Cc thng s quan trng khi la chn mt h thng x l nc thi

1. Kh nng p dng
Kh nng p dng ca mt quy trnh c th c nh gi da trn kinh nghim qu
kh, ti liu xut bn, ti liu ca nh my v nghin cu pilot. Trong nhng trng hp
mi hay khng bnh thng cha gp bao gi th cn tin hnh nghin cu th nghim trn
quy m pilot.
2. Lu lng nc thi
Cng ngh x l c chn phi p ng c lu lng d kin. V d, b iu ho
s khng ph hp vi lu lng nc thi cc ln.
3. Mc dao ng lu lng ca nc thi
Hu ht cc qu trnh v h thng ch c thit k cho mt gii lu lng no .
Qu trnh v h thng ny ch hot ng tt nht mt lu lng n nh no . Nu mc
bin ng v lu lng ln th cn c qu trnh iu ho.
4. c tnh dng thi
c tnh nc thi u vo s c nh hng n cng ngh c chn (v d x l
ho hc hay sinh hc) v cc yu cu cho qu trnh vn hnh c tt nht
5. Cc thnh phn cn tr v khng chu tc ng
C nhng thnh phn no c th cn tr qu trnh x l? Thnh phn no khng chu
tc ng trong qu trnh x l?
6. Cc vn v kh hu
Nhit nh hng n tc phn ng trong hu ht cc qu trnh ho, sinh. Nhit
cng c th nh hng n hot ng c hc ca thit b. Nhit m p c th y
nhanh vic pht sinh mi v hn ch vic pht tn trong khng kh
7. Quy m qu trnh x l c la chn da vo ng hc phn ng, h s chuyn
khi v tiu chun ti lng
Kch c thit b phn ng phi da vo ng hc phn ng, h s chuyn khi. D
liu ng hc c th ly t kinh nghim, ti liu xut bn, kt qu nghin cu in hnh.
8. Cht lng
Cht lng thng c nh gi thng qua cht lng dng ra, ph hp vi cc
quy nh thi
9. X l cc tn d
Dng v s lng ca cc tn d sau khi x l bao gm dng rn, lng v kh phi
c tnh ton hay c lng. Qu trnh xc nh ny c th c thc hin thng qua cc
nghin cu pilot.
10. X l bn
C hay khng yu t no lm vic x l v tiu hu bn tr nn khng kh thi
hoc qu tn km? Vic tun hon cht thi t qu trnh x l bn nh hng g n b
phn x l nc? Vic chn la h thng x l bn cn i i vi vic chn la h thng
x l nc
11. Cc yu t mi trng

Cc yu t mi trng nh loi gi ch o, hng gi, khong cch n khu dn c

c th hn ch hoc nh hng n vic s dng mt s qu trnh, c bit khi c pht sinh
mi. Giao thng c th nh hng n vic chn a im. Mi trng nc tip nhn c
th c nhng gii hn c trng, i hi phi loi b mt s thnh phn c bit nh dinh
dng khi nc thi khi tip nhn.
12. Cc yu cu v ho cht
Ngun v lng ho cht no cn phi sn c trong mt khong thi gian di nhm
m bo vn hnh h thng c hiu qu? Vic b sung ho cht c g nh hng n cc
c tnh ca cht tn ng sau x l v chi ph x l?
13. Yu cu v nng lng
Nu mc ch l thit k mt h thng x l c hiu qu v kinh t th cn phi bit
c cc yu cu v nng lng v chi ph cho nng lng trong tng lai
14. Yu cu v nhn s
Cn bao nhiu ngi v mc k nng no vn hnh h thng? C sn ngun
nhn lc ny khng? Cn o to thm nhng g?
15. Cc yu cu v vn hnh v bo tr h thng
Cc yu cu c bit v vn hnh v bo dng? Cn nhng ph tng thay th no,
ngun u v chi ph ra sao?
16. Yu t l thuc
Cc yu t l thuc bao gm nhng g? Tc ng ca chng nh th no n cht
lng x l, c bit l khi chng khng cn sn xut?
17 tin cy
Mc tin cy ca h thng nu xt trong mt thi gian di? H thng c d b trc
trc khng, c chu c sc nh k v lu lng khng? Nu c th cht lng ca nc
thi sau x l b nh hng nh th no?
18. Tnh phc tp
Mc phc tp ca vic vn hnh h thng trong trng hp thng thng v
trng hp khn cp? Ngi vn hnh cn c o to nhng g?
19. Tnh tng thch
Vi c s vt cht hin c th h thng mi c vn hnh bnh thng c khng?
Vic m rng nh my c th thc hin d dng khng?
20. Kh nng thch ng
H thng hay qu trnh x l c th c sa cha, thay i p ng vi cc yu
cu x l trong tng lai khng?
21. Phn tch vng i kinh t
Vic nh gi chi ph phi bao gm chi ph vn u t ban u, chi ph vn hnh v
chi ph bo dng. H thng x l vi chi ph u t ban u thp nht c th khng l hiu
qu nht trong mi lin quan vi chi ph vn hnh v bo dng.
22. Qu t

Qu t c cho php xy dng khng ch h thng x l ang xem xt m cn c m

rng trong tng lai khng? Cn mt vng m rng bao nhiu m bo m quan v loi
b cc tc ng xu?
Mt s khi nim s dng cn thit
1. Tng hm lng cn (TSS)
L tng s ca tt c cc loi cn c ngun gc hu c v v c trong nc thi
trng thi l lng v ho tan (mg/l)
Cch xc nh: Ly mu nc thi cho vo t sy, sy nhit 105oC cho n khi
khi lng khng i (bay hi nc). Cn cn li gi l cn kh (m), em cn s thu c
TSS (mg/l).
2. Cn hu c
Cn hu c trong nc thi c t nhiu ngun gc khc nhau, tn ti trong nc thi
ch yu di dng protein, cacbonhydrat, cht bo v cc sn phm phn hu ca chng.
Cn hu c c kh nng b chy v bay hi hon ton ti gi tr nhit cao (550 6000C).
Cch xc nh: ly cn kh (m), cho vo t sy nhit khong 550-6000C cho
n khi khi lng khng i (mvc), lng cn hu c l (mhc).
mhc = m - mvc
m: l cn kh (mg/l)
mvc: l cn v c, hay cn gi l tro ca cn (thng chim 30%)
mhc: l cn hu c, cn gi l cn bay hi, mg/l.
3. Cn l lng (SS)
L lng cn tn ti trng thi l lng (khng tnh n cn ho tan) c kch thc
ln hn kch thc l ca giy lc PTN (d = 20 25 m, theo TCVN 6971-2001). Cn ny
c th loi b bng ng keo t, lng, lc.
Cch xc nh: ly mu nc thi lc qua giy lc tiu chun, sau em giy lc
vo t sy 1050C cho n khi khi lng khng thay i. Khi lng chnh lch ca giy
lc trc v sau th nghim chnh l lng cn l lng (mg/l). Trong nc thi sinh hot th
cn l lng cha khong 70% cn hu c v khong 30% cn v c. Cn l lng bao gm
cn lng c (trong k t nhin) v cn khng lng c.
4. Cn ho tan
Cn ho tan c kch thc rt nh, c th lt qua giy lc tiu chun PTN. Cn ho
tan cha khong 60% l cn hu c.
Phn II. Cc cng trnh x l nc thi bng bin php c hc
1. Song chn rc (screen bar)
Mc ch: kh tt c cc tp vt c th gy ra cc s c trong qu trnh vn hnh h
thng x l nc thi nh lm tc bm, ng ng hoc knh dn

Trong x l nc thi th, thng dng song chn v dng my nghin nh cc

vt b gi li. Cn trong x l nc thi cng nghip, ngi ta t thm li chn
Song chn c th t c nh hoc di ng (thng dng l c nh), hoc c th kt
hp cng vi my nghin nh. Song chn c lm bng kim loi, c thit din trn, vung
hoc hn hp, c t nghing mt gc 60-750.
Phn loi: C 02 loi song chn chnh, l song chn th v song chn mn ch yu
c s dng trong x l nc thi. Song chn th c khong m gia cc thanh thay i
t 6 - 150mm cn song chn mn c khong cch gia cc thanh nh hn 6mm. Loi song
chn siu nh (c d khong 50m) thng c s dng ch yu tch cc cht rn mn
trong dng nc x l.

Hnh: Phn loi song chn rc

Khi thit k song chn rc, cc thng tin sau cn quan tm:
- V tr: Do mc ch ca song chn rc th l loi b vt cht c kch thc ln c th gy
hi hoc tc nghn cho cc thit b pha sau nn trong hu ht cc trng hp u c t
pha trc b lng ct. Nu b lng ct c t pha trc song chn rc th rc v cc loi
vt liu dng si c th nh hng n c cu thu cn ca b lng ct, bao bc xung quanh
ng thi kh v lng cng ct v khi lng ct lng c bm i th nh hng n h thng
bm v ng ng.
- Vn tc gn ng (vn tc chy trn cc knh dn): Nu song chn lm sch bng tay,
vn tc chy trn knh vo khong 0,45m/s ti gi tr lu lng trung bnh to ra din
tch thu hi rc thch hp cho song chn (to phn din tch ngp nc ln hn). trnh
lng cn, tc ca nc on knh m rng trc song chn khng c di 0,4
m/giy khi lu lng nh nht. Vic kim sot tc dng chy ny c thc hin bng
cch m rng din tch ti khu vc t song chn rc. Song chn rc vi co rc th cng
ch dng nhng trm x l nh c lng rc < 0,1m3/ng..

i vi song chn rc c c cu thu hi rc bng c kh, cn c t nht 02 thit b

c lp t cng nhau phng trng hp mt thit b phi ngng hot ng bo
dng hay sa cha. loi tr kh nng lt qua ca cc mnh v lu lng dng chy
ln nht, vn tc dng chy qua song chn khng nn vt qu 0,9m/s.
- Kch thc song chn: Ty theo yu cu v kch thc ca rc chiu rng khe h ca cc
song thay i.
Cc gi tr thng dng thit k song chn rc:
Ch tiu

Co rc th cng

Co rc c gii

Kch thc ca cc thanh

- B rng (mm):
- B dy (mm):

5-15
25-38

5-15
25-38

Khong cch gia cc thanh (mm)

25 - 50

15-75

nghing song chn theo trc thng ng ()

30-45

0-30

Vn tc dng chy (m/s)

- Ti a:
- Ti thiu:

0,3-0,6
-

0,6-1,0
0,3-0,5

150

150-600

gim ct nc cho php (mm)

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991

S khe h n gia cc thanh ca song chn rc c xc nh theo cng thc:
n=

Qmax
b.h1.vs

Trong :
Qmax: Lu lng thi ti a, m3/s
b: Chiu rng khe h gia cc thanh (khong cch gia cc thanh), m
h1: Chiu su lp nc qua song chn (m), thng bng chiu su lp nc trong knh dn
vo (khng c hin tng dng nc trc song chn).
vs: tc nc qua song chn (m/s), chn vs = 0,7 m/s khi lu lng trung bnh v = 0,9
m/s khi lu lng ti a trnh va chm gia rc v song chn.
Chiu rng tng cng ca song chn rc l:
Bs = b.n + S (n 1) (m), vi S l b rng ca mi thanh chn.

- gim ct nc sau song chn: gim ct nc sau song chn c hiu l mc

chnh lch cao ca dng nc ti v tr trc v sau song chn. y l mt hm s ca
vn tc gn ng v vn tc qua song chn. gim ct nc (qua song chn th) c th
tnh theo cng thc:
hL =

1 V 2 v2 )
(
,m
C
2g

Trong :
hL: gim ct nc, m
C: H s thi theo kinh nghim do dng chy ri v tn tht do cc cnh song chn. C=0,7
i vi song chn sch v C=0,6 i vi song chn b tc.

V: Vn tc chy thc ca dng nc qua khong h gia cc song chn, m/s

v: Vn tc gn ng ca dng chy knh dn nc, m/s
g: Gia tc trng trng, 9,81m/s2
- Bung t song chn: V song chn lm co hp tit din t ca dng chy nn ti v tr
t song chn tit din knh phi c m rng. trnh to thnh dng chy ri knh phi
m rng dn dn vi mt gc = 20o (xem hnh di).

Hnh: Bn v mt bng v mt ct bung t song chn rc

Chiu di on m rng (l1) c tnh theo cng thc:
l1 =

B s Bk
,
2tg

Trong :
Bs: Chiu rng v tr t song chn rc, m
Bk: Chiu rng ca knh dn, m
: Gc m rng trn knh dn, .
Bi tp: Tnh ton song chn rc (co rc c gii) x l rc th trong dng thi c lu lng ti
a Qmax l 1260m3/h vi cc thng s sau:
1/ Vn tc qua song chn ng vi Qmax l 0,9m/s, vn tc nc chy trn knh l 0,6m/s
2/ Chiu rng khe h gia cc thanh b=50mm
3/ Chiu su lp nc qua song chn h1=1,0m.
4/ S dng thanh chn rc c kch thc rng S=15mm, dy 50mm.
Gii:
*/ S khe h gia cc thanh l:

n=

Qmax
0,35
=
= 7,7
bh1v s 0,05.1.0,9

chn n=8, nn ta c s thanh chn rc cn s dng l 7 thanh.

*/ Chiu rng ca bung chn rc l:
Bs = b.n + S (n 1) = 0,05.8 + 0,015(8 1) = 0,505m
*/ gim ct nc khi i qua song chn l:
1 0,9 2 0,6 2
hL =

= 0,033 (m)
0,7 2 x9,81

 ngha ca gim ct nc: dng tnh ton phn chnh lch cao ca phn din
tch trc v sau song chn khc phc hin tng dn nc trc song chn v lng
cn sau song chn.
2. B lng ct (Grit chamber)
B lng ct nhm loi b ct, si, dm, cc loi x khi nc thi. Trong nc
thi, bn thn ct khng c hi nhng s nh hng n kh nng hot ng ca cc cng
trnh v thit b trong h thng nh ma st lm mn cc thit b c kh, lng cn trong cc
knh hoc ng dn, lm gim th tch hu dng ca cc b x l v tng tn s lm sch cc
b ny. V vy trong cc trm x l nht thit phi c b lng ct.
B lng ct thng c t pha sau song chn rc v trc b lng s cp. i khi
ngi ta t b lng ct trc song chn rc, tuy nhin vic t sau song chn c li cho
vic qun l b lng ct hn. Trong b lng ct cc thnh phn cn loi b lng xung nh
trng lng bn thn ca chng. y phi tnh ton th no cho cc ht ct v cc ht
v c cn gi li s lng xung cn cc cht l lng hu c khc tri i.
C ba loi b lng ct chnh: b lng ct theo chiu chuyn ng ngang ca dng
chy (dng ch nht hoc vung), b lng ct c sc kh hoc b lng ct c dng chy
xoy.

Tnh ton b lng ct xut pht t ln (ng knh) ca ht mun gi li trong b.

Tc lng ca ht trong b cn gi l ln thu lc ca ht hay ti trng b mt ca b:
U0 =

Q
, (m3/m2.ngy, m/h, mm/s)
F

Bng ti trng b mt ca b lng ct (hay ln thy lc) theo ng knh ht 150C

(Trnh Xun Lai, 2000):
ng knh ht (mm)

0,1

0,12

0,15

0,2

0,25

0,3

0,35

0,4

0,5

U0

5,12

7,37

11,5

18,7

24,2

28,3

34,5 40,7 51,6

Din tch mt nc phn hnh ch nht ca b lng c xc nh theo cng thc:

F = K.

Q
, m2
U0

Trong :
Q: lu lng nc thi ln nht, m3/s
U0: ln thu lc ca ht cn tch, m/s
K: h s (=1,3 khi U0=18mm/s, =1,1 khi U0=24mm/s)
T s chiu di v chiu su ca b
L
v
= K.
H
U0

Trong :
L: chiu di phn ch nht, m
H: Chiu cao cng tc ca b, m
v: Vn tc chuyn ng ca nc trong b, m/s (v=0,2m/s ng vi Qmax v v=0,15 ng vi
Qmin)
Sau khi tnh ton c cc kch thc ca phn hnh ch nht ca b lng, cn kim
tra li thng s thi gian lu nc trong b ng vi gi tr Qmax (gi tr thi gian lu thch
hp t 60-90 giy).

 qu trnh lng ca cc ht trong b khng c tc dng i vi cc cn hu c, cn

khng ch vn tc lng trong b dao ng t 0,15-0,3m/s. Tuy nhin, khi gi tr Q thay i
t Qmax sang Qmin th tc dng s thay i. khng ch s giao ng ca v, cn xy
dng ca trn kiu mng o theo t l vi ngp nc H trong b lng. Chiu rng ca
trn c thu hep t B v b. y ca trn c chnh P so vi b lng to kh nng
chnh p a nc ra khi b lng vi vn tc khng i.
Cch xc nh b v P nh sau:
b=

P =

B.v
m 2g

B.v
Qmax

1 K 2/3

1 K

3/ 2

Qmax K K 2 / 3 Qmin 1 K 1 / 3
.
=
.
B.v 1 K 2 / 3
B.v 1 K 2 / 3

Trong :
Qmax, Qmin l lu lng ti a v ti thiu i qua b lng ct, lc ny, tc dng nc
trong b l khng i.
K=

Qmin
Qmax

m: H s lu lng ca ca trn ph thuc vo gc ti.

B, b: Chiu rng ca trn trc v sau khi thu hp.
v: vn tc nc trong b.
V d: Tnh ton b lng ct cho mt cng trnh x l nc thivi cng sut 4000m3/ngy.
3. B iu ho
Lu lng v cht lng nc thi t h thng thu gom chy v nh my x l
thng xuyn dao ng, do b iu ha c tc dng n nh lu lng v cht lng
dng khc phc nhng vn vn hnh do s dao ng lu lng nc thi gy ra v nng
cao hiu sut cc qu trnh x l pha sau.
C 02 loi b iu ho: iu ho lu lng (trong trng hp ti lng cht thi
khng hoc t thay i theo thi gian) v iu ho lu lng v cht lng. iu lu l qu
trnh gim cc bin ng v c tnh nc thi nhm to iu kin ti u cho cc hot ng
tip theo.
V tr: ty thuc vo tng h thng m b iu ho c th t cc v tr khc nhau,
ch yu l t sau h thng tin x l. Thng thng, BH c t sau b lng ct v
trc b lng t 1.

Hnh1: iu ho trn dng thi

Hnh 2: B iu ho ngoi dng thi

Chc nng:
- iu chnh s bin thin lu lng.
- iu chnh s bin thin cht lng, trnh nh hng n cc cng trnh pha sau, c bit
l cng trnh x l sinh hc.
- Kim sot gi tr pH cho cc qu trnh sinh ho pha sau.
Khi thit k b iu ho, chng ta cn tr li c cc cu hi sau:
1/ V tr:
2/ Loi b iu ho (trn hay ngoi dng thi):
3/ Th tch b:
4/ Hnh dng v cu trc
- Hnh dng
- Cu trc (b phn lm sch, ca vo, c cu an ton)
- C cu sc kh
- Bm v h thng kim sot bm.
Cch tnh ton BH.
Hin nay c cc cch tnh ton b iu ho khc nhau.
Cch 1: Tnh ton BH bng th
- o lu lng nc thi ra trong mi gi trong khong thi gian 24 gi.
- V th biu din mi quan h gia lu lng thi trung bnh theo gi ( th bc 1) v
th tch tch lu theo thi gian ( th bc 2).
- Xc nh im bng ca th bc 2, xc nh khong cch t im bng ny n ng
th bc 1. Gi tr khong cch ny chnh l th tch BH cn tnh ton. C th tnh
khong cch ny bng gii h phng trnh 02 th trn.
- Trong thc t, BH thng c thit k c dung tch ln hn khong 10-20% kt qu
tnh ton phng nga cc trng hp khng tin on c hay cc bin ng bt
thng.

Hnh 4: th xc nh kch thc b iu ho

Cch 2: Tnh ton BH bng bng.
- Tnh th tch tch lu vo b tng gi (Vv):
Vv = Vv (t 1) + Qt (m3)
Trong :
Vv: Th tch tch lu vo b ti thi im t, m3.
Vv(t-1): Th tch tch lu vo b ti thi im t-1, m3.
Qt: Lu lng thi ti gi tnh ton, m3/h.
- Tnh th tch tch lu bm i (Qb):
3
Qb = Qtb .t (m )
Trong :
Qb: Lu lng bm i trung bnh, m3
t: thi gian tnh ton, h
- Tnh th tch thay i thc theo tng gi.
3

Q = Qb Vv (m )

Lc ny, th tch b iu ho cn tnh ton chnh bng hiu ca i lng dng ln nht
tr i i lng m b nht ca th tch thay i.
Thi gian
23.3
0.3
1.3
2.3
3.3
4.3
5.3
6.3
7.3
8.3
9.3

V_vo (m3)
7.5
8
8
8.5
8
8
8.5
8.5
9.5
11
13.5

V_tch lu (m3)
7.5
15.5
23.5
32
40
48
56.5
65
74.5
85.5
99

Q_bm ra (m3)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110

Q_ tb
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

Q_thay i (m3)
2.5
4.5
6.5
8
10
12
13.5
15
15.5
14.5
11

10.3
11.3
13.3
14.3
15.3

12
14
13
12
11

111
125
138
150
161

120
130
140
150
160

10
10
10
10
10

9
5
2
0
-1

Bng 1: Bng m t th tch trung bnh v th tch tch lu theo thi gian
Vb iu ho = 15,5 - (-1) = 16,5 (m3)
Cch 3: Tnh ton BH bng cng thc: B iu ho c thit k vi chiu su t 1,5
n 2m. Th tch ca b iu ho c th tnh theo cng thc:
Q. d
Vd =

ln

kn
kn 1

H s dp tt giao ng kn c tnh theo cng thc [2]:

kn =

C max C tb
C cp C tb

Cmax, Ctb , Ccp: ti lng cht nhim ln nht, trung bnh v cho php.
Nng cht nhim cho php thng l Ccp= 1,23Ctb (m bo lu lng v cht
lng nc cho cc cng trnh x l tip theo).
4. B lng s cp
Nc thi sau qu trnh x l s b s i vo b lng s cp (primary sedimentation
tank). Cc ht rn l lng c khi lng ring qu nh lng c trong b lng ct s
c lng ti b lng s cp vi thi gian lu khong vi gi. Cn lng di y c ly
ra bng co c gii hay s dng bm ht.
B lng s cp c kh nng lng cc ht rn c vn tc lng ( ln thy lc) t 0,3
0,6mm/s (so vi cc ht rn lng trng b lng ct l t 18-24mm/s). Tc dng ca b
lng s cp l gim hm lng SS, iu ha dng chy ph v gim mt phn BOD. Ti
trng b mt ca b lng s cp vo khong 24,5 49m3/m2.ngy. Thi gian lu nc trong
b t 1-3h (thng thng l 2h). B lng s cp c th x l c t 90-95% cn c th
lng, 50-60% SS v t 25-35% BOD. c tnh lng trong b lng s cp khng tun th
theo nh lut Stock v cc ht lng lun lun thay i kch thc, hnh dng v gia tc do
vy khng c mt cng thc ton hc no m t c qu trnh lng ny. Cc thng s
thit k thng c xy dng t phng th nghim kim chng.
Cc tiu chun thit k c th tham kho: GLUMRB Ten States Standards, 1996;
Illinois EPA, 1998). Theo , khi lng nc thi vt qu 380m3/ngy th thng s dng
nhiu b lng ng thi. Chiu di b lng nh nht l 3m, chiu su b cng nng cng tt
nhng khng nh hn 3m. Ti trng b mt c tnh cho lu lng ln nht. Hiu qu
kh BOD ph thuc vo gi tr ti trng b mt.

Khi cc thng s thit k khng c sn, c th s dng b s liu sau tham kho.
a/ Cc thng s tnh ton c bn cho b lng s cp (US EPA, 1975a)
Ti trng lng b mt, m3/m2.ngy

Dng x l
Lng s b cho qu trnh x l th cp

Trung bnh

Ti a

su (m)

19-33

81-122

3-3,7

(Ngun: Water and wastewater calculation manual)

b/ Vn tc ti a trong vng lng:
v=

8.k .( p 1).g .d
f

Trong :
v: Vn tc ti a trong vng lng
k: h s ph thuc tnh cht cn, k=0,05
p: khi lng ring ca ht, 1,2 1,6, kg/m3
g: gia tc trng trng, m2/s
d: ng knh tng ng ca ht, 10-4m
f: h s ma st, ph thuc vo R, f=0,025
c/ Hiu qu kh SS, BOD b lng 1 tnh theo cng thc thc nghim:
Rt =

t
,%
a + b.t

Trong :
t: thi gian lu, h
a, b: Hng s thc nghim, vi BOD (a=0,018, b=0,02), vi SS (a=0,075, b=0,014)
Thi gian lu ca b lng t 1-3h (thng l 2h) c tnh cho lu lng thp nht
m bo rng qu trnh lu nc lu hn s gy ra cc iu kin nhim bn (sinh mi).
Bi tp: Thit k b lng s cp cho ngun nc thi vi lu lng 7570m3/ngy vi lu
lng thi tnh theo gi ln nht l 18.900m3/ngy v dng thi tnh theo gi thp nht l

4540m3/ngy. Thit k h thng nhiu n nguyn v c tnh c khong 35% BOD c x l

trong b.
Gii:
Theo th trn, vi 35% lng BOD c x l th ti trng b mt ca b lng l
700gal/ft2.ngy (tng ng 28,5m3/m2.ngy).
Chiu su ca b l 3m.
S dng 02 n nguyn, mi mt n nguyn x l c 7570/2=3785m3/ngy.
Din tch b mt ca mi n nguyn l:

Q 3.785
=
= 132,8 , m2.
28.5
v
Xc nh chiu di (l) v chiu rng (w) vi t l 4:1
(w)x(4w)=132,8, suy ra w = 5,76m, la chn b lng c kch thc 5,5 x 24m (rng x di)
Th tch ca b l:
V = 132.3 = 396 , m3
A=

Thi gian lu nc:

t=

396
V
=
= 0,105 x24h/ngy = 2,5h (t yu cu).
Q 3785

5. Lc
Lc c ng dng tch cc tp cht phn tn c kch thc nh (cht l lng,
cht keo hu c v v c) khi nc m cc b lng khng th loi c chng. Ngi ta
tin hnh qu trnh tch bng vch ngn xp, cho php cht lng i qua v gi pha phn tn
li
Qu trnh lc c th xy ra di tc dng ca p sut thu tnh ca ct cht lng hoc
p sut cao trc vch ngn hay p sut chn khng sau vch ngn.
Qu trnh lc cn c s dng loi b mt phn BOD trong dng thi ca qu
trnh x l sinh ho gim lng cht rn l lng v quan trng hn, y l mt bc n
nh nhm mc ch nng cao hiu qu ca qu trnh kh trng dng nc sau x l.
Bng phn loi cc qu trnh lc
Cht nhim

Lc

Lc b mt Siu lc

Lc RO

Lc thm tch

SS

Cht dng keo

Vt cht hu c

TOC

VOC

Amonia

Nitrate

Phosphorus

TDS
Vi khun
T bo ng vt
nguyn sinh

Virut

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991

Hnh: Phn loi cc qu trnh lc

5.1 Lc su (deep filtration)

Phn III. Cc cng trnh x l nc thi bng bin php ho l

Ni chung, x l s cp bng phng php ho hc c p dng khi nc thi cng
nghip c hm lng cc cht rn cao dng keo (kh lng).
Mc ch ca x l s cp l gim lng cht rn qu trnh x l th cp t hiu
qu (x l cc cht nhim cn li trong nc thi, v d nh cht hu c ho tan).
Qu trnh x l s cp ch yu gm :lng trng lc, v tuyn ni bng khng kh ho tan.

Ho cht c s dng nh cht ng t v to bng vi mc ch ch yu l

chuyn cc ht keo l lng thnh cht rn dng:
- C th lng nh trng lc trong b lng, hoc
- c tch bng tuyn ni
1. ng keo t (Coagulation)
Cc ht dng keo trong nc thi thng c in th b mt m. Kch thc nh ca
cc ht keo (0,01 n 1m) nn lc ht gia cc ht v c bn l nh hn ng k so vi
lc y bi cc in tch. Trong iu kin n nh th chuyn ng Brown gi cho cc ht
trng thi l lng. Chuyn ng Brown (dng chuyn ng t do) ln cc ht keo c to
ra do tc ng nhit ca cc phn t nc xung quanh. ng keo t l qu trnh ph v
trng thi n nh ca cc ht keo to ra s tng ln v kch thc ht thng qua qu
trnh tng tc gia cc ht.
C hai kiu ng t chnh: ng t mn (microflocculation) v ng t th
(macroflocculation). S khc bit gia hai loi ng t ny ph thuc vo kch thc ht
lin quan. ng t mn ch yu sinh ra do s chuyn ng nhit ngu nhin ca phn t
cht lng (y ch yu l chuyn ng Brown). y l qu trnh ng t c ngha vi cc
ht c kch thc nh, t 0,01 n 1m. Cn qu trnh ng t th c nhc n qu trnh
tp hp ca cc ht c kch thc ln hn, t 1-2m. Qu trnh ny gy ra do s khc bit
v vn tc cm ng v qu trnh lng ring bit. Cc ht c th lin kt vi nhau bi
gradient nhit cm ng trong dng thi. Nh c m t hnh di, cc ht chuyn ng
nhanh hn s vt cc ht chuyn ng chm hn trong trng vn tc. Nu cc ht ny
gn kt vi nhau to thnh ht c kch thc to hn th s d lng hn.

Cc qu trnh ng t. a/ ng t mn v b/ ng t th.
Tm tt cc phn ng ca qu trnh ng t v to bng:
- Khuy trn nhanh: Cht keo t mang in tch dng n gn ht keo mang in tch m
- Qu trnh ng t lm cho ht keo c trung ho in tch
- Cc ht keo c trung ho in tch to thnh bng xp
- Khuy chm: Cht to bng (polyme) lm cho khi bng kt li v c th lng

Thit k b khuy trn:

Qu trnh ng t
Qu trnh khuy trn bi cnh khuy trong b phn ng lm hnh thnh 2 tc ng:
tun hon v phn xo trn nc thi.Nng lng u vo c th xc nh thng qua hiu
sut khuy trn. Nng lng cp vo cng nhiu th qu trnh xo trn cng tt.
Camp v Stein xut cng thc tnh vn tc khuy trn trong qu trnh ng t:
G=

P
V

Trong :
G: l gradient vn tc khuy trn,1/s
P: Nng lng cp cho qu trnh khuy trn, W
: nht ng hc, N.s/m2
V: th tch b phn ng, m3.
Bng cch nhn 2 v ca phng trnh trn vi thi gian lu (=V/Q) ta c:
G =

V
Q

P
1
=
V Q

PV

Bng gi tr thi gian lu v gradient vn tc khuy trn trong qu trnh ng t:

Qu trnh
Qu trnh khuy trn
- Qu trnh khuy nhanh chun
- Qu trnh khuy nhanh at hiu qu phn tn
ho cht v tip xc ban u
- Khuy nhanh i vi qu trnh lc tip xc

Gii gi tr
Thi gian lu, s

Gi tr G, 1/s

5-30
<1

500-1500
1500-6000

<1

2500-7500

Qu trnh ng t:
- Qu trnh ng t chun
- ng t trong qu trnh lc trc tip
- ng t trong qu trnh lc tip xc.

30-60
2-10
2-5

50-100
25-150
25-200

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991

Bng cc thng s thit k h thng khuy trn
Thng s
Qu trnh khuy dng ngang (dng
hng trc - axial flow)
- Gradient vn tc
- Vn tc khuy
- T l ng knh cnh khuy/ng
knh b phn ng
Qu trnh khuy dng thng ng (dng
theo phng bn knh - radial flow)
- Gradient vn tc
- Vn tc khuy
- T l ng knh cnh khuy/ng
knh b phn ng

K hiu

n v

Gi tr

G
n
D/Tc

1/s
vng/pht
-

500-2500
40-125
0,25-0,40

G
n
D/Tc

1/s
vng/pht
-

500-2500
25-45
0,40-0,60

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991

* Nhng vn k thut thng gp:
- Lng ho cht cho vo thiu chnh xc
- Qu trnh ng t cha hon ton
- Qu trnh to bng cha hon ton
* Gii php:
- Lng ho cht chnh xc cn c xc nh hng ngy i vi mu nc thi nh thit b
jar- test
- H thng bm nh lng nht thit cn mt h thng hiu chnh kim tra lng ho
cht hng ngy (c a vo qua bm nh lng)
- My khuy (khuy trn nhanh) cn kim tra v xc nh tc quay ln -thi gian tip
xc: 1 pht
- My khuy (khuy trn chm) cn c kim tra v xc nh tc quay chm thi
gian thi tip xc: khong 10 pht
2. Tuyn ni (Flotation)
Khi nim tuyn ni: Bi ging CNMT
Phn loi: Bi ging CNMT (tuyn ni bng kh ho tan DAF - Dissolved-Air Flotation v
tuyn ni bng phn tn kh Dispersed-Air Flotation).
i vi h thng DAF, c hai loi ph thuc vo phng thc cp kh nn vo h
thng (c hay khng c h thng hi lu mang kh nn).

H thng DAF khng c dng tun hon

H thng DAF c dng tun hon (i vi ngun c lu lng ln, t l tun hon khong
15%, p dng vi nc thi cng nghip c nng nhim cao)
Tuyn ni bng phn tn kh t c p dng i vi nc thi sinh hot. N thng
c p dng i vi nc thi cng nghip cha nhiu du b nh ho v cht rn l lng
Cc thng s cn cn nhc khi thit k h thng DAF:
Do hot ng ca h thng DAF ph thuc vo cc vt cht b mt nn nht thit
cn tin hnh cc nghin cu v th nghim trn h thng Pilot. Cc thng s cn xem xt
trong qu trnh thit k bao gm: 1/ nng cht nhim, 2/ lu lng kh s dng, 3/ tc
ni ca cc ht v 4/ t l ni ca cc ht.

Tuyn ni bng phn tn kh

Hiu qu ca h thng DAF ph thuc trc ht vo t l ca lu lng kh/ti
lng cht nhim (A/S). T l ny thay i i vi cc dng cht l lng khc nhau v
c xc nh bng thc nghim. T l A/S thng s dng trong h thng x l nc thi
thay i t 0,005 n 0,060.

Thit b thc nghim nghin cu h thng DAF

Mi quan h gia t s A/S vi ho tan ca kh, p sut vn hnh v nng cht

nhim c m t theo phng trnh:
A 1,3s a ( fP 1)
=
S
Sa

Trong :
A/S: t l kh-rn, ml/mg
sa: ho tan ca kh, ml/l
f: phn kh ho tan p sut P, thng l 0,5
P: p sut, at. P =

p + 101,35
vi p l p sut tuyt i.
101,35

Sa: Nng cht rn l lng trong dng vo, g/m3 (mg/l)

Nhit , oC
sa, ml/l

10

20

30

29,2

22,8

18,7

15,7

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991

Vi h DAF c dng hi lu th:
A 1,3s a ( fP 1) R
=
S
SaQ

Trong :
R: lng tun hon c p sut, m3/ngy
Q: lu lng vo, m3/ngy.
Phn IV. Cc cng trnh x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc
Mt s thng s cn lu khi tnh ton cc thit b x l sinh hc.
* Hm lng cht rn l lng trong bn lng (Mixed Liquoz Suspended Solids - MLSS): l
nng cht rn trong bn lng. MLSS c xc nh l lng cn lng c trong b
trong mi trng tnh trong khong thi gian nht nh. MLSS bao gm c phn hu c v
phn v c.
* Hm lng rn bay hi (MLVSS): l hm lng cc cht hu c bay hi (VSS) c trong
b x l (hay cn gi l nng vi sinh vt trong bn hot tnh). Trong tnh ton th lng
MLVSS ny chnh bng gi tr bn hot tnh X trong b x l. MLVSS c xc nh bng
cch ly MLSS cho vo t sy nhit 550-600OC n khi lng khng i ta thu c
tro ca cn. Ly MLSS tr i tro ny ta thu c MLVSS.
* Ch s th tch bn (Sludge Volume Index - SVI: l s ml nc thi ang x l lng c 1
gam bn (theo cht kh khng tro) trong vng 30 pht. Cch tnh SVI
SVI =

V .1000
MLSS

y l thng s cho bit trng thi ca bn v hiu qu x l ca b aerotank. Nu

SVI nm trong khong 80-150 th bn d lng. Nu SVI > 200 th bn kh lng, d b tri
ra ngoi do bn b trng phng ln.
* H s s dng cht nn cc i (Heterotrophic synthesis yield Y, mg VSS/mg COD): L t
s gia khi lng t bo v khi lng cht nn c tiu th trong mt thi gian nht

nh. H s s dng cht nn cc i cn c th c hiu l h s ng ho l thng s

cho bit khi lng t bo vi sinh vt c sinh ra khi x l c 1 khi lng c cht
(COD). y l mt thng s ng hc trong qu trnh thit k h thng x l nc thi. Gi
tr tiu biu ca Y (tnh theo mg BOD) vo khong 0,6 (khong giao ng t 0,4-0,8); cn
Y (tnh theo mg COD) vo khong 0,4 (khong giao ng t 0,3-0,6).
* H s phn hu ni bo Kd, (mg VSS/mg VSS.ngy - Endogenous decay coefficient,
1/ngy): y l h s c s dng thit k mt h thng bn hot tnh khuy trn hon
chnh. H s ny tnh n vic mt sinh khi t bo (VSS) do qu trnh oxy ho thu nng
lng phc v cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca t bo. Nhu cu nng lng l cn thit
i vi t bo nhng h s ny thay i theo tui ca t bo. Khong gi tr ca Kd l 0,02
0,1 (in hnh l 0,055/ngy)
* Thi gian lu thu lc (Hydrolic Retention Time HRT): L thi gian lu ca nc trong
b x l, tnh bng t s gia th tch ca b (V) v th tch nc thi i vo (Qv) trong mt
khong thi gian (ngy hay gi).
* Tui ca bn (SRT Solids Retention Time): L thi gian ca bn lu tr li trong b x l,
hay cn gi l tui ca cn. y l mt thng s quan trng thit k v vn hnh mt h
thng bn hot tnh. SRT c tnh bng t s gia lng bn c trong b (V.X) vi tng
lng bn i ra khi h thng (QxaXt + QrXr) trong mt ngy.
c =

V .X
Q xa . X T + Qr . X r

1. B hiu kh Aerotank khuy trn hon chnh.

1.1 Tnh b Aerotank khuy trn hon chnh.
Qu trnh tnh ton b aerotank c tnh ton da trn cn bng vt cht trong h
tnh theo lng bn hot tnh.

Hnh: H thng x l nc thi Aerotank

Cn bng bn hot tnh trong h:
dX
'
V = Q . X 0 + Vrg (Qwa . X r + Qe . X e )
dt

Trong :
dX
: Tc thay i nng bn hot tnh (cn bay hi) trong b.
dt

V: Th tch b Aerotank, m3
Q: Lu lng nc thi i vo b, m3/h
X0: Nng bn hot tnh c trong nc i vo b (thng khng ng k), mg/l
rg: Tc tng trng thc ca vi sinh vt VSS, mg/l.day
Qwa: Lu lng bn x ra ngoi t y b lng, m3/h
Xr: Nng bn hot tnh t y b lng x ra khi b, mg/l
Qe: Lu lng nc ra khi b lng x ra ngoi, m3/h
Xe: Nng bn hot tnh trong nc x ra ngoi, mg/l
rg' : Tc tng trng thc ca bn trong qu trnh x l, vi rg' = Y .rsu k d . X

Y: H s nng sut s dng cht nn cc i (mg/mg), l t s gia khi lng t bo v

khi lng cht nn tiu th c trong mt thi gian nht nh). Gi tr in hnh ca Y
khong 0,6 (tnh theo BOD) v 0,4 (tnh theo COD).
rsu: Tc s dng cht nn hay tc gim BOD trong b Aerotank theo hiu qu lm
sch, g/m3.ngy
kd: H s phn hu ni bo, 1/ngy, gi tr in hnh l 0,06.
Gii phng trnh trn ti thi im n nh (dx/dt=0) v vi X0=0:
Qwa . X r + Qe . X e
r
= Y su k d
V .X
X

Mt khc, ta c:

V .X
= c chnh l thi gian lu ca cn trong cng trnh v gi l
Qwa . X r + Qe . X e

tui ca cn. Nn ta c phng trnh:

r
= Y su k d
c
X
1

M rsu hay tc s dng cht nn ( gim BOD) c tnh theo phng trnh:
rsu =

S 0S

Q
V

(S 0 S )

Trong :
S0: Nng BOD u vo, mg/l
S: Nng BOD u ra, mg/l
: Thi gian lu ca nc trong b v bng

V
Q

, ngy, h

Thay rsu t phng trnh trn, ta c cng thc tnh kch thc b Aerotank l:
Q.Y ( S 0 S ) c
V=
X (1 + k d . c )
1.2 Tnh thi gian lu nc trong b:
=

V
, ngy hoc gi
Q

1.3 Lng bn hu c sinh ra

Tc tng trng ca bn (t l bn sinh ra khi gim c 1 gam BOD):

yb =

Y
1+ k d . c

Lng bn hot tnh sinh ra trong 1 ngy:

Px = y b .Q( S 0 S )

1.4 Lu lng bn x Qwa

T cng thc tnh tui ca bn, ta c lng bn x ra hng ngay khi h thng i vo
hot ng n nh l:
VX Qe X e c
, m3/ngy
Qwa =
X r c
Lu : Lu lng thi ra t b lng Qe = Q (coi nh nc theo bn l khng ng k).
Ton b gi tr tnh trn u tnh theo lng BOD ho tan (cn hu c bay hi).
1.5 Lu lng bn tun hon Qr
Tnh lu lng bn tun hon m bo nng bn trong b aerotank lun n
nh. Theo phng trnh cn bng lng bn i vo v i ra khi b (b qua lng bn pht
sinh trong b), ta c cn bng:
Qr . X r = (Q + Qr ). X (lng bn i vo bng lng bn i ra)
Rt ra lng bn cn tun hon l:
Qr = Q

X
, m3/ngy
Xr X

1.6. Tnh lng oxy yu cu trong qu trnh x l

Lng oxy l thuyt yu cu trong qu trnh bn hot tnh c xc nh t BOD5
ca nc thi v lng thi ca vi sinh vt trong ngy. Phn ng sinh ha xy ra:
C5H7NO2 + 5O2 5CO2 + 2H2O + NH3 + E
113
160
1
1,42
Vy, lng oxy cn thit cho phn ng phn hy cht hu c bng vi sinh vt s l:
kgO2 / d =

Q( S 0 S )
1,42 Px
1000. f

Trong :
Px: Lng bn sinh ra trong 1 ngy, kg/d (theo 1.3)
f: h s chuyn i t BOD5 sang BOD20, f=0,45-0,68)
Khi tnh n oxy cho qu trnh nitrat ha th lng oxy cn thit l:
kgO2 / d =

4,75( N 0 N )
Q( S 0 S )
1,42 Px +
, kg / d
1000 f
1000

Trong :
N0 v N: Hm lng N kjeldahl trc v sau khi x l
4,75: h s s dng oxy khi oxy ha NH4+ thnh NO3-

Bng cc thng s ng hc cho qu trnh bn hot tnh x l nc thi sinh hot

Thng s
-1

kd, ngy

Gii gi tr

Gi tr in hnh

0,025 0,075

0,06

0,4 0,8

0,6

Y, mgVSS/mgBOD5

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991

V d:
Thit k h thng bn hot tnh hon chnh vi cc d liu nh sau (tnh hiu qu x l ca h
thng, th tch b, lng bn sinh ra, lng tun hon ).
Lu lng thi trung bnh: 0,32m3/s
Lu lng ln nht: 0,80m3/s
BOD5 dng vo: 240mg/l
TSS dng vo: 280mg/l
BOD5 dng ra: <20mg/l
TSS dng ra: <24mg/l
B lng s cp x l c 33% BOD5 v 67% TSS
T khi ca bn l 1,05 v bn c t l rn/lng l 4,4%
TSS dng ra cha 63% lng cht hu c c kh nng phn hy
Cc thng s vn hnh v gi tr ng hc:
Thng s
n v
Gi tr
- Tui ca bn
ngy
10
- MLVSS
mg/l
2400
- T l VSS/TSS
0,8
- TSS trong dng tun hon
mg/l
9300
- H s nng sut cc i, Y
mgVSS/mgBOD
0,5
-1
ngy
0,06
- H s phn hy ni bo, kd
- H s chuyn i BOD (f)
0,67
Gii:
1. Tnh ti lng ca BOD5 v TSS ca h thng

Q=0,32m3/s x 86.000s/d = 27.648 m3/d

Ti lng BOD5 = 0,24kg/m3 x 27.648 m3/d = 6.636 kg/d
Ti lng TSS = 0,28kg/m3 x 27.648 m3/d = 7.741 kg/d
2. Tnh lng BOD5 v TSS gim c ti b lng s cp

Lng BOD gim = 6.636 kg/d x 0,33 = 2.190 kg/d

Lng TSS gim = 7.741 kg/d x 0,67 = 5.186 kg/d
Khi lng ring ca bn y: 1,05 kg/m3, t l cht rn: 0,44% = 0,044kg rn/kg bn
Lu lng bn x ra t y b lng s cp:
Lu lng nc thi ra cng bn y b lng s cp:
Qbun =

5186kg / d
0,044kg / kg = 112m 3 / d
3
1,05 x1000kg / m

3. Tnh hiu qu x l ca h thng

Lu lng Q = 27.648m 3 / d 112m 3 / d = 27.536m 3 / d

BOD5 = 6.636 2.190 = 4.446kg / d =

4.446 x1000
= 161,5 g / m 3 = 165,5mg / l = S 0
27.536

2.555 x1000
= 92,8 g / m 3 = 92,8mg / l
27.536
Lng cn hu c c trong nc ra khi b lng 2: 24 x 0,63 = 15,1 mg/l
Lng BOD5 c cn ra khi b lng 2: 15,1 x 1,42 x 0,67 = 14,3 mg/l
Lng BOD5 ha tan ra khi b lng bng tng BOD5 cho php u ra tr i lng BOD5 c
trong TSS: 20 14,3 = 5,7 mg/l (S)
Hiu qu x l BOD5 ha tan ca h thng:
TSS = 7.741 5.186 = 2.555kg / d =

E1 =

S 0 S 161,5 5,7
=
= 96,5%
S0
161,5

Hiu qu x l tng th ca h thng, bao gm c b lng s cp:

E2 =

240 20
= 91,7%
240

4. Tnh th tch ca b
V =

Q.Y ( S 0 S ) c 27.536 x0,5 x(161,5 5,7)10

=
= 5.586m 3
X (1 + k d c )
2.400(1 + 0,06 x10)

5. Tnh ton lu lng thi khi h thng i vo hot ng n nh

c =

VX
5.585 x 2400
=
= 10 Qwa = 109 m3/d
Qwa X r + Qe X e Qwa (9300 x0,8) + 27.536 x(24 x0,8)

6. Tnh ton lng bn thi ra hng ngy

y bun =

Y
0,5
=
= 0,3125
1 + k d c 1 + 0,06 x10

Px = y bun Q( S 0 S ) = 0,3125 x 27.536(161,5 5,7) x10-3 = 1.341 kg/d

7. Tnh lng bn tun hon li h thng

T: Qr X r = (Q + Qr ) X

Qr
X
2400
=

= 0,47 Qr = 27.536 x 0,47 = 12.942

Q
X r X 7440 2400

m3/d

2. B x l ym kh UASB
2.1 u nhc im ca x l ym kh so vi x l hiu kh
u im:
- S dng t nng lng
- Sinh ra t bn sinh hc
- Khng yu cu v dinh dng
- Sn sinh ra CH4 (nng lng)
- Kch thc b phn ng nh hn
- Phn ng nhanh vi vi vic b sung cht nn.
Nhc im:
- Thi gian khi ng lu hn t c yu cu v sinh khi
- Yu cu b sung kim
- Thng phi b sung qu trnh hiu kh t c yu cu thi

- Kh c kh nng x l cht dinh dng

- Nhy cm hn vi cc yu t cn tr trong iu kin nhit thp
- D b nh hng bi cc cht c
- C kh nng sn sinh mi v kh c tnh n mn.
Khi so snh cn bng nng lng gia qu trnh ym - hiu kh x l nc thi c
cng tnh cht ( 200C, Q=100m3/ngy v mc nhim 10kg/m3), chng ta c bng sau:
Gi tr, kJ/ngy

Nng lng
Thng kh
Sn sinh CH4
0

Ym kh

Hiu kh

- 1,9.106

125.106

Gia tng nhit nc thi ln 30 C

-21.10

Tng nng lng

104.106

- 1,9.106

(Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991)

Trong trng hp ny, lng oxy cn cung cp l 0,8kg/kg COD x l c, kh
nng sinh CH4 l 0,35m3/kg COD x l c v nng lng ca CH4 l 35.846 kJ/m3 (0oC
v 1 at)
2.2 Nhng lu cn thit khi thit k qu trnh x l ym kh
Dng v tnh cht ca nc thi ng vai tr quan trng trong vic la chn s dng
loi hnh x l. Loi hnh x l ym kh c p dng rng ri nht l loi hnh x l ym
kh kiu dng ngc UASB. Kiu thit k truyn thng ca b UASB c m t nh hnh
di (a), tuy nhin, ngi ta cng c nhng thay i so vi bn tiu chun ny bng cch
gn thm b lng v tun hon dng ra (b) v lp chn vi lp sinh trng bm dnh (c)
tng cng hiu qu x l.
Yu t then cht trong qu trnh thit k UASB cho php x l nc thi vi ti
lng COD ln so vi mt vi bin php ym kh khc l vic pht trin mt bn hot
tnh trong b. Mt bn trong b UASB c th thay i t 50-100g/l y b n khong
5-40g/l phn trn ca b. Kch thc ht bn vo khong 1-3mm do , ch s lng ca
bn SVI vo khong 20 ml/g.

Hnh: Mt vi thit k ca b UASB

S pht trin bn hot tnh b nh hng bi c tnh ca nc thi. Cc ht bn ph

hp vi nc thi c cha Cacbonhydrat v ng nhng li khng ph hp vi nc thi
cha nhiu protein do d to thnh cc bng bn. Ngoi ra, mt s yu t khc cng nh
hung n nn hot tnh l pH, vn tc dng ngc v ngun dinh dng. Gi tr pH nn
duy tr mc gn 7, t l COD:N:P trong thi k ban u khong 300:5:1 nhng i vi
giai on n nh l 600:5:1. S c mt ca cc cht l lng (SS) trong h thng cng cn
tr n qu trnh hnh thnh bn.
Cc thng s quan trng trong qu trnh thit k b UASB bao gm: c tnh nc
thi, ti lng cht hu c, tc dng, th tch b phn ng, cc yu t vt l lin quan
n dng chy v h thng thu hi kh.
* c tnh nc thi: Nc thi c th cha cc yu t bt li ti ht bn hot tnh, nc
thi cng c nhiu protein/cht bo u nh hng n qu trnh UASB. Hm lng cht l
lng (SS) trong h thng tng th kh nng to bn hot tnh gim, thng thng gi tr ny
thp hn 6g TSS/l.
* Ti trng khi COD: Ti trng khi COD ph hp l mt hm ca nng nc thi,
nng COD, TSS (xem bng sau). Hiu qu x l COD t t 90-95% ch xy ra vi ti
lng COD thay i t 12-20kgCOD/m3/ngy vi cc b UASB c nhit t 30-350C,
thi gian lu t 4-8h. Bng m t quan h gia ti trng x l COD vi ti lng COD
dng vo t ti hiu sut 85-90% ti nhit 300C nh sau:
Ti trng khi, kg COD/m3.ngy
Nng COD

T l COD rn

Bn bng

Bn ht vi kh
nng loi b
TSS ln

Bn ht vi kh
nng loi b
TSS thp

1.000-2.000

0,1-0,3
0,3-0,6
0,6-1,0

2-4
2-4
Khng p dng

2-4
2-4
Khng p dng

8-12
8-14
Khng p dng

2.000-6.000

0,1-0,3
0,3-0,6
0,6-1,0

3-5
4-8
4-8

3-5
2-6
2-6

12-18
12-24
Khng p dng

6.000-9.000

0,1-0,3
0,3-0,6
0,6-1,0

4-6
5-7
6-8

4-6
3-7
3-8

15-20
15-24
Khng p dng

9.000-18.000

0,1-0,3
0,3-0,6
0,6-1,0

5-8
Khng p dng
Khng p dng

4-6
3-7
3-7

15-24
Khng p dng
Khng p dng

(Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991)

Bng xut ti trng khi trong b UASB trong mi quan h vi nhit i vi

nc thi c cha phn ln l COD ho tan, nng bn trung bnh 25g/l t hiu sut
x l t 85-95%:
Nhit
(oC)

Ti trng khi, kg sCOD/m3.ngy

Nc thi cha cht bo/protein

Nc thi khng cha cht bo/protein

Giao ng

c trng

Giao ng

c trng

15

2-4

2-3

20

4-6

2-4

25

6-12

4-8

30

10-18

12

8-12

10

35

15-24

18

12-18

14

40

20-32

25

15-24

18

(Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991)

* Vn tc dng: Vn tc dng l mt thng s thit k quan trng. Gi tr xut bng
sau.
Dng nc thi

Vn tc dng ngc, m/h

Chiu cao b phn ng, m

Khong gi tr

Gi tr u tin

Khong gi tr

Gi tr u tin

Gn 100% COD
ho tan

1,0-3,0

1,5

6-10

COD c mt
phn ho tan

1,0-1,25

1,0

3-7

Nc thi sinh
hot

0,8-1,0

0,7

3-5

(Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991)

Vn tc dng ngc c xc nh thng qua biu thc:
v=

Q
(m/h)
A

Trong :
v: vn tc dng ngc, m/h
A: Din tch mt ct ngang ca b UASB, m2
Q: Lu lng dng, m3/h
* Th tch b UASB
xc nh c th tch ca b, chng ta cn xem xt n cc thng s nh ti
lng x l, vn tc dng, th tch x l hiu qu. Th tch x l hiu qu l th tch c
cha bn hot tnh. Th tch ny c xc nh nh sau:
Vn =

Trong :
Vn: Th tch x l hiu qu ca b, m3
Q: lu lng dng vo, m3/ngy

Q.S 0
Lorg

S0: Ti lng COD, kg COD/m3

Lorg: Ti trng khi cht hu c, kg COD/m3.ngy.
xc nh th tch hiu qu bn di b phn thu hi kh, chng ta s dng h s
hiu qu E (thay i t 0,8-0,9). Lc ny, tng th tch ca b UASB (khng bao gm phn
cha kh) c xc nh theo cng thc:
VL =

Vn
E

Trong :
VL: Tng th tch lng ca b UASB, m3
Vn: Th tch x l hiu qu, m3
E: H s hiu qu, t 0,8 - 0,9.
T cng thc tnh vn tc dng ngc, chng ta tnh c din tch mt ct ngang ca b:
A=

Q
v

HL =

VL
A

Chiu cao lp nc trong b UASB l:

Trong :
HL: Chiu cao th tch nc trong b, m
VL: Tng th tch phn lng, m3
A: Din tch mt ct ca b UASB, m2
Chiu cao ca phn cha kh v b phn thu hi kh (HG) vo khong 2,5-3m. Vy
chiu cao tng th ca b UASB, bao gm c phn cha kh l:
HT = H L + HG

* Cc yu t vt l: Cc yu t vt l c bn cn lu khi thit k UASB bao gm: ng

dn nc vo, b phn tch kh, thu hi kh v h thng dn nc ra. B phn cp nc vo
phi c thit k sao cho qu trnh cp nc vo c phn phi u trn din tch mt
y trnh hin tng to thnh cc dng chy v cc khu vc cht trong b. Vic trnh to
dng chy l rt quan trng i vi nc thi c nhim thp v s c t kh c to ra
lm xo trn bn hot tnh. T h thng cp chnh, s dng cc ng ng phn phi
nc u vo b. Nn c h thng thm x l khi c hin tng tc cc ng ng cp
nc ny.
Mt vi lu khi thit k b UASB:
- nghin y ca phn lng khong 45-600
- Din tch b mt khe h gia cc b thu kh khng nh hn 15-20% tng din tch b mt
ca b (A).
- Chiu cao ca b phn thu kh t 1,5-2m i vi b UASB c chiu cao khong 5-7m.
- C mt phn cch kh-lng trong b thu kh
- di phn giao nhau ca tm chn (baffle) t nht t 100-200mm trnh hin tng
bng kh lt vo ngn lng.

- Thng thng, tm chn c lp t pha trc ca p ca trn (weir)

- ng knh ca ng thu kh phi hp l m bo thot kh d dng, c bit khi c hin
tng si bt.
V d:
Hy xc nh cc thng s thit k ca b UASB x l ngun nc thi cng nghip, t hiu
sut 90% COD ho tan (nc thi hu ht l COD ho tan), gi thit c 50% COD dng rn v
VSS b phn hu, 90% sunlphate c x l, VSS trong b l 150g/m3.
Cc c tnh nc thi:
Lu lng
m3/ngy
COD
g/m3
COD ho tan
g/m3
TSS
g/m3
VSS
g/m3
0
C
Nhit
Cc thng s ng hc:
- Y (h s nng sut s dng cht nn cc i): 0,08gVSS/gCOD
- kd (h s phn hu sinh khi): 0,03g VSS/g VSS.ngy
- m (tc sinh trng sinh khi cc i): 0,25g VSS/g COD.ngy
- fd (lng cn sinh ra do phn hu sinh khi): 0,15g/g VSS b phn hu.
- H s hiu qu th tch b E=0,85
- Chiu cao phn thu kh: 2,5m
- Nhit : 300C
Gii:
1. Th tch b UASB c tnh ton da vo ti trng khi v s dng phng trnh trn
trng khi trung bnh l 10kg sCOD/m3.ngy:
Vn =

1.000
2.300
2.000
200
150
30

vi ti

QS 0 (1000m 3 / ngay )(2kgsCOD / m 3 )

=
= 200 , m3
3
Lorg
(10kgsCOD / m / ngay )

Th tch phn lng ca b phn ng l:

VL =

Vn 200
=
= 235 , m3
E 0,85

2. Din tch mt ct ngang ca b UASB. Do nc thi c cht nhim ho tan cao, chn vn tc
dng ngc l 1,5m/h:
A=

A=

1000m 3 / ngay
Q
=
= 27,8 , m2
v (1,5m / h).(24h / ngay )

D 2

= 27,8 nn bn knh ca b UASB l D=6m

4
3. Chiu cao phn lng (phn cha nc) l:
HL =

VL 235
=
= 8,4 , m
A 27,8

4. Tng chiu cao ca b UASB l:

H T = H L + H G = 8,4 + 2,5 = 10,9 , m

5. Thi gian lu thu lc ca nc trong b UASB (HRT):

VL (235m 3 ).(24h / ngay )

=
= 5,64 gi.
Q
1000m 3 / ngay

6. Tnh lng bn sinh ra trong b (PX, VSS)

Lng bn sinh ra: QXe = A + B + C (vi Xe l nng bn trong dng ra)
Trong :
* Sinh khi ng ho: l lng vi sinh vt hnh thnh trong qu trnh sinh trng (A):
A=

QY ( S 0 S )
1 + k d .SRT

* Lng t bo cht sinh ra: l lng vt cht to thnh khi phn hu sinh khi trong b:
B=

f d k d QY ( S 0 S ) SRT
1 + k d SRT

* Lng cht rn l lng bay hi khng phn hu sinh hc trong dng vo (nbVSS):
C = Q(TSS 0 VSS 0 ) = Q(nbVSS )

Theo bi ta c:
Nng COD ho tan trong dng ra vi hiu sut x l 90% l:
S=(1-0,9).2000g/m3=200 g/m3
Nng cht rn bay hi khng phn hu sinh hc cn li trong dng ra vi gi thit c 50% lng
VSS trong dng vo b phn hu l:
nbVSS=0,5.150 g/m3 = 75 g/m3
Lng COD rn b phn hu trong qu trnh x l:
pCOD=0,5(2300-2000) g/m3 = 150 g/m3
Do vy, tng lng COD c kh nng phn hu trong dng vo l:
S0= 2000 + 150 = 2150 g/m3
Thay cc gi tr trn vo cc cng thc trn ta c:
Q.Xe=A+B+C
1000.150 =

1000.0,08(2150 200) 0,15.0,03.1000.0,08.(2150 200).SRT

+
+ 1000.75
1 + 0,03.SRT
1 + 0,03.SRT

T ta c:
SRT=52 ngy.
Vy thi gian lu ca bn trong b l 52 ngy.

3. H sinh hc n nh nc thi
H sinh hc n nh nc thi l cc h ln, khng su c to ra x l nc
thi. y l loi hnh x l nc thi ph hp vi cc nc ang pht trin vng kh hu
nng. Cc yu t t nhin nh nhit cao v giu nh sng mt tri thc y s pht
trin nhanh ca cc loi vi sinh vt (ch yu l vi khun v vi to) x l cc cht hu c
trong nc c trng bng BOD theo c hai cch l hiu kh v ym kh.
3.1 H ty nghi (Facultative ponds)
y l loi h n nh nc thi ph bin nht. H c thit k c chiu su t 1,2
2,5m vi tng hiu kh nm trn tng ym kh (cha bn lng), Thi gian lu nc trong
h t 5 15 ngy (US EPA).

Vt cht hu c trong nc thi b phn hy bi cc hot ng ca vi khun, bao

gm c vi khun hiu kh v k kh, to ra cc hp cht cha N, P v CO2. Oxy trong tng
hiu kh c cung cp thng qua qu trnh quang hp v khuch tn t khng kh. To hp
thu cc cht dinh dng v CO2 sinh ra t hot ng ca vi khun v to ra oxy trong nc.
DO li c cc vsv s dng, to ra mt vng cng sinh. Di y h, qu trnh phn hy
ym kh cc cht rn trong tng bn to ra cc cht ha tan v kh nh CH4, CO2, H2S. Gia
2 tng nc ym kh v hiu kh ny l tng ca cc vsv ty nghi. Nhit l thng s quan
trng trong hot ng ca cc vsv.
Ti trng cht hu c ca h n nh c xc nh thng qua khi lng
BOD5/ha.ngy v gi tr ny giao ng t 22 67kg BOD/ha.ngy.
H ty nghi thng c thit k x l BOD5 xung cn 30mg/l, nhng trong
thc t th gi tr ny giao ng t 30-40mg/l hoc hn do s c mt ca to. Kh nng x
l cht hu c bay hi c th ln n t 77-96%. Hiu qu x l Nito t 40% n 95%,
lng P x l c tng i thp, di 40%. Hm lng TSS u ra t 40-100 mg/l do s
c mt ca to. S c mt ca to nc thi u ra l vn hn ch ln nht ca h ty nghi.
Cc cng thc thit k v cc thng s hot ng c trnh by trong s tay thit
k (US EPA). Tnh ton kch thc h ty nghi c th da vo: ti trng BOD5, cng thc
ca Gloyna, cng thc ca Marais-Shaw v ca Wehner v Wilhelm.
a/ Tnh theo ti trng khi
y l quy trnh thit k da vo ti trng khi v thi gian lu thy lc. y l bin
php thit k c s dng rng ri v c th iu chnh ph hp vi cc tiu chun c th.
Ti trng khi BOD da vo gi tr nhit khng kh trung bnh vo ma ng c trnh
by trong bng sau:
Bng ti trng khi BOD i vi h ty nghi
Nhit khng kh trung bnh ma
ng, 0C

Chiu su nc (m)

Ti trng BOD (kg/ha.ngy)

< 0oC

1,5 2,1

11 22

1,2 1,8

22 45

1,1

45 90

0-15 C
> 15 C

(Ngun: US EPA, 1974b).

Cng thc tnh ton:
A=

Trong :
A: Din tch b mt ca h ty nghi, ha
BOD: Nng BOD dng vo, mg/l
Q: Lu lng dng vo, m3/ngy
LR: Ti trng khi BOD, kg/ha.ngy
1000: H s chuyn i

Q.BOD)
LR (1000)

Ch : Vi h thng c nhiu n nguyn, ti trng khi BOD n nguyn u tin

khng nn qu 100 kg/ha.ngy ( khu vc c nn nhit trung bnh ma ng ln hn 150C).
V d: Thit k h ty nghi x l nc thi cho 1 th trn vi lu lng thi l 1100m3/ngy.
Nng BOD dng vo l 210 mg/l Nhit trung bnh ma ng l 100C. Thit k h thng gm
3 n nguyn vi ti trng khi nh hn 80kg/ha.ngy n nguyn u tin, tnh thi gian lu
thy lc trong h thng khi chiu dy bn trung bnh l 0,5m vi mc bay hi nc v thm l
2,0mm nc/ngy.
1. Xc nh tng din tch ca h:
T bng ti trng khi, la chn gi tr ti trng l 38kg/ha.ngy ti gi tr 100C (ni suy).

1100.210
= 6.08 (ha) = 60.800m2
38.1000
2. Xc nh din tch ca n nguyn u tin, s dng ti trng khi l 80 kg/ha.ngy
A=

1100.210
= 2.80 (ha) = 20.800m2
80.1000
3. Xc nh kch thc 3 n nguyn:
- n nguyn u tin: S1=20.800m2, la chn kch thc: 100m x 288m x 1,5m
- Hai n nguyn cn li: S2=S3= (60.800 20.800)/2= 16.000m2, 111m x 144m x 1,5m
4. Thi gian lu thy lc:
- Th tch cha ca h vi lp bn dy 0,5m:
V=(1,5-0,5).60.800 = 60.800m3
- Th tch nc mt i:
V=0,002(m/d) x 60.800m2 = 122 m3/day.
- Thi gian lu thy lc:
A=

HRT =

60800
V
=
= 62 ngy.
Q V ' 1100 122

b/ Tnh theo cng thc ca Wehner v Wilhelm

Kh nng x l BOD ca h ty nghi:
1
S
=
S 0 1 + K T .t

Trong :
S0, S: Nng BOD5 ban u v sau x l, mg/l
t: Thi gian lu nc trong h, ngy
KT: H s ph thuc vo kiu h, nhit v tnh cht nc thi. Vi K T = K 20 . (T 20) . Vi
nc thi sinh hot th K20 t 0,5-1, nc thi cng nghip t 0,3-2,5. l hng s, bng
1,035 1,074 vi h t nhin v bng 1,045 vi h thi kh nhn to.
V d: Thit k h ty nghi s dng theo cng thc ca Wehner v Wilhelm vi cc thng s nh
sau:
Lu lng thi: Q=1100m3/day
BOD dng vo: 210 mg/l
BOD dng ra: 30 mg/l

Gi tr K20 = 1
Chiu su hiu qu ca h l 1m.
Gii:
1. Tnh lng BOD cn li trong dng ra:
30
S
=
.100% = 14,3%
S 0 210
Hiu qu x l: E = 100% - 14,3% = 86,7%
2. Tnh gi tr KT
K T = K 20 . (T 20 ) = 1.1,07 ( 25 20 ) = 1,4 ngy-1
3. Tnh thi gian lu ca nc trong h
S
1
30
1
=

=
t = 42 (ngy)
S 0 1 + K T .t
210 1 + 1,4.t
4. Th tch ca h ty nghi:
t=

V (m 3 )
V = Q.t = 1100.42 = 46.200m 3 = 4,62ha
3
Q(m / d )

5. Din tch mt bng ca h (vi su tng th l 1,5m, chiu su lp bn l 0,5m):

A=

46200
= 46200m 2
(1,5 0,5)

6. Kim tra ti trng khi ca BOD

LR =

1100(m 3 / d ).210( g / m 3 )
= 50(kgBOD / ha.day ) , tha mn iu kin theo bng trn.
4,62(ha ).1000( g / kg )