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Lab 1:

1. Build the Single line diagram of connection of 3 Phase Generator Control with Motor
generator set with load connected.

2. Explain the procedure to start the motor generator set.


STARTING OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
The synchronous generator was started through a motor generator set, the procedure followed
for starting is as under
a) The breaker of generator is turned on.
b) The generator status switch is turned on run from standby.
c) First generator is give low (small) excitation.
d) The field is then adjusted to acquire the frequency on which the system operates at
50HZ.
The rpm of the machine are then increased to adjust the desired terminal voltage i.e. 220V.
Lab 2:
1. What is the ANSI/IEEE code for phase sequence and phase failure relay?

The ANSI/IEEE code for phase sequence relay is 47 and of phase failure relay is 58.

2. Describe setting of relay for load unbalance, and phase asymmetry.


1. Connect three jumper sets of presence asymmetry & sequence failure phase relay on GCB
1/EV.
2. Protection relays indication on GCB 1/EV will turn ON (% asymmetry LED & delay time
LED will turn ON).
3. Set the % asymmetry 10% & delay time as minimum.
4. Now connect balanced load at the output of three phase generator marked as L1, L2 & L3.
5. The voltage drop is almost same in all phases (Symmetry will be around 10%), so relay
will not operate.
6. Now connect three phase balanced load at output terminals of generator in such a manner that
% asymmetry of voltage drop in any two phases is greater than 10%.
7. The moment when % asymmetry exceeds that set value of 10% the asymmetry relay will
interrupt that load; after the fixed time delay. Now relay LED will be OFF and relay N/C
contact will show OPEN.
8. When the parameters return back to the normal limits; relay will be switched OFF
automatically.
Part (b)
1. Remove the load.
2. Phase sequence of generated voltage is changed.(i.e. change the position of any of two
phases).
3. As the phase sequence is changed again the asymmetry relay will operate after the set time
delay, so relay LED will be OFF and the N/C contact will show OPEN.

3. Discuss the application of phase detection, phase failure and load unbalancing relay.

The importance of phase sequence is mainly related to the direction of rotation of motor.
The three phase supply sets up a rotating magnetic field that causes the rotor to rotate. If
the sequence is reversed, the motor will run in the opposite direction.In many cases, it
may damage electricalequipment or cause product jam.
An unbalanced load causes the current to flow through neutral wire, hence there is some
voltage drop occurs due to I2R losses in the neutral conductor. Moreover, an unbalanced load
costs on transformer losses at a distribution system. Thats why load unbalancing should be
avoided.

Lab 3:
1. Explain the importance of over and under Voltage relay and discus its effects on power
system.

Every device in a power system is designed for specific voltage and current level. As the
voltage increased, there are chances of insulation getting punctured causing fault in the
system. Due to the under voltage the current in the system increases because power
remains constant, thus high current causing damage to the equipment or winding of the
machine.
2. What is the IEEE code for under and overvoltage relays?

27-under voltage relay,


59- over voltage relay
3. Describe setting for over and under voltage relays?

Connect jumpers of 3 of minimum & maximum voltage relay on control board.

Adjust the Max voltage relay setting as 105% and a relay time of 5 sec of rated voltage.

Adjust the Min voltage relay setting as 90% of rated voltage (i.e. 400 V L-L) and delay time
of 5 sec.

Set multi meter as ohmmeter and connect it to the normally close contact of Max:
voltage & Min: voltage relay output & check the contacts accordingly

Increase the voltage supplied by synchronous by generator to 430V by increasing its


excitation voltage. The 430 V is obviously more than 105% of rated voltage.

The 5% rise in rated 400 V is actually 420V.The moment we across the limit the Maximum
voltage relay will operate. It will disconnect the circuit (i.e. disconnect load from generator)

There will be time delay of as per set time delay.

Contacts positions will change accordingly. (N/O to N/C and N/C to N/O vice versa)

Now take the Generator to normal operated conditions. And see contacts status.

Now decrease the voltage of synchronous generator by 90% of rated voltage

(i.e. 360V or less). After the set time delay, contact positions will change accordingly.

Take back the voltage to 400V rated; again the supply to load will be restored.

Lab 4:
1. What is the IEEE code for over and under frequency relays?

The IEEE code for frequency relay is 81


2. Explain the importance of over and under frequency relay and discus its effects on power
system.

Importance and effects of over and under frequency Relay:


Frequency is one of the most important factors in a power network. The generators installed
in the power network work within the permissible range. The change in frequency of the
system causes high circulating currents thus damaging the system.
The frequency of the generator drops in case of overloading or in case of fault. Under such
condition, in order to save the generation system under frequency relay operates.
Frequency increase is experienced in case of power excess. Power excess in a system occurs
when a sudden disability of loaded lines occur. Under such condition, high power flow
through the lines causes the whole power system to damage. So, in order to save such
accidental damage, over frequency relay operates.

3. Describe setting for under and over frequency relay?

Connect the Jumpers of Max/ Min Frequency relay.

7. Adjust Max Frequency threshold to 50+2Hz with minimum time delay.

8. Adjust minimum frequency threshold to 50-2 Hz with minimum time delay.

9. Connect the multi meter to normally close (N/C) contacts of Max / Min frequency relay
output and check the contacts accordingly.

10. In case the frequency increases to 53 Hz. The Max frequency relay will operate after
the set time delay.

11. The contacts will show change in position accordingly.

12. Bring frequency back to 50 Hz; the max frequency relay operation will be back to its
normal state.

13. Bring frequency to 47 Hz. In this case minimum frequency relay will operate after the
set time delay (Signal by interruption in continuity of multi meter).

Lab 5:
1. What is the IEEE code for overcurrent or overload relay?
The IEEE code for overcurrent or overload relay is C37.2 50 & 51
2. Describe the applications of over load protection in power systems
Applications of overload or overcurrent protection include protecting any power system element
that is transmission lines, motors or generators. Electrical power systems are protected against
excessive currents, which are caused by short circuits, ground faults etc by using Overload
protection.
3. Describe settings of overload relay?

Adjust the over load threshold to above 1A with minimum time delay setting.

Connect the RL load to the output of synchronous generator.

Adjust the load current to approximately about 0.6A, either by adjusting the three
generator output voltage or by changing the load resistance values. Over current
relay will not operate as the current is within overload threshold.

Lab 6:
1. What is the power Quality of Electrical Power System?
Power Quality is characterized by parameters that express harmonic pollution, reactive
power and load Unbalance
Ideally, the best electrical supply would be a constant magnitude and frequency
sinusoidal voltage waveform. However, because of the non-zero impedance of the
supply system, of the large variety of loads that may be encountered and of other
phenomena such as transients and outages, the reality is often different. The Power
Quality of a system expresses to which degree a practical supply system resembles the
ideal supply system. If the Power Quality of the network is good, then any loads
connected to it will run satisfactory and efficiently. Installation running costs and carbon
footprint will be minimal. If the Power Quality of the network is bad, then loads connected
to it will fail or will have a reduced lifetime, and the efficiency of the electrical installation
will reduce. Installation running costs and carbon footprint will be high and/or operation
may not be possible at all.

2. What is the IEEE code for short circuit relay?


The ANSI IEEE code for short circuiting is 57

3. Explain IEEE 519 standards for current and voltage harmonics.


Harmonic Voltage Limits - Utility Responsibility
Bus Voltage

69 kV and below 115 kV to


161 kV Above 161 kV

Maximum Individual

Maximum

Harmonic Component (%)


3.0% , 1.5% ,1.0%

THD (%)
5.0%, 2.5%, 1.5%

Harmonic Current Limits - Customer Responsibility


SCR =Isc/IL

<11

11<h<17

17<h<23

23<h<35

35<h

TDD

<20

4.0

2.0

1.5

0.6

0.3

5.0

20 - 50

7.0

3.5

2.5

1.0

0.5

8.0

50 - 100

10.0

4.5

4.0

1.5

0.7

12.0

100 - 1000

12.0

5.5

5.0

2.0

1.0

15.0

>1000

15.0

7.0

6.0

2.5

1.4

20.0

Values shown are in percent of average maximum demand load current


SCR = short circuit ratio (utility short circuit current at point of common coupling
divided by customer average maximum demand load current)
TDD = Total Demand Distortion (uses maximum demand load current as the base,
rather than the fundamental current)

Lab 7:
1. What is the main purpose of using alarm relay?
A simple alarm relay is used to give audible and visible alarms to draw attention to primary relay
operations. It comprises of an attracted armature element which carries two normally open selfreset contacts. A separate manually operated switch, Normally closed, can be latched open when

the relay is operated. It is in series with one self-reset contact in the circuit of the audible alarm
device, which is therefore sounded as the relay operates, but it can be cancelled by latching open
the normally closed switch. The other self-reset contact energizes a lamp and it keeps on until the
fault is removed.
Alarm relay is used to give indications about the primary relay operations (Short circuit,
Overheating, Overload etc). These relays give audible and visible alarms to draw attention to
primary relay operations.

2. Draw the schematic diagram of operation of Alarm relay]


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3. What is the function of Annunciator, discuss its application.

Annunciator is basically an alarm equipment consists of a window, housing a number of


indicating lamps and a separate group of alarm relays. An alarm condition results in the flashing of
the lamp in the window and simultaneously sounding an alarm.
It is widely used in generating stations and major substations, where a large number of alarm
indications have to be displayed in the control room using the minimum of space.

Lab 8:

1.

How PT or VT error is computed and explain its importance

The difference between the ideal value Vp/KT and actual value Vs is the voltage error or
ratio error in a potential transformer, it can be expressed as,

This error gives the percentage of voltage drop across primary and secondary winding
internal impedances.

The percentage error ratio is defined by

Where

Kn is nominal transformation ratio calculated by (rated primary voltages / rated


secondary voltage)

K is the actual transformation ratio calculated by (Applied primary voltages /


observed secondary voltage)
Where KT is turns ratio
2.

Draw the schematic diagram of connection to test the PT or VT.

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Lab 9
3.

How CT error is computed and explain its importance

The percentage error in the magnitude of the secondary current is defined in terms of CURRENT
ERROR and is given as:

4.
Where,
Kn = Rated transformation ratio.
Is = Actual secondary current
Ip = Actual primary current.

Ratio error or current error is important for relaying purposes it becomes significant because
currents are high during short circuit conditions. In general the ratio error increases with the
increase in primary current.
The percentage error ratio is defined by
, Kn=2%
1.

Draw the schematic diagram of connection to test the CT.

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