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David Nairn
Davi d.Nairn@Analog.corn
Analog Devices HSC
Greensboro NC
ANALOG
DEVICES
quantization
sampling
ADC Specifications:
static specifications
dynamic specifications
ADC Architectures:
classical architectures
"new" architectures
Summary
ANALOG
DEVICES
ADC Concepts
Analog
Channel
time
continuous time
continuous amplitude
Digital
l)AC
Memory
DSP
time
discrete time
discrete values
ANALOG
DEVICES
100
ct 11
:Ek 10-
FS = Full Scale
LSB = Least Significant Bit
01 --
00
0
Resolution (1 LSB):
1/4 1/2
3/4
'
1 = FS
Analog
V
LSB =
FS
2N
Converter Resolution = N
ANALOG
DEVICES
Quantization
Noise & SNR
Quantization noise:
+1/2LSB
quantization errors
appear as noise with
an RMS level of
V
1 LSB
citw.4
-1/2LSB
114 1/2 314 1
Analog
LSB
= ,j12
2N VLs/3/ 2 "ii
rig
ANALOG
MN DEVICES
Notes for quantization noise:
Quantization noise can be calculated by assuming the
signal within any quantization step has a uniform distribution, as shown in the sketch to the right. The error
for a particular sample will simply be the distance
between x and the origin where -VLsB/2 < x < VLSB/2.
The rms error or the quantization noise can then be calculated as:
2 0
L S B /2
x2dx =
Vqn =
/2
vsig
liVq2 n+ Vn2
Ideal 12-bit
Ideal 10-bit
7 4dB
Real 12-bit
Real 10-bit
44,4.
A 62dB
1.
Noise (v1,)
=NI
Log
Scale
ANALOG
DEVICES
ideal SNR
SNR
ideally ENOB = N
circuit nonlinearities and
noise reduce ENOB to:
ENOB =
SNR
"1"
1.76
6.02
ANALOG
DEyICEtS
SNR = 20log
" /LsB/2,rn
(2 1
vLsB/ ,/ ,
f B sir
original signal
Sampled
with fs> 2f Bw:
spectrum
baseband signal
.-*
772)Yx_
I
A
fs/2
is
Sampled
spectrum with fs< 2f Bw: baseband
aliased signal
signal
.6,
....h....
I
. .m.4...
...A..,
4,
- .
.4
4'
4):
1 ^
f5/2 fs fs
111 ANALOG
31,
UM DEVICES
ANALOG
DEVICES
10
Bw
practical
r filter
0dB
IAI
J audio signal /
777(///////////
20kHz 22 kHz
ANALOG
DEVICES
11
0dB
lAl
f BW
analog filter
digital filter
/2
al
A N A L O G DEVICES
12
fs
= 2/Bw
quantization
noise
fs = 8(2fBw
) :
lAl
signal
WII
IFIS
ner
4
/40' Al Fe/
quantization
noise
r/
fs/2
In-band SNR::
sAR = 6.02N+ 1.76 + 1010g
dB
ANALOG
DEVICES
13
ADC Concepts
Summary
Quantization determines resolution:
smallest discernible step = 1 LSB
more bits = more resolution
SNR 6NdB
fs
dB
2fBviji
rim
ANALOG
MI DEVICES
14
Specifying ADCs
DC Specifications:
fs fcik
"optimal" specifications
Dynamic Specifications:
'Is - fak
indicates performance degradation for
high signal frequencies
"realistic" specifications
ANALOG
DEVICES
15
DC Specifications
Clk
1
OUT
REF
rbn
Ideal output:
V OUT =
REFL
+ ' + 2N]
bn -1
16
Digital-to-Analog Converter
100
0 11
71 0
-j 1
la
01 10 11 100
Digital In
V
REF
2N
17
111
-5 110
101
:Et 011
010
001
000
Offset
Error
Analog In
REF
18
Linearity Errors
Differential Non-Linearity (DNL):
difference between
real & ideal step size
Integral Non-Linearity (INL):
difference between
step midpoint and
line joining end points
A
DNL > 0
DNL <
Missing
Code
100
011
010
Missing Codes:
excessive DNL leads to
missed codes in ADCs
001
000
Analog In
Non-Monotonicity:
excessive DNL leads to
non-monotonic behavior in ADCs
ANALOG
DEVICES
19
SFDR:
is a measure of
0dB
harmonic distortion
ideally SFDR > SNR
To Measure:
noise bandwidth
Al f 1 2
,c4
wide-band
noise
SFDR 6NdB
narrow
band
noise
20
Sig
SINAD = 20log
,jVn(total) + THD2
THD
.
.
.
SINAD
SN R
Frequency
ANALOG
DEVICES
21
Resolution BW (f RB ):
SINAD down 3dB
(1/2 bit = 3dB)
ideally f RBW fs/ 2
RBW
f3dB fin
22
Sample time
variation due
to jitter.
leads to SNR degradation for high frequency inputs.
2nf a T i V p <
V LsB
ANALOG
DEVICES
27tf Vp Ti <VLsB
23
ANALOG
DEVICES
24