Tomatoes are edible unless they are spoiled.

unless

All unspoiled tomatoes are edible tomatoes.

No spoiled tomatoes are edible tomatoes.

The word "unless" means "if not."

unspoiled tomatoes edible tomatoes unspoiled tomatoes edible tomatoes

9.8 Exclusive Propositions

Unless a boy misbehaves he will be treated
decently.
All boys who do not misbehave are boys who
will be treated decently.

Many propositions that involve the words

"only," "none but," "none except," and "no ...
except" are exclusive propositions.

"Only executives can use the silver elevator

Statements containing "unless" are translated as
categorical propositions having negated
subject terms.

Only elected officials will attend the convention.

All persons who will attend the convention are
elected officials.
None but the brave deserve the fair.
All persons who deserve the fair are brave
persons.
Keep in mind that language following "only," "none
but " "none except," and "no ... except" goes in the
predicate term of the categorical proposition.

"All persons who can use the silver elevator

are executives."

No birds except peacocks are proud of their

tails.
All birds proud of their tails are peacocks.

She invited only wealthy socialites.

All persons she invited are wealthy
socialites.


()

(No S are P)
4. Not no S are P
5. No not S are P
6. No S are not P
(Some S are P)
7. Not some S are P
8. Some not S are P

Discussion:
Translate the following arguments into
standard-form categorical syllogisms, then
use Venn diagrams to determine whether
each is valid or invalid.

Discussion:
Express each of the following
propositions by means of a Venn
diagram and translate them into
standard-form categorical propositions.
(All S are P)
1. Not all S are P
2. All S are not P
3. All not S are not P

(Some S are not P)

9. Not some S are not P
10. Some S are not not P
11. Some not S are not not P

1. Physicists are the only scientists who theorize

about the nature of time, and Stephen Hawking
certainly does that. Therefore, Stephen Hawking
must be a physicist.
All scientists who theorize about the nature of time are
physicists.
All persons identical to Stephen Hawking are scientists
who theorize about the nature of time.
All persons identical to Stephen Hawking are physicists.

2. Whoever wrote the Declaration of Independence

had a big impact on civilization, and Thomas
Jefferson certainly had that. Therefore, Thomas
Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.
All persons who wrote the Declaration of Independence
are persons who had a big impact on civilization.
All persons identical to Thomas Jefferson are persons who
had a big impact on civilization.
All persons identical to Thomas Jefferson are persons who
wrote the Declaration of Independence.

3. Television viewers cannot receive scrambled signals

unless they have a decoder. Whoever receives digital
satellite signals receives scrambled signals. Therefore,
whoever receives digital satellite signals has a decoder.
All TV viewers who have no decoder are viewers who
cannot received scrambled signals.
All TV viewers who receive scrambled signals are viewers with a
decoder.
All persons who receive digital satellite signals are TV viewers
who receive scrambled signals.
All persons who receive digital satellite signals are viewers with
a decoder.

Required Reading:
Chap 4(Categorical Propositions):
Section 4.1-4.3, 4.7
Chap 5(Categorical Syllogisms):
Section 5.2, 5.5
Homework:
Ex 4.7-I: 27, 29, 41, 48, 53, 54, 56, 57,
59, 60
Ex 5,5: 2, 9