CT's are categorized as Protection CT, Special Protection

CT and Measuring CT. Based on this, the CT's are

classified. Here is the meaning of the CT classes:
Class 5P20:
The letter 'P' indicates it is a protection CT.
The number 5 indicates the accuracy of the CT. Most common
accuracy numbers are 5 and 10.
The number 20 (called accuracy limit factor) indicates that
the CT will sense the current with the specified accuracy
even with 20 times of its secondary current flows in the
secondary. This is required for protection CT, because the
fault current is high and the CT should be able to sense
the high fault current accurately to protect the system.
The common numbers are 10, 15, 20 and 30.
Class PS:
PS is for 'Protection Special'. This class of CT's are used
for special protection such as differential protection,
distance protection etc.
Class 1M:
The letter 'M' indicates it is a measuring CT.
The number 1 indicated the accuracy of the CT. The
measuring CT's should be more accurate than the protection
CT. The most common accuracy numbers are 0.5 and 1.
Measuring CT's are intended to work in normal and it
doesn't require working with accuracy beyond the CT
secondary current rating, so the accuracy limit factor is
not mentioned here.
Is This Answer Correct ?
Amit_er1981

149 Yes 6 No

Answer
# 2
in 5p20 5 is 5% of the 20times of the primary current(i.e)
in case 100/1A CT 20*100=2000A 5% is 100A ERROR AT 2000A
fault cuurent for instantaneous trip this error is
negligible
Is This Answer Correct ?
Veera

23 Yes 4 No

Answer
# 3
K K. MURTY
-5P10 & 5P20 Class CTs: They are generally used for Over
current (Instantaneous and IDMT relays) and E/F protection
of Feeders, Transformers etc.
(i) 5 signifies the % limit of composite error.

(ii) P signifies the Protection core,

(iii) 10, 20 signify the quantum of fault current as
multiple of the rated current or ALF(Accuracy Limit Factor)
up to which the CT shall have the defined percentage of
composite error i.e. 5%. During fault condition the fault
current is many times the rated current. Standard Accuracy
Limit factors as per IS: 2705 and IEC60044-1 are 5, 10, 15,
20 & 30.
Accuracy limit factor is inversely proportional to the rated
VA burden i.e. if the connected VA burden is lower than the
rated one, the limit of accuracy shall be maintained beyond
the declared one.
The formula for actual ALF;
ALF(ACT)= ALF(RTD) x {Sin+Sn(Rated Burden)}/{ Sin+Sa (Actual
Burden)}.
Example:- Calculate actual Accuracy limit factor if
secondary burden is reduced to 1/3rd, if CT rated as 200/5
A,5P10,15VA and Rct =0.15Ω?
ALF Rated=10(From CT data 5P10),
Sin (Burden due to internal resistance of the CT) =
(5A)squre x 0.15=25 x 0.15=3.75VA,
Sn (Rated burden) = 15VA (From CT data), Sa(Actual Burden) =
15/3= 5VA,
ALF(ACT) = ALF(RTD) x {Sin+Sn(Rated Burden)}/{ Sin+Sa(Actual
Burden)}
ALF(ACT) = 10x (3.75+15)/(3.75+5) = 10x18.75/8.75 = 21.42
It is clear from the above example that the ALF increases if
the connected actual burden is lower than the rated one. The
CT in this condition shall maintain accuracy up to fault
current of 21.42 times of rated current as against 10 times
the rated current and shall not saturate till then.
PS Class CTs: Though abbreviation PS is not elaborated
anywhere, however it may be called as Protection Special
Class CT core. This core is used particularly where current
balance is precisely required to be maintained. In
Differential protection, balance is the prime requirement
between secondary currents of associated CTs of either side
of the equipments. Differential and restricted E/F
Protection of Transformers and Overall Differential
Protection of Generators need such CTS.
The 5P10P or 5P20 class CTs cannot match the Characteristic
as that of PS class. The core of PS class is such that very
high current is needed for saturation of the core. Knee
point voltage of the CT is of valid importance. The
developed voltage across the relay terminals should be lower
than the Knee point Voltage of the CTs.
From: Er.K.K.Murty, B.E.(Hons)Electrical,FIE.
Retd.Chief Engineer(Testing & Commnu),M.P.State Electricity
Board.
Jabalpur.
Email ID:kkmurty05@yahoo.com

Technical information on Kappa products

Instrument transformers are used for measurement and protective application, tog
ether with equipment such as meters and relays. Their role in electrical systems
is of primary importance as they are a means of "stepping down" the current or
voltage of a system to measurable values, such as 5A or 1A in the case of a curr
ent transformers or 110V or 100V in the case of a voltage transformer. This offe
rs the advantage that measurement and protective equipment can be standardized o
n a few values of current and voltage.
Voltage transformers
Current transformers
Kappa has published a reference manual on instrument transformers
Voltage transformers
Principle of operation
Definitions
Standards
Tests
Typical Specifications
Principle of operation
The standards define a voltage transformer as one in which "the secondary voltag
e is substantially proportional to the primary voltage and differs in phase from
it by an angle which is approximately zero for an appropriate direction of the
connections."
This, in essence, means that the voltage transformer has to be as close as possi
ble to the "ideal" transformer. In an "ideal" transformer, the secondary voltage
vector is exactly opposite and equal to the primary voltage vector, when multip
lied by the turns ratio.
In a "practical" transformer, errors are introduced because some current is draw
n for the magnetization of the core and because of drops in the primary and seco
ndary windings due to leakage reactance and winding resistance. One can thus tal
k of a voltage error,which is the amount by which the voltage is less than the a
pplied primary voltage ,and the phase error, which is the phase angle by which t
he reversed secondary voltage vector is displaced from the primary voltage vecto
r.
Kappa designs its VT's so that the resistance and reactance drops are minimized.
It also uses the best grades of cold rolled grain oriented electrical steels wh
ich enables operation at optimum levels of magnetic induction, thus reducing bot
h the size and the cost of the VT.
Definitions
Typical terms used for specifying a voltage transformer (VT)
Rated primary voltage: This is the rated voltage of the system whose voltage is
required to be stepped down for measurement and protective purposes.
Rated secondary voltage: This is the voltage at which the meters and protective

devices connected to the secondary circuit of the voltage transformer operate.

Rated burden: This is the load in terms of volt-amperes (VA) posed by the device
s in the secondary circuit on the VT. This includes the burden imposed by the co
nnecting leads. The VT is required to be accurate at both the rated burden and 2
5% of the rated burden.
Accuracy class required: The transformation errors that are permissible, includi
ng voltage (ratio) error and phase angle error. Phase error is specified in minu
tes. Typical accuracy classes are Class 0.5, Class 1 and Class 3. Both metering
and protection classes of accuracy are specified. In a metering VT, the VT is re
quired to be within the specified errors from 80% to 120% of the rated voltage.
In a protection VT, the VT is required to be accurate from 5% upto the rated vol
tage factor times the rated voltage.
Rated voltage factor: Depending on the system in which the VT is to be used, the
rated voltage factors to be specified are different. The table below is adopted
from Indian and International standards.
Rated voltage factor
Rated time
Method of connecting primary
winding in system
1.2
Continuous
Between phases in any network
Between transformer star-point and earth in any network
1.2
1.5
Continuous
for 30 seconds Between phase and earth in an effectively earthed neutral system
1.2
1.9
Continuous
for 30 seconds Between phase and earth in a non-effectively earthed neutral sys
tem with automatic fault tripping
1.2
1.9
Continuous
for 8 hours
Between phase and earth in an isolated neutral system
without automatic fault tripping or in a resonant earthed
system without automatic fault tripping
Temperature class of insulation: The permissible temperature rise over the speci
fied ambient temperature. Typically, classes E, B and F.
Residual voltage transformer (RVT): RVTs are used for residual earth fault prote
ction and for discharging capacitor banks. The secondary residual voltage windin
g is connected in open delta. Under normal conditions of operation, there is no
voltage output across the residual voltage winding. When there is an earth fault
, a voltage is developed across the open delta winding which activates the relay
. When using a three phase RVT, the primary neutral should be earthed, as otherw
ise third harmonic voltages will appear across the residual winding. 3 phase RVT
s typically have 5 limb construction.
Metering Units:11kV metering units consist of one 3 phase VT and 2 CT's connecte
d together in a single housing. This can be used for three phase monitoring of e
nergy parameters. It is used with trivector meters and energy meters.
Standards
The Indian and international standard references for VT s are as given in the ta
ble below:
Standard
Standard Number Year
Indian 3156
1992
British BS EN 60044-2 1997
British BS 7729 1994
International

Electro technical
Commission (IEC)
IEC 60044-2
1997
Australian
AS 1243 1982
Australian
AS 60044-2
2007
American
ANSI C.57.13
1993
Kappa manufactures VT s to international standards. Our designs are backed up by
extensive type testing at national and international laboratories.
Tests
A number of routine and type tests have to be conducted on VT s before they can
meet the standards specified above. The tests can be classified as:
Accuracy tests to determine whether the errors of the VT are within specified li
mits
Dielectric insulation tests such as power frequency withstand voltage test on pr
imary and secondary windings for one minute, induced over-voltage test , impuse
tests with 1.2u/50u wave, and partial discharge tests (for voltage>=6.6 kV) to d
etermine whether the discharge is below the specified limits.
Temperature rise tests
Short circuit tests
Verification of terminal markings and polarity
Kappa conducts routine tests on each and every VT produced and all designs are t
ype tested.
Typical specification for a 11 kV VT
System voltage: 11 kV
Insulation level voltage (ILV) : 12 /28/75 kV
Number of phases: Three
Vector Group: Star / Star
Ratio: 11 kV/ 110 V
Burden: 100 VA
Accuracy: Class 0.5
Voltage Factor: 1.2 continuous and 1.5 for 30 seconds
With provision for fuse
Double and triple secondary VT s are also manufactured.
Current transformers
Principle of operation
Definitions
Standards
Tests
Typical Specifications
Principle of operation
A current transformer is defined as "as an instrument transformer in which the s
econdary current is substantially proportional to the primary current (under nor
mal conditions of operation) and differs in phase from it by an angle which is a
pproximately zero for an appropriate direction of the connections." This highlig
hts the accuracy requirement of the current transformer but also important is th
e isolating function, which means no matter what the system voltage the secondar
y circuit need be insulated only for a low voltage.
The current transformer works on the principle of variable flux. In the "ideal"
current transformer, secondary current would be exactly equal (when multiplied b

y the turns ratio) and opposite to the primary current. But, as in the voltage t
ransformer, some of the primary current or the primary ampere-turns is utilized
for magnetizing the core, thus leaving less than the actual primary ampere turns
to be "transformed" into the secondary ampere-turns. This naturally introduces
an error in the transformation. The error is classified into two-the current or
ratio error and the phase error.
Kappa CT s are designed to minimise the errors using the best quality electrical
steels for the core of the transformer. Both toroidal (round) and rectangular C
T s are manufactured.
Definitions
Rated primary current: The value of current which is to be transformed to a lowe
r value. In CT parlance, the "load" of the CT refers to the primary current.
Rated secondary current: The current in the secondary circuit and on which the p
erformance of the CT is based. Typical values of secondary current are 1 A or 5
A. In the case of transformer differential protection, secondary currents of 1/
root 3 A and 5/ root 3 A are also specified.
Rated burden: The apparent power of the secondary circuit in Volt-amperes expres
sed at the rated secondary current and at a specific power factor (0.8 for almos
t all standards)
Accuracy class: In the case of metering CT s, accuracy class is typically, 0.2,
0.5, 1 or 3. This means that the errors have to be within the limits specified i
n the standards for that particular accuracy class. The metering CT has to be ac
curate from 5% to 120% of the rated primary current, at 25% and 100% of the rate
d burden at the specified power factor. In the case of protection CT s, the CT s
should pass both the ratio and phase errors at the specified accuracy class, us
ually 5P or 10P, as well as composite error at the accuracy limit factor of the
CT.
Composite error: The rms value of the difference between the instantaneous prima
ry current and the instantaneous secondary current multiplied by the turns ratio
, under steady state conditions.
Accuracy limit factor: The value of primary current upto which the CT complies w
ith composite error requirements. This is typically 5, 10 or 15, which means tha
t the composite error of the CT has to be within specified limits at 5, 10 or 15
times the rated primary current.
Short time rating: The value of primary current (in kA) that the CT should be ab
le to withstand both thermally and dynamically without damage to the windings, w
ith the secondary circuit being short-circuited. The time specified is usually 1
or 3 seconds.
Instrument security factor (factor of security): This typically takes a value of
less than 5 or less than 10 though it could be much higher if the ratio is very
low. If the factor of security of the CT is 5, it means that the composite erro
r of the metering CT at 5 times the rated primary current is equal to or greater
than 10%. This means that heavy currents on the primary are not passed on to th
e secondary circuit and instruments are therefore protected. In the case of doub
le ratio CT's, FS is applicable for the lowest ratio only.
Class PS/ X CT: In balance systems of protection, CT s with a high degree of sim
ilarity in their characteristics are required. These requirements are met by Cla
ss PS (X) CT s. Their performance is defined in terms of a knee-point voltage (K
PV), the magnetizing current (Imag) at the knee point voltage or 1/2 or 1/4 the

knee-point voltage, and the resistance of the CT secondary winding corrected to

75C. Accuracy is defined in terms of the turns ratio.
Knee point voltage: That point on the magnetizing curve where an increase of 10%
in the flux density (voltage) causes an increase of 50% in the magnetizing forc
e (current).
Summation CT: When the currents in a number of feeders need not be individually
metered but summated to a single meter or instrument, a summation current transf
ormer can be used. The summation CT consists of two or more primary windings whi
ch are connected to the feeders to be summated, and a single secondary winding,
which feeds a current proportional to the summated primary current. A typical ra
tio would be 5+5+5/ 5A, which means that three primary feeders of 5 are to be su
mmated to a single 5A meter.
Core balance CT (CBCT): The CBCT, also known as a zero sequence CT, is used for
earth leakage and earth fault protection. The concept is similar to the RVT. In
the CBCT, the three core cable or three single cores of a three phase system pas
s through the inner diameter of the CT. When the system is fault free, no curren
t flows in the secondary of the CBCT. When there is an earth fault, the residual
current (zero phase sequence current) of the system flows through the secondary
of the CBCT and this operates the relay. In order to design the CBCT, the inner
diameter of the CT, the relay type, the relay setting and the primary operating
current need to be furnished.
Interposing CT's (ICT's) : Interposing CT's are used when the ratio of transform
ation is very high. It is also used to correct for phase displacement for differ
ential protection of transformers.
Standards
The Indian and international standard references for CT s are as given in the ta
ble below:
Standard
Standard Number Year
Indian 2705
1992
British BS EN 60044-1 1999
International
Electro technical
Commission (IEC)
IEC 60044-1
Australian
AS 1675 1986
Australian
AS 60044-1
2007
American
ANSI C.57.13
1993

2000

Kappa manufactures CT s to international standards. Our designs are backed up by

extensive up by extensive type testing at national and international laboratori
es.
Tests
A number of routine and type tests have to be conducted on CT s before they can
meet the standards specified above. The tests can be classified as :
Accuracy tests to determine whether the errors of the CT are within specified li
mits.
Dielectric insulation tests such as power frequency withstand voltage test on pr
imary and secondary windings for one minute, inter-turn insulation test at power
frequency voltage, impulse tests with 1.2u/50 wave, and partial discharge tests
(for voltage >=6.6kv) to determine whether the discharge is below the specified
limits.

Temperature rise tests.

Short time current tests.
Verification of terminal markings and polarity.
Kappa conducts routine tests on each and every CT produced and all designs are t
ype tested.
Typical specification for a 11 kV CT
System voltage:11 kV
Insulation level voltage (ILV) : 12/28/75 kV
Ratio: 200/1 - 1 - 0.577 A
Core 1: 1A, metering, 15 VA/class 1, ISF<10
Core 2: 1 A, protection, 15 VA/5P10
Core 3: 0.577 A, Class PS, KPV>= 150 V, Imag at Vk/2 <=30 mA, RCT at 75 C<=2 ohm
s
Short time rating:20 kA for 1 second
Instrument transformers - A reference manual
Kappa has published a handy reference manual for instrument transformers. The ma
nual runs to about 160 pages and further details on all of the above topics as w
ell as on much more, including Australian and ANSI standards can be found in the
manual. The table of contents of the manual is reproduced below:
Introduction to instrument transformers
Current transformers - a discussion on theory, specifications and operational as
pects. Definitions - Ideal and practical CT - Magnetic alloys for cores - equiva
lent circuits - open circuits voltages in CTs - leakage reactance - modification
of current transformer errors - operational aspects - standard specifications f
or CT s.
Metering or measurement current transformers
Accuracy - instrument security factor - accuracy requirements for various applic
ations - use of CT s in indicating and metering units - summation CT.
Protection CTs
Composite error - Accuracy limits - transient stability and class PS CTs - Basic
protection schemes - CT requirement for various protection schemes - CBCTs.
Further notes on current transformers
Transient performance - non conventional CTs - screening of CTs.
Voltage transformer - theory and specifications
Operating principles - difference between power transformer and VT - circle diag
rams and VT errors - three phase VTs - voltage transformer protection - transien
ts in VTs - construction of VT s. specifications for VTs.
Voltage transformers for measurement and protection
Measurement VTs protection VTs- Residual VTs - Cascade VTs - Capacitors VTs .
A discussion on partial discharge
Definition - partial discharge and breakdown in a cavity - study of partial disc
harges
Appendix I - Testing of instrument transformers by the user
Appendix II - Information required with enquiries and orders
Appendix III - List of Indian and international standards that may be read in co

njunction with this book.

Bibliography
If you would like to have to buy a copy of the manual, please contact Kappa.