10 Linear Spaces(1)

P. 10.1. Consider the vectors v1 = (4, 1, 3, −2), v2 = (1, 2, −3, 2), v3 = (16, 9, 1, −3) ∈ R4 . Compute the linear
combination v = 3v1 + 5v2 − v3 .
P. 10.2. Determine the vector x ∈ R4 which satisfies the equation
a) v1 + 2v2 + 3v3 + 4x = 0, where v1 = (5, −8, −1, 2), v2 = (2, −1, 4, −3), v3 = (−3, 2, −5, 4).
b) 3(v1 − x) + 2(v2 + x) = 5(v3 + x), where v1 = (2, 5, 1, 3), v2 = (10, 1, 5, 10), v3 = (4, 1, −1, 1).
P. 10.3. Let V be a linear space over a field K, and S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vk } ⊆ V a vector system in S. Show that
the system S is linear dependent if and only if one of the following equivalent conditions is satisfied:
a) the system S 0 = {v1 , . . . , vi , . . . , vj + α · vi , . . . , vk } is linear dependent(with arbitrary fixed i, j ∈ {1, . . . , k}
and α ∈ K).
b) the system S 00 = {v1 , . . . , vi−1 , vj , vi+1 , . . . , vj−1 , vi , vj+1 , . . . , vk } is linear dependent(with arbitrary fixed
i, j ∈ {1, . . . , k}).
c) the system S 000 = {v1 , . . . , vi−1 , α · vi , vi+1 , . . . , vk } is linear dependent(with arbitrary fixed i ∈ {1, . . . , k} and
α ∈ K).
P. 10.4. Show that the vector systems S, S 0 , S 00 and S 000 from the previous problem have the same rank.
P. 10.5. Study the linear dependence of the following vector systems:
a) S = {v1 = (1, 2, 3), v2 = (3, 6, 7)} ⊆ R3 .
b) S = {v1 = (4, −2, 6), v2 = (6, −3, 9)} ⊆ R3 .
c) S = {v1 = (2, −3, 1), v2 = (3, −1, 5), v3 = (1, −4, 3)} ⊆ R3 .
d) S = {v1 = (5, 4, 3), v2 = (3, 3, 2), v3 = (8, 1, 3)} ⊆ R3 .
e) S = {v1 = (4, −5, 2, 6), v2 = (2, −2, 1, 3), v3 = (6, −3, 3, 9), v4 = (4, −1, 5, 6)} ⊆ R4 .
f) S = {v1 = (1, 0, 0, 2, 5), v2 = (0, 1, 0, 3, 4), v3 = (0, 0, 1, 4, 7), v4 = (2, −3, 4, 11, 12)} ⊆ R5 .
P. 10.6. Let V be a K−linear space and S, S 0 ⊆ V two vector systems such that S ⊆ S 0 . Show that
a) depK (S) =⇒ depK (S 0 ).
b) indK (S 0 ) =⇒ indK (S).
c) rank(S) ≤ rank(S 0 ).
P. 10.7. Determine the values of the real parameter λ for which the vector w ∈ R3 is a linear combination of
the vectors v1 , v2 , . . .:
a) v1 = (2, 3, 5), v2 = (3, 7, 8), v3 = (1, −6, 1), w = (7, −2, λ).
b) v1 = (4, 4, 3), v2 = (7, 2, 1), v3 = (4, 1, 6), w = (5, 9, λ).
c) v1 = (3, 4, 2), v2 = (6, 8, 7), w = (9, 12, λ).
d) v1 = (3, 2, 5), v2 = (2, 4, 7), v3 = (5, 6, λ), w = (1, 3, 5).
e) v1 = (3, 2, 6), v2 = (7, 3, 9), v3 = (5, 1, 3), w = (λ, 2, 5).
P. 10.8. Verify that the vector system B is a basis in the corresponding linear space and determine the
coordinates of the vector v with respect to the basis B:
a) B = (v1 = (1, 1, 1, 1), v2 = (1, 1, −1, −1), v3 = (1, −1, 1, −1), v4 = (1, −1, −1, 1)) ⊆ R4 , v = (1, 2, 1, 1).
b) B = (v1 = (1, 1, 0, 1), v2 = (2, 1, 3, 1), v3 = (1, 1, 0, 0), v4 = (0, 1, −1, −1)) ⊆ R4 , v = (0, 0, 0, 1).
c) B = (v1 = (1, 2, −1, −2), v2 = (2, 3, 0, −1), v3 = (1, 2, 1, 4), v4 = (1, 3, −1, 0)) ⊆ R4 , v = (7, 14, −1, 2).
d) B = (v1 = (1, 1, 1), v2 = (1, 1, 2), v3 = (1, 2, 3)) ⊆ R3 , v = (6, 2, −7).
e) B = (v1 = (2, 1, −3), v2 = (3, 2, 5), v3 = (1, −1, 1)) ⊆ R3 , v = (6, 9, 14).
P. 10.9. Determine a basis B for the real linear subspace generated by the vector system S and compute the
coordinates of the vectors in S with respect to the basis B:
a) S = {v1 = (2, 1, 3, 1), v2 = (1, 2, 0, 1), v3 = (−1, 1, −3, 0)} ⊆ R4 .
b) S = {v1 = (2, 0, 1, 3, −1), v2 = (1, 1, 0, −1, 1), v3 = (0, −2, 1, 5, −3), v4 = (1, −3, 2, 9, −5)} ⊆ R5 .
c) S = {v1 = (2, 1, 3, −1), v2 = (−1, 1, −3, 1), v3 = (4, 5, 3, −1), v4 = (1, 5, −3, 1)} ⊆ R4 .
d) S = {v1 = (4, −1, 3, −2), v2 = (8, −2, 6, −4), v3 = (3, −1, 4, −2), v4 = (6, −2, 8, −4)} ⊆ R4 .
e) S = {v1 = (1, 2, 0, 0), v2 = (1, 2, 3, 4), v3 = (3, 6, 0, 0)} ⊆ R4 .
f) S = {v1 = (1, 2, 3, 4), v2 = (2, 3, 4, 5), v3 = (3, 4, 5, 6), v4 = (4, 5, 6, 7)} ⊆ R4 .
g) S = {v1 = (2, 1, −3, 1), v2 = (4, 2, −6, 2), v3 = (6, 3, −9, 3), v4 = (1, 1, 1, 1)} ⊆ R4 .

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h) S = {v1 = (1, 2, 3), v2 = (2, 3, 4), v3 = (3, 2, 3), v4 = (4, 3, 4), v5 = (1, 1, 1)} ⊆ R3 .
i) S = {v1 = (5, 2, −3, 1), v2 = (4, 1, −2, 3), v3 = (1, 1, −1, −2), v4 = (3, 4, −1, 2)} ⊆ R4 .
j) S = {v1 = (2, −1, 3, 5), v2 = (4, −3, 1, 3), v3 = (3, −2, 3, 4), v4 = (4, −1, 15, 17), v5 = (7, −6, −7, 0)} ⊆ R4 .
k) S = {v1 = (1, 2, 3, −4), v2 = (2, 3, −4, 1), v3 = (2, −5, 8, −3), v4 = (5, 26, −9, −12), v5 = (3, −4, 1, 2)} ⊆ R4 .
P. 10.10. Establish the formulas of coordinates transformation for the change of bases from the basis B1 to
the basis B2 :
a) B1 = (v1 = (1, 0, 0, 0), v2 = (0, 1, 0, 0), v3 = (0, 0, 1, 0), v4 = (0, 0, 0, 1)), B2 = (w1 = (1, 1, 0, 0), w2 =
(1, 0, 1, 0), w3 = (1, 0, 0, 1), w4 = (1, 1, 1, 1)), B1 , B2 ⊆ R4 .
b) B1 = (v1 = (1, 2, −1, 0), v2 = (1, −1, 1, 1), v3 = (−1, 2, 1, 1), v4 = (−1, −1, 0, 1)), B2 = (w1 = (2, 1, 0, 1), w2 =
(0, 1, 2, 2), w3 = (−2, 1, 1, 2), w4 = (1, 3, 1, 2)), B1 , B2 ⊆ R4 .
c) B1 = (1, X, X 2 , . . . , X n ), B2 = (1, 1 + X, (1 + X)2 , . . . , (1 + X)n ), B1 , B2 ⊆ Rn [X](Rn [X] = {f ∈
R[X]|grad(f ) ≤ n}).

P. 10.11. Determine bases for the sum and intersection of the subspaces V = hv1 , . . . , vk i and W = hw1 , . . . , wl i:
a) v1 = (1, 2, 1, 0), v2 = (−1, 1, 1, 1); w1 = (2, −1, 0, 1), w2 = (1, −1, 3, 7).
b) v1 = (1, 2, −1, 2), v2 = (3, 1, 1, 1), v3 = (−1, 0, 1, −1); w1 = (2, 5, −6, −5), w2 = (−1, 2, −7, −3).
c) v1 = (1, 1, 0, 0), v2 = (1, 0, 1, 1); w1 = (0, 0, 1, 1), w2 = (0, 1, 1, 0).

P. 10.12. Determine the matrix with respect to the canonical basis of the linear application f : R4 −→ R4
such that f (vi ) = wi , (∀)i = 1, 4:
a) v1 = (1, 0, 0, 0), v2 = (0, 1, 0, 0), v3 = (0, 0, 1, 0), v4 = (0, 0, 0, 1), w1 = (1, 1, 0, 0), w2 = (1, 0, 1, 0), w3 =
(1, 0, 0, 1), w4 = (1, 1, 1, 1).
b) v1 = (1, 2, −1, 0), v2 = (1, −1, 1, 1), v3 = (−1, 2, 1, 1), v4 = (−1, −1, 0, 1), w1 = (2, 1, 0, 1), w2 = (0, 1, 2, 2), w3 =
(−2, 1, 1, 2), w4 = (1, 3, 1, 2).
P. 10.13. Let V be a finite-dimensional K−linear space. Show that if the eigenvalues of a linear operator
u : V −→ V are λ1 , . . . , λn , and P ∈ K[X] is an arbitrary polynomial, then the eigenvalues of the operator P (u)
are P (λ1 ), . . . , P (λn ).
P. 10.14. Determine the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors
 of the matrices: 
1 1 1 1  
      5 6 −3
2 1 3 4 0 a  1 1 −1 −1  
 −1 0 1 ;
a) ; b) ; c) ; d)   1 −1 1 −1 ; e)
1 2 5 2 −a 0
1 2 −1
     1 −1 −1 1 
2 −1 2 0 0 1 0 2 1 3 1 0
f)  5 −3 3 ; g)  0 1 0 ; h)  −2 0 3 ; i)  −4 −1 0 .
−1 0 −2 1 0 0 −1 −3 0 4 −8 −2

P. 10.15. For an arbitrary quadratic matrix A ∈ Mn (K) we define the matrices A1 , A2 , . . . , Ak , . . . , An ∈

Mn (K) and the elements α1 , . . . αn ∈ K by the equalities
1
A1 := A ; αk = · T r(Ak ), (∀)k = 1, n; Ak+1 := (Ak − αk In )A, (∀)k = 1, n − 1 .
k
(The trace T r(M ) of a quadratic matrix M is the sum of its main diagonal entries). Show that
a) The characteristic polynomial of the matrix A is given by

P (t) = tn − α1 tn−1 − α2 tn−2 − . . . − αn−1 t − αn ;

b) An = αn In ;
c) the matrix A is invertible if and only if αn 6= 0, in which case A−1 = 1
αn (An−1 − αn−1 In ).
P. 10.16. Let A, B ∈ Mn (K) be two quadratic matrices. Show that T r(AB) = T r(BA). Deduce that
AB − BA 6= In and that pAB = pBA .