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1. MOBILE COMMUNICATION
1.1 Revolution in telecommunication
The telephone has long been important in modern living, but it use has been constrained
by connecting wires. The advent of mobile radio telephony and particularly the cellular radio has
removed this restriction and led to explosive growth in mobile throughout the world. The phone
is really on move now. With the phenomenal and unprecedented growth of more than forty fold
in just ten years a strong demand for mobile cellular services has created an industry which now
accounts for more than one third of all telephone lines.
Mobility& Roaming
1980
1990
2000
Appearance
1G
2G
3G
Analog
Digital
Digital
Multi Standard
Multi Standard
Unified Standard
Terrestrial
Terrestrial
Terrestrial &Satellite
to support ever increasing customer base with very limited number of radio carriers. For high
BW services e.g. MMS as the GSM evolves towards 3G, more spectrums is demanded.
(b) Multi path radio environment
The most significant problem in mobile radio systems is due to the channel itself. In mobile radio
systems, indeed, it is rare for there to exist one strong line of sight path between transmitter and
receiver. Usually several significant signals are received by reflection and scattering from
buildings
etc.
.And
then
they
are
Multiple
paths
from
transmitter
receiver.
signals from an earlier symbol may interface with the next symbol causing Inter- symbol
interference (ISI).
(c) Mobility management
Mobility management is concerned with how the network supports this function. When a call is
made to mobile customer the network must be able to locate the mobile customer. Network
attachment process which includes a location updating process is the answer for mobility
management. In the location update process , the network databases are updated dynamically so
that the mobile can be reached to offer the services if this process is not done efficiently it will
result in poor call management and network congestion.
(d) Services
International roaming shall be provided. Advanced PSTN services should be provided consistent
with ISDN services at limited bit rates only. Encryption should be used to improve security for
both the operators and the customers.
(f) Cost
The system parameters should be chosen to limit costs particularly mobiles and handsets .In a
competitive environment cost is the deciding factor for the survival of an operator.
2. BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Radios move information from one place to another over channels and radio channel is an
extraordinarily hostile medium to establish and maintain reliable communications. The channel
is particularly messy and unruly between mobile radios. All the schemes and mechanisms we use
to make communications possible on the mobile radio channel with some measure of reliability
between a mobile and its base radio station are called physical layer or the layer1 procedures.
The mechanisms include modulation, power control, coding timing, and host of other details that
manage establishment and maintenance of the channel the radio channel has to be fully exploited
for maximum capacities and optimum quality of service. Band width is a scarce natural resource.
The bandwidth has to be managed for maximum capacity of the system and interference free
communications. The spectrum availability for an operator is very limited .The uplink or
downlink spectrum is only 25 MHz, out of this 25 MHz, 124 carriers of each 200 kHz are
generated. These carriers are to be shared amongst different operators. And as a result each
operator gets only a few tens of carriers making a spectrum management a challenging area.
cell to maintain constant phone service as the user moves between cells.
Cells:
A cell is the basic geographic unit of cellular system. The term cellular comes from the
honeycomb areas into which a coverage region is divided. Cells are base stations transmitting
over small geographic areas that are represented as hexagons. Each cell size varies depending
upon landscape. Because of the constraint imposed by natural terrain and man-made structures,
the true shape of cell is not a perfect hexagon.
(a) Cellular System Characteristics
The distinguishing features of digital cellular systems compared to other mobile radio
systems are:
Small cells
A cellular system uses many base stations with relatively small coverage radii (on
the order of a 100 m to 30 km).
Clusters and Frequency reuse
The spectrum allocated for a cellular network is limited. As a result there is a limit to the
number of channels or frequencies that can be used. A group of cells is called a cluster. All the
frequencies are used in a cluster and no frequency is reused with in the cluster. And the total set
of frequencies is repeated in the adjacent cluster. Like that the total service area, i.e. may be a
country or a continent, can be served with a small group of frequencies. Frequency reuse is
possible because the signal fades over the distance and hence it can be reused .For this reason
each frequency is used simultaneously by multiple base-mobile pairs; located at geographically
distant cells. This frequency reuse allows a much higher subscriber density per MHz of
spectrum than other systems. System capacity can be further increased by reducing the cell size
(the coverage area of a single base station), down to radii as small as 200 m.
Small, battery-powered handsets
In addition to supporting much higher densities than previous systems, this approach
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enables the use of small, battery-powered handsets with a radio frequency that is lower than the
large mobile units used in earlier systems.
Performance of handovers
In cellular systems, continuous coverage is achieved by e xecuting a "handover"
(the seamless transfer of the call from one base station to another) as the mobile unit crosses cell
boundaries. This requires the mobile to change frequencies under control of the cellular
network.
(b) Co channel cells and interference
Radio channels can be reused provided the separation between cells containing the same
channel set is far enough apart so that co-channel interference can be kept below acceptable levels
most of the time. Cells using the same channel set are called Co-channel cells. Co-channel cells
interfere with each other and quality is affected.
The following figure shows an example. Within the service area (PLMN), specific channel sets
are reused at a different location (another cell). In the example, there are 7 channel sets: A
through G. Neighboring cells are not allowed to use the same frequencies. For this reason all
channel sets are used in a cluster of neighboring cells. As there are 7 channel sets, the PLMN
can be divided into clusters of 7 cells each. The figure shows three clusters.
Co-channel interference
Frequencies can be reused throughout a service area because radio signals typically
attenuate with distance to the base station (or mobile station). When the distance between cells
using the same frequencies becomes too small, co-channel Interference might occur and lead to
service interruption or unacceptable quality of service.
As long as the ratio Frequency reuse distance = DNCell radius
Is greater than some specified value, the ratio
Received radio carrier power
= C/I
Received interferer radio carrier power will be greater than some given amount for small as
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well as large cell sizes; when all signals are transmitted at the same power level. The average
attenuation of radio signals with distance in most cellular systems is a reduction to about 1/16
of the received power for every doubling of distance (1/10000 per decade). The frequency reuse
distance known as separation distance is also known as the signal-to-noise ratio. The figure on
the opposite page shows the situation. At the base station, both signals from subscribers within the
cell covered by this base station and signals from subscribers covered by other cells are received.
Interference is caused by cells using the same channel set. The ratio D/R needs to be large
enough in order for the base station to be able to cope with the interference. A co-channel
interference factor Q is defined As Q=D/R = v 3K where D is Frequency reuse distance, R is
the cell radius and K is the reuse factor or the number of cells in a cluster
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anytime, anywhere, for example, block map, locations of hotels, supermarkets and weather
forecasting. The 3G mobile phone has become a good assistant to peoples life and work.
3.2 History
Discussion of a potential successor system for GSM started in ETSI and other standard
developing organizations already in the late 1980, even before any second-generation system
was in commercial operation. The ETSI-term for the future system was Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS). Simultaneously, the International Telecommunication
(ITU) also started discussions on a potential future mobile system initially referred to as Future
Public Land Mobile System (FPLMTS) and started to specify a set of system requirements. Due
to the huge world-wide success of GSM, the interest among European network operators and
manufacturers to consider a completely new system was rather low until to the mid-1990s. Only
after the ITU has taken the initiative to formulate a concrete roadmap towards a new mobile
system to be deployed in the early 2000s, the specification activities for UMTS in ETSI were
ramped up in 1995. The ITU term for the future 3G system was later changed to IMT-2000,
International Telecommunications System for the 2000s. As part of the roadmap, a deadline for
submission of proposals for IMT-2000 by the regional standardization development
organizations was agreed to be in July 1998.In January 1998 ETSI selected two radio
transmission technologies (from originally 4 different proposals) for UMTS terrestrial radio
access (UTRA), referred to as UTRA FDD and UTRA TDD, which were submitted to ITU as
candidates for IMT-2000.
The proposals included a number of different Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) based
Radio access technologies, from ETSI, TTC/ARIB (Japan), TTA (Korea), ANSI T1 (USA) and
TIA (USA), which can be grouped into two types. The one type of proposals requires
synchronized base stations and is building up on the IS-95 2G radio transmission technology.
The other group of concepts does not rely on base station synchronization.
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The 3G mobile communication is designed to provide diversified services and high quality
multimedia services. To achieve these purposes, the wireless transmission technology must meet
the following requirements:
1. High speed transmission to support multimedia services
Indoor environment : > 2 Mbps
Outdoor walking environment : 384 kbps
Outdoor vehicle moving : 144 kbps
2. Allocation of transmission rates according to needs
3. Accommodation to asymmetrical needs on the uplink and downlink
In the concept evaluation of the 3G mobile communication specification proposals, the
WCDMA technology is adopted as one of the main stream 3G technologies due to its technical
advantages.
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In May 2000 further frequency bands for UMTS/IMT-2000 was identified by the ITU World
Radio Conference (WRC-2000). These bands (more than 160 MHz additional spectrum) shall
ensure future extension of UMTS.
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interface to the external IP packet-based network, thus the UEs can access the
gateway of the external packet based network. To the external networks, the GGSN
seems like the IP router that can be used to address all the mobile subscribers in the
WCDMA network. It exchanges routing information with external networks.
5. HLR
The HLR connects with the VMSC/VLR or GMSC through C interface, with the
SGSN through Gr interface, and with the GGSN through Gc interface. The HLR
stores subscriber subscription information, supports new services and provide
enhanced authentication.
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T.30 based fax machines at the mobile end using a mobile fax adapter with a modem that
terminates the analogue 2-wire connection from the fax machine (supported by GSM and UMTS
release 99).
3.3.2.6 Broadcast Services
(Message) Cell Broadcast Service (CBS): Provides transmission of a message to all users
within a specified geographic area which have a subscription to this service.
Multicast service: A data broadcast service for a specified group of users within a specified
geographic area.
3.3.2.7 Supplementary Services:
Supplementary services modify or supplement a basic telecommunication service.
Consequently, it cannot be offered to a customer as a standalone service. It must be offered
together with or in association with a basic telecommunication service. UMTS will support GSM
Release '99 supplementary services and many further extensions.
Below, some examples of supplementary services are listed:
call barring,
call forwarding,
call hold,
conference calling,
in call modification (dialing),
handling of closed user groups,
Credit card calling.
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Conversational services: These are real time (no store and forward), usually bi-directional
where low end to end delays (< 100 ms) and a high degree of synchronization between media
components (implying low delay variation) are required. Video telephony and video
conferencing are typical conversational services.
Messaging services: These offer user to user communication via store and forward units
(mailbox or message handling devices). Messaging services might typically provide combined
voice and text, audio and high resolution images.
Retrieval services: These enable a user to retrieve information stored in one or many
information center. The start at which an information sequence is sent by an information center
to the user is under control of the user. Each information center accessed may provide a different
media component, e.g. high resolution images, audio and general archival information.
3.4.1 Distributional services
Distribution services are typically subdivided into those providing user presentation control
and those without user presentation control.
Distribution services without user control: These are broadcast services where information is
supplied by a central source and where the user can access the flow of information without any
ability to control the start or order of presentation e.g. television or audio broadcast services.
Distribution services with user control: These are broadcast services where information is
broadcast as a repetitive sequence and the ability to access sequence numbering allocated to
frames of information enables the user (or the users terminal) to control the start and order of
presentation of information.
3GPP specifications shall support single media services (e.g. telephony) and multimedia services
(e.g. video telephony). All calls shall have potential to become multimedia calls and there shall
be no need to signal, in advance, any requirement for any number of multimedia components.
However, it shall be possible to reserve resources in advance to enable all required media
components to be available.
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HS-DSCH transmission and enables efficient exploitation of the overall available power
resource.
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received data and significantly reduces the delays associated with retransmissions compared to
Release 99. Soft combining implies that the terminal does not discard soft information in case
It cannot decode a transport block as in traditional hybrid-ARQ protocols, but combines soft
information from previous transmission attempts with the current retransmission to increase the
probability of successful decoding. Incremental redundancy, IR, is used as the basis for soft
combining in HSDPA that is the retransmissions may contain parity bits not included in the
original transmission. It is known that IR can provide significant gains when the code
Rate for the initial transmission attempts is high as the additional parity bits in the retransmission
results in a lower overall code rate. Thus, IR is mainly useful in bandwidth-limited situations, for
example, when the terminal is close to the base station and the amount of channelization codes,
and not the transmission power, limits the achievable data rate. The set of coded bits to use for
the retransmission is controlled by the NodeB, taking the available UE memory into account
4.1.5 Architecture
From the previous discussion it is clear that the basic HSDPA techniques rely on fast
adaptation to rapid variations in the radio conditions. Therefore, these techniques need to be
placed close to the radio interface on the network side at the same time, an important design
objective of HSDPA was to retain the Release 99 functional split between layers and nodes as far
as possible. Minimization of the architectural changes is desirable as it simplifies introduction of
HSDPA in already deployed networks and also secures operation in environments where not all
cells have been upgraded with HSDPA functionality. Therefore, HSDPA introduces a new MAC
sub-layer in the NodeB, the MAC-hs, responsible for scheduling, rate control and hybrid-ARQ
protocol operation. Hence, apart from the necessary enhancements to the RNC such as admission
control of HSDPA users, the introduction of HSDPA mainly affects the NodeB Each UE using
HSDPA will receive HS-DSCH transmission from one cell, the serving cell. The serving cell is
responsible for scheduling, rate control, hybrid ARQ, and all other MAC-hs functions used by
HSDPA. Uplink soft handover is supported, in which case the uplink data transmission will be
received in multiple cells. Mobility from a cell supporting HSDPA to a cell that is not supporting
HSDPA is easily handled. Uninterrupted service to the user can be provided, albeit at a lower
data rate, by using channel switching in the RNC and switch the user to a dedicated channel in
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the non-HSDPA cell. Similarly, a user equipped with an HSDPA-capable terminal may be
switched from a dedicated channel to HSDPA when the user enters a cell with HSDPA support.
The basic requirements for HSDPA are to carry high data rate in the downlink. The HSDPA
technology will:
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In order to achieve this few architectural changes have been made in the R99 architecture. The
transport channel carrying the user data with HSDPA operation is denoted as the High-speed
Downlink-shared Channel (HS-DSCH) known as downlink "fat pipe".
As discussed above the primary motivation behind HSDPA was to achieve high data rates by not
disturbing to the current UMTS architecture too much. Thus it's clear that by implementing the
HSDPA the current UMTS architecture is maintained and some other features or functionalities
are added on top of the existing architecture. In HSDPA (Release 5) three new transport channels
are introduced. They are:
DL channel
UL Channel
With HSDPA two fundamental features of WCDMA are disabled which is:
Variable SF
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Scheduling Algorithm
4.2.1 HS-DSCH:
The High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH), is the transport channel
Used to support shared-channel transmission and the other basic technologies in HSDPA,
namely channel-dependent scheduling, rate control (including higher order modulation), and
hybrid ARQ with soft combining. As discussed in the introduction and illustrated in Figure 9.1,
the HS-DSCH corresponds to a set of channelization codes, each with spreading factor 16. Each
such channelization code is also known as an HS-PDSCH High-Speed Physical Downlink
Shared Channel. In addition to HS-DSCH, there is a need for other channels as well, for example
for circuit-switched services and for control signaling. To allow for a trade-off between the
amount of code resources set aside for HS-DSCH and the amount of code resource used for other
purposes, the number of channelization codes available for HS-DSCH can be configured,
ranging from 1 to 15 codes. Codes not reserved for HS-DSCH transmission are used for other
purposes, for example related control signaling and circuit-switched services. The first node in
the code tree can never be used for HS-DSCH transmission as this node includes mandatory
physical channels such as the common pilot. Sharing of the HS-DSCH code resource should
primarily take place in the time domain. The reason is to fully exploit the advantages of channeldependent scheduling and rate control, since the quality at the terminal varies in the time
Domain, but is (almost) independent of the set of codes (physical channels) used for
transmission. However, sharing of the HS-DSCH code resource in the code domain is also
supported as illustrated in. With code-domain sharing, two or more UEs are scheduled
simultaneously by using different parts of the common code resource (different sets of physical
channels).reasons, not able to dispread the full set of codes, and efficient support of small
payloads when the transmitted data does not require the full set of allocated HSDSCH codes. In
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either of these cases, it is obviously a waste of resources to assign the full code resource to a
single terminal.
In addition to being allocated a part of the overall code resource, a certain part of the total
available cell power should also be used for HS-DSCH transmission. To maximize the utilization
of the power resource in the base station, the remaining power after serving other, powercontrolled channels, should preferably be used for HS-DSCH transmission as illustrated in
Figure 9.4. In principle, this results in a (more or less) constant transmission power in a cell.
Since the HS-DSCH is rate controlled as discussed below, the HS-DSCH data rate can be
selected to match the radio conditions and the amount of power instantaneously available for HSDSCH transmission. To obtain rapid allocation of the shared resources, and to obtain a small
enduser delay, the TTI should be selected as small as possible. At the same time, a too small TTI
would result in excessive overhead as control signaling is required for each transmission. For
HSDPA, this trade-off resulted in the selection of a 2 ms TTI.
Downlink control signaling is necessary for the operation of HS-DSCH in each TTI.
Obviously, the identity of the UE(s) currently being scheduled must be signaled as well as the
physical resource (the channelization codes) used for transmission to this UE. The UE also needs
to be informed about the transport format used for the transmission as well as hybrid-ARQrelated information. The resource and transport-format information consists of the part of the
code tree used for data transmission, the modulation scheme used, and the transport-block size.
The downlink control signaling is carried on the High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HSSCCH), transmitted in parallel to the HS-DSCH using a separate channelization code. The HSSCCH is a shared channel, received by all UEs for which an HS-DSCH is configured to find out
whether the UE has been scheduled or not. Several HS-SCCHs can be configured in a cell, but as
the HS-DSCH is shared mainly in the time domain and only the currently scheduled terminal
needs to receive the HS-SCCH, there is typically only one or, if code-domain sharing is
supported in the cell, a few HS-SCCHs configured in each cell. However, each HS-DSCHcapable terminal is required to be able to monitor up to four HS-SCCHs. Four HS-SCCH has
been found to provide sufficient flexibility in the scheduling of multiple UEs; if the number was
significantly smaller the scheduler would have been restricted in which UEs to schedule
simultaneously in case of code-domain sharing.
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4.3 Scheduler
The scheduler for HSDPA is referred to as being fast due to the fact that, compared with
Release 99 specifications; the scheduler is moved from RNC to node Bs to reduce delays so
faster scheduling decisions can be made. In addition to other functionalities, such as the choice
of redundancy version and modulation and coding scheme, a fundamental task of the scheduler
for HSDPA is to schedule the transmission for users. The data to be transmitted to users are
placed in different queues in a buffer and the scheduler needs to determine the sequential order in
which the data streams are sent. The scheduling algorithms are:
Round-robin method: This algorithm selects the user packets in a round robin fashion.
In this method, the number of time slots allocated to each user can be chosen to be
inversely proportional to the users data rates, so the same number of bits is transmitted
for every user in a cycle. Obviously, this method is the fairest in the sense that the
average delay and throughput would be the same for all users. However, there are two
disadvantages associated with the round-robin method. The first is that it disregards the
conditions of the radio channel for each user, so users in poor radio conditions may
experience low data rates, whereas users in good channel conditions may not even
receive any data until the channel conditions turn poor again. This is obviously against
the spirit of the HSDPA and it would lead to the lowest system throughput. The second
disadvantage of the round-robin scheduler is that there is no differentiation in the quality
of services for different classes of users.
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Proportional fairness or R[n]/Rav Method: This method takes into account both the
short-term variation of the radio channel conditions and the long-term throughput of each
user. In this method, the user with the largest R[n]/Rav is served first, where R[n] is the
data rate in the current time slot n and Rav is the average data rate for the user in the past
average window. The size of the average window determines the maximum duration that
a user can be starved from data, and as such it reflects the compromise between the
maximum tolerable delay and the cell throughput. According to this scheduling scheme,
if a user is enjoying a very high average throughput, its R[n]/Rav will probably not be
the highest. Then it may give way to other users with poor average throughput and
therefore high R[n]/Rav in the next time slots, so the average throughput of the latter can
be improved. On the other hand, if the average throughput of a user is low, the R[n]/Rav
could be high and it might be granted the right of transmission even if its current channel
condition is not the best.
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Notwithstanding, the slow power control is still needed to adjust the power sharing among
terminals and between different channel types.
HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network and UE Architecture
All Release99 transport channels presented earlier in this document are terminated at the
RNC. Hence, the retransmission procedure for the packet data is located in the serving RNC,
which also handles the connection for the particular user to the core network. With the
introduction of HS-DSCH, additional intelligence in the form of an HSDPA Medium Access
Control (MAC) layer is installed in the Node B. This way, retransmissions can be controlled
directly by the Node B, leading to faster retransmission and thus shorter delay with packet data
operation when retransmissions are needed. With HSDPA, the Iub interface between Node B and
RNC requires a flow control mechanism to ensure that Node B buffers are used properly and that
there is no data loss due to Node B buffer overflow.
Although there is a new MAC functionality added in the Node B, the RNC still retains
the Release99/Release 4 functionalities of the Radio Link Control (RLC), such as taking care of
the retransmission in case the HS-DSCH transmission from the Node N would fail after, for
instance, exceeding the maximum number of physical layer retransmissions.
The key functionality of the new Node B MAC functionality (MAC-hs) is to handle the
Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) functionality and scheduling as well as priority handling.
Ciphering is done in any case in the RLC layer to ensure that the ciphering mask stays identical
for each retransmission to enable physical layer combining of retransmissions. Similar to Node B
a new MAC entity, MAC-hs is added in the UE architecture. The functionalityof the same as on
the Node B side.
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TTI = 2ms (3 time slots): This is to achieve short round trip delay for the operation
between the terminal and the Node B for retransmissions. TTI in R99 is 10ms
The maximum number of codes that can be allocated is 15, but depending on the terminal (UE)
capability, individual terminals may receive a maximum of 5, 10 or 15 codes.
4.4 MOBILITY PROCEDURES
Once a terminal is in the so-called CELL_DCH state when dedicated channels have been
set up, it can be allocated with one or more HS-PDSCH(s), thus allowing it to receive data on the
HS-DSCH. For dedicated channels, it is advantageous to employ the so-called soft handover
technique, which is to transmit the same data from a number of Node Bs simultaneously to the
terminal, as this provides diversity gain. Owing to the nature of packet transmission, however,
synchronized transmission of the same packets from different cells is very difficult to achieve, so
only hard handover is employed for HS-PDSCH.
This is referred to HS-DSCH cell change, and the terminal can have only one serving HSDSCH cell at a time. A serving HS-DSCH cell change message facilitates the transfer of the role
of serving HS-DSCH radio link from one belonging to the source HS-DSCH cell to another
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belonging to the target HS-DSCH cell. In theory, the serving HS-DSCH cell change can be
decided either by the mobile terminal or by the network. In UTRAN Release 5, however, only
network-controlled serving HS-DSCH cell changes are supported and the decision can be based
on UE measurement reports and other information available to the RNC. A network-controlled
HS-DSCH cell change is performed based on the existing handover procedures in CELL_DCH
state.
Since the HSDPA radio channel is associated with dedicated physical channels in both
the downlink and uplink, there are two possible scenarios in changing a serving HS-DSCH cell:
(1) only changing the serving HS-DSCH cell and keeping the dedicated physical channel
configuration and the active set for handover intact; or (2) changing the serving HS-DSCH cell
in connection with an establishment, release, and/or reconfiguration of dedicated physical
channels and the active set.
Although an unsynchronized serving HS-DSCH cell change is permissible, a
synchronized one is obviously preferable for ease of traffic management. In that case, the start
and stop of the HS-DSCH transmission and reception are performed at a given time. This is
convenient especially when an intranode B serving HS-DSCH cell change is performed, in which
case both the source and target HS-DSCH cells are controlled by the same node B and the
change happens between either frequencies or sectors.
If an internode B serving HS-DSCH cell change is needed, the serving HS-DSCH Node
B relocation procedure needs to be performed in the UTRAN. During the serving HS-DSCH
node B relocation process, the HARQ entities located in the source HS-DSCH node B belonging
to the specific mobile terminal are deleted and new HARQ entities in the target HS-DSCH node
B are established. In this scenario, different controlling RNCs may control the source and target
HS-DSCH node Bs, respectively.
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terminal has completed the serving HS-DSCH cell change, it transmits a physical channel
reconfiguration complete message to the network.
It should be pointed out that, in this particular case, it is assumed that HS-DSCH transport
channel and radio bearer parameters do not change. If transport channel or radio bearer
parameters are changed, the serving HS-DSCH cell change would need to be executed by a
transport channel reconfiguration procedure or a radio bearer reconfiguration procedure,
respectively.
Internode B Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change
For terminals on the move, what happens more often than the intra-node B serving HS-DSCH
cell change is the so-called internode B serving HS-DSCH cell change. For synchronized case,
the reconfiguration is performed in two steps within UTRAN.
To begin with, the terminal transmits a measurement report message containing measurement
triggered by the event change of best cell. The serving RNC determines the need for hard
handover based on received measurement report and/or load control algorithms. As the first step,
the serving RNC establishes a new radio link in the target node B. After this, the target Node B
starts transmission and reception on dedicated channels. In the second step, this newly created
radio link is prepared for a synchronized reconfiguration to be executed at a given activation
time indicated in the CPHY-RL-Commit-REQ primitive, at which the transmission of HS-DSCH
will be started in the target HSDSCH node B and stopped in the source HS-DSCH node B.
The serving RNC then sends a transport channel reconfiguration message on the old
configuration. This message indicates the configuration after handover, both for DCH and HSDSCH. The transport channel reconfiguration message includes a flag indicating that the MAChs entity in the terminal should be reset. The message also includes an update of transport
channel-related parameters for the HS-DSCH in the target HS-DSCH cell.
After physical synchronization is established, the terminal sends a transport channel
reconfiguration complete message. The serving RNC then terminates reception and transmission
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on the old radio link for dedicated channels and releases all resources allocated to the UE. The
process of internode B handover for HS-DSCH is shown in Figure below.
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RSCP Plot
It is a coverage plot indicating the received code power for pilot channel.
Ec/Io Plot
This plot indicates the Ec/Io achieved on pilot channel.
Handover status
The plot indicates handover status for different areas in a given network.
Throughput
The plot indicates probable throughput in the network on WCDMA PS bearers. It should
be noted that the throughput plot is based on the allotment of different PS bearers and does not
indicate continuous user data transfer rate.
Eb/No Plot
In a mixed traffic scenario the plot indicates the Eb/No targets achieved for downlink.
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6.2.3Drive Testing
Preparing Action Plan
Defining drive test routes
Collecting RSSI Log files
Scanning frequency spectrum for possible interference sources
Redriving questionable data
6.2.4Subjects to Investigate
Nonworking sites/sectors or TRXs
Inactive Radio network features like frequency hopping
Disabled GPRS
Overshooting sites coverage overlaps
Coverage holes
C/I, C/A analysis
High Interference Spots
Drop Calls
Capacity Problems
Other Interference Sources
Missing Neighbors
Oneway neighbors
Dept. of ECE (2013-2014)
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PingPong Handovers
Not happening handovers
Accessibility and Retain ability of the Network
Equipment Performance
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7. DRIVE TESTING
7.1 Introduction
The Indian telecommunication industry, with about 708.4 million mobile phone
connections as of Jan 2013, is the second largest telecommunication network in the world. The
Indian telecom industry is the fastest growing one in the world and it is projected that India will
have a 'billion plus' mobile users by 2014. The Indian telephone lines have increased from a
meagre 40 million (approx.) in the year 2000 to an astounding figure now. The main drivers for
this extraordinary growth are because of Governments Telecom reforms and the stupendous
success of GSM standard, which is the most popular standard for mobile telephony systems in
the world.
RF performance parameters such as the Received Signal Code Power, Ec/Io, Eb/No,
throughput etc., are defined for the efficient and effective functioning of the RF network. The
Drive Testing (DT) is performed in 3G UMTS network to ensure the availability, integrity, &
reliability of the network. How to optimize the BTS coverage area successfully is the real
challenge. As we move further ahead, the need for better technologies and reliability of services,
integration and cost effective solutions have become a necessity for service providers. If the
optimization is successfully performed, then the QOS, reliability and availability of RF Coverage
area will be highly improved resulting in more customers and more profits to the mobile telecom
service providers.
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Also there is a common use of adapters and / or hubs that allow the correct interconnection of all
equipment.
The following is a schematic of the standard connections.
The main goal is to collect test data, but they can be viewed / analyzed in real time (Live)
during the test, allowing a view of network performance on the field. Data from all units are
grouped by collection software and stored in one or more output files (1).
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GPS: collecting the data of latitude and longitude of each point / measurement
data, time, speed,
MS: mobile data collection, such as signal strength, best server, etc ...
SCANNER: collecting data throughout the network, since the mobile radio is a
limited and does not handle all the necessary data for a more complete analysis.
The minimum required to conduct a drive test, simplifying, is a mobile device with
software to collect data and a GPS. Currently, there are already cell phones that do everything.
They have a GPS, as well as a collection of specific software. They are very practical, but are
still quite expensive.
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Some software allows the image to be loaded as the software background (georeferenced). This makes it much easier to direct routes to be followed.
It is advisable to check traffic conditions by tracing out the exact pathways through which
the driver must pass. It is clear that the movement of vehicles is always subject to unforeseen
events, such as congestion, interdicted roads, etc. Therefore, one should always have on hand know - alternate routes to be taken on these occasions.
Avoid running the same roads multiple times during a Drive Test (use the Pause if
needed). A route with several passages in the same way is more difficult to interpret.
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The calls test (CALL) can be of two types: long or short duration.
Short calls should last the average of a user call - a good reference value is 180 seconds.
Serve to check whether the calls are being established and successfully completed (being
a good way to also check the network setup time).
Long calls serve to verify if the handovers (continuity between the cells) of the network
are working, i.e. calls must not drop.
Performance Analysis
Marketing
Benchmarking
Tests for Analysis Performance is the most common, and usually made into clusters
(grouping of cells), i.e., an area with some sites of interest. They can also be performed in
specific situations, as to answer a customer complaint.
In integration testing of new sites, it is recommended to perform two tests: one with the
site without handover permission - not being able to handover to another site thus obtaining a
total visualization of the coverage area. The other, later, with normal handover, which is the final
state of the site.
Depending on the type of alteration of the site (if any change in EIRP) both tests are also
recommended. Otherwise, just perform the normal test. Marketing tests are usually requested by
the marketing area of the company, for example showing the coverage along a highway, or at a
specific region/location.
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Benchmarking tests aims to compare the competing networks. If the result is better, can
be used as an argument for new sales. If worse, it shows the points where the network should be
improved.
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Automatic correlation of data collected from both the radio and network interfaces to find
end-to-end performance issues more easily.
Mobile device and network combined protocol decoding as well as call trace groupings to
enable a complete understanding of mobile access network behaviors.
Height of Antenna
Dept. of ECE (2013-2014)
Antenna tilt
Checking of RF Sectorization
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Tool may be setup for two mobiles One for Long call and another for short calls (2
minutes).
Rx Level
RX Quality
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Conduct the Drive Test covering all sectors by observing the following Parameters:
Ec/Io
Eb/No
Throughput
The data, as per the requirements are observed and recorded. The data is analyzed for
performance.
GPS
File
Project Manager
New Project
Name
View System panels Hard ware window (right click) Add Device Phone (short call)
View System panels Hard ware window (right click) Add Device Phone (Long call)
View System panels Hard ware window (right click) Add Devices
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Continuous Call: No
-Since the Short Call would be terminated and re-initiated throughout the Drive Test, it is
configured as No
Auto Answer: No
-If it is Yes, then the mobile would be only in incoming mode (doesnt suit for Drive
Test)
-It is the Voice Mean Opinion score Test, not required for the Drive Test because person
doing the Drive Test dont speak throughout the Test.
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-Since the Long Call would be operated throughout the Drive Test, it is configured as Yes
Auto Answer: No
-If it is Yes, then the mobile would be only in incoming mode (doesnt suit for Drive
Test)
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-Rx Level
-Rx Quality
-Ec/Io
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GPS location or Vehicle position on the map is indicated with red pointer as shown
below. Parameters like RSCP, Throughput and Ec/Io ratio of a call shown are below on
the map.
Dept. of ECE (2013-2014)
BSNL user events like blocked call, good call etc. are shown below.
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RSCP
Ec/Io
-3 to -8 dBm
> 98%
> 98%
< 3%
* 100
* 100
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(a)
S.no
Parameter
BSNL
No of Call attempts
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Successfully Established
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BSNL:
(i)
CSSR
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* 100
95.65%
* 100
4.35%
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(iii)
DCR
1
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S. No Details of parameter
RSCP
Total
No.
of
samples 8804
collected
Ec/Io
>65dBm
5541(62.93%)
>75dBm
1366(15.51%)
Total
No.
of
samples 8804
-8dBm to -3 dBm
7721
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97.43
23
Successfully Established
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Success rate
96%
0%
collected
Handovers
Call analysis
Throughput(Kbits/sec)
1402
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ADVANTAGES
In competitive benchmarking, handover success rate, coverage and quality comparison like
KPI of network is performed with competitors. Handover success rate, coverage and quality
comparison for two operators for a city, results are taken using driving test tool, JDSU. It is also
useful to network operators to know the problem in the network and the helps them to rectify
them. In customers point of view, users get to know the best network operators.
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Feature testing
Service validation
Network Benchmarking
A post-processing tool for GSM, GPRS, UMTS, CDMA-one, CDMA2000 andIS-95. Actix
provides users the ability to manage, visualize, replay, analyze and optimize networks based on
collected data.
A-RVS (Rollout Verification Solution)
Module will be used to troubleshoot and optimize UMTS networks.
ACTIX, as a network optimization platform, is a powerful tool that will allow you to discover,
locate, manage, troubleshoot and find solutions to network problem.
SIGNAL LEVEL
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