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C B log 2 1 SNR
C
B
SNR
Information capacity
Channel bandwidth
Received SNR
Amplitude modulation
Carrier wave
Baseband signal
Modulated wave
ct Ac cos2f c t
Ka
mt
Amplitude sensitivity
Fourier transform
S f
1
1
Ac f f c f f c K a Ac M f f c M f f c
2
2
st s I t cos2f c t sQ t sin 2f c t
in phasecomponent
Modulation Scheme
DSB-SC
SSB (upper)
SSB (lower)
VSB of lower
VSB of upper
st Ac 1 K a mt cos2f c t
quadraturecomponent
sI(t)
m(t)
sQ(t)
0
1
mt
2
1
mt
2
1
mt
2
1
mt
2
1
m t - Hilbert transform
2
1
m t
2
1
mt - Output of HQ(f)
2
1
mt
2
DSB-SC
Modulated wave
st AC mt cos2f c t
Fourier transform
S f
1
Ac M f f c M f f c
2
Page 1 of 10
ELEC3505 - Communication
vo t
After filtering
1
Ac Ac mt cos
2
Conditions:
Must have constant phase error
Maximum amplitude when = 0;
Quadrature carrier multiplexing:
SSB
st
1
1
Ac mt cos2f c t Ac m t sin 2f c t
2
2
o
o
o
VSB
o
o
Modulated wave
i(t)
Ac
st Ac cos i t
Instantaneous freq
f i t lim f t t
t 0
Phase modulation
o
i t 2f c t k p mt
1 d i t
2 dt
st Ac cos 2f c t k p mt
ELEC3505 - Communication
Frequency modulation
o
f i t f c k f mt
fc
kf
t
st Ac cos 2f c t 2k f m d
f i t f c k f mt f c k f Am cos2f mt f c f cos2f mt
f = kfAm
Instantaneous phase
i t 2 f i t d 2f c t
t
FM signal
Carsons Rule
o
<< 1 radian
narrowband FM
1
BT 2f 2 f m 2f 1
Narrowband noise
N0
2
N0
nt nI t cos2f c t nQ t sin2f c t
N 0 BT
SNR
st Ac cos2f c t sin2f mt
f
sin 2f m t 2f c t sin 2f m t
fm
SNR I
Coherent detection
o Amplitude modulation with suppressed carrier
P S M f df
W
1 2 2
C Ac P
2
Page 3 of 10
ELEC3505 - Communication
2
c
C A P
2WN 0
1 2 2
C Ac P
4
Envelope detection
o
SNRC for AM
Ac2 1 k a2 P
2WN 0
1 2
Ac
2
1 2 2
Ac k a P
2
Noise in FM
o
3 Ac2 k 2f P
SNRO for FM
SNRC for FM
FOM for FM
2 N 0W 3
Ac2
2WN 0
3k 2f P
W2
Pulse Modulation
Definitions
o g(t)
an analog signal with finite energy
o Ts
sampling period (s)
o fs
sampling rate
o g(nTs)
instantaneous sample of g(t)
o g(t)
ideal sampled signal
Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
o
st
mnT ht nT
Quantisation noise
o Q = M V
Q
M
V
0t T
1
1
ht
t 0, t T , m t mnTs t nTs
2
n
0 otherwise
quantisation noise
continuous sample
quantised value
2mmax
L
1
f Q q
Page 4 of 10
q
2
2
otherwise
ELEC3505 - Communication
Q2 eQ 2 2 q 2 f Q q dq
o
o
Variance of Q
SNRO of quantising
2
Q
2R
2
R = log2L
3P
2
mmax
P
PCM
o
1 2 2
q dq
2
12
Eb
N0
Eb
N0
DM
en mn mq n 1
Error signal
Quantised e[n]
Output of DM
eq n sgn en
mq n mq n 1 eq n
dmt
max
Ts
dt
DPCM
n
en mn m
Prediction error
Quantiser output
q[n]
eq n en qn
quantisation error
Quantised samples
n eq n m
n en qn
mq n m
M2 M2
Q2 E2
M 2
Q 2
E2
GP
E2
2 GP SNR Q
Matched filter
H opt f kG f e j 2fT
Page 5 of 10
ELEC3505 - Communication
|go(T)|2
E[n2(t)]
g o t H f G f e
Noise psd
g o T
df
H f G f e
j 2ft
df
N0
2
H f
2
N
2
E n 2 t S N f df 0 H f df
then
E n 2 t
SN f
1 x dx and
2
j 2ft
g o T
2 x dx
2
1 x 2 x 1 x dx 2 x dx
2
Fourier transform
Inverse fourier
g o t Go t e j 2fT df k G f df
g o t kE
E n 2 t
max
kN0
2
kE
G f df
k N0 E
2
2
E g 2 t dt G f df
2
kN0 E
2
E
N0
Polar NRZ
erfcu
A
2
1
e z dz erfc
N 0 Tb
N T
2
0
b
e z dz
2
P10
P01
Optimum threshold
A
2
1
e z dz erfc
N 0 Tb
N T
2
0
b
opt
P
N0
log 0
4 ATb
P1
Page 6 of 10
A
P0
erfc
N T
2
0
b
P1
erfc A
2
N T
0
b
ELEC3505 - Communication
Eb = A2Tb
Inter-symbol interference
o
Pe
A
1
erfc
N T
2
0
b
erfc Eb
2
N0
st ak g t kTb
k
yt ak pt kTb nt
k
n(t)
P f nR T
b
P f 2W
0
1
P f
4W
Roll-off factor
Transmission bandwidth
W f W 1
f
rect
2
W
2
W
f W
1
2W
f W
1 sin
2W 2 f1
0
0 f f1
f1 f 2W f1
f 2W f1
f1
W
BT 2W f1 W 1
si t sij j t
0t T
generated by synthesizer
i 1,2,..., M
sij si t j t dt
i 1,2,..., M
calculated by analyser
j 1,2,..., N
Set of signals
j 1
Coefficients of expansion
Real-valued basis functions are orthonormal (Product of any 2 bases = Kronecker delta ij)
Inner product of si
si
siT si sij2
j 1
T
T N
N
j 1
k 1
s t s t dt s
Schwarz inequality
s t 2 dt s t 2 dt
s
t
s
t
dt
1
2
1
2
Page 7 of 10
T
i k
ELEC3505 - Communication
Likelihood functions
Lmi f x x | mi
Characterise AWGN
Log-likelihood function
l mi log Lmi
l mi
i 1,2,..., M
1 N
2
xi sij
N 0 j 1
Likelihood function
i 1,2,..., M
Probability of error
o
Pe pi Pe mi
i 1
Pe mi
Pe
pi
dik
P A
ik
k 1i
d
1 M M
pi erfc ik
2 N
2 i 1 k 1i
0
i 1,2,..., M
d
1 M
erfc ik
2 N
2 k 1i
0
for circular symmetric signal constellation since all Pe(m) is the same
Passband modulation
o
SB f
1
S B f f c S B f f c Power spectral density of s(t) frequency shifted SB(f)
4
R
B bits/s/Hz
o Bandwidth efficiency
B
o
SS f
Coherent BPSK
Representation of symbol 1
s1 t
2 Eb
cos2f c t
Tb
Representation of symbol 0
s2 t
2 Eb
2 Eb
cos2f c t
cos2f c t
Tb
Tb
Eb
fc
nc
Tb
nc
1 t
2
cos2f c t 0 t Tb
Tb
Page 8 of 10
ELEC3505 - Communication
Probability of error
Eb
1
2
N
0
2 Eb sin 2 Tb f
SB f
2 Eb sinc 2 Tb f
2
Tb f
QPSK
cos 2f c 2i 1 0 t T
si t T
4
0
otherwise
si t
E
Pc 1 erfc
2N0
erfc 2 E
4
2N
0
E
Pe erfc
2N0
i 1,2,3,4
2E
2E
cos 2i 1 cos2f c t
sin 2i 1 sin 2f c t
T
4
T
4
Probability of correct
for large
g t T
0
E
1
N0
0t T
otherwise
Offset QPSK
1 t
o
2
cos 2f c t 0 t T
T
2
T
3T
2 t
sin 2f c t
t
T
2
2
/4 shifted QPSK
M-ary PSK
2E
2
i 1
cos 2f c t
T
M
si t
Probability of error
Pe erfc
sin
M
N0
Page 9 of 10
-- considers only deviation onto neighbours
ELEC3505 - Communication
Power spectra
Bandwidth
2 Rb
2
T log 2 M
Bandwidth efficiency
Rb 1
log 2 M
B 2
M-ary QAM
1 t
o
2
cos 2f c t
T
2
2 t
sin 2f c t
T
Square constellation
0t T
= 2D M-ary PAM
2 E0
2 E0
ak cos2f c t
bk sin 2f c t
T
T
0t T
E0
1
Pe 21
erfc
N
M
Coherent FSK
o
2 Eb
cos 2f i t 0 t Tb
si t Tb
0
otherwise
E
s1 b
0
Probability of error
Eb
1
2
N
0
Baseband psd
sB f
i 1,2
Eb
2Tb
0
s2
Eb
1
1 8Eb cos 2 Tb f
2Tb
2Tb 2 4Tb2 f 2 1 2
2 Eb
cos2f1t 0 For symbol1
Tb
st
2 Eb cos2f t 0 For symbol 0
2
Tb
ht
Tb
t 0
st
(0) = phase at t = 0
2 Eb
cos2f c t t
Tb
+ for sending 1
0 t Tb
- for sending 0
h
deviation ratio difference between f1 and f2, normalised with bit rate 1/Tb
Minimum shift keying
o
st
2 Eb
2 Eb
cos t cos2f c t
sin t sin 2f c t
Tb
Tb
Page 10 of 10
Eb
1
Pe erfc
2
N
0