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Textbook
Digital Image Processing
by Gonzales/Woods
Acknowledgements
Dr. Rolf Lakaemper
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UNIT3
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Image ENHANCEMENT
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in the
Image
ENHANCEMENT
SPATIAL
DOMAIN
in the
SPATIAL DOMAIN
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Pointprocessing/intensitytransformations/graylevel
transformations
>ImageNegatives
>LogTransformations
>PowerLawTransformations
>PiecewiseLinearTransformationFunctions
Contraststretching
Thresholding
Graylevelslicing
Bitplaneslicing
Maskprocessing/spatialfiltering
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Spatialdomaintechniques
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Imageenhancement:
1. Improvingtheinterpretabilityorperceptionof
informationinimagesforhumanviewers
2. Providing`better'inputforotherautomatedimage
processingtechniques
Spatialdomainmethods:
operatedirectlyonpixels
Frequencydomainmethods:
operateontheFouriertransformofanimage
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ImageEnhancement(Spatial)
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Thesimplestkindofrangetransformationsare
theseindependentofpositionx,y:
g=T(f)
Thisiscalledpointprocessing.
Important: everypixelforhimself spatial
informationcompletelylost!
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PointProcessing
f(x,y)
g(x,y)
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Remember ?
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12 200 20 10
(Operator: Div. by 2)
100 10 5
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Spatial Domain
(Operator: sum)
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12 200
6
12 200 20 10
226
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Spatial Domain
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12 200 20 10
(Operator: sum)
11
13 3
14 220 23 14
5
20 3
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Spatial Domain
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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
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Spatial Domain
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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
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Image Negatives
Log Transformations
Power Law Transformations
Piecewise-Linear Transformation
Functions
For the following slides L denotes the max. possible gray value of the
image, i.e. f(x,y) [0,L-1]
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Transformations
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Transformations
Log Transformations:
s = c * log (1+ r)
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Transformations
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Transformations
Log Transformations
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InvLog
Log
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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
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Acathoderaytube(CRT),forexample,
convertsavideosignaltolightinanonlinear
way.ThelightintensityI isproportionaltoa
power() ofthesourcevoltageVS
ForacomputerCRT, isabout2.2
Viewingimagesproperlyonmonitorsrequires
correction
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Whypowerlawsarepopular?
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Transformations
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Transformations
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Transformations
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Transformations
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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
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Transformations
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Thresholding Function
Output gray
level
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Bit-plane Slicing
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BP 0
BP 5
BP 7
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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
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Smootheningfilters
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Lowpassfilters
Medianfilters
Sharpeningfilters
Highboostfilters
Derivativefilters
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Spatialfilters
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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
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Uses
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Blurring
Noisereduction
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Smoothinglinearfilters/averaging
filters/lowpassfilters(linearfilter)
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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
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Objective:
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Replacethevalveofthepixelbythemedianofthe
intensityvaluesintheneighbourhoodofthatpixel
Principlefunction:
Forcepointswithdistinctintensitylevelstobemore
liketheirneighbours
Uses:
Noisereduction
Lessblurring
Reduceimpulsenoise
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Orderstaticfilter/(nonlinear
filter)/medianfilter
Objective:
Highlightfinedetailsinanimage
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Applications:
Electronicprinting
Medicalimaging
Industrialinspection
Autonomoustargetdetection
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Sharpeningspatialfilters
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Principle:
Subtractanunsharpimagefromtheoriginalimage
Uses:
Printingindustry
Publishingindustry
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Highboostfiltering/
Highfrequencyemphasisfilter/
Unsharpmasking
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Processsteps:
1.blurtheoriginalimage
2.subtracttheblurredimagefromtheoriginal
(thedifferenceisthemask)
3.addtheweightedmasktotheoriginal
Thederivativesofdigitalfunctionsaredefined
intermsofdifferences.
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Derivativefiltering
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1. Mustbezeroinareasofconstantintensity
2. Mustbenonzeroattheonsetofanintensity
steporramp
3. Mustbenonzeroalongtheramps
Secondderivative
1. Mustbezeroinareasofconstantintensity
2. Mustbenonzeroattheonsetandendofan
intensitysteporramp
3. Mustbezeroalongtherampsofconstantslope
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Firstderivative:
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Firstderivativesinimageprocessingare
implementedusingmagnitudeofthegradient.
Uses:
Industrialinspection
Enhancedefects
Eliminateslowlychangingbackgroundfeatures
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Usingthefirstorderderivativesfor(non
linear)imagesharpeningTheGradient
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Uses
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Highlightsintensitydiscontinuitiesinanimage
Deemphasizesregionswithslowlyvaryingintensity
levels.
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Usingthesecondderivativesfor(linear)
imagesharpeningTheLaplacian
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Spatial Filtering
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Histogramprocessing
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Histogramprocessing
Histogramequalization
Histogrammatching/specification
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number of pixels
Remember:
The histogram shows the number of
pixels having a certain gray-value
Gray-value (0..1)
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Histograms
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Histograms
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Histograms
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Histograms
level)
M = g h(g)
g
1*0.3+2*0.1+3*0.2+4*0.1+5*0.2+6*0.1=
2.6
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6
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brightness appearance.
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Histograms
2. The VARIANCE
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V = g (g-M)2 h(g)
(with M = mean)
or similar:
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Histograms
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
V1
>
V2
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Histograms
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0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
D1
>
D2
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Histograms
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Histograms
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xaxis valuesofintensitiesrk
yaxis h(rk)orp(rk)
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ImageHistograms
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Histogramequalization
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Theprobabilitydensityfunction(PDF)ofacontinuousdistributionis
definedasthederivativeofthecumulativedistributionfunction
[source:wikipedia]
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Inprobabilitytheory,aprobabilitydensityfunction (abbreviatedas
pdf,orjustdensity)ofacontinuousrandomvariable isafunction
thatdescribestherelativelikelihoodforthisrandomvariableto
occuratagivenpointintheobservationspace.Theprobabilityofa
randomvariablefallingwithinagivensetisgivenbytheintegral of
itsdensityovertheset.
Histogram Equalization:
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Preprocessing technique to
enhance contrast in natural
images
Target: find gray level
transformation function T to
transform image f such that the
histogram of T(f) is equalized
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Histograms
Idea:applyamonotonetransformresultinginan
approximatelyuniformhistogram
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HistogramEqualization(Idea)
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Histogram Equalization
Example:
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Discrete:
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Histogram Equalization
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HistogramEqualization
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Histogrammatchingor
Histogramspecification
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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
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