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(STAER1132)
REVIEW QUESTIONS RADAR SYSTEMS
VERSO 0.4B, 2012.03.26
WORKING PRINCIPLES
1.
a.
b.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Calculate MUR (Maximum Usable Range) of a pulsed radar system. Express your result in
nautical miles (nm).
Present a taxonomy for radar systems. Explain the criteria used in such classification.
2.
Compare the working principles of a primary radar system (e.g. pulsed radar) and a
secondary surveillance radar (ground station, or interrogator, and transponder).
PFA
1.
Calculate the maximum range of a radar based on the following assumptions: plane wave
and far-field.
2.
What is the effect of the receiver sensitivity in the radar maximum range?
3.
To increase the radar maximum range is it advisable to increase significantly the signal
power? And what about antenna directionality? Why?
4.
Is it possible for a secondary radar system to have a greater range than a primary system (for
the same ground station location)?
5.
6.
7.
The first stage of a two-stage amplifier has a voltage gain of 10, a 600 input resistor, a
1600 equivalent noise resistance and a 27 k output resistance. For the second stage,
8.
R'
Vi
V
9.
Based on the Friss formulation select from the following scenarios the most appropriate
when tacking into consideration the noise rejection factor.
a. Place a preamplifier (high voltage gain, g, and low generated noise) between the
antenna and the receiver.
b. Place a transmission line (introduce power loss, l) between the antenna and the
receiver.
c. Introduce a chain of amplifier/transmission line (each set with g.l equal to one)
between the antenna and the receiver.
10. Calculate the minimum receivable signal in a radar receiver which has an IF bandwidth of
1.5 MHz and a 9 dB noise figure. [4.17 10 ]
11. Calculate the maximum range of a radar system which operates at 3 cm with a peak power
of 500 kW, if its minimum receivable power is 10 , the capture area of its antenna is
5 , and the radar cross-sectional area of the target is 20 . [360 ]
12. A low-power, short-range radar is solid-state throughout, including a low noise RF amplifier
which gives it an overall noise figure of 4.77 dB. If the antenna diameter is 1 m, the IF
bandwidth is 500 kHz, the operating frequency is 8 GHz and the radar set is supposed to be
PFA
,
. [1.1 ]
13. Calculate the maximum range of a deep-space radar operating at 2.5 GHz and using a peak
pulse power of 25 MW. The antenna diameter is 64 m, the target cross section 1 and the
receiver noise figure is 1.1. Furthermore, because of the low PRF to allow pulses to return
from long distances (and thus the wide pulses used), the receiver bandwidth is only 5 kHz.
Use
,
RADAR SYSTEMS
1.
Draw the block diagram of a basic radar set, and explain the essentials of its operation.
2.
A radar is to have a maximum usable range (MUR) of 60 km. What is the maximum
allowable pulse repetition frequency (PRF) for unambiguous reception? [800 (#]
3.
Why the superheterodyne receiver needs to reject the image frequency? How this
frequency relates with the intermediate frequency (IF) of the receiver?
4.
5.
6.
Explain the working principle of a moving target indicator (MTI) radar system.
7.
In the context of MTI systems why the Doppler effect occurs twice? Is the Doppler effect
noticeable if a target moves in a tangential (non-radial) motion
8.
With the aid of a block diagram, explain fully the operation of a moving target indicator
(MTI) radar system.
9.
10. Explain what is meant by the term blind speed in MTI radar. Under what conditions could
this be an embarrassment?
11. What is a method of overcoming the problems of blind speeds in analog radars?
a. to change the Doppler frequency
b. to vary the PRF
c. to use monopulse
PFA
station) 2.5 GHz and using a peak pulse power of 0.5 MW, with an antenna diameter of
64 , a noise figure of 1.1 and a 5 kHz bandwidth. The target (beacon) antenna diameter is
1 , its noise figure is 13 dB and it transmits a peak pulse power of 50 W. Use
[73,4 10 ! " #!$% &]
,
17. Check all the correct sentences. Compared with other types of radar, phase array radar has
PFA
1.
2.
3.
What is the importance of antenna directivity? Discuss this concept in the context of radars
systems.
4.
In radar systems the relation between the antenna diameter and the wavelength of the EMW
/ 0& is high. In this context which of the following statements is false?
a. Such relation provides a high value for MUR.
b. Such relation provides greater tracking accuracy.
c. Such relation reduces the radar search ability.
d. Such relation increases the coverage area.
[Such relation increases the coverage area]
5.
What is the meaning of reflection, refraction and interference? Present use cases for
each of these phenomenon.
6.
Complete the following sentence: The target effective area does not depend on
a. the operating frequency.
b. the target building materials.
c. the target geometry.
In what ways do the atmospheric conditions limit the propagation of EMW? Does this
condition impacts on radar systems performance? How?
8.
a.
b.
9.
What is the meaning of standing-waves? How can they occur in adapted antennas?
10. Comment on the following: In a half-wave antenna the Hertzian dipole behaves like a
resonant circuit
11. What are the parameters that shape the radiation pattern?
12. How is the directive gain of a half-wave antenna altered when:
a. its length is increased.
b. the antenna is matched with a proper load.
13. Comment on the following: In some settings the Marconi antenna behaves as a Hertzian
dipole
14. Describe the radiation pattern changes in a half-wave antenna under the following array
configurations.
a. Yagi-Uda with 3 elements: Reflector, Radiator and Director.
b. 6 elements "Broadside".
15. Identify which of the following antennas are adapted. Draw their radiation pattern.
a. Rhombic
b. Hertzian dipole
c. Broadside
[Rhombic]
16. Describe the working principles of a parabolic reflector under the assumption of uniform
illumination
17. What is the purpose of secondary reflectors in the context of parabolic reflectors?
18. The use of secondary reflectors obstruct (partially) the main reflector. How can this be
overcome?
19. List the most common antenna scanning patterns used by radar systems to search objects.
20. After a target has been acquired which of the following methods is the most effective to
track it
a.
b.
c.
d.
Nodding
Spiral
Conical
Helical
[Conical]
21. If the target cross section is changing which of the following methods is the most effective
PFA
d. Lobe switching
[Single pulse]
PFA
FORMULAS
PULSED RADARS SYSTEMS
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PFA
UNIT
INCH (in)
0,0254
FEET (ft)
0,3048
MILE (mi)
1 609
1 852
1 828,8