nn C(t;1), B thuc (BM) cho nn B(2m-1;m) . Do


2 2 y 1
B,C i xng nhau qua E cho nn ta c h phng trnh :
A'
2m t 1 2
t 5

B 5;1 , C 3; 1 . Vy (BC) qua E(1;0) c vc t ch phng

m 1 0
m 1

x 1 y
BC 8; 2 // u 4;1 BC :
x 4 y 1 0 . Tng t :
4
1

x 1 y 3

x 2y 7 0 .
(AB) qua A(1;3) c AB 4; 2 // u 2; 1 AB :
2
1

x 1 y 3

x y2 0
(AC) qua A(1;3) c AC 4; 4 // u 1;1 AC :
1
1
* Ch : Hoc gi A' i xng vi A qua G suy ra A'(1;-1) th BGCA' l hnh bnh hnh , t ta
tm c ta ca 2 nh B,C v cch lp cc cnh nh trn.
Bi 16: Cho tam gic ABC c trung im AB l I(1;3), trung im AC l J(-3;1). im A thuc
Oy , v ng thng BC i qua gc ta O . Tm ta im A , phng trnh ng thng BC
v ng cao v t B ?
Bi lm :
- Do A thuc Oy cho nn A(0;m). (BC) qua gc ta
O cho nn (BC): ax+by=0 (1).
A
- V IJ l 2 trung im ca (AB) v (AC) cho nn IJ
H
//BC suy ra (BC) c vc t ch phng :

J(-3;1)
IJ 4; 2 // u 2;1 BC : x 2 y 0 .
I(1;3)
- B thuc (BC) suy ra B(2t;t) v A(2-2t;6-t) . Nhng A
thuc Oy cho nn : 2-2t=0 , t=1 v A(0;5). Tng t
B
C
C(-6;-3) ,B(0;1).
ax+by=0
- ng cao BH qua B(0;1) v vung gc vi AC cho
nn c

x y 1
AC 6; 8 // u 3; 4 BH :
4x 3y 3 0
3
4
Bi 17: Trong mt phng ta Oxy cho ng thng d : x+2y-3=0 v hai im A(1;0) ,B(3;-4).

Hy tm trn d im M sao cho : MA 3MB nh nht
Bi

lm :

- Trn d c M(3-2t;t) suy ra : MA 2 2t; t , MB 2t; t 4 3MB 6t 3t 12




2
2
- Do vy : MA 3MB 2 8t ; 4t 12 MA 3MB 2 8t 4t 12
2

2 676 26
2

- Hay : f(t)= MA 3MB 80t 64t 148 80 t


. Du ng thc xy ra khi
5
5
5
26
2
19 2
t= M ; . Khi min(t)=
.
5
5
5 5
Bi 18: Trong (Oxy) cho hnh ch nht ABCD , bit phng trnh cha 2 ng cho l
d1 : 7 x y 4 0 v d 2 : x y 2 0 . Vit phng trnh ng thng cha cnh hnh ch nht ,
bit ng thng i qua im M(-3;5).
Bi lm :
7 x y 4 0
1 9
- Tm ca hnh ch nht c ta l nghim ca h :
I ;
4 4
x y 2 0


Gi d l ng thng qua M(-3;5 ) c vc t php tuyn : n a; b . Khi
d : a x 3 b y 5 0 1 . Gi cnh hnh vung (AB) qua M th theo tnh cht hnh ch nht


nn1
nn2
7a b
a b
a 3b

7a b 5 a b
:
n n1
n n2
50 a 2 b 2
2 a 2 b2
b 3a

a 3b d : 3 x 3 y 5 0 3 x y 14 0
Do :
b 3a x 3 3 y 5 0 x 3 y 12 0
Bi 19: Trong mt phng ta Oxy cho tam gic ABC, vi A(1;1) , B(2; 5) , nh C nm trn
ng thng x 4 0 , v trng tm G ca tam gic nm trn ng thng 2 x 3 y 6 0 . Tnh
din tch tam gic ABC.
Bi lm :
V G nm trn ng thng x y 2 0 nn G c ta G (t ; 2 t ) . Khi AG (t 2;3 t ) ,
AB (1;1) Vy din tch tam gic ABG l

2t 3
2
Nu din tch tam gic ABC bng 13,5 th din tch tam gic ABG bng 13,5 : 3 4,5 . Vy
2t 3
4,5 , suy ra t 6 hoc t 3 . Vy c hai im G : G1 (6;4) , G 2 (3;1) . V G l trng
2
tm tam gic ABC nn xC 3 xG ( xa xB ) v yC 3 yG ( ya yB ) .
Vi G1 (6;4) ta c C1 (15;9) , vi G 2 (3;1) ta c C2 (12;18)
Bi 20: Tam gic cn ABC c y BC nm trn ng thng : 2x 5y + 1 = 0, cnh bn AB nm
trn ng thng : 12x y 23 = 0 . Vit phng trnh ng thng AC bit rng n i qua im
(3;1)
Bi lm :
ng thng AC i qua im (3 ; 1) nn c phng trnh : a(x 3) + b( y 1) = 0 (a2 + b2 0)
2a 5b
2.12 5.1
Gc ca n to vi BC bng gc ca AB to vi BC nn :

2
2
2
2
2
2 5 . a b
2 52 . 122 12
S

1
2

AG 2 . AB

AG . AB

1
2

2 ( t 2 ) 2 (3 t ) 2 1

a 12b
5 2a 5b 29 a b 9a + 100ab 96b = 0

2
2
a 8 b
5
a b
9

Nghim a = -12b cho ta ng thng song song vi AB ( v im ( 3 ; 1) khng thuc AB) nn


khng phi l cnh tam gic . Vy cn li : 9a = 8b hay a = 8 v b = 9
Phng trnh cn tm l : 8x + 9y 33 = 0
2a 5b

29

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