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Introduction
In order to study the system in the unbalanced condition using symmetrical
components the component sequence impedances need to be defined. Sequence
impedances enable manufactures to specify the component impedances under various
unbalanced conditions through just three quantities and is therefore widely used.
Synchronous machines
Positive sequence impedance is time dependent with three identified parameters
depending on the period of the response studied; Steady state, transient, subtransient.
The three values are due to the time constant for the magnetic field to penetrate the
iron of the rotor and stator.
Negative sequence impedance is due to rotating currents at twice the power frequency
so are close to the subtransient positive sequence impedance.
Zero sequence impedance depends on the impedance of the connection of the star
point of the stator windings to earth.
Lines and cables
To a good approximation it can be assumed that overhead lines and cables are fully
transposed. The self and mutual impedances will the be the same for each phase and
the positive and negative sequence impedances will be identical. The zero sequence
is due to identical current in the phases and a return in the ground therefore is effected
by weather and geography of the transmission line. A typical equivalent circuit
representation of a three phase transmission line is shown in Figure 1.
Zs
Ia
VaS
VaL
Zm
Ib
Zs
Zm
VbL
Vbs
Zs
Ic
VcS
Zm
VcL
Zm
Zs
Zm
Z m I a VaL
Z m I b VbL
Z s I c VcL
(1)
1 h
1 V0 S Z s
h V1S Z m
h 2 Vc 2 Z m
Z m 1 1
Z m 1 h 2
Z s 1 h
Zm
Zs
Zm
1 I 0 1 1
h I1 1 h 2
h 2 I 2 1 h
1 V0 L
h V1L
h 2 V2 L
1 Zs
h 2 Z m
h Z m
Zm
Zs
Zm
Z m 1 1
Z m 1 h 2
Z s 1 h
1 I 0 V0 L
h I1 V1L
h 2 I 2 V2 L
which reduces to
V0 S Z s 2Z m
0
V1S
Vc 2
0
0
Zs Zm
0
I 0 V0 L
0 I1 V1L
Z s Z m I 2 V2 L
0
(2)
currents can only flow in a winding if zero sequence currents can flow in the other
coupled winding. This is depicted in Figure 2.
a)
Circulating I0 in
delta winding
External I0 can
not enter delta
windings
c)
External I0 can enter
an earthed star
connected windings
because Kirchhoffs
current law can be
satisfied at the neutral
point
Primary
Circuit
Representation
per phase
comments
Secondary
Zero
sequence
current can flow in
all windings
Zero
sequence
prevented
from
flowing due to the
unearthed primary
neutral
Circulating
zero
sequence in delta
allows penetration
of secondary zero
sequence
No zero sequence
current can flow
Tertiary
winding
allows
zero
sequence to flow in
secondary winding
Conclusion
The nature of sequence impedances for different power system components has been
described. From the transmission line impedance it is shown that the symmetrical
components leads to independent equations. It is also shown how the zero sequence
impedance of transformers strongly depends on the winding configuration.