Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CLASSIFICATION OF
SHIPS
NEWBUILDINGS
HULL AND EQUIPMENT
MAIN CLASS
PART 3 CHAPTER 3
CONTENTS
Sec. 1
Sec. 2
Sec. 3
Sec. 4
Sec. 5
App. A
PAGE
In A204 "fibre ropes (W)" has been included in the list of items
requiring DNV Product Certificate (NV) for materials, ISO
10474: Type 3.1 C. Where the "(W)" indicates that a work's certificate (for materials, ISO 10474 Type 3.1 B) from an approved
manufacturer will normally be accepted.
In A102 it is now stated that the crane pedestal flanges and bolts
are only subject to approval when CRANE, DSV or Crane
Vessel is requested. The amendment is made to remove any
misunderstanding in regard to the material requirements and approval of pedestal flanges and bolts.
In A301 the material requirement for pedestal top flanges has
been removed.
Main changes
If any person suffers loss or damage which is proved to have been caused by any negligent act or omission of Det Norske Veritas, then Det Norske Veritas shall pay compensation to such person
for his proved direct loss or damage. However, the compensation shall not exceed an amount equal to ten times the fee charged for the service in question, provided that the maximum compensation shall never exceed USD 2 million.
In this provision "Det Norske Veritas" shall mean the Foundation Det Norske Veritas as well as all its subsidiaries, directors, officers, employees, agents and any other acting on behalf of Det
Norske Veritas.
CONTENTS
SEC. 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .......................... 5
A. Classification..........................................................................5
A 100
Application........................................................................5
B. Definitions ..............................................................................5
B 100
J
J
J
J
J
J
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
Symbols.............................................................................5
C. Documentation ......................................................................5
C 100
General ..............................................................................5
Introduction.......................................................................6
Definitions.........................................................................6
Documentation .................................................................7
B. Materials ................................................................................8
B
B
B
B
B
100
200
300
400
500
100
200
300
400
General ............................................................................11
Propeller posts.................................................................11
Sole pieces ......................................................................12
Rudder horns...................................................................12
F. Rudders................................................................................14
F
F
F
F
F
F
100
200
300
400
500
600
K. Testing ................................................................................. 26
K
K
K
K
100
200
300
400
Sternframes ..................................................................... 26
Rudders and rudder stock connections ........................... 27
Steering gears.................................................................. 27
Trials ...............................................................................27
Introduction..................................................................... 28
Documentation................................................................28
Assumptions.................................................................... 28
General ...........................................................................28
C. Equipment Specification.................................................... 29
C 100
C 200
Equipment number.......................................................... 29
Equipment tables.............................................................30
D. Anchors ............................................................................... 31
D
D
D
D
D
100
200
300
400
500
D 600
General ............................................................................31
Materials .........................................................................31
Anchor shackle................................................................31
Testing............................................................................. 32
Additional requirements for H.H.P. (High Holding
Power) anchors..............................................................32
Identification ...................................................................32
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
General ............................................................................33
Materials .........................................................................33
Heat treatment and material testing ...............................35
Breaking test ...................................................................35
Proof test .........................................................................35
Tolerances....................................................................... 35
Identification ...................................................................36
Repair of defects .............................................................36
General ............................................................................15
Rudder stock with couplings...........................................16
Rudder shaft ....................................................................18
Bearings and pintles .......................................................19
H. Propeller Nozzles.................................................................20
G
G
G
G
H
H
H
H
H
100
200
300
400
100
200
300
400
500
General ............................................................................20
Plating .............................................................................20
Nozzle ring stiffness........................................................20
Welding...........................................................................20
Supports ..........................................................................21
100
200
300
400
500
600
General ............................................................................21
Arrangement....................................................................21
Struts ...............................................................................21
Welding...........................................................................21
Material ...........................................................................21
Testing.............................................................................21
F 100
F 200
F 300
G
G
G
G
G
100
200
300
400
500
100
200
300
400
Introduction..................................................................... 42
Assumptions.................................................................... 42
Definitions....................................................................... 42
Documentation................................................................42
J
J
J
J
J
B 100
B 200
100
200
300
400
500
Materials .........................................................................42
Welding...........................................................................43
General ............................................................................43
Unstayed masts and posts with derricks .........................43
Stayed masts or posts with derricks with a lifting capacity
not exceeding 10 t ...........................................................43
Stayed masts of posts with derricks with a lifting capacity
of 10 t or more, but not exceeding 40 t ...........................43
Stayed masts without derricks.........................................44
Shrouds............................................................................44
100
200
300
400
500
600
Introduction ....................................................................45
Documentation ................................................................45
Materials and welding .....................................................45
Arrangement....................................................................45
Design loads ....................................................................45
Allowable stresses...........................................................46
100
200
300
400
500
Introduction. ....................................................................46
Documentation ................................................................46
Design loads ....................................................................47
Calculation of stresses.....................................................47
Allowable stresses. Materials..........................................47
Scope ...............................................................................48
B. Materials.............................................................................. 48
B 100
Special Requirements......................................................48
C. Design................................................................................... 48
C 100
C 200
C 300
C 400
C 500
100
200
300
400
500
General ............................................................................48
Welds ..............................................................................48
Oil seals...........................................................................48
Isolating valves ...............................................................48
Relief valves....................................................................49
E. Testing.................................................................................. 49
E 100
E 200
SECTION 1
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
A. Classification
A 100 Application
101 The Rules in this chapter apply to steering arrangement
and anchoring, mooring and load handling equipment.
102 Necessary strengthening of the hull structure due to
loads imposed by the equipment and installations are given
where appropriate.
D
T
CB
V
1)
=
=
=
=
=
Rule depth in m 1)
Rule draught in m 1)
Rule displacement in t 1)
Rule block coefficient 1)
maximum service speed in knots on draught T
C. Documentation
B. Definitions
B 100
101
L
B
Symbols
= Rule length in m 1)
= Rule breadth in m 1)
C 100 General
101 Plans and particulars to be submitted for approval or information are specified in the respective sections of this chapter.
102 For instrumentation and automation, including computer based control and monitoring, see Pt.4 Ch.9 Sec.1.
SECTION 2
STERNFRAMES, RUDDERS AND STEERING GEARS
A. General
A 100
Introduction
101 Requirements to side thrusters and other appliances intended for manoeuvring or positioning purposes are given in
Pt.4 Ch.5.
A 200
Definitions
201 Main steering gear means the machinery, rudder actuator(s), the steering gear power units, if any, and ancillary
equipment and the means of applying torque to the rudder
stock (e.g. tiller or quadrant) necessary for effecting movement
of the rudder for the purpose of steering the ship under normal
service conditions.
202 Auxiliary steering gear means the equipment other than
any part of the main steering gear necessary to steer the ship in
the event of failure of the main steering gear but not including
the tiller, quadrant or components serving the same purpose.
203 Steering gear control system means the equipment by
which orders are transmitted from the navigating bridge to the
steering gear power units. Steering gear control systems comprise transmitters, receivers, hydraulic control pumps and their
associated motors, motor controllers, piping and cables.
204 Rudder actuator means the component which converts
directly hydraulic pressure into mechanical action to move the
rudder.
205
Fig. 1
Rudders
212
port reaction forces) on the actuator versus calculated rudder torque fully submerged and at trial conditions taking
into account the friction losses and any back pressure in
the return side.
Symbols:
f1 =
pm =
FR =
MTR =
A =
H =
A 300
B. Materials
B 100 Plates and sections
101 Selection of material grades for plates and sections is to
be based on material thickness. NV-steel grades as given in Table B1 will normally be accepted.
Table B1 Plate material grades
Thickness in mm
Normal strength
structural steel
t 30
A
30 < t 40
B
40 < t 120
D
f a
f 1 = ---------
235
f
pm (kN/m2)
2500
4500
5500 2)
7000
1)
2)
Surface pressure exceeding the specified limit may be accepted for rudder bearing applications in accordance with bearing manufacturer's
specification and when verified by tests and/or service experience.
Surface pressure exceeding the values in Table B2 may be accepted for rudder actuator bearings in accordance with bearing
manufacturer's specification and when verified by tests.
B 400 Material certificates
401 Det Norske Veritas Product Certificate (NV) will be
required for:
402
TL
2 B 2
A = --------- 1 + 50C B ----
L
100
For ships which frequently manoeuvre in harbours, canals or other narrow waters, the rudder area determined by the formula
should be increased. For ships with a streamlined rudder post,
half of the lateral area of the post may be included in the rudder
area. For ships with a rudder horn, the whole area of the horn laying below a horizontal line from the top of the rudder may be included.
Rudders not working directly behind a propeller should have the
area as given above, increased by at least 30%.
Rudders with special profiles or special configurations (e.g. flaps
or nozzles) giving increased efficiency may have smaller total areas.
For ships with large freeboard and/or high continuous superstructures an increase of the rudder area ought to be considered.
Larger rudder area may result in excessive heeling angle when
using the rudder in extreme position at full speed ahead. This is
particularly relevant for passenger vessels, ferries, vehicle ro/ro
carriers and other vessels where the combination of speed,
draught, vertical centre of gravity and metacentric height may result in excessive heeling angle in case of smaller turning circles.
For estimating the result angle of heel, reference is made to Pt.5
Ch.2 Sec.2 K400.
In cases where the resulting angle of heel may exceed 10 degrees,
the Master should be provided with warning about this in the stability manual.
(m )
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107
Guidance note:
In order to minimise vibrations, the balancing and design of the
rudders should be carried out as follows:
R = propeller radius in m
ZP = number of propeller blades.
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108 Over-balanced rudders are subject to special consideration with respect to type of steering gear and risk of an unexpected and uncontrolled sudden large movement of rudder
causing severe change of ship's pre-set course. See J106.
Guidance note:
A rudder shall be considered over-balanced, when balanced portion exceed 30% in any actual load condition. Special rudder
types, such as flap rudders, are subject to special consideration.
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106
Guidance note:
Rudders (one or more) working directly behind a propeller
should preferably have a total area not less than:
k1
k2
Astern
0,8
0,9
0,9
0,8
1,3
1,5
Profile where the width somewhere along the length is 75% or less of
the width of a flat side profile with same nose radius and a straight line
tangent to after end
k3
H
At
V
H
= ------ + 2 not to be taken greater than 4
At
= mean height in m of the rudder area. Mean height and
mean breadth B of rudder area to be calculated as
shown in Fig. 4
= total area of rudder blade in m2 including area of flap
and area of rudder post or rudder horn, if any, within
the height H.
= maximum service speed (knots) with the ship on summer load waterline. When the speed is less than 10
knots, V is to be replaced by the expression:
V + 20
V m in = ---------------3
For the astern condition the maximum astern speed is to be
used, however, in no case less than:
V astern = 0,5 V
The maximum service speed corresponds to the maximum
continuous rating (MCR) of the engine. In special ship types
(such as tugs) the maximum output of the propelling machinery may exceed MCR by more than 15%. In such cases V is to
be increased by the following percentage:
Table D2 Percentage increase in MCR vs V
Maximum engine output
15
20
25
above normal (%)
V increase (%)
3
5
7
30
35
40
11
12
=
=
=
=
=
AF = area in m2 of the portion of the rudder blade area situated ahead of the center line of the rudder stock
A = rudder blade area as given in 101.
For special rudder designs (such as flap rudders) direct calculations of rudder torque, supported by measurements on simi-
Fig. 3
Rudder profiles
D 200
M TR =
(F
Ri x ei )
(kNm)
i=1
= number of parts
= integer
A
F Ri = -----i F
A R
x ei = Bi ( - ki)
n
( A i Bi)
x em =
---------------A
i=1
Ai
Bi
= partial area in m2
= mean breadth of part area, see Fig. 4
= as given in 102
For parts of a rudder behind a fixed structure such as a
rudder horn:
A iF
-------Ai
General
101 Sternframes and rudder horns are to be effectively attached to the surrounding hull structures. In particular the stern
bearing or vertical coupling flange for rudder axle is to be appropriately attached to the transom floor adjacent to the rudder
stock.
For semi-spade and spade rudder arrangements structural continuity in the transverse as well as the longitudinal direction is
to be specially observed.
102 Cast steel sternframes and welded sternframes are to be
strengthened by transverse webs.
Castings are to be of simple design, and sudden changes of section are to be avoided. Where shell plating, floors or other
structural parts are welded to the sternframe, there is to be a
gradual thickness reduction towards the joint.
Steel forgings and castings for sternframes, rudder horns and
rudders are to be in accordance with the requirements in Pt.2
Ch.2 Sec.5 and Sec.7 for general applications.
Fig. 4
Rudder dimensions
103 Depending on casting facilities, larger cast steel propeller posts are to be made in two or more pieces. Sufficient
strength is to be maintained at connections. The plates of welded propeller posts may be welded to a suitable steel bar at the
after end of the propeller post.
104 Stresses determined by direct calculations as indicated
in D300 are normally not to exceed the following values:
Normal stress : = 80 f1 (N/mm2)
Shear stress : = 50 f1 (N/mm2)
Equivalent stress : e = 120 f1 (N/mm2)
e =
E 200
1 + 2 12 + 3
Propeller posts
201 The boss thickness at the bore for the stern tube is not to
be less than:
t = 5 d p 60 (mm)
dp
Fig. 5
Rudder area distribution
Stress analysis
l = 53 L (mm)
b = 37 L (mm)
2, 4 L
t = ----------------- (mm)
f1
l, b and t are as shown in Fig. 6 Alt. I.
Where the section adopted differs from the above, the section
modulus about the longitudinal axis is not to be less than:
1, 35L L
3
Z W = ------------------------ (cm )
f1
203 The scantlings of cast steel propeller posts are not to be
less than:
l = 40 L (mm)
b = 30 L (mm)
3 L
t 1 = ----------- (mm)
f1
3, 7 L
t 2 = ----------------- (mm)
f1
Z1
3
Z 2 = ------ (cm )
2
304
E 400
Rudder horns
MV =
Ri y e i
i=1
= vertical distance in m from the middle of the horn pintle bearing to the section in question
yh = vertical distance in m from the middle of the rule pintle
bearing to the middle of the neck bearing
F Ri = part of rudder force acting on the i-th part of the rudder
area, see D202
y ei = vertical distance in m from the centroid of the i-th part
of the rudder area to the middle of the neck bearing
n = number of rudder parts
lh
For the straight part of the rudder horn the section modulus
may be taken for the total sectional area of the horn.
When the connection between the rudder horn and the hull
structure is designed as a curved transition into the hull plating
the section modulus requirement as given above is to be satisfied by the transverse web plates as follows:
Fig. 6
Propeller posts
ti
i=1
- 0, 45Z
Z W = ----------------------6000b max
n
bi
402
50
= --------------------------------------------------------2
4000 1500 ( Z Z A )
0, 15 ( s 40 ) Z
t c = ---------------------------------- ------- (mm)
r
ZA
s
= spacing between transverse webs in mm
r
= radius of curved transition in mm
ZA = section modulus at section immediately below the
transition zone
Z = section modulus requirement in same section, as given
in 401.
403 The vertical parts of the rudder horn participating in the
strength against transverse shear are to have a total area in horizontal section given by:
0, 3FR
2
A W = C ---------------- (cm )
f1
Fig. 7
Curved plate transition rudder horn/shell plating
( A + A H )A H
+ ------------------------------- at upper end of horn
2
A
= 1,0 at lower end
AH = area of horn in m2. At intermediate sections AH should
be taken for part of horn below section
A = total area of rudder in m2.
C
Fig. 8
Curved cast transition rudder horn/shell plating
Guidance note:
In case cover plates are permanently welded to the side plating,
it is recommended to arrange peep holes for inspection of securing of nuts and pintles.
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Fig. 9
Shell plating connected to longitudinal girders in line with rudder
horn sides
ka
s
b
General arrangement and details
s 2
1, 1 0 , 5 ---
b
maximum 1,0
F. Rudders
F 100
e =
0,
503 Arms
The thickness of the arms is not to be less than the blade thickness:
ta = tb
The section modulus is not to be less than:
Za = 0,5 s C12 V2 (cm3)
C1 = horizontal distance from the aft edge of the rudder to
the centre line of the rudder stock in metres.
For higher tensile steels the material factor according to B100
is to be used correspondingly.
F 600 Mounting of rudder
601 For rudder with continuous shaft it is to be checked that
the rudder shaft has the right position in relation to the upper
coupling, both longitudinally and transversely, when the lower
tapered part of the rudder axle bears hard at the heel. The rudder shaft is to be securely fastened at the heel before the coupling bolts at the upper end are fitted.
602 Before final mounting of rudder pintles, the contact between conical surfaces of pintles and their housings is to be
checked by marking with Prussian blue or by similar method.
When mounting the pintles, care is to be taken to ensure that
packings will not obstruct the contact between mating surfaces. The pintle and its nut are to be so secured that they cannot
move relatively to each other.
G 100 General
101 Stresses determined by direct calculations as indicated
in D300 are normally to give equivalent stress e not exceeding 118 f 1 N/mm2 and shear stress not exceeding 68 f1 N/
mm2. The equivalent stress for axles in combined bending and
torsion may be taken as:
h2
= ----- F R for spade rudder or lower part of
H
h2
h
6 ----1- FR for balanced rudder
H
h1
b + 3
semi-spade rudder
= height in m of the smaller of rudder parts below or
above the cross-section in question
= height in m of the rudder part below the cross section
in question.
Shear stresses in web plates determined by direct stress calculations are not to exceed:
= 50 f1 (N/mm2)
e =
+ 3
(N/mm )
103 A rudder stock cone coupling connection without hydraulic arrangement for mounting and dismounting is not to be
applied for spade rudders.
104 An effective sealing is to be provided at each end of the
cone coupling.
a) Length/diameter ratio:
Connection
lt/ds
Type
D/ds
1---
With key
1,5
Keyless
1,25
With key
1:10 - 1:15
Keyless
1: 15
c) Taper of cone:
M TR 3
d s = 42k b ------------ (mm)
f
1
Steering gear
0,75
kb
Rudder
1,5
Type
taper
1--2 6
at arbitrary cross-section
Oil injection
maximum 1,6
Dry fitted
maximum 3,5
FR H
M B = ----------- (kNm)
7
for semi-spade rudder:
FR H
M B = ----------- (kNm)
17
f)
Average surface pressure p r due to shrinkage for transmission of torque by means of friction is to be:
6
2T fr 10
2
p r ------------------- (N/mm )
2
d m l
1 ce
2
p ma x k f --------------------- p b (N/mm )
4
3 + ce
k
3
1
F d m lp r ------- + pu 10 (kN)
2K
pu = average friction coefficient for pull-up (for oil injection (usually in the range 0,01 to 0,03).
lx
2
p bx = p b 18 1 ------------- (N/mm )
0, 5d x
p bx
lx
dx
Mb
p 1 + ce
p 1 + ci
= d ------ ---------------- + v e + ----- --------------- v i
2
2
Ee
E
i 1 c
1 ce
i
Ei
Ee
i
e
ci
ce
di
d
D
j)
203 Tapered key-fitted (keyed) connections are to be designed to transmit rudder torque in all normal operating conditions by means of friction in order to avoid mutual movements
between rudder stock and hub. The key is to be regarded as a
securing device.
For calculation of minimum and maximum pull-up length see
202 i) and j).
Where it is not possible or practicable to obtain above required
minimum pull-up, special attention is to be given to fitting of
the key in order to ensure tight fit (no free sideways play between key and key-way).
Tapered key-fitted connections are in addition to comply with
following:
a) Key-ways shall not be placed in areas with high bending
stresses in the rudder stock and are to be provided with sufficient fillet radii (r):
r 0,01 d s
b) The abutting surface area between the key and key-way in
the rudder stock and hub respectively, is not to be less
than:
65T key
2
A ab ----------------- (cm )
dm fk
where the torque Tkey is (kNm):
1,5 Tdes Tfr Tkey 2 M TR Tfr
based on verification of pull-up force, and
1,5 Tdes 0,7 Tfr Tkey 2 M TR 0,7 Tfr
based on verification of pull-up distance,
but not less than:
Tkey = M TR (kNm).
Yield strength used for calculation of fk is to exceed the
lowest of:
f,key
and
1,5 f, hub (for calculation of hub) or
1,5 f, stock (for calculation of stock).
A ab
ds
f)
a)
f mb
t = d b ------- , minimum 0,9d b (mm)
fm f
or
M
t = 70 -----------B- (mm)
af mf
MB = bending moment in kNm at coupling
a
= mean distance from centre of bolts to the longitudinal centre line of the coupling, in mm
d
= diameter as built of rudder stock for stock flange,
breadth of rudder for rudder flange, both in mm
= factor to be taken from the following table:
d/a
0,8
1,8
0,9
1,5
1,0
1,25
1,1
1,0
1,2
0,8
1,3
0,6
1,4
0,45
1,5
0,35
1,6
0,25
Rudder shaft
FRc ( l c ) 3
d l = 39 ------------------------- (mm)
lf 1
a+b
-----------2
l, a and b are given in Fig. 11 in m.
Fig. 10
Cone coupling
d s f ms
d b = 0, 62 --------------- (mm)
nefm b
= as given in 402.
Fig. 11
Rudder shaft
= hb dsl
AB
hb and dsl = as given in 401
P
= calculated reaction force in kN at the bearing in
question
= maximum surface pressure as given in B303.
pm
= as given in 402.
responding to the ice class requirement for the after part of the
ship.
Guidance note:
In order to prevent corrosion and erosion of the inner surface of
the nozzle, application of a corrosion resistant material in the
propeller zone is recommended. All but welds should be ground
smooth.
When a corrosion resistant material is used, the plate thickness
may be reduced by 15%.
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H. Propeller Nozzles
H 100 General
101 The following requirements are applicable to fixed and
steering nozzles of inner diameter 4 metres or less.
b
D
V
n
Guidance note:
The requirements may also be applied for the initial design of
nozzles with diameter exceeding 4 metres.
In that case the scantlings and arrangement should be specially
considered with respect to exciting frequencies from the propeller.
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H 200 Plating
201 The thickness of the nozzle shell plating in the propeller
zone is not to be less than:
Fig. 12
Section through nozzle ring
N
t = 10 + 3k a s ---- (mm)
f1
where:
N
PS
D
s
ka
H 500
Supports
I 400
Welding
401 Welding between struts and hull and propeller shaft boss
is to be made as full penetration welds.
402 For welded construction full details of the joints, welding procedure, filler metal and heat treatment after welding are
to be specified on the plans.
I 500
Fig. 13
Connection nozzle shell plate/ring web
I 600
Testing
Material
General
Arrangement
Struts
h
d
J 100
A = 0,4 d2 (mm2)
A
W
J. Steering Gears
103
c) operated by power where necessary to meet the requirements in b) and in any case when the rules require a rudder
stock of over 230 mm diameter in way of the tiller, excluding strengthening for navigation in ice.
Guidance note:
Manually operated gears are only acceptable when the operation
does not require an effort exceeding 160 N under normal conditions.
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b y
------ or -----A
B
b = specified minimum tensile strength of material at ambient temperature
y = specified minimum yield stress or 0,2 per cent proof
stress of the material, at ambient temperature.
Rudder actuator
401 The actuator housing may be cast or welded construction. Parts subjected to internal pressure are to satisfy the design requirements in 200.
402 The structural design is to be chosen with due respect to
transmission of reaction forces to the seatings.
403 The rudder carrier, or in case of an integral unit, the rudder actuator and its fastening to foundations, is to be able to
take reaction forces due to bending set up in rudder stock. Side
chocks may be required in addition to fitted bolts.
404 The permissible equivalent stress in tiller arms, rotor
vanes, stoppers, piston rods, rams, guides and other similar
parts, where calculations are based on the rule rudder torque,
MTR is:
fit
2
e 118f 1 1 -------(N/mm )
f
and where calculated at the design pressure:
fit
2
e 150f 1 1 -------(N/mm )
f
For certain parts, which are not subject to reversed load, permissible stress at the design pressure may be increased to:
fit
2
e 185f 1 1 -------(N/mm )
f
Permissible bending stress in rotor vanes calculated at design
pressure is:
fit
2
b 1, 5 AB 1 ------- (N/mm )
f
Fillets are to be smooth and well rounded to give reasonable
low stress concentrations (geometrical stress concentration
(factor) 1,5).
Relevant stresses due to pretensioning of bolts, or shrink fitting
of hubs, etc. are to be duly considered.
e
f
f1
fit
=
=
=
=
1 + ce
2
fit = p ---------------- 1 (N/mm )
2
1 c
b
AB
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
kb
2
The effective shear area of arms or vanes is, however, not to be
less than (greater of the values applies):
3
d so
2
pA
A A = ----------------- or ---------- (mm )
5000nl
50f 1
l
Fig. 15
Steering gears
J 600
501 For instrumentation and automation, including computer based control and monitoring, the requirements in this
chapter are additional to those given in Pt.4 Ch.9.
503
J 700
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
J 800
Steering mode and steering station selectors for exclusive electric systems may also be operated by the same shaft, provided
the arrangement is of reliable construction.
807 Where the rudderstock is required to be over 230 mm diameter (excluding ice strengthening) in way of the tiller, an alternative power supply shall be provided automatically within
45 seconds, either from the emergency source of electrical
Alarm
Rudder position
Steering gear power units
Steering gear
Steering gear control system
Power failure
Remarks
position
Bridge and steering gear
compartment
Bridge and machinery
space
Low level
Steering gear hydraulic
system oil tanks (each - inclusive steering control
system tanks)
Storage tank
Auto pilot
Failure
1)
Indication
subject
Rudder angle
Bridge
Oil level
Running
Low level alarm in separate steering gear control system oil tanks may be substituted by low pressure alarm. It is provided that each of the systems is able
to control the main steering gear alone, and that oil leakage in one system has no effect on the other one
K. Testing
K 100
Sternframes
K 200
Steering gears
Trials
401 The steering gear is to be tried out on the trial trip in order to demonstrate to the surveyor's satisfaction that the requirements of the rules have been met. (The design
requirement given in J102 d) need not be proved by trials at
maximum astern speed and maximum rudder angles.) The trial
is to include the operation of the following:
a) Trial conditions:
loaded on summer load waterline
running ahead at maximum service speed corresponding to maximum nominal shaft RPM and maximum
continuous rating (MCR) of the main engine(s) and if
equipped with controllable pitch propeller(s), the propeller pitch is to be at the maximum design pitch corresponding to the nominal shaft RPM and MCR of the
main engine(s).
If the vessel cannot be tested on summer load waterline, alternative trial conditions may be specially considered. See 402 and 403.
a1) Main steering gear trial:
turning the rudder over from 35 on one side to 35 on
the other side and vice versa
from 35 on either side to 30 on the other sides respectively within required time as given in J102, or if
class notation Tug, Supply Vessel, or Ice Classes
ICE 05-15 or POLAR 10-30, or Icebreaker in the
respective rule sections.
Where main steering gear comprises two or more
identical power units, the steering gear is to be tested
with each power unit individually and all together,
provided these are intended for simultaneous running.
For capacity versus number of power units in operation, see J104.
a2) Auxiliary steering gear trial:
turning the rudder over from 15 on one side to 15 on
the other side in not more than 60 seconds with the
ship on summer load waterline and running ahead at
one half of the maximum ahead service speed or 7
knots, whichever is the greater.
b) the steering gear power units, including transfer between
steering gear power units
c) the isolation of one power actuating system, checking the
time for regaining steering capability
d) the hydraulic fluid recharging system
e) the emergency power supply required in J900
f) the steering gear controls, including transfer of control and
local control
g) the means of communication between the steering gear
compartment and the wheelhouse, also the engine room, if
applicable
h) the alarms and indicators
i) where steering gear is designed to avoid hydraulic locking
this feature shall be demonstrated.
Test items d), g) and h) may be effected at the dockside.
402 When performance test is carried out with reduced
draught with partly submerged rudder, calculations showing
corresponding rudder force and torque for the trials are to be
submitted on request.
403 Ships fitted with semi-spade rudders are normally to be
tested with the rudders completely submerged. However, when
satisfactory results are proved by sister ships, tests according
to 402 with partly submerged rudder may be accepted. Calculations of the expected rudder force and torque for the trials are
to be submitted. If test results for sisterships are not available,
steering gear test with rudder partly submerged may be accepted upon special consideration in each case.
SECTION 3
ANCHORING AND MOORING EQUIPMENT
A. General
A 100 Introduction
101 The requirements in this section apply to equipment and
installation for anchoring and mooring.
102 Towlines and mooring lines are not subject to classification. Lengths and breaking strength are, however, given in the
equipment tables as guidance. If certification of materials is
needed voluntarily, it shall be done in accordance with 204.
A 200 Documentation
201 The following plans and particulars are to be submitted
for approval:
equipment number calculations
equipment (list) including type of anchor, grade of anchor
chain, type and breaking load of steel and fibre ropes
anchor design if different from standard or previously approved anchor types. Material specification
windlass design. Material specifications for cable lifters,
shafts, couplings and brakes
chain stopper design. Material specification.
202 The following plans and particulars are to be submitted
for information:
arrangement of deck equipment.
203 For barges the towline fastening arrangement and details, stating towing force is to be submitted for approval.
204 Det Norske Veritas Product Certificate (NV) (for materials, ISO 10474: Type 3.1 C) will be required for the following items:
anchor and anchor shackle
anchor chain cable and accessories (shackles, swivels,
etc.)
windlass cable lifter
winch drum and drum flanges
shafts for cable lifter and/or drum
pawl wheel, stopper and couplings
gear shafts and wheels (W)
windlass/winch frame work (W)
brake components
chain stopper
steel wire ropes (W)
fibre ropes (W).
For items above marked with (W), work's certificate (for materials, ISO 10474: Type 3.1 B) from approved manufacturer
will normally be accepted.
A 300 Assumptions
301 The anchoring equipment required is the minimum considered necessary for temporary mooring of a vessel in moderate sea conditions when the vessel is awaiting berth, tide, etc.
The equipment is therefore not designed to hold a vessel off
fully exposed coasts in rough weather or for frequent anchoring operations in open sea. In such conditions the loads on the
anchoring equipment will increase to such a degree that its
components may be damaged or lost owing to the high energy
forces generated.
Guidance note:
If the intended service of the vessel is such that frequent anchoring in open sea is expected, it is advised that the size of anchors
and chains is increased above the rule requirements, taking into
302 The anchoring equipment required by the Rules is designed to hold a vessel in good holding ground in conditions
such as to avoid dragging of the anchor. In poor holding
ground the holding power of the anchors will be significantly
reduced.
303 It is assumed that under normal circumstances the vessel
will use only one bower anchor and chain cable at a time.
General
hi
C. Equipment Specification
C 100
101
Equipment number
The equipment number is given by the formula:
E N = 2/3 + 2 B H + 0,1 A
Equipment
letter Number
Mass
per anchor
kg
30-49
50-69
70-89
90-109
110-129
130-149
150-174
175-204
205-239
240-279
280-319
320-359
360-399
400-449
450-499
500-549
550-599
600-659
660-719
720-779
780-839
840-909
910-979
980-1059
1060-1139
1140-1219
1220-1299
1300-1389
1390-1479
1480-1569
1570-1669
1670-1789
1790-1929
1930-2079
2080-2229
2230-2379
2380-2529
2530-2699
2700-2869
2870-3039
a0
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
120
180
240
300
360
420
480
570
660
780
900
1020
1140
1290
1440
1590
1740
1920
2100
2280
2460
2640
2850
3060
3300
3540
3780
4050
4320
4590
4890
5250
5610
6000
6450
6900
7350
7800
8300
8700
mm
12,5
14
16
17,5
19
20,5
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
73
76
78
81
84
87
90
92
95
mm
12,5
14
16
17,5
17,5
19
20,5
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
73
76
78
81
84
mm
20,5
22
24
24
26
28
30
30
32
34
36
36
38
40
42
44
46
46
48
50
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
73
Mooring lines 1)
(guidance)
Minimum
breaking
strength
kN
88,5
98,0
98,0
98,0
98
98
98
112
129
150
174
207
224
250
277
306
338
371
406
441
480
518
559
603
647
691
738
786
836
888
941
1024
1109
1168
1259
1356
1453
1471
1471
1471
Length
of each
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
m
80
80
100
110
110
120
120
120
120
120
140
140
140
140
40
160
160
160
160
170
170
170
170
180
180
180
180
180
180
190
190
190
190
190
200
200
200
200
200
200
Minimum
breaking
strength
kN
32
34
37
39
44
49
54
59
64
69
74
78
88
98
108
123
132
147
157
172
186
201
216
230
250
270
284
309
324
324
333
353
378
402
422
451
480
480
490
500
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
A*
B*
C*
D*
E*
F*
G*
H*
I*
J*
K*
L*
M*
N*
O*
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
9300
9900
10500
11100
11700
12300
12900
13500
14100
14700
15400
16100
16900
17800
18800
20000
21500
23000
24500
26000
27500
29000
31000
33000
35500
38500
42000
46000
m
660
660
660
687,5
687,5
687,5
715
715
715
742,5
742,5
742,5
742,5
742,5
742,5
770
770
770
770
770
770
770
770
770
770
770
770
770
mm
97
100
102
105
107
111
114
117
120
122
124
127
130
132
137
mm
84
87
90
92
95
97
100
102
105
107
111
111
114
117
120
124
127
132
137
142
147
152
mm
76
78
78
81
84
87
87
90
92
95
97
97
100
102
107
111
114
117
122
127
132
132
137
142
147
152
157
162
Towline
(guidance)
Mooring lines 1)
(guidance)
Minimum
breaking
strength
kN
1471
1471
1471
1471
1471
1471
1471
1471
1471
1471
1471
1471
1471
1471
1471
1471
1471
1471
1471
1471
1471
1471
Length
of each
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
10
11
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
21
m
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
Minimum
breaking
strength
kN
520
554
588
618
647
647
657
667
677
686
686
696
706
706
716
726
726
726
735
735
735
735
735
735
735
735
735
735
For individual mooring lines with breaking force above 490 kN according to the table, the strength may be reduced by the corresponding increase of the
number of mooring lines and vice versa. The total breaking force of all mooring lines on board should not be less than according to the table. However,
the number of mooring should not be less than 6, and no line should have a breaking force less than 490 kN.
204 For ships and manned barges with restricted service the
equipment specified in Table C1 and C2 may be reduced in accordance with Table C3. No reductions are given for class notations R0 and R1.
205 For ships and manned barges with equipment number
EN less than 205 the anchor and chain equipment specified in
Table C1 and C2 may be reduced, on application from the
Owners, based upon a special consideration of the intended
service area of the vessel. The reduction is not to be more than
given for the service notation R4 in Table C3. In such cases a
minus sign will be given in brackets after the equipment letter
for the vessel in the Register of vessels classed with DNV,
e.g. f().
a0f1
a0f2
af1
af2
bf1
bf2
cf1
cf2
df1
df2
ef1
ef2
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
80
100
120
140
160
180
210
240
270
300
340
390
480
570
660
780
900
1020
1140
1290
1440
1590
1740
1920
2100
m
165
192,5
192,5
192,5
220
220
220
220
247,5
247,5
275
275
275
302,5
302,5
330
357,5
357,5
385
385
412,5
412,5
440
440
440
mm
11
11
12,5
12,5
14
14
16
16
17,5
17,5
19
19
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
D. Anchors
D 100
101
General
Anchor types dealt with are:
Towline
(guidance)
Mooring lines
(guidance)
Minimum
length
m
mm
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
190
190
190
190
12,5
12,5
14
14
16
16
17,5
17,5
19
20,5
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
34
36
38
40
Minimum
breaking
strength
Number
Length
of
each
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
m
50
60
80
80
100
100
110
110
110
110
120
120
120
120
120
120
140
140
140
140
140
160
160
160
160
kN
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
112
129
150
174
207
224
250
277
306
338
371
406
Minimum
breaking
strength
kN
29
29
34
34
37
37
39
39
44
44
49
49
54
59
64
69
74
78
88
98
108
123
132
147
157
103 The mass of stocked bower anchor, the stock not included, is not to be less than 80% of the table-value for ordinary
stockless bower anchors. The mass of the stock is to be 25% of
the total mass of the anchor including the shackle, etc., but excluding the stock.
104 For anchors approved as H.H.P. anchors, the mass is not
to be less than 75% of the requirements given in C. In such cases the letter r will follow the equipment letter entered in the
Register of vessels classed with DNV.
D 200 Materials
201 Anchor heads may be cast, forged or fabricated from
plate materials. Shanks and shackles may be cast or forged.
202 The materials are to comply with relevant specification
given in Pt.2. For cast steel, the requirements are given in Pt.2
Ch.2 Sec.7. For forged and cast steel with tensile strength higher than 600 N/mm2 specifications of chemical composition
and mechanical properties are to be submitted for approval for
the equipment in question.
Plate material in welded anchors is to be of the grades as given
in F200 Table F3.
203 Anchors made of nodular cast iron may be accepted in
small dimensions subject to special approval of the manufacturer.
D 300 Anchor shackle
301 The diameter of the shackle leg is normally not to be less
than:
ds = 1,4 dc
dc
NV K1, NV K2 and NV K3, linear interpolation between table values of dc will normally be accepted.
302 The diameter of the shackle pin is normally not to be less
than the greater of:
dp = 1,5 d c
dp = 0,7 l p
dc
lp
= as given in 301
= free length of pin. It is assumed that materials of the
same tensile strength are used in shackle body and pin.
For different materials dp will be specially considered.
D 400 Testing
401 Ordinary anchors with a mass more than 75 kg, or
H.H.P. anchors with a mass more than 56 kg, are to be subjected to proof testing in a machine specially approved for this purpose.
402 The proof test is to be as given in Table D1, dependent
on the mass of equivalent anchor, defined as follows:
Total mass of ordinary stockless anchors.
Mass of ordinary stocked anchors excluding the stock.
4/3 of the total mass of H.H.P. anchors.
For intermediate values of mass the test load is to be determined by linear interpolation.
403 The proof load is to be applied on the arm or on the palm
at a distance from the extremity of the bill equal to 1/3 of the
distance between it and the centre of the crown. The anchor
shackle may be tested with the anchor.
404 For stockless anchors, both arms are to be tested simultaneously, first on one side of the shank and then on the other
side.
For stocked anchors, each arm is to be tested individually.
405 The anchors are to withstand the specified proof load
without showing signs of defects.
D 500 Additional requirements for H.H.P. (High Holding Power) anchors
501 H.H.P. anchors are to be designed for effective hold of
the sea bed irrespective of the angle or position at which they
first settle on the sea bed after dropping from a normal type of
hawse pipe. In case of doubt a demonstration of these abilities
may be required.
502 The design approval of H.H.P. anchors is normally given as a type approval, and the anchors are listed in the Register
of Type Approved Products No.3 "Structural Equipment, Containers, Cargo Handling and Securing Equipment".
The design approval of H.H.P. anchors is normally given as a
type approval, and the anchors are listed in the "Register of
Type Approved Products No.3: Containers, Cargo Handling,
Lifting Appliances and Miscellaneous Equipment."
503 H.H.P. anchors for which approval is sought are to be
tested on sea bed to show that they have a holding power per
unit of mass at least twice that of an ordinary stockless bower
anchor.
504 If approval is sought for a range of anchor sizes, at least
two sizes are to be tested. The mass of the larger anchor to be
tested is not to be less than 1/10 of that of the largest anchor for
which approval is sought. The smaller of the two anchors to be
tested is to have a mass not less than 1/10 of that of the larger.
505 Each test is to comprise a comparison between at least
two anchors, one ordinary stockless bower anchor and one
H.H.P. anchor. The mass of the anchors are to be as equal as
possible.
506 The tests are to be conducted on at least 3 different types
of bottom, which normally are to be: soft mud or silt, sand or
gravel, and hard clay or similar compacted material.
507 The tests are normally to be carried out by means of a
tug. The pull is to be measured by dynamometer or determined
from recently verified curves of the tug's bollard pull as function of propeller r.p.m.
The diameter of the chain cables connected to the anchors is to
be as required for the equipment letter in question. During the
test the length of the chain cable on each anchor is to be sufficient to obtain an approximately horizontal pull on the anchor.
Normally, a horizontal distance between anchor and tug equal
to 10 times the water depth will be sufficient.
D 600 Identification
601 The following marks are to be stamped on one side of
the anchor:
Mass of
anchor
kg
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000
4100
4200
4300
4400
4500
4600
4700
Proof
test load
kN
376
388
401
414
427
438
450
462
474
484
495
506
517
528
537
547
557
567
577
586
595
604
613
622
631
638
Mass of
anchor
kg
4800
4900
5000
5100
5200
5300
5400
5500
5600
5700
5800
5900
6000
6100
6200
6300
6400
6500
6600
6700
6800
6900
7000
7200
7400
7600
Proof
test load
kN
645
653
661
669
677
685
691
699
706
713
721
728
735
740
747
754
760
767
773
779
786
795
804
818
832
845
Mass of
anchor
kg
7800
8000
8200
8400
8600
8800
9000
9200
9400
9600
9800
10000
10500
11000
11500
12000
12500
13000
13500
14000
14500
15000
15500
16000
16500
17000
Proof
test load
kN
861
877
892
908
922
936
949
961
975
987
999
1010
1040
1070
1090
1110
1130
1160
1180
1210
1230
1260
1270
1300
1330
1360
Mass of
anchor
kg
17500
18000
18500
19000
19500
20000
21000
22000
23000
24000
25000
26000
27000
28000
29000
30000
31000
32000
34000
36000
38000
40000
42000
44000
46000
48000
Proof
test load
kN
1390
1410
1440
1470
1490
1520
1570
1620
1670
1720
1770
1800
1850
1900
1940
1990
2030
2070
2160
2250
2330
2410
2490
2570
2650
2730
Materials
Fig. 1
Standard dimensions of stud link chain cable
for dc 40 mm : 1 mm
for 40 < dc 84 mm : 2 mm
for 84 < dc 122 mm : 3 mm
for dc > 122 mm: 4 mm.
The allowable manufacturing plus tolerance is 5%. The crosssectional area of the link is at least to be the theoretical area for
the nominal diameter.
The calculation of the theoretical area is to be based on the average of four measurements of the diameter equally spaced
around the circumference.
Three links from every four 27,5 m length or every 100 m
length of chain cable are to be chosen for measurements of the
diameter.
NV K1 Normalised 1)
370 - 490
Minimum 25
Minimum 295
490 - 690
Minimum 22
minimum 27; 20 C
minimum 27; 0 C
1)
Chain cables with diameters up to 50 mm may be supplied without heat treatment after welding, provided that a breaking test is carried out on one specimen from each length, see 402.
2)
Cast chain cable, grade NV K2, is to be normalised or may, at option of the manufacturer, be hardened and tempered.
3)
Identification
36
46
58
76
89
105
123
140
167
194
225
257
291
328
366
406
448
492
538
585
635
686
739
794
851
909
969
1030
1100
1160
1230
1290
1390
1500
1580
1690
1810
1920
2050
2130
2260
2340
2470
2560
2700
2790
2970
3110
3260
3400
3500
3600
3750
3900
4000
4260
4520
4790
5050
5320
5590
51
66
82
107
127
150
175
200
237
278
321
368
417
468
523
581
640
703
769
837
908
981
1060
1140
1220
1290
1380
1470
1560
1660
1750
1840
1990
2150
2260
2410
2580
2750
2920
3040
3230
3350
3530
3660
3860
3980
4250
4440
4650
4860
5000
5140
5350
5570
5720
6080
6450
6840
7220
7600
7990
Chain of
Steel grade NV K2
Minimum
Proof test load
breaking
strength
kN
kN
72
51
92
66
116
82
150
107
179
127
211
150
244
175
280
200
332
237
389
278
449
321
514
368
583
417
655
468
732
523
812
581
896
640
981
703
1080
769
1170
837
1280
908
1370
981
1480
1060
1590
1140
1710
1220
1810
1290
1940
1380
2060
1470
2190
1560
2310
1660
2450
1750
2580
1840
2790
1990
3010
2150
3160
2260
3380
2410
3610
2580
3850
2750
4090
2920
4260
3040
4510
3230
4680
3350
4940
3530
5120
3660
5390
3860
5570
3980
5940
4250
6230
4440
6510
4650
6810
4860
7000
5000
7200
5140
7490
5350
7800
5570
8000
5720
8510
6080
9030
6450
9560
6840
10100
7220
10640
7600
11170
7990
Chain of
Steel grade NV K3
Minimum
Proof
breaking
test load
strength
kN
kN
102
72
132
92
165
116
216
150
256
179
301
211
349
244
401
280
476
332
556
389
642
449
735
514
833
583
937
655
1050
732
1160
812
1280
896
1400
981
1540
1080
1680
1170
1810
1280
1960
1370
2110
1480
2270
1590
2430
1710
2600
1810
2770
1940
2940
2060
3130
2190
3300
2310
3500
2450
3690
2580
3990
2790
4300
3010
4500
3160
4820
3380
5160
3610
5500
3850
5840
4090
6080
4260
6440
4510
6690
4680
7060
4940
7320
5120
7700
5390
7960
5570
8480
5940
8890
6230
9300
6510
9720
6810
9990
7000
10280
7200
10710
7490
11140
7800
11420
8000
12160
8510
12910
9030
13660
9560
14430
10100
15200
10640
15970
11170
Guidance
Approximate mass
per m
kg
3,7
4,4
5,6
6,8
8,0
9,3
10,6
12,6
14,8
17,1
19,6
22,3
25,1
28,1
31,3
34,7
38,2
41,9
45,8
49,8
54,0
58,4
63,0
67,8
72,7
77,8
83,1
88,6
94,2
100,0
106,0
115,2
124,9
131,6
142,0
152,9
164,2
176,0
184,1
196,6
205,0
218,5
227
241
250
269
284
299
314
326
335
351
367
378
408
437
470
500
530
570
Fig. 2
Position of test pieces
General design
103 For each chain cable there is normally to be a chain stopper, arranged between windlass and hawse pipe. The chain cables are to reach the hawse pipes through the cable lifter only.
104 Electrically driven windlasses are to have a torque limiting device.
Electric motors are to comply with the requirements of Pt.4
Ch.8.
105 The windlass with prime mover is to be able to exert the
pull specified by Table F1 directly on the cable lifter. For double windlasses the requirements apply to one side at a time.
Table F1 Lifting power
Lifting force
and speed
Normal lifting force for
30 min in N
Mean hoisting speed
Maximum lifting force
for 2 minutes (no speed
requirement)
dc
K1
Grade of chain
K2
K3
36,8 dc2
41,7 dc2
46,6 d c2
9 m/min.
1,5 x normal lifting force
F 200 Materials
201 Cable lifter shafts and cable lifters with couplings are to
be made from materials as stated in Table F2.
Table F2 Material requirements
Chain cable diame- Chain cable diameter > 46 mm
ter 46 mm
Cable lifters and cou- Nodular cast iron or Cast steel
plings
special cast iron
Cable lifter shaft
Forged or rolled steel, cast steel
F 300
Testing
Fig. 3
Constructions of steel wire ropes
104
The mean speed on the chain cable when hoisting the anchor
and cable is not to be less than 9 m/min. and is to be measured
over two shots (55 m) of chain cable during the trial. The trial
should be commenced with 3 shots (82,5 m) of chain cable fully submerged. Where the depth of water in trial areas is inadequate, consideration will be given to acceptance of equivalent
simulated conditions.
G 100
General
G 200
Materials
201 Towlines and mooring lines may be of steel, natural fibre or synthetic fibre construction.
202 Wire for steel wire ropes is to be made by open hearth,
electric furnace, LD process or by other processes specially approved by the Society.
203 The steel core is to be an independent wire rope. Normally, the wires in a steel core are to be of similar tensile
strength to that of the main strand, but are not to be less than
1570 N/mm2.
The fibre core is to be manufactured from a synthetic fibre.
204 Unless otherwise stated in the approved specification,
all wire ropes are to be lubricated. The lubrications are to have
no injurious effect on the steel wires or on the fibres in the
rope.
G 300
Approximate mass
kg/100 m
FC
72,7
94,9
120
148
179
214
251
291
334
380
480
593
718
854
1000
1160
1330
IWRC
82,0
107
135
167
202
241
283
328
376
428
542
669
810
964
1130
1310
1510
1710
1930
2170
2420
2680
2950
3240
3540
3850
4180
4520
4880
5250
5630
6020
6430
6850
C = fibre core
IWRC = independent wire rope core
302
If facilities are not available for pulling the complete
cross section of the rope to destruction, the breaking load may
be determined by testing separately 10% of all wires from each
strand. The breaking strength of the rope is then considered to
be:
P = f t k (kN)
f
t
k
303
torsion test
reverse bend test
weight and uniformity of zink coating.
These tests are to be made in accordance with and are to comply with ISO Standard 2232.
G 400 Testing of natural fibre ropes
401 Natural fibre ropes are, if possible, to be tested by pulling a piece of the rope to destruction. For qualities 1 and 2, the
breaking load is not to be less than given in Table G4.
Rope with FC
0,86
0,84
0,80
0,78
402 If facilities are not available for making the above test,
the Society may accept testing of a specified number of the
yarns from the rope. The breaking strength of the rope will then
be deduced from these tests.
G 500
501
Mooring Winches
Guidance note:
Each winch should be fitted with drum brakes the strength of
which is sufficient to prevent unreeling of the mooring line when
the rope tension is equal to 80 per cent of the breaking strength
of the rope as fitted on the first layer.
Where this is achieved by the winch being fitted with a pawl and
ratchet or other positive locking device, then the braking mechanism shall be such that the winch drum can be released in controlled manner while the mooring line is under tension.
For powered winches the maximum hauling tension which can
be applied to the mooring line (the reeled first layer) should not
be less than 1/4,5 times the rope's breaking strength and not more
than 1/3 times the rope's breaking strength. For automatic winches these figures shall apply when the winch is set on the maximum power with automatic control.
The rendering tension which the winch can exert on the mooring
line (reeled 1st layer) should not exceed 1,5 times, nor be less
than 1,05 times the hauling tension for that particular power setting of the winch on automatic control. The winch is to be
marked with the range of rope strength for which it is designed.
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SECTION 4
MASTS AND RIGGING
A. General
A 100
Introduction
Assumptions
201 The cargo handling systems are assumed only to be operated in harbours or in sheltered waters.
202 The formulae for determining the scantlings of stayed
masts, post and standing rigging are based on a symmetrical arrangement of stays and shrouds related to a vertical longitudinal plane through the mast or post.
Steel wire ropes for shrouds are assumed with a modulus of
elasticity equal to 7,5 x 106 N/mm2.
A 300
301
Definitions
A 400
Symbols:
P
ld
Fig. 1
Arrangement of shrouds.
401
ted:
Documentation
The following plans and information are to be submit-
Materials
High strength
structural steel
A
A
D
E
B 200 Welding
201 Welding of important connections is to be carried out by
welders approved by the Society.
202 Filler metals (electrodes) for welding are to be approved
by the Society.
203 Important welds are to be inspected by radiography as
required by the surveyor. Ultrasonic testing and magnetic-particle testing may also be required.
Radiographs are generally to meet the requirements to mark 4
(blue) according to IIW Collection of Reference Radiographs
of Welds. However, scattered porosity according to mark 3
(green) may be accepted.
Z = 100 (P l d) (cm3)
2
lm
I = 240 --------------lm H
(cm )
d 0 = 140
( Pl )
( Pl )
1
--3
(mm)
lm
I = 240 --------------lm H
fc
4
------ (cm )
3
ls
V
2
= ------------ (cm )
100q
V
q
D 100 General
101 The requirements to diameter d0 and plate thickness t0
for masts and posts given in the following are to be maintained
for a distance not less than 1 m above the derrick heel fitting.
Above this level, the diameter and the plate thickness may be
gradually reduced to 0,75 d0 and 0,75 t0 at the hounds. Minimum thickness is 7,5 mm.
102 Where masthead span blocks are attached to outriggers,
the section modulus of the mast at the level of the outrigger is
not to be less than:
Z = 120 r Q (cm3)
r
( Pl d ) 1500l m
P + 10l
( 1, 7a + c )
-----l - and 1--2- f--------------------------l
fc
Q =
P + ----------
2
ld
1 + --------------- (t)
l H
m
lm
I = 240 --------------lm H
G
Pl
1500l m G (cm )
= the smaller of
fc
1
-----and --3
4
ls
f ( 1, 7a + c )
-----------------------------3
ls
30000l m
3
Pl d ----------------------- G (cm )
d0
d1 = 0,75 d0 (mm)
d0 and d 1 are the diameter at deck and hounds respectively.
= as defined in 403.
405 Where derricks are fitted both forward and aft of the
mast, the section modulus is further not to be less than:
80l m
Z = --------------lm H
24000 1
100l m 1
d 0 = ----------------- (mm)
3
Kl m
Pl d -----------d0
P l
+ 0, 25 -------------------P l
502
D 600 Shrouds
601 Shrouds for masts or posts with derricks are to have
breaking strength not less than:
fa
3
------- (cm )
3
lm
1 d 1
2 d 2
P1 l d1 and P2 l d2 refer to derricks on either side of a transverse plane through the mast.
P1 l d1 is to be the smaller of these products.
D 500 Stayed masts without derricks
501 The diameter of stayed masts without derricks is not to
be less than:
10, 8g 0 l m Pl d
V = ---------------------------------------------------- ((kN)
c
( l m H ) 1 + ----0- e
B
Permanent centre line stays may be included in e when relevant.
602 Shrouds for masts without derricks are to have circumference of steel wire rope not less than 63 mm.
SECTION 5
SEATS FOR ADDITIONAL LIFTING, TOWING OR MOORING EQUIPMENT
A. Crane Pedestals and Miscellaneous Lifting
Posts
A 100
A 400 Arrangement
401 For large loads see Fig.1 and Fig.2.
Introduction
101 In this subsection the requirements for strength and support of crane pedestals, support of davits, A-frames and other
lifting posts are given. The requirements are enforced for safe
working load (SWL) > 30 kN or resulting bending moment on
seat > 100 kNm.
102 The crane including pedestal flange and bolts or the lifting gear itself is not subject to approval, unless class notation
CRANE, DSV or Crane Vessel is requested.
Guidance note:
If ILO certification of lifting appliances is requested and DNV is
to issue the certificate, approval of documentation will be required. See Rules for Certification of Lifting Appliances.
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A 200
201
ted:
Fig. 1
Not recommended support.
Documentation
The following plans and information are to be submit-
Plans:
arrangement
pedestal/post with scantlings and grades of material
hull reinforcements.
For cranes on rails, also:
support of rails
end buffers
parking position with locking arrangement and hull reinforcements.
Information:
SWL
weight and weight moment of installation, in various lifting positions.
Fig. 2
Recommended support.
2
C W = --- H S
3
503 When the transit condition is considered critical, the design loads are to be taken as given for idle deck equipment in
Ch.1 Sec.4 C500.
For non-compact units wind and icing are to be taken into account as appropriate.
Standard ice load for North Sea winter conditions may be taken
as 5 cm ice deposit on wind and weather exposed surfaces.
504 For survival craft davits, the dynamic coefficient is to be
taken as 2.2.
505 For man-overboard boats, davits to withstand a horizontal towing force.
A 600 Allowable stresses
601 Allowable stresses in structural steel elements will in
principle be:
( yield or buckling limit ) any hull stresses )
a or a = ---------------------------------------------------------- (------------------------------------------1, 5k
1, 5
when elastic analysis is applied. Yield limit for high strength
steel is to be taken as 235 f1, unless a fatigue control is carried
out. For definition of f1 see Ch.1 Sec.2.
k
bP
M
l
aP
l
Fig. 3
Crane support girder.
Ml =
Q l a
d---
2
Right side: M r = Q r b
d---
2
Q l or Q r
M l or M r
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B 100 Introduction.
101 In this subsection requirements for seatings for pulling,
towing and mooring equipment in general are given. This
equipment is usually not subject to classification, unless in
connection with an additional class notation (i.e. towing equipment for tugs).
102 Seatings for bow anchor equipment has been dealt with
in Sec.3 B.
B 200 Documentation
201 When breaking load of wire or chain is > 150 kN, the
following plans and information are to be submitted:
DET NORSKE VERITAS
Plans:
arrangement, indicating
location of brake, motor and any wire pin or chain
stopper
top or bottom entrance of wire to drum
B 400
401
Information:
Design loads
Design loads were dealt with for
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Calculation of stresses
Guidance note:
A wire force will oscillate between drum bearings, whereas the
moment will be held at the motor or brake end, whichever is in
action, and carried to their respective seatings.
design loads.
301
B 300
1,5 x brake moment / 1,5 x brake holding force on first layer, based on standard friction coefficient 0,3
80 % of breaking load for a mooring, or towing wire/chain
when no pin/stopper
45 % when a wire pin or chain stopper is fitted.
APPENDIX A
ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR NON DUPLICATED RUDDER
ACTUATORS
b 1,5 f
1 + b 1,5 f
m + b 1,5 f
A. Introduction
A 100 Scope
101 The requirements given in this Appendix are in compliance with IMO Guidelines for the acceptance of non-duplicated rudder actuators for oil carriers, chemical carriers and
liquefied gas carriers of 10 000 tons gross and upwards but of
less than 100 000 tonnes deadweight.
where
B. Materials
B 100 Special Requirements
101 Parts subject to internal hydraulic pressure or transmitting mechanical forces to the rudder-stock are to be made of
duly tested ductile materials complying with recognised standards. Materials for pressure retaining components are to be in
accordance with recognised pressure vessel standards. These
materials are not to have an elongation less than 12% nor a tensile strength in excess of 650 N/mm2.
C. Design
C 100 Design pressure
101 The design pressure should be assumed to be at least
equal to the greater of the following:
1,25 times the maximum working pressure to be expected
under the operating conditions required in Sec.2 J102.b)
the relief valve(s) setting.
C 200 Analysis
201 In order to analyse the design the following are required:
The manufacturers of rudder actuators should submit detailed calculations showing the suitability of the design for
the intended service.
A detailed stress analysis of the pressure retaining parts of
the actuator should be carried out to determine the stresses
at the design pressure.
Where considered necessary because of the design complexity or manufacturing procedures, a fatigue analysis
and fracture mechanics analysis may be required. In connection with these analyses, all foreseen dynamic loads
should be taken into account. Experimental stress analysis
may be required in addition to, or in lieu of, theoretical calculations depending upon the complexity of the design.
C 300 Dynamic loads for fatigue and fracture mechanics analysis
301 The assumptions for dynamic loading for fatigue and
fracture mechanics analyses where required in 200 and in
Sec.2 J205, J1102 are to be submitted for appraisal. Both the
case of high cycle and cumulative fatigue are to be considered.
C 400 Allowable stresses
401 For the purpose of determining the general scantlings of
parts of rudder actuators subject to internal hydraulic pressure
the allowable stresses are not to exceed:
m f
1 1,5 f
ts
f
= the lesser of ------- or ----A
B
ta
PB = PA ------ts
where
PB
P
A
ta
ts
=
=
=
=
=
D. Construction Details
D 100 General
101 The construction should be such as to minimise local
concentrations of stress.
D 200 Welds
201 The welding details and welding procedures should be
approved. All welded joints within the pressure boundary of a
rudder actuator or connection parts transmitting mechanical
loads should be full penetration type or of equivalent strength.
D 300 Oil seals
301 Oil seals forming part of the external pressure boundary
are to comply with Sec.2 J209 and J210.
D 400 Isolating valves
Isolating valves are to be fitted at the connection of pipes to the
actuator, and should be directly mounted on the actuator.
D 500
E. Testing
Relief valves
E 100
Non-destructive testing
Other testing