EARLY CITIES

Neolithic Cities (9000 7000 BC)

Jericho (Israel) @ 9000 BC 3 hectares, radiocentric
Catalhoyuk (Turkey/Asia Minor) @ 7000 BC streetless and trade
reliant
Khirokitia (Cyprus) @ 5500 BC first city with streets
Fertile Crescent Cities (4000 2000 BC)
Tigris and Euphrates = cradle of civilization
Eridu oldest city
Damascus oldest continually inhabited city
Babylon largest city
Thebes and Memphis, Egypt (3000 BC) monumental architecture
Mohenjo Daro and Harappa, Indus Valley (2000 BC) sanitary and sewage
system
Anyang, China (1900 BC) largest city
Beijing, China (800 BC) radiocentric city
Mesoamerican Cities
Tiotijuacan and Dzibilchatun largest cities
Greek Classical Cities
polis: city-state
o Neopolis (new city) and Paleopolis (old city)

Athens compact urban form

Sparta
Roman Classical Cities
Adopted Greek with different scale; with social hierarchy
Created paved roads, drainage systems, and large open interiors
for public gatherings
Housing variations:
o Basilica: covered market
o Curia: meeting hall
o Domus: house with central atrium
o Insulae: 3 to 6-storey apartment with storefront
o Villa: housing for the rich

CITIES AND PROPONENTS

Hippodamus, 400BC
Savannah
Philadelphia
Ideal City
New Harmony, IN
Une Cite Industrielle
Garden City
Letchworth
Welwyn
City Beautiful Movement
Champs dElysee
Brasilia
New Delhi, India
The City of Towers;
Radiant City
Broadacres
Linear Cities
Arcology

First noted urban planner

James Oglethorpe
William Penn
Robert Owens
Robert Owens, Jr.
Tony Garnier
Ebenezer Howard
Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker, 1902
Louis de Soisson, 1920
Daniel Burnham (designed for Chicago, 1891)
reconstruction by Baron Hausmann
Lucio Costa
commissioned architect: Oscar Niemeyer
Sir Edward Lutyens
Le Corbusier
Frank Lloyd Wright
Soria y Mata
Paolo Soleri

Science Cities
Stalingrad
Motopia
Floating City
Neighborhood Unit
Megalopolis
Ideal and Workers Town

Metabolism Group
N. A. Milyutin, 1930
Edgar Chambless
Kiyonori Kikutake
Clarence Perry and Clarence Stein
concept by Jean Gottman
Claude Nicolas Ledoux

CONCEPTS AND AUTHORS

Image of the City
Manuals of Research for
Responsive Environments
Concentric Zone Theory
Sector Model Theory
Multiple Nuclei Model
Urban Realm

Kevin Lynch
Ian Bentley
E. W. Burgess
Homer Hoyt
Chauncy Harris and Edward Pullman
James Vance

3 INFLUENCES OF THE MEDIEVAL / DARK AGE CITIES

1. The Church
2. Feudalism social status
3. Commerce
ELEMENTS OF A LAWS OF INDIES TOWN
1. Pueblo (civil elements)
2. Presidio (military elements)
3. Mission (religious elements)
2 SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1. Reform Movement / Reformists diversified general solution to one problem
2. Specialists individual solution to one problem
ENGLISH RENAISSANCE CITIES
Savannah: European planned city
Annapolis: government center centric
Williamsburg: governors palace centric
IDEAL CITY: self-sufficient city in New Lanark Mills, Manchester, England

UNE CITE INDUSTRIELLE: zoned and precursor to modern zoning

GARDEN CITY: 3-magnet paradigm; combination of town (urban) and country (rural)
Letchworth: 1st Garden City
Welwyn, 1920
Hampstead Garden Suburbs
CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT: design to impress; emphasis on wide treelined villas
terminating in breathtaking vistas
designed for Chicago, influenced by the 1891 Columbian
Exposition
NEW DELHI, INDIA: based on great east-west axis of Kingsway
MOTOPIA: city where vehicular traffic flows on the rooftop
HIERARCHY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT
1. Hamlet, neighborhood, small village
2. Community or town
3. City or urban area
4. Metropolis

5.
6.

Conurbation city + metropolis + urban

Megalopolis 2 metropolises combined with a population of around 10M
PHILIPPINE CITY PLANNING

SPANISH COLONIAL TIMES: Laws of the Indies, 1573

Plaza Complex: plaza centric
Intramuros: housed the principalia
ARRABALES
Quiapo: Ilustrado territory
Binondo: trading port
Sta. Cruz: main commercial district
San Nicolas: streets with specialized mercantile categories
Sampaloc: university town
LATER SUBURBS
San Miguel (Malacanang): resthouses
Malate: summer resort, fishing and salt-making town
Ermita: tourist spot, red light district
Paco: first town built around a train station
Pandacan: town built as oil depot

IMAGE OF THE CITY

Recognizable City Elements
Path: where observer moves, penetrable; most important element
Edge: lateral reference or barrier, impenetrable
District: mental border, penetrable
Node: points and strategic spots, penetrable
Landmark: point of reference
LEVELS OF A RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENT
Permeability: accessibility
Variety: experience diversity
Legibility: identification
Robustness: multi-purpose
Visual Appropriateness: character
Richness: sensory
Personalization: identity
KINDS OF SPACES
Hard Space: fixed use
Soft Space: convertible use
Active Space: display depicting the actual use
Passive Space: no defined use

URBAN FORM SHAPES

HIERARCHY OF ROADS
1. Arterial (25m. to 40m. wide)
Major arterial: divides urban areas
Minor arterial: divides the urban area
Principal arterial: connects cities
2. Collector (21m. to 25m. wide)
collects vehicles and pedestrians from smaller streets
3. Minor (16m. to 20m. wide)
4. Marginal (12m. to 15m. wide)
5. Local (less than 10m. wide)
any street adjacent to a property
AVENUE: used to designate streets of a certain direction
BOULEVARD: major broad street; usually treelined
EXPRESSWAY: divided arterial highway
FREEWAY: expressway with full control access
LIMITED ACCESS HIGHWAY: access determined by public authorities

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF CITIES

Production Center / Industrial City
Centers of Trade and Commerce
Educational Cities
Shrine Cities religious cities
Retirement Communities
Health or Recreational Centers
Cultural Centers
Political Cities / Government Centers
Orthogenetic Cities local, moral, religious
Diversified Cities varying activities
Heterogenetic Cities cultural form for economic and political purposes
Combination / Regional Cities
Parasitic Cities
Generative Cities vital to economic development and growth of region or
country

URBAN MODEL THEORIES

Concentric Zone Theory
Zone 1: CBD
Zone 2: Transition
Zone 3: Low Income Housing
Zone 4: Middle Income Housing
Zone 5: Commuting
transition zone for expansion
Sector Model Theory
1. CBD
2. Wholesale, light manufacturing
3. Low class residential
4. Middle class residential
5. High class residential

Multiple Nuclei Model

1. CBD
2. Wholesale, light manufacturing
3. Low class residential
4. Middle class residential
5. High class residential
6. Heavy manufacturing
7. Outlying business district
8. Residential suburb
9. Industrial suburb
10. Commuter zone
several nodes and function points
recognizes varying accessibility requirements
Urban Realm Theory
emergence of self-sufficient factors
impact of the automobile

URBAN DESIGN CONTROLS

Land Use Planning and Zoning
Legal regulation of land use based on growth patterns
Incentive Zoning
Allowing more space in lieu of open space allotment
Cluster Zoning
Special zoning for medium to large developments
LAND USE COLOR CODING
Yellow built-up areas
Light Green agriculture
Light Violet agro-industrial
Dark Green forest
Brown mining and quarrying
Olive Green grassland and pastures
Aqua swampland and marshes

URBAN ECOLOGICAL PROCESS

Invasion: entrance of a new population in an occupied area
Block-boosting: forcing old population out due to social/racial differences
Centralization: increase in population at a certain geographic center
Gentrification: improving physical set-up and consequently affecting the
market
EMERGING THEORIES
Planned Unit Development (PUD): cluster zoning, suspending ordinary zoning
regulations for a particular property
features local and collector roads
planned walkability
Transit Oriented Development (TOD): transport-accessible development
urban TOD: transport-centric, high density
neighborhood TOD: transport-lined, medium density (walkable, nearer)
Traditional Neighborhoods (TND): all functions are in the neighborhood
SPRAWL: from automobile, petroleum interests, developer voracity, civic officials
shortsightedness, leap-frogging of development

SITE PLANNING
the art of arranging structures in the land and shaping the spaces in between
(Kevin Lynch)
environment planning is macro-level, site planning is micro-level
SITE PLANNING PROCESS
1. Problem Definition
2. Research and Development: data-gathering
3. Analysis of the Site: considering all the features
4. Synthesis: formulation of a program, product schematics
5. Implementation: presentation of a master SDP
6. Monitoring
TYPES OF SITE SURVEY
On-Foot Survey or Reconaissance Survey: on-foot survey
Windshield Survey: in-car survey
Aerial Survey: in-helicopter or in-plane survey

SITE ANALYSIS FACTORS

1. Natural Factors: God-given factors
a. Geology
b. Geomorphology (origin and nature of landforms)
c. Hydrology
d. Climate
e. Vegetation
f.
Wildlife
g. Physiology (description of landforms)
h. Wetlands
i.
Soil Classification
2. Cultural Factors: via agencies
a. Existing Land-use
b. Traffic and Transit Systems
c. Density and Zoning
d. Socioeconomic Factors
e. Utilities and Services
f.
Historic Factors
3. Aesthetic Factors: via survey
a. Natural Features
b. Spatial Pattern
c. Visual Resources

SLOPES
0% 5%
6% - 10%
11% - 15%
16% - 20%
21% up

Generally Flat
Gently Rolling
Gentle to Mild Slopes
Mild to Steep Slopes
Harsh, Steep Slopes

VIEW: scene observed from a vantage point

VISTA: confined view directed to a dominant feature
composed of a viewing station, a view, and a foreground
IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES FOR LAND USE
Land Use: implemented by the government through a City or Municipal Planner
Zoning: implemented by the City Council