27

Current and Resistance

CHAPTER OUTLINE
27.1
27.2
27.3
27.4
27.5
27.6

Electric Current
Resistance
A Model for Electrical Conduction
Resistance and Temperature
Superconductors
Electrical Power

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
*Q27.1 (i) We require rL /AA = 3rL /AB. Then AA /AB = 1/3,
answer (f ).
(ii) rA2/rB2 = 1/3 gives rA /rB = 1/ 3, answer (e).
Q27.2

Geometry and resistivity. In turn, the resistivity of the

material depends on the temperature.

Q27.3

Voltage is a measure of potential difference, not of

current. Surge implies a owand only charge, in
coulombs, can ow through a system. It would also be
correct to say that the victim carried a certain current, in
amperes.

Q27.4

The amplitude of atomic vibrations increases with temperature. Atoms can then scatter electrons
more efciently.

Q27.5

The conductor does not follow Ohms law, and must have a resistivity that is current-dependent,
or more likely temperature-dependent.

Q27.6

The resistance of copper increases with temperature, while the resistance of silicon decreases
with increasing temperature. The conduction electrons are scattered more by vibrating atoms
when copper heats up. Silicons charge carrier density increases as temperature increases and
more atomic electrons are promoted to become conduction electrons.

Q27.7

(i) The current density increases, so the drift speed must increase. Answer (a).
(ii) Answer (a).

Q27.8

Because there are so many electrons in a conductor (approximately 1028 electrons/m3) the
average velocity of charges is very slow. When you connect a wire to a potential difference, you
establish an electric eld everywhere in the wire nearly instantaneously, to make electrons start
drifting everywhere all at once.

*Q27.9 In a normal metal, suppose that we could proceed to a limit of zero resistance by lengthening the
average time between collisions. The classical model of conduction then suggests that a constant
applied voltage would cause constant acceleration of the free electrons. The drift speed and the
current would increase steadily in time.
It is not the situation envisioned in the question, but we can actually switch to zero resistance
by substituting a superconducting wire for the normal metal. In this case, the drift velocity of
electrons is established by vibrations of atoms in the crystal lattice; the maximum current is
limited; and it becomes impossible to establish a potential difference across the superconductor.

95

96

Chapter 27

*Q27.10 RA =

LA
2 LB
R
1 LB
=
=
= B
( d A / 2 )2 ( 2 d B / 2 )2 2 ( d B / 2 )2
2

PA = I A V = (V )2 /RA = 2(V )2 /RB = 2PB Answer (e).

*Q27.11 Action (a) makes the current three times larger.
(b) causes no change in current.
(c) corresponds to a current 3 times larger.
(d) R is 1/4 as large, so current is 4 times larger.
(e) R is 2 times larger, so current is half as large.
(f) R increases by a small percentage as current has a small decrease.
(g) Current decreases by a large factor.
The ranking is then d > a > c > b > f > e > g.
*Q27.12 (i) Bulb (a) must have higher resistance so that it will carry less current and have lower power.
(ii) Bulb (b) carries more current.
*Q27.13 RA =

A L 2 B L
=
= 2 RB
A
A

PA = I A V = (V )2 /RA = (V )2 / 2 RB = PB / 2 Answer (f ).
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 27.1

Electric Current
t

P27.1

Q ( t ) = Idt = I 0 (1 e t
0

P27.2

(a)

Q ( ) = I 0 (1 e1 =

(b)

Q (10 ) = I 0 (1 e10 =

(c)

Q ( ) = I 0 (1 e = I 0

( 0.632 ) I 0

) ( 0.999 95 ) I
0

The period of revolution for the sphere is T =

revolving charge is I =

P27.3

q
q
.
=
2
T

2
, and the average current represented by this

q = 4 t 3 + 5t + 6
2

1.00 m
= 2.00 10 4 m 2
A = ( 2.00 cm 2
100 cm

(a)

I (1.00 s ) =

(b)

J=

dq
= (12t 2 + 5
dt t =1.00 s

t =1.00 s

= 17.0 A

17.0 A
I
=
= 85.0 kA m 2
A 2.00 10 4 m 2

Current and Resistance

P27.4

97

The molar mass of silver = 107.9 g mole and the volume V is

V = ( area ) ( thickness ) = ( 700 10 4 m 2 ) ( 0.133 10 3 m ) = 9.31 10 6 m 3

The mass of silver deposited is mAg = V = (10.5 10 3 kg m 3 ( 9.31 10 6 m 3 = 9.78 10 2 kg.

And the number of silver atoms deposited is
6.02 10 23 atoms 1 000 g
23
N = ( 9.78 10 2 kg
1 kg = 5.45 10 atoms
107.9 g

V 12.0 V
= 6.67 A = 6.67 C s
=
R 1.80
23
19
Q Ne ( 5.45 10 (1.60 10 C
t =
=
=
= 1.31 10 4 s = 3.64 h
I
I
6.67 C s
I=

P27.5

*P27.6

I=

Q
t

N=

1.20 10 3 C
Q
=
= 7.50 1015 electrons
e 1.60 10 19 C electron

(a)
(b)

Q = I t = ( 30.0 10 6 A ( 40.0 s ) = 1.20 10 3 C

5.00 A
I
= 99.5 kA m 2
=
A ( 4.00 10 3 m 2
Current is the same and current density is smaller. Then I = 5.00 A ,
1
1
J 2 = J1 = 9.95 10 4 A/m 2 = 2.49 10 4 A/m 2
4
4
J=

A2 = 4 A1

P27.7

or

r22 = 4 r12

so

r2 = 2 r1 = 0.800 cm

8.00 10 6 A
I
2
=
2 = 2.55 A m
A (1.00 10 3 m )

(a)

J=

(b)

From J = nevd , we have

(c)

From I =

Q
, we have
t

n=

2.55 A m 2
J
=
= 5.31 1010 m 3 .
19
evd (1.60 10 C ) ( 3.00 108 m s )

t =

23
19
Q N A e ( 6.02 10 ) (1.60 10 C )
=
=
= 1.20 1010 s .
8.00 10 6 A
I
I

(This is about 382 years!)

P27.8

I=

dq
dt

1 240 s

q = dq = Idt =

120 t
(100 A ) sin s dt
0

100 C
+100 C

q=
cos cos 0 =
= 0.265 C

2
120
120

98

P27.9

Chapter 27

(a)

The speed of each deuteron is given by

( 2.00 106 (1.60 1019 J = 12 ( 2 1.67 1027 kg v2 and
The time between deuterons passing a stationary point is t in

10.0 10 6 C s = 1.60 10 19 C t or

1
mv 2
2
v = 1.38 10 7 m s
q
I=
t
t = 1.60 10 14 s
K=

So the distance between them is vt = (1.38 10 7 m s (1.60 10 14 s = 2.21 10 7 m .

(b)

One nucleus will put its nearest neighbor at potential

V=

9
2
2
19
ke q (8.99 10 N m C ) (1.60 10 C )
=
= 6.49 10 3 V
2.21 10 7 m
r

This is very small compared to the 2 MV accelerating potential, so repulsion within the
beam is a small effect.
P27.10

We use I = nqAvd n is the number of charge carriers per unit volume, and is identical to the
number of atoms per unit volume. We assume a contribution of 1 free electron per atom in the
relationship above. For aluminum, which has a molar mass of 27, we know that Avogadros
number of atoms, N A, has a mass of 27.0 g. Thus, the mass per atom is
27.0 g
27.0 g
=
= 4.49 10 23 g atom
NA
6.02 10 23
n=

Thus,

density of aluminum
2.70 g cm 3
=
mass per atom
4.49 10 23 g atom

n = 6.02 10 22 atoms cm 3 = 6.02 10 28 atoms m 3

vd =

or,

vd = 0.130 mm s

Section 27.2
P27.11

I
5.00 A
=
= 1.30 10 4 m s
nqA ( 6.02 10 28 m 3 (1.60 10 19 C ( 4.00 10 6 m 2

Therefore,

Resistance

V = IR
and

R=

:
A

V =

I

:
A

1.00 m
= 6.00 10 7 m 2
A = ( 0.600 mm )
1 000 mm
2

I=

(a)

Suppose the rubber is 10 cm long and 1 mm in diameter.

1
13

4
4 (10 m ) (10 m )
R=
=
~
= ~1018
2
3
A d2
(10 m )

(b)

8
3
4
4 (1.7 10 m (10 m
R=
~
2
d2
( 2 10 2 m

continued on next page

7
2
VA ( 0.900 V) ( 6.00 10 m
=


( 5.60 108 m (1.50 m )

I = 6.43 A
P27.12

~10 7

Current and Resistance

(c)

P27.13

(a)

I=

V 10 2 V
~
~10 16 A
R 1018

I~

10 2 V
~10 9 A
10 7

Given

M = dV = d A
where

we obtain:

A=

Thus,

=

V=

(b)

M
,
d

M
d

r 2
=

r=

Thus,

Taking rr resistivity,

MR
=
r d

or

rd mass density,
R=

(1.00 10 ) ( 0.500 )
(1.70 10 ) ( 8.92 10 )
3

= 1.82 m

M
d

M
1.00 10 3
=
d

( 8.92 10 3 (1.82 )

r = 1.40 10 4 m

diameter = 280 m

The diameter is twice this distance:

V 120 V
=
= 0.500 A = 500 mA
R
240

P27.14

I=

P27.15

J = E

Section 27.3

so

J 6.00 10 13 A m 2
1
=
= 6.00 10 15 ( m )
E
100 V m

A Model for Electrical Conduction

*P27.16 (a)

The density of charge carriers n is set by the material and is unaffected .

I
so it doubles .
A
doubles .

(b)

The current density is proportional to current according to J =

(c)

For larger current density in J = nevd the drift speed vd

m
The time between collisions = 2 is unchanged as long as does not change due to a
nq
temperature change in the conductor.

(d)

P27.17

r

r


2
=
= r d
A
M d

M

=
so

m
We take the density of conduction electrons from an Example in the chapter text.
nq 2
( 9.11 1031
m
=
=
= 2.47 10 14 s
nq 2 (1.70 10 8 ( 8.46 10 28 (1.60 10 19 2

vd =

qE

(1.60 10 ) E ( 2.47 10 )
19

gives

7.84 10 4 =

Therefore,

E = 0.180 V m

9.11 10 31

14

99

100

Chapter 27

Section 27.4
P27.18

Resistance and Temperature

R = R0 1 + ( T ) gives

140 = (19.0 ) 1 + ( 4.50 10 3 C T

Solving,

T = 1.42 10 3C = T 20.0C
T = 1.44 10 3C

And the nal temperature is

P27.19

R = R0 [1 + T ]
R R0 = R0T
R R0
= T = ( 5.00 10 3 25.0 = 0.125
R0

*P27.20 We require 10 =
any T

10 =

3.5 10 5 m
1 1.5 10 6 m
2
+
(1.5 10 3 m )2
(1.5 10 3 m )2

and for

T
3.5 10 5 m
1
T 1.5 10 6 m
2
1 + 0.4 10 3
1 0.5 10 3
+

3
2
3
2

(1.5 10 m )
C
(1.5 10 m )
C

simplifying gives 10 = 4.951 5
1 + 0.212 21
2

and

0 = 2.475 7 103
1 + 8.488 3 105
2

These conditions are just sufcient to determine
1 and
2. The design goal can be met.
We have
2 = 29.167
1
and

P27.21

10 = 4.951 5
1 + 0.212 21 (29.167
1)

1 = 10/11.141 = 0.898 m =
1

2 = 26.2 m

(a)

= 0 1 + (T T0 ) = ( 2.82 10 8 m ) 1 + 3.90 10 3 ( 30.0) = 3.15 10 8 m

(b)

J=

(c)

1.00 10 4 m 2
d2
) = 49.9 mA
6
2 (
I = JA = J
= ( 6.35 10 A m )

4
4

(d)

n=

0.200 V m
E
=
= 6.35 10 6 A m 2
3.15 10 8 m

6.02 10 23 electrons
26.98 g ( 2.70 10 g m )

vd =

(e)

P27.22

so

= 6.02 10 28 electrons m 3

(6.35 106 A m 2 )
J
=
= 659 m s
ne ( 6.02 10 28 electrons m 3 ) (1.60 10 19 C)

V = E
= ( 0.200 V m ) ( 2.00 m ) = 0.400 V

For aluminum,

R=

E = 3.90 10 3C1

(Table 27.2)

= 24.0 10 6C1

(Table 19.1)

(1 + E T ) = 1.234 1.39 = 1.71

0 (1 + E T )
(1 + T )
=
= R0
(
)
2
A
(1 + T )
1.002 4
A (1 + T )

Current and Resistance

Section 27.5

Superconductors

Problem 50 in Chapter 43 can be assigned with this section.

Section 27.6
P27.23

I=

Electrical Power

P
V

and R =
P27.24

600 W
= 5.00 A
120 V

V 120 V
=
= 24.0
I
5.00 A

P = I V = 500 10 6 A (15 103 V ) = 7.50 W

*P27.25 The energy that must be added to the water is

Q = mcT = (109 kg ) ( 4 186 J kgC ) ( 29.0C ) = 1.32 10 7 J
Thus, the power supplied by the heater is
W
Q 1.32 10 7 J
P= = =
= 8 820 W
25 60 s
t t
and the resistance is R =

P27.26

( V )2

( 220 V )2
8 820 W

= 5.49 .

The battery takes in energy by electric transmission

P t = ( V ) I ( t ) = 2.3 J C (13.5 10 3 C s ) 4.2 h

3 600 s
= 469 J
1h

It puts out energy by electric transmission

( V ) I ( t ) = 1.6 J C (18 10 3 C s ) 2.4 h

3 600 s
= 249 J
1h

useful output 249 J

=
= 0.530
total input
469 J

(a)

efciency =

(b)

The only place for the missing energy to go is into internal energy:
469 J = 249 J + Eint
Eint = 221 J

(c)

We imagine toasting the battery over a re with 221 J of heat input:

Q = mcT
Q
221 J
T =
=
mc 0.015 kg

P27.27

(a)

kgC
= 15.1C
975 J

1 C 1 J 1 W s
U = q ( V ) = It ( V ) = (55.0 A h )(12.0 V)

1 A s 1 V C 1 J
= 660 W h = 0.660 kWh

(b)

$0.060 0
Cost = 0.660 kWh
= 3.96
1 kWh

101

102

Chapter 27

*P27.28 (a)

The resistance of 1 m of 12-gauge copper wire is

R=

8




4
4 (1.7 10 m )1 m
=
=
=
= 5.14 10 3
2
d 2 ( 0.205 3 10 2 m )2
A ( d 2)

The rate of internal energy production is P = I V = I 2 R = ( 20 A ) 5.14 10 3 = 2.05 W .

2

(b)

PAl = I 2 R =

I 2 4 Al

d2

PAl Al
=
PCu Cu

PAl =

2.82 10 8 m
2.05 W = 3.41 W
1.7 10 8 m

Aluminum of the same diameter will get hotter than copper. It would not be as safe. If it is
surrounded by thermal insulation, it could get much hotter than a copper wire.
P27.29

P = I ( V ) =

(110 V) = 24.2
(500 W)
2

= 500 W

R=

4
RA ( 24.2 ) ( 2.50 10 m )
= 3.17 m

=
=

1.50 10 6 m
2

(a)

R=

A

(b)

R = R0 [1 + T ] = 24.2 1 + ( 0.400 10 3 ) (1180 ) = 35.6

P=

P27.30

( V )2

R=

( V )2
R

so

(110 )2
35.6

= 340 W

6

(1.50 10 m ) 25.0 m
= 298
=
2
A
( 0.200 10 3 m )

V = IR = ( 0.500 A)( 298 ) = 149 V

V 149 V
=
= 5.97 V m


25.0 m

(a)

E=

(b)

P = ( V ) I = (149 V ) ( 0.500 A ) = 74.6 W

(c)

R = R0 1 + (T T0 ) = 298 1 + ( 0.400 10 3 C) 320C = 337

I=

V (149 V )
=
= 0.443 A
R ( 337 )

P = ( V ) I = (149 V ) ( 0.443 A ) = 66.1 W

P27.31

P = I ( V ) = (1.70 A ) (110 V ) = 187 W

Energy used in a 24-hour day = ( 0.187 kW ) ( 24.0 h ) = 4.49 kWh.
$0.060 0
= $0.269 = 26.9 .
Therefore daily cost = 4.49 kWh
kWh

Current and Resistance

P27.32

The total clock power is

( 270 10
From e =

J s 3 600 s
= 2.43 1012 J h
clocks ) 2.50

clock 1 h

Wout
, the power input to the generating plants must be:
Qin
Qin Wout t 2.43 1012 J h
=
=
= 9.72 1012 J h
t
e
0.250

and the rate of coal consumption is

1.00 kg coal
Rate = ( 9.72 1012 J h )
= 2.95 10 5 kg coal h = 295 metric ton h
33.0 10 6 J
P27.33

The energy taken in by electric transmission for the uorescent lamp is

Pt = 11 J s (100 h )

3 600 s
= 3.96 10 6 J
1h

$0.08 k W s h
= $0.088
cost = 3.96 10 6 J
kWh 1 000 J 3 600 s
For the incandescent bulb,

Pt = 40 W (100 h )

3 600 s
= 1.44 10 7 J
1h

$0.08
= $0.32
cost = 1.44 10 7 J
3.6 10 6 J
saving = $0.32 $0.088 = $0.232
P27.34

P = I V = ( 2.00 A ) (120 V ) = 240 W

Eint = ( 0.500 kg ) ( 4 186 J kg C ) ( 77.0C ) = 161 kJ
t =

P27.35

Eint

1.61 10 5 J
= 672 s
240 W

At operating temperature,
(a)

P = I V = (1.53 A ) (120 V ) = 184 W

(b)

Use the change in resistance to nd the nal operating temperature of the toaster.
R = R0 (1 + T
T = 441C

120 120
=
1 + 0.400 10 3 T
1.53 1.80
T = 20.0C + 441C = 461C

103

104

P27.36

Chapter 27

You pay the electric company for energy transferred in the amount E = P t .
(a)

P27.37

P t = 40 W ( 2 weeks )

7 d 86 400 s 1 J
= 48.4 MJ
1 week 1 d 1 W s

P t = 40 W ( 2 weeks )

7 d 24 h k
= 13.4 kWh
1 week 1 d 1 000

P t = 40 W ( 2 weeks )

7 d 24 h k 0.12 $

= $1.61
1 week 1 d 1 000 kWh

1 h k 0.12 $

= $0.005 82 = 0.582
60 min 1 000 kWh

(b)

P t = 970 W ( 3 min )

(c)

P t = 5 200 W ( 40 min )

1 h k 0.12 $

= $0.416
60 min 1 000 kWh

Consider a 400-W blow dryer used for ten minutes daily for a year. The energy transferred to the
dryer is
1 kWh
P t = ( 400 J s ) ( 600 s d ) ( 365 d ) 9 10 7 J
20 kWh
6

3.6 10 J

We suppose that electrically transmitted energy costs on the order of ten cents per kilowatt-hour.
Then the cost of using the dryer for a year is on the order of
Cost ( 20 kWh ) ( $0.10 kWh ) = $2 ~$1

Additional Problems
P27.38

1
1 Q2
Q Vi =
.
2
2 C
When the switch is closed, charge Q distributes itself over the plates of C and 3C in
parallel, presenting equivalent capacitance 4C. Then the nal potential difference is

The original stored energy is U i =

(a)

V f =
(b)

Q
4C

for both.

The smaller capacitor then carries charge C V f =

carries charge 3C

(c)

Q
Q
. The larger capacitor
C=
4C
4

3Q
Q
=
.
4C
4

( )

1
The smaller capacitor stores nal energy C V f
2

Q2
1 Q
=
. The larger
= C
2 4C
32C

capacitor possesses energy

(d)

Q
1
3Q 2
3C
=
.

2 4C
32C

Q2
3Q 2 Q 2
+
=
. The loss of potential energy is the energy
32C 32C 8C
3Q 2
Q2 Q2
=
+ Eint
appearing as internal energy in the resistor:
Eint =
8C
2C 8C
The total nal energy is

Current and Resistance

P27.39

We begin with the differential equation

(a)

Separating variables,

ln = ( T T0
0

and

105

1 d
dT

d
= dT
T
T

T T
= 0 e ( 0 ) .

From the series expansion e x 1 + x , ( x << 1) , we have

(b)

0 1 + ( T T0 ) .

P27.40

We nd the drift velocity from

vd =
v=

I = nqvd A = nqvd r 2

I
1 000 A
4
ms
=
2 = 2.35 10
nq r 2 8.46 10 28 m 3 (1.60 10 19 C ) (10 2 m )

x
t

t=

*P27.41 From =

x
200 10 3 m
=
= 8.50 108 s = 27.0 yr
v 2.35 10 4 m s

RA ( V A
=


I

we compute

(m)

R ()

( m)

0.540

10.4

1.41 10 6

1.028

21.1

1.50 10 6

1.543

31.8

1.50 10 6

= 1.47 10 6 m . With its uncertainty range from 1.41 to 1.50, this average value agrees
with the tabulated value of 1.50 10 6 m in Table 27.2.
*P27.42 (a)

I=

R=

(b)

(c)

V
R

( V )2

so

(120 V )2

= 576

and

25.0 W
P 25.0 W
Q 1.00 C
I=
=
= 0.208 A =
=
V
120 V
t
t
1.00 C
t =
= 4.80 s
0.208 A

P = I V =
R=

( V )2

( V )2

R
=

(120 V )2
100 W

= 144

The charge itself is the same. It comes out at a location that is at lower potential.
1.00 J
U 1.00 J
t =
= 0.040 0 s
P = 25.0 W =
=
25.0
W
t
t
The energy itself is the same. It enters the bulb by electrical transmission and leaves by
heat and electromagnetic radiation.

continued on next page

106

Chapter 27

(d)

U = Pt = ( 25.0 J s ) (86 400 s d ) ( 30.0 d ) = 64.8 10 6 J

The electric company sells energy .
$0.070 0 k W s h
Cost = 64.8 10 6 J
= $1.26
kWh 1 000 J 3 600 s
Cost per joule =

*P27.43 (a)

)
)


( 0 4.00 V = 8.00 i V m
dV
E=
i=
dx
( 0.500 0 m

(b)

4.00 10 8 m ( 0.500 m )


R=
=
= 0.637
2
A
1.00 10 4 m

(c)

I=

(d)

(e)
*P27.44 (a)

P27.45

$0.070 0
kWh
= $1.94 10 8 J
kWh 3.60 10 6 J

V
4.00 V
=
= 6.28 A
R
0.637

6.28 A
I
=
= 2.00 108 A m 2 = 200 MA m 2
2
A (1.00 10 4 m )
are both in the x direction.
J=

)(

The eld and the current

J = 4.00 10 8 m 2.00 108 A m 2 = 8.00 V m = E


dV (x ) V
E=
i=
i
dx
L

(b)

R=

4L
=
A
d2

(c)

I=

V d 2
V
=
4 L
R

(d)

J=

I
V
=
A
L

(e)

J =

(a)

P = I V
P
t =

The eld and the current are both in the x direction.

V
= E
L

so I =
(b)

8.00 10 3 W
= 667 A
12.0 V

2.00 10 7 J
= 2.50 10 3 s
8.00 10 3 W

and x = v t = ( 20.0 m s ) ( 2.50 10 3 s ) = 50.0 km

Current and Resistance

P27.46

2 wires
= 100 m
R=

P27.47

107

0.108
(100 m = 0.036 0
300 m

(a)

( V )

(b)

P = I ( V ) = (110 A ) (116 V ) = 12.8 kW

(c)

Pwires = I 2 R = (110 A )2 ( 0.036 0 ) = 436 W

home

= ( V

line

IR = 120 (110 ( 0.036 0 = 116 V

Let a be the temperature coefcient at 20.0C, and be the temperature coefcient at 0C.

Then = 0 1 + (T 20.0C), and = 1 + ( T 0C must both give the correct

resistivity at any temperature T. That is, we must have:

0 [1 + (T 20.0C )] = [1 + (T 0C )]
Setting T = 0 in equation (1) yields:

= 0 1 ( 20.0C ) ,

and setting T = 20.0C in equation (1) gives:

0 = [1 + ( 20.0C )]

Put from the rst of these results into the second to obtain:

0 = 0 [1 ( 20.0C )][1 + ( 20.0C )]

Therefore

1 + ( 20.0C =

which simplies to

1
1 ( 20.0C

)
=

[1 ( 20.0C)]

From this, the temperature coefcient, based on a reference temperature of 0C, may be
computed for any material. For example, using this, Table 27.2 becomes at 0C :
Material

Temp Coefcients at 0C

Silver

4.1 10 3 C

Copper

4.2 10 3 C

Gold

3.6 10 3 C

Aluminum

4.2 10 3 C

Tungsten

4.9 10 3 C

Iron

5.6 10 3 C

Platinum

4.25 10 3 C

Lead

4.2 10 3 C

Nichrome

0.4 10 3 C

Carbon

0.5 10 3 C

Germanium

24 10 3 C

Silicon

30 10 3 C

(1)

108

P27.48

Chapter 27

(a)

A thin cylindrical shell of radius r, thickness dr, and length L contributes resistance
dR =

dr
d

dr
=
=
A
( 2 r ) L 2 L r

The resistance of the whole annulus is the series summation of the contributions of the thin
shells:
R=

(b)

2 L

rb

ra

r
dr

=
ln b
r
2 L ra

In this equation

r
V

ln b
=
I
2 L ra

we solve for

P27.49

(a)

V = E

or

2 L V
I ln ( rb ra )

dV = E dx

V = IR = E

I=
(b)
P27.50

dV
dq E
A
A
dV
=
=
E
= E = A
= A

dx
dt
R
dx

Current ows in the direction of decreasing voltage. Energy ows by heat in the direction
of decreasing temperature.

Each speaker receives 60.0 W of power. Using P = I 2 R, we then have

I=

P
R

60.0 W
= 3.87 A
4.00

The system is not adequately protected since the fuse should be set to melt at 3.87 A, or lesss .
*P27.51 The original resistance is Ri = rLi/Ai.
The new length is L = Li + d L = Li(1 + d ).
Constancy of volume implies AL = AiLi
The new resistance is R =

so

A=

Ai Li
Ai Li
Ai
=
=
L
Li (1 + ) (1 + )

L Li (1 + )
=
= Ri (1 + )2 = Ri (1 + 2 + 2 ).
A
Ai / (1 + )

The result is exact if the assumptions are precisely true. Our derivation contains no approximation steps where delta is assumed to be small.
P27.52

From the geometry of the longitudinal section of the resistor shown in

the gure, we see that

(b r ) (b a )
y

From this, the radius at a distance y from the base is

For a disk-shaped element of volume dR =
Using the integral formula

du

(au + b)

dy
:
r2
1
,
a ( au + b )

h
y
FIG. P27.52
r = (a b) + b
h
h
dy

R=
0 ( a b ) ( y h ) + b 2
R=

h
ab

Current and Resistance

P27.53

dx
=
A

109

dx
y y
where y = y1 + 2 1 x
wy
L

R=

R=

L
L
dx
y y
=
ln y1 + 2 1

L
w 0 y1 + [( y2 y1 ) L ] x w ( y2 y1 )

FIG. P27.53

y
L
R=
ln 2
w ( y2 y1 ) y1
*P27.54 A spherical layer within the shell, with radius r and thickness dr, has resistance
dR =

dr
4 r 2

The whole resistance is the absolute value of the quantity

r

rb

ra

R = dR =

b
dr
r 1
1 1 1 1
=

=
=
+
2
4 r
4 1 ra
4 ra rb 4 ra rb

*P27.55 Coat the surfaces of entry and exit with material of much higher conductivity than the bulk material of the object. The electric potential will be essentially uniform over each of these electrodes.
Current will be distributed over the whole area where each electrode is in contact with the resistive object.

P27.56

eV
V
I = I 0 exp
1 and R =
I
k BT

with I 0 = 1.00 10 9 A, e = 1.60 10 19 C, and kB = 1.38 10 23 J K

The following includes a partial table of calculated values and a graph for each of the specied
temperatures.

(i)

For T = 280 K:
V (V) I ( A)

R ()

0.400 0.015 6 25.6

0.440 0.081 8
5.338
0.480 0.429
1.12
0.520 2.25
0.232
0.560 11.8
0.047 6
0.600 61.6
0.009 7
FIG. P27.56(i)

continued on next page

110

Chapter 27

(ii)

For T = 300 K:
V (V) I ( A)

R ()

0.400 0.005 77.3

0.440 0.024 18.1
0.480 0.114
4.22
0.520 0.534 0.973
0.560 2.51
0.223
0.600 11.8
0.051

FIG. P27.56(ii)

(iii) For T = 320 K:

V ( V) I ( A )
0.400
0.440
0.480
0.520
0.560
0.600

R ()

0.002 0 203
0.008 4
52.5
0.035 7
13.4
0.152
3.42
0.648
0.864
2.76
0.217

FIG. P27.56(iii)

P27.57

The volume of the gram of gold is given by =

V=

m
V

10 3 kg
m
=
= 5.18 10 8 m 3 = A ( 2.40 10 3 m )
19.3 10 3 kg m 3

A = 2.16 10 11 m 2
R=

P27.58

8
3

2.44 10 m ( 2.4 10 m )
= 2.71 10 6
=
2.16 10 11 m 2
A

0.500
The resistance of one wire is
(100 mi) = 50.0 .
mi
The whole wire is at nominal 700 kV away from ground potential, but the potential difference
between its two ends is
IR = (1 000 A ) ( 50.0 ) = 50.0 kV
Then it radiates as heat power

P = ( V ) I = ( 50.0 103 V ) (1 000 A ) = 50.0 MW .

Current and Resistance

P27.59

(a)

Think of the device as two capacitors in parallel. The one on the left has 1 = 1 ,

A1 = + x
. The equivalent capacitance is

2

1 0 A1 2 0 A2 0


0




+
=
+ x +
x = 0 (
+ 2 x +
2 x )

d
d
d 2
d
2
2d
(b)

The charge on the capacitor is Q = C V

0
V
(
+ 2 x +
2 x )
2d
The current is
Q=

V v
dQ dQ dx 0
V
=
=
( 0 + 2 + 0 2 ) v = 0
( 1)
dt
dx dt
d
2d
The negative value indicates that the current drains charge from the capacitor. Positive
I=

current is clockwise

P27.60

(a)

0
V v
( 1) .
d

The resistance of the dielectric block is R =

The capacitance of the capacitor is C =
Then RC =

(b)

R=

d
.
=
A A

0 A
.
d

d 0 A 0
=
is a characteristic of the material only.
A d

0 0 75 1016 m (3.78) 8.85 10 12 C2

= 1.79 1015
=
=
14 10 9 F
N m2
C
C

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P27.2

qw /2p

P27.4

3.64 h

P27.6

(a) 99.5 kA/m2 (b) Current is the same, current density is smaller. 5.00 A, 24.9 kA/m2,
0.800 cm

P27.8

0.265 C

P27.10

0.130 mm/s

P27.12

(a) ~1018 (b) ~107

P27.14

500 mA

P27.16

(a) no change

P27.18

1.44 103 C

P27.20

She can meet the design goal by choosing
1 = 0.898 m and
2 = 26.2 m.

(b) doubles

(c) ~100 aA, ~1 GA

(c) doubles

(d) no change

111

112

Chapter 27

P27.22

1.71

P27.24

7.50 W

P27.26

(a) 0.530

P27.28

(a) 2.05 W (b) 3.41 W. It would not be as safe. If surrounded by thermal insulation, it would get
much hotter than a copper wire.

P27.30

(a) 5.97 V/m

P27.32

295 metric ton h

P27.34

672 s

P27.36

(a) $1.61

P27.38

(a) Q/4C (b) Q/4 and 3Q/4

P27.40

8.50 108 s = 27.0 yr

P27.42

(a) 576 and 144 (b) 4.80 s. The charge itself is the same. It is at a location that is lower in
potential. (c) 0.040 0 s. The energy itself is the same. It enters the bulb by electric transmission
and leaves by heat and electromagnetic radiation. (d) $1.26, energy, 1.94 108 $/J

P27.44

(a) E = V/L in the x direction

(e) See the solution.

P27.46

(a) 116 V (b) 12.8 kW

P27.48

(a) R =

P27.50

No. The fuses should pass no more than 3.87 A.

P27.52

See the solution.

P27.54

See the solution.

P27.56

See the solution.

P27.58

50.0 MW

P27.60

(b) 1.79 P

(b) 221 J (c) 15.1C

(b) 74.6 W

(b) $0.005 82

r
ln b
2 L ra

(c) 66.1 W

(c) $0.416
(c) Q2/32C and 3Q2/32C

(b) R = 4rL/pd 2

(c) 436 W

(b) =

2 L V
I ln ( rb ra )

(d) 3Q2/8C

(c) I = Vpd 2/4rL

(d) J = V/rL