1575 Full

Economic Geology
Vol. 98, 2003, pp. 15751605
Porphyry-Style Alteration and Mineralization of the Middle Eocene to

Early Oligocene Andahuaylas-Yauri Belt, Cuzco Region, Peru
JOS PERELL,
Antofagasta Minerals S.A. Ahumada 11, Oficina 602, Santiago, Chile
VCTOR CARLOTTO,
Departamento de Geologa, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cuzco. Avenida de la Cultura, Cuzco, Per
ALBERTO ZRATE, PEDRO RAMOS, HCTOR POSSO, CARLOS NEYRA, ALBERTO CABALLERO,
Minera Anaconda Per S.A. Avenida Paseo de la Repblica 3245, Piso 3, San Isidro, Lima 27, Per
NICOLS FUSTER, AND RICARDO MUHR

Antofagasta Minerals S.A. Ahumada 11, Oficina 602, Santiago, Chile
Abstract
Originally known for its Fe-Cu skarn mineralization, the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt of southeastern Peru is
rapidly emerging as an important porphyry copper province. Field work by the authors confirms that mineralization in the belt is spatially and temporally associated with the middle Eocene to early Oligocene (~4832
Ma), calc-alkaline Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith, a composite body with an areal extent of ~300 130 km emplaced into clastic and carbonate strata (e.g., Yura Group and Ferrobamba Formation) of Jurassic to Cretaceous age. Batholith emplacement included early-stage, mafic, cumulate gabbro and diorite between ~48 and
43 Ma, followed by pulses of granodiorite and quartz monzodiorite at ~40 to 32 Ma. Coeval volcanic rocks
make up the middle Eocene to early Oligocene Anta Formation, a sequence of >1,000 m of andesite lava flows
and dacite pyroclastic flows with interbedded volcaniclastic conglomerate. Sedimentary rocks include the red
beds of the Eocene to early Oligocene San Jernimo Group and the postmineralization late Oligocene to
Miocene Punacancha and Paruro formations. Eocene and Oligocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks are interpreted to have accumulated largely in both transtensional and contractional synorogenic basins. New and
previously published K-Ar and Re-Os ages show that much of the porphyry-style alteration and mineralization
along the belt took place during the middle Eocene to early Oligocene (~4230 Ma). Thus, batholithic magma
emplacement, volcanism, and sedimentation are inferred to have accompanied a period of intense deformation, crustal shortening, and regional surface uplift broadly synchronous with the Incaic orogeny. Supergene
mineralization is inferred to have been active since the Pliocene on the basis of geomorphologic evidence and
a single K-Ar determination (3.3 0.2 Ma) on supergene alunite.
The belt is defined by 31 systems with porphyry-style alteration and mineralization, including 19 systems
grouped in 5 main clusters plus 12 separate centers, and by hundreds of occurrences of magnetite-rich, skarntype Fe-Cu mineralization. Porphyry copper stocks are dominated by calc-alkaline, biotite- and amphibolebearing intrusions of granodioritic composition, but monzogranitic, monzonitic, quartz-monzonitic, and monzodioritic stocks occur locally. Hydrothermal alteration includes sericite-clay-chlorite, and potassic,
quartz-sericitic, and propylitic assemblages. Calcic-potassic and advanced argillic alteration associations are locally represented, and calc-silicate assemblages with skarn-type mineralization occur where carbonate country
rocks predominate.
Porphyry copper deposits and prospects of the belt range from gold-rich, molybdenum-poor examples
(Cotabambas), through deposits carrying both gold and molybdenum (Tintaya, Los Chancas), to relatively
molybdenum-rich, gold-poor end members (Lahuani). Gold-only porphyry systems are also represented (Morosayhuas). Gold-rich porphyry copper systems are rich in hydrothermal magnetite and display a positive correlation between Cu and Au in potassic alteration. The bulk of the hypogene Cu (-Au, -Mo) mineralization occurs in the form of chalcopyrite and bornite, in intimate association with early-stage potassic alteration which,
in many deposits and prospects, is variably overprinted by copper-depleting sericite-clay-chlorite alteration.
Most porphyry copper systems of the belt lack economically significant zones of supergene chalcocite enrichment. This is due primarily to their relatively low pyrite contents, the restricted development of quartzsericitic alteration, and the high neutralization capacities of both potassic alteration zones and carbonate country rocks as well as geomorphologic factors. Leached cappings are irregular, typically goethitic, and contain
copper oxide minerals developed by in situ oxidation of low-pyrite, chalcopyrite (-bornite) mineralization. Porphyry copper-bearing stocks emplaced in the clastic strata of the Yura Group and certain phases of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith may develop appreciable supergene chalcocite enrichment in structurally and lithologically favorable zones.
Corresponding author: e-mail, jperello@aminerals.cl
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PERELL ET AL.
A model for the region suggests that the calc-alkaline magmas of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith and subsequent porphyry-style mineralization were generated during an event of subduction flattening which triggered
the crustal shortening, tectonism, and uplift assigned to the Incaic orogeny. Shortening of the upper crust
would have impeded rapid magma ascent favoring storage of fluid in large chambers which, at the appropriate
depth in the uppermost crust, would have promoted large-scale porphyry copper emplacement. Geodynamic
reconstructions of the late Eocene to early Oligocene period of flat subduction in the central Andes suggest
that emplacement of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith took place at an inflection corridor in the subduction
zone broadly coincident with the position of the present-day Abancay deflection. Similarly, evidence from
southeastern Peru suggests that the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt may be continuous with the late Eocene to early
Oligocene porphyry copper belt of northern Chile and that the process of subduction flattening in southern
Peru also may have taken place in northern Chile between ~45 and 35 Ma.
Introduction
THE ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI belt (Bellido et al., 1972; Santa
Cruz et al., 1979; Noble et al., 1984) covers an area of approximately 25,000 km2 in southern Peru and extends for
about 300 km between the localities of Andahuaylas in the
northwest and Yauri in the southeast (Fig. 1a). Until the late
1980s, the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt had received only limited
geologic scrutiny and was mainly known for its copper-bearing, magnetite skarn deposits (Terrones, 1958; Bellido et al.,
1972; Sillitoe, 1976, 1990; Santa Cruz et al., 1979; Einaudi et
al., 1981; Aizawa and Tomizawa, 1986), best exemplified by
Tintaya, Atalaya, Las Bambas, Katanga, and Quechua. For
most researchers, these occurrences were considered to be
copper skarns associated with barren intrusions (e.g., Einaudi
et al., 1981; Noble et al., 1984), although potassic alteration in
host porphyritic stocks had been described and characterized
as such (Yoshikawa et al., 1976; MMAJ, 1983; Noble et al.,
1984). During the late 1980s, regional work complemented
by detailed geologic studies at Tintaya and Katanga (Carlier et
al., 1989), followed by grass-roots exploration in the region
during the 1990s, confirmed the presence of porphyry-style
alteration and mineralization (e.g., Fierro et al., 1997) and resulted in the discovery of additional, potentially economic
porphyry copper deposits (Table 1) at Antapaccay (Jones et
al., 2000), Los Chancas (Corrales, 2001), and Cotabambas
(Perell et al., 2002), as well as porphyry-skarn mineralization
at Coroccohuayco (BHP Company Limited, 1999). Zinc-rich,
Mississippi Valley-type mineralization was also discovered in
the region (Carman et al., 2000) adding to the metallogenic
diversity of the belt.
This paper describes the salient geologic features of a
number of porphyry Cu (-Au, -Mo) deposits and prospects of
the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt that help to define this region as a
new porphyry copper province. It also provides new
geochronologic data to constrain the age of the porphyry-style
alteration and mineralization in the belt and establishes regional correlations and comparisons with nearby porphyry
copper provinces. However, the paper is not designed to
cover in full the complex geology of this still poorly understood region. Detailed geologic descriptions can be found in
Marocco (1978) and Carlotto (1998) for the area under study,
and in Clark et al. (1990) and Sandeman et al. (1995) for
nearby southeastern Peru transects. The paper focuses on
systems for which the bulk of the mineralization is of porphyry type and excludes those deposits in which skarn-type
mineralization is the dominant style. Descriptions of the latter can be found elsewhere (Terrones, 1958; Santa Cruz et al.,
1979; Aizawa and Tomizawa, 1986; Fierro et al., 1997; Zweng
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et al., 1997). Following a short review of the regional geologic

setting of the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt, the main geologic features of several deposits and prospects are described. The
paper concludes with a section in which regional metallogenic
aspects are reviewed.
Methods
Except for those deposits and prospects with published descriptions (e.g., Tintaya, Antapaccay, Los Chancas), much of
the work represents the product of more than three years of
exploration by the authors, including both regional (1:25,000
scale) and detailed (1:5,000 scale) mapping. Field work was
complemented by thin section petrographic studies to characterize rock types, alteration assemblages, and dominant vein
styles at each prospect. Rock names for the main batholith intrusions and porphyry copper-bearing stocks follow the
nomenclature of Streckeisen (1976, 1978) and are based on
point counts (1,500 points) for modal proportions of key silicates. Unless otherwise stated, the K-Ar ages reported here
were determined at the geochronology laboratory of the Geological Survey of Chile, Santiago and followed standard procedures and techniques (e.g., Dalrymple and Lamphere, 1966;
Steiger and Jaeger, 1977; Baksi, 1982). All ages are referred to
the geological time table of Haq and van Eysinga (1987).
Regional Setting
The Andahuaylas-Yauri belt is located at a distance of ~250
to 300 km inland from the present-day Peru-Chile trench
(Fig. 1). The region is underlain by thick sialic crust (50 to 60
km; James, 1971), and straddles the transition zone between
the southern, normal subduction regime of southern Peru
and northern Chile and the northern, flat subduction zone of
central and northern Peru (Cahill and Isacks, 1992). It is located immediately southeast of the Abancay Deflection
(Marocco, 1978). The region encompasses parts of the intermontane depressions between the Eastern and Western
Cordilleras and the northern extremity of the Altiplano (Fig.
1b; Carlier et al., 1996; Chvez et al., 1996). The western part
of the belt is characterized by a rugged, mountainous topography where ranges and snow-capped peaks above 4,500 m
are incised by deep (>2,000 m), steep-sided canyons. These
canyons constitute the main drainage system of the region
and include the Santo Toms, Urubamba, Apurmac, Vilcabamba, Mollebamba, and Antabamba rivers, all of which
drain toward the Amazon basin. The eastern and southern
parts of the region are characterized by the gently undulating
topography of the ~4,000 m-high plateaus that extends into
the Altiplano of Bolivia (Fig. 1b).
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PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU
Lima 100
75
50
125 150
75
65
70
BR
A
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10
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60
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40
ZIL
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M Cuzco
A AC
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BOLIVIA
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PE
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RU
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dg
La Paz
N
az
ca
Ri
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CH
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IL
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Arica
R idge
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Crust
CHILE
TRE
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rly en
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Arequipa
Middle-Late
Eocene Crust
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20
Lake Titicaca
da
di
LEGEND
Calama
r
Pe
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Benioff Zone Contours (km)
175 200
Elevation > 3 km
Study Area
75
65
70
A:
Lima
AC: Abancay
AMAZON CRATON
AC
A
Andahuaylas
M Cuzco
Y:
Yauri
M : Machu Pichu
Y
15
50
Puno
Arequipa
La Paz
Precambrian and
Paleozoic terranes with
Grenville basement
60
PACIFIC OCEAN
Contour on Moho (km)
Arica
Altiplano
70
Western Cordillera
50
Calama
PA
TE MP
RR EA
AN N
E
20
Eastern Cordillera
0
250
FIG. 1. Sketch maps showing the location of the study area in the context of main geologic, geophysical, topographic, and
physiographic features of the Central Andes. a. Area with average elevation >3,000 m and depth contours of the subducted
slab after Cahill and Isacks (1992). Oceanic features from Jaillard et al. (2000). b. The study area relative to main regional
physiographic provinces (Jaillard et al. 2000), contours of crustal thickness (James, 1971), and main Precambrian basement
units (Ramos and Aleman, 2000).
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PERELL ET AL.
TABLE 1. Geologic Resources for Main Deposits of the Andahuaylas-Yauri Belt
Tonnage ( 106)
Cu (%)
Au (g/t)
Mo (%)
Tintaya district
Antapaccay
Coroccohuayco
Ccatun Pucara
Quechua
Tintaya
383
155
24
300
139
0.89
1.57
1.44
0.68
1.39
0.16
0.16
n.a.
n.a.
0.23
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Cotabambas Area
Azulccacca
Ccalla
24
112
0.42
0.62
0.39
0.36
<0.01
<0.01
Los Chancas
200
1.00
0.12
0.08
Deposit
1BHP
Main reference
Jones et al. (2000); Fierro et al. (2002)
BHP (1999)
BHP (1999)
E. Tejada (pers. commun., 2003)
BHP Billiton (2003)1
Perell et al. (2002)
Perell et al. (2002)
Corrales (2001)
Billiton corporate website: <www. BHPBilliton.com>
Precambrian and Paleozoic basement

Precambrian gneisses at Ro Pichari, ~130 km northwest of
Cuzco (Carlotto, 1998) are probable extensions of the
Maran massif exposed farther north and are interpreted by
Ramos and Aleman (2000) to constitute remnants of
perigondwanan terranes attached to the Amazonian Craton in
the Early Paleozoic (Fig. 1b). Paleozoic rocks in the region include >10,000 m of volcanosedimentary, marine, and continental rocks of Cambrian(?) to Early Permian age (Marocco,
1978; Carlotto et al., 1996a; Carlotto et al., 1997). The upper
part of the pre-Andean basement is dominated by >1,000 m
of volcanic and clastic rocks of the Mitu Group (Permian to
Early Triassic; Fig. 2).
Mesozoic and Cenozoic stratigraphy
The Mesozoic and Cenozoic stratigraphy of the region is
chiefly made up of Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary sequences deposited in a paleogeographic setting dominated by
two main basins (Western and Eastern Peruvian basins) separated by the Cuzco-Puno basement high (Fig. 3; Carlotto et
al., 1993; Jaillard and Soler, 1996). The Western basin, also
known as the Arequipa basin (Vicente et al., 1982), corresponds to the present-day Western Cordillera. It contains a
sedimentary pile (Middle Jurassic to Late Cretaceous) in excess of 4,500 m thick with a lower part dominated by turbidites, a middle part with quartz arenite, and an upper part
with abundant limestone (Vicente et al., 1982; Jaillard and
Santander, 1992). The northeastern edge of this basin, coincident with the Andahuaylas-Yauri region, includes the Lagunillas and Yura groups (Marocco, 1978), made up of Early
Jurassic limestone and Middle to Late Jurassic quartz arenite
and shale, with a total thickness of approximately 800 m (Fig.
3). The top of the sequence contains the massive micritic
limestone, black shale, and nodular chert of the Ferrobamba
Formation (Marocco, 1978; Pecho, 1981). The Cuzco-Puno
high includes ~900 m of terrigenous red beds interbedded
with shale, limestone, and gypsum (Carlotto et al., 1993; Jaillard et al., 1994). The age of these rocks is Late Jurassic to Paleocene (Fig. 3). The Eastern basin, also known as Putina
basin (Jaillard, 1994), is made up of several sequences of Late
Cretaceous marine clastic and carbonate rocks, with a total
thickness of ~ 2,600 m (Jaillard et al., 1993; Jaillard, 1994;
Crdenas et al., 1997).
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Eocene to early Oligocene stratigraphy

Two main units characterize the Eocene to early Oligocene
stratigraphy of the region, including the sedimentary San
Jernimo Group and the dominantly volcanic Anta Formation
(Figs. 2 and 4). These units unconformably overlie the Mesozoic and early Cenozoic sequences described above. The San
Jernimo Group (Eocene to early Oligocene) consists of two
main formations (Kayra and Soncco; Fig. 4), with a total
thickness of ~4,500 m, made up of red bed terrigenous (sandstone, shale, pelitic sandstone, and volcanic microconglomerate) strata interbedded with tuffaceous horizons near the top.
The age of the San Jernimo Group is constrained by stratigraphic relations (it unconformably overlies strata with plant
fossils of Paleocene to early Eocene age) and on K-Ar and ArAr ages of 29.9 1.4 Ma and 30.84 0.83 Ma, respectively,
from the upper tuffaceous horizons of the Soncco Formation
(Fig. 4; Carlotto, 1998; Fornari et al., 2002). Sedimentation is
interpreted to have taken place initially in a fluvial environment that progressed into structurally controlled, pull-apart
basins (Crdova, 1986; Noblet et al., 1987; Marocco and Noblet, 1990; Chvez et al., 1996). Between Cuzco and Sicuani,
basal sandstone of the Soncco Formation includes horizons of
stratiform copper mineralization, up to several meters thick,
with hypogene chalcocite and bornite, and supergene copper
oxides (Crdenas et al., 1999), which have similarities to the
red bed deposits from the Bolivian Altiplano (e.g., Corocoro;
Sillitoe, 1989) and northern Chile (San Bartolo; Travisany,
1979). The San Jernimo Group is equivalent to the Puno
Group of the Peruvian Altiplano southeast of the study region
(Fig. 4), where it is overlain by the volcanic horizons of the
Tacaza Group (Klinck et al., 1986; Clark et al., 1990; Jaillard
and Santander, 1992). Farther south, sedimentary, conglomeratic, red bed sequences are known in the Altiplano of Bolivia (e.g., the lower horizons of the Tiwanaku Formation and
the Berenguela and Turco formations; Hrail et al., 1993), in
the Puna of northwestern Argentina (Geste and Quioa formations; Alonso, 1992; Kraemer et al., 1999; Coutand et al.,
2001), and in the Salar de Atacama area of northern Chile
(upper Purilactis Group; Mpodozis et al., 1999).
The Anta Formation is a >1,000 m sequence characterized by a lower member with andesite lava flows and dacite
pyroclastic flows locally interbedded with alluvial conglomerate, and an upper member of fluvial conglomerate with
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Figure.-2
Morosayhuas
Cotabambas
Chaccaro
Ferrobamba
Chalcobamba
11
12
13
14
15
Tintaya
Los Chancas
Pea Alta
Leonor
Panchita
16 Lahuani
17 Trapiche
7230
F ault
5 4
Cuzco
a chay
ult
Fa
25
Velille
50 km
7200
Santo Toms
ba
s
rco
sF
au
Pa
oF
a
ul t
10
Livitaca
Mesozoic to early Cenozoic marine sedimentary

sequences (Yura and Lagunillas Gps; Ferrobamba Fm.)
Yauri
7130
S ic
ua
Fault
Ay
av
ir
iF
au
lt
Putina
Basin
Sicuani
ul t
11
Fa
Reverse Fault
Porphyry Cu cluster/deposit
7100
Syncline
Anticline
Early Paleozoic basement (undifferentiated)
Late Paleozoic to Early Triassic basement

a: Mainy granitoids,
b b: Mainy volcanic rocks (Mitu Gp.)
Pomacanchis
rur
Urcos
Accha
lt
ul
Paruro
co-U
lt
Cu z
Fa
u
ul t
Yau ri Fault
Fa
FIG. 2. Geologic map of the study area, modified and greatly simplified after Carlotto (1998), with additions after Pecho (1981) and this study.
6 Alicia
7 Cristo de los Andes
8 Katanga
9 Portada
10 Winicocha
lt
17
Cotabambas
R ecord
bo
m
m
ba
ta
o
C
7300
14
Curahuasi
Ta
m
Fa
16
F ault
13
a
A ban ca y F
Abancay
15
Mo
lleb
amba
lt
Lima ta mbo F a ult
is
1
2
3
4
5
12
Fau
Eocene to early Oligocene Andahuaylas-Yauri Batholith

Eocene to early Oligocene continental rocks
a: Volcanic and sedimentary sequences (Anta Fm.)
b b: Red bed sequences (San Jernimo and Puno Gps.)
Oligocene to Miocene subaerial volcanic rocks

(Tacaza and Sillapaca Gps. and equivalent units)
Pliocene shoshonitic volcanic rocks

Oligocene to Miocene continental sedimentary rocks
(Paruro, Punacancha Fms. and equivalent units)
Miocene to Pliocene
h
a nc
om a c
7330
Chalhuanca
ul
Fa
ac
a
mb
ni
1430
Andahuaylas
Machu Pichu
lt
1400
1330
pu
au
i ca
C us
alhuanc
a
1300
A
h
cc
ua n
a -H
eF
uit
oq
P
Ch
Lakes
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LATE CRETACEOUS
(MAASTRICHTIAN)
PERELL ET AL.
NE BORDER OF THE
WESTERN (AREQUI PA) BASIN
EASTERN (PUTINA)
BASIN
CUZCO-PUNO
HIGH
E
PU
A
H
EARLY-LATE (TURONIAN)
CRETACEOUS
HU
HU
CH
PALEOZOI C
BASEMENT
MIDDLE (BAJOCIAN) -LATE

(TITHONIAN) JURASSIC
CH
?
YURA GP.
FERROBAMBA
A AYAVACAS
M MARA
H HUANCANE
S SORAYA
HU HUAMBUTIO
G GRAMADAL
AA ANTA-ANTA
P PISTE
PU PUQUIN
CH CHUQUIBAMBILLA
50
L LAGUNILLAS GP.
100 km
FIG. 3. Schematic paleogeographic reconstruction of the backarc basin of southern Peru during the Mesozoic and the earliest Cenozoic. Main stratigraphic units and correlations after Vicente et al. (1982), Jaillard (1994), Jaillard et al. (1994, 2000),
and Carlotto (1998). See text and Figure 8 for dominant rock types of each sequence.
interbedded andesite and basaltic andesite flows (Fig. 4). Its

age is constrained to middle Eocene to early Oligocene by
stratigraphic relations and K-Ar geochronology (Carlier et al.,
1996; Carlotto, 1998). Southwest of Cuzco, two biotite-rich
dacitic flows from the middle part of the formation have returned K-Ar ages of 38.4 1.5 and 37.9 1.4 Ma, and a
basaltic horizon from the upper part of the unit yields a K-Ar
whole rock age of 29.9 1.1 Ma (Carlotto, 1998). The Anta
Formation andesites and conglomerates are interpreted to be
stratigraphic equivalents of the San Jernimo Group red beds
(Fig. 4), with the erosion products of the Anta Formation
feeding the San Jernimo basin located to the northeast. The
coarsening-upward characteristics of the sequence, with alluvial and fluvial conglomerates dominated by volcanic and plutonic clasts at the top, are interpreted to reflect topographic
rejuvenation of the source regions in response to increasing
regional tectonic uplift, with sedimentation in a piggy-back
style basin environment (Carlotto, 1998).
Late Oligocene to Miocene stratigraphy
The late Oligocene to Miocene sedimentary deposits of the
region include the Punacancha (1,5005,000 m thick) and
Paruro (>1,100 m-thick) formations (Fig. 4). They are dominated by coarsening-upward red shale and sandstone, with
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gypsum and conglomerate being characteristic in the upper

parts of the sequences. Sedimentation is interpreted to have
taken place in a fluvial environment with braided rivers, flood
plains and alluvial fans in structurally controlled basins (Carlotto et al., 1996a, 1997; Jaimes et al., 1997; Romero et al.,
1997). The age of these sequences is based on stratigraphic
relations and fossil flora, as well as a K-Ar age of 10.1 0.5
Ma for a tuffaceous horizon near the base of the Paruro Formation (Carlotto et al., 1997).
Oligocene and Miocene volcanic rocks in the region and
nearby areas are largely dominated by the calc-alkaline sequences of the Western Cordillera (Inner-Western Cordillera
of Sandeman et al., 1995) and Altiplano, and include the
Tacaza (Oligocene) and Sillapaca (Miocene) groups. In addition to these, a series of scattered, small shoshonitic volcanic
centers of Pliocene to Quaternary age occur in the region
(Figs. 2 and 4; Wasteneys, 1990; Carlier et al., 1996; Carlotto,
1998). The Tacaza Group consists dominantly of trachyandesite, andesite, and rhyolite tuff (Klinck et al., 1986;
Wasteneys, 1990; Carlotto, 1998), with shoshonitic rocks
being important in the Santa Luca area, southeast of Yauri
(Clark et al., 1990; Sandeman et al., 1995). Shoshonitic volcanism in the Santa Luca area took place between ~32 and
24 Ma (Fig. 4; Clark et al., 1990; Sandeman et al., 1995),
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PLIOCENE
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PALEOCENE
LATEST
TOQUEPALA
PLUTONISM/
VOLCANISM
ATASPACA
PLUTONS
MOQUEGUA FM
HUAYLILLAS FM
CHUNTACALA FM
CAPILLUNE FM
BARROSO GP
AMBATO GP
B
WESTERN
CORDILLERA
ANDAHUAYLASYAURI
BATHOLITH
PUNO GP
ANTA
FM
TACAZA GP
SANTA
LUCIA
FM
SILLAPACA
GP
BARROS O
GP
EARLY TER TIARY

REDBED S
KAYRA FM
Red bed Copper
SAN JERONIMO
GP
SONCCO FM
PUNACANCHA FM
PARURO FM
SANTO TOMAS
IGNIMBRITES
CUZCO-SICUANI
VOLCANOE S
C
WESTERN CORDILLERA/
ALTIPLANO
D
EASTERN
CORDILLERA
15
PERU
PICOTANI
GP
QUENAMAR I
GP
MACUSANI FM
ARCO-AJA
FM
B
BOLIVIA
CHILE
70
Dominantly mafic cumulate

calc-alkaline intrusions
Dominantly intermediate
compositioncalc-alkaline
intrusions
Dominantly syenogranitic
intrusions
Peraluminous monzogranitic
intrusions
Evaporites
Dominantly mollasic
sedimentation
Mixed dacitic/basaltic-andesitic
or lamprophyric volcanism
Dominantly rhyolitic to
rhyodacitic volcanism
Dominantly dacitic volcanism
Dominantly andesitic volcanism
Apparent non-volcanic interval
FIG. 4. Summary stratigraphic columns for representative Eocene to present-day volcanic, sedimentary, and intrusive units of the study area and nearby southeastern
Peru transects. Columns A, B, and D simplified after Sandeman et al. (1995) and references therein and A.H. Clark (pers. commun., 2002). Column C for the study
area compiled after Carlotto (1998), with additions after Carlier et al. (1989, 1996) and this study. In column C, note the spatial and temporal relationships between
batholithic plutons, volcanic rocks of the Anta Formation, and the sedimentary red bed sequences of the San Jernimo Group.
60
55
50
40
37
34
30
28.5
24
20
16
11
10
1.8
PLEISTOCENE 0
Age (Ma)
MIOCENE
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
OLIGOCENE
EOCENE
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
EARLY
A
ARC FRONT
1581
1582
PERELL ET AL.
whereas farther south, along the arc front, Tacaza-equivalent

pyroclastic flows intercalated with the molassic Moquegua
Formation commenced at ~26 Ma (A. H. Clark, pers. commun., 2002). In the Andahuaylas-Yauri region, similar age
(~29 Ma) shoshonitic rocks have been interpreted to be part
of uppermost Anta Formation (see above and Carlotto, 1998),
thereby implying some degree of temporal overlap with
Tacaza rocks (Fig. 4). Sillapaca Group rocks include mainly
dacite flows with subordinate andesite in the southeastern
part of the study region (Carlotto, 1998) and subvolcanic
dacite plugs and ash-flow tuff in the Santa Luca area (Fig. 4;
Clark et al., 1990). Rocks from Santa Luca yield ages of between ~22 and 14 Ma (Clark et al., 1990; Sandeman et al.,
1995); elsewhere in the Puno region a second effusive event,
also assigned to the Sillapaca Group, returns ages of between
~14 to 12 Ma (Klinck et al., 1986).
If the correlations above are accepted (Fig. 4), it may be
speculated that the temporal overlap of the Oligocene to
Miocene volcanism of the Western Cordillera, Altiplano, and
Eastern Cordillera (Sandeman et al., 1995) would also apply
to the Andahuaylas-Yauri region. This interpretation is consistent with the suggestion by Sandeman et al. (1995) that a
>350-km-wide arc was episodically active throughout southern Peru during late Oligocene and Miocene times. In the
Andahuaylas-Yauri region, however, volcanism seems to have
been intermittently active since the middle Eocene (Carlier
et al., 1996, 2000; Carlotto, 1998; Carlotto et al., 1999).
and possess amphibole > biotite as the dominant ferromagnesian phases, with local pyroxene in the more mafic members. They are regularly distributed throughout the region
and constitute the main mass of the batholith. Contact aureoles within country rocks are extremely irregular in shape,
size, and composition, although garnet skarn is typically
formed in calcareous rocks (e.g., Ferrobamba Formation) and
biotite and cordierite hornfels are developed where the more
pelitic facies of the Mesozoic formations are present (Carlotto, 1998).
The age of the batholith is constrained by regional stratigraphic relations and geochronologic data (Table 2; Fig. 5b).
Batholith rocks intrude mostly Mesozoic and early Cenozoic
marine and continental strata as well as the middle Eocene to
early Oligocene Anta Formation (Fig. 4). In addition, several
K-Ar ages reported by Carlier et al. (1996), Carlotto (1998),
and Perell et al. (2002), together with a number of ages obtained during the course of the present study, confirm a middle Eocene to early Oligocene age (~48-32 Ma) for the bulk
of the batholith (Fig. 5). The geochronologic data support the
inference by Bonhomme and Carlier (1990) that cumulate
rocks are older (~48-43 Ma) and that intermediate composition rocks are younger (~40-32 Ma), thereby corroborating
the concept that batholith emplacement took place in at least
two main stages. The data also suggest, however, that considerable time overlap existed between the more mafic and the
more felsic intrusions of the younger group (Fig. 5b).
The Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith

The northeastern border of the Western Cordillera in the
study area is underlain by large bodies of intrusive rocks collectively known as the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith (Carlier et
al., 1989; Bonhomme and Carlier, 1990). It is also known locally as the Abancay (Marocco, 1975, 1978) or Apurmac
batholith (Pecho, 1981; Mendvil and Dvila, 1994). The
name Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith is used in this paper, following Bonhomme and Carlier (1990). The batholith is composed of a multitude of intrusions that crop out discontinuously for >300 km between the towns of Andahuaylas in the
northwest and Yauri in the southeast. Its width varies between ~25 km in the Tintaya area and ~130 km along the
Chalhuanca-Abancay transect (Fig. 5a).
In general terms, the batholith includes early-stage intrusions of cumulates (gabbro, troctolite, olivine gabbro, gabbrodiorite, and diorite) followed by rocks of intermediate composition (monzodiorite, quartz diorite, quartz monzodiorite,
and granodiorite) (Fig. 5c; Carlier et al., 1989; Bonhomme
and Carlier, 1990; Carlotto, 1998). Subvolcanic rocks of dominantly granodioritic/dacitic composition, locally associated
with porphyry-style mineralization, represent the terminal
stage (see below). Early-stage cumulate rocks are exposed
mainly along the northern border of the batholith (Fig. 5) between Curahuasi and Limatambo (Carlier et al., 1989; Ligarda et al., 1993), where petrologic work by Carlier et al.
(1989, 1996) determined that they constitute typical calcalkaline cumulates crystallized at the bottoms of shallow magma
chambers, with temperatures of emplacement of ~1,000C
and pressure conditions of ~2 to 3 kbars. The intrusions of the
intermediate stage are lighter gray in color, display mediumto coarse-grained, equigranular to slightly porphyritic textures,
Other intrusions
Post-batholith intrusive activity in the region is characterized by a series of small syenitic stocks that have yielded K-Ar
ages of ~28 Ma in the Curahuasi area (Carlotto, 1998). These
intrusions are part of a larger alkalic magmatic province that
also includes the basanites, phonotephrites, and trachytes of
the Ayaviri region, with ages between 29 and 26 Ma (Carlier
et al., 1996, 2000).
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
Structural geology
The structure of the region is, in general terms, poorly constrained and understood. Although some exceptions exist
(Marocco, 1975; Pecho, 1981; Cabrera et al., 1991; Carlotto
et al., 1996b; Carlotto, 1998), regional maps lack the detailed
structural data that would help to understand the regional
tectonics as a whole. The northeastern border of the Western
Cordillera is dominated by Mesozoic to Cenozoic sequences
that have been moderately to intensely deformed in large,
northwest-trending folds with dominantly northerly vergence
(Fig. 2). Intense folding in the region typically involves carbonate and shaly sequences (Ferrobamba Formation and
equivalent units) that wrap around cores of quartz arenite of
the Yura Group. Low- and high-angle thrusts locally accompany the most intense deformation and folding, particularly in
the southern quadrangles of the region (Pecho, 1981), with
most of the mapped thrusts displaying northerly vergence.
This style has similarities to thin-skinned fold-thrust belts
elsewhere (e.g., Benavides-Cceres, 1999), as no involvement
of pre-Mesozoic basement is apparent.
The limit between the Western Cordillera and the Altiplano is characterized by two main northwest-trending fault
systems (Limatambo-Ayaviri and Abancay-Yauri) with exposed
1582
MIOCENE
EARLY
OLIGOCENE
EARLY LATE
LATE
EOCENE
MIDDLE
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EARLY
1583
(1)
(1)
(1)
CURAHUASI
7300
35.80.9
ABANCAY
37.91.4
50 km
7230
SANTO TOMAS
34.2 0.9
LAS BAMBAS
39.71.9
43.21.1
39.81.5
43.31.9(1)
COTABAMBAS
35.13.1(1)
MACHU PICHU
(1) K-Ar (Carlotto, 1998)
Batholith Plutons
CHALHUANCA
ANDAHUAYLAS
DIORIT E / GABBRO (CUMULATES)
DIORITE
MONZODIORITE
QUARTZ MONZODIORITE
GRANODIORITE
(1) (1)
7330
1430
1400
(1)
(1)
(1)
ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI
BATHOLITH
13
7200
35.70.9
KATANGA
YAURI
7130
31.60.8
LIVITACA
40.31.0
15
TINTAYA
SICUANI
43.71.1(1)
POMACANCHIS
14
Monzogranite
Granodiorite
Tonalite
Quartz Monzonite
Quartz Monzodiorite
Quartz Diorite
Monzodiorite
Diorite / Gabbro
CUZCO
5
6
7
10
11
12
16
17
1430
1400
16
11
12
17
Curahuasi
Livitaca
Pomacanchis
Katanga
Tintaya
Cotabambas
Las Bambas
FIG. 5. Distribution and age of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith in the study area. a. Displays the main body of the batholith (Fig. 2) and the location of the K-Ar age
data from the present study (Table 2) and Carlotto (1998). b. Available K-Ar age data relative to volcanism of the Anta Formation and sedimentation of the San Jernimo Group as in column C of Figure 4. c. Composition of the main phases of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith on a QAP diagram (Streckeisen, 1976), based primarily
on work by the writers with additions after Pecho (1981), Carlier et al. (1989), and Carlotto (1998). Main localities studied are identified for better comprehension (see
text for descriptions).
50
40
37
34
30
28.5
24
20
Ma
PUNACANCHA
FORMATION
ANTA Fm
SAN JERONIMO Gp
STRATIGRAPHY
1583
1584
PERELL ET AL.
TABLE 2. K-Ar Ages of Various Intrusive Phases of the Andahuaylas-Yauri Batholith
Sample no.
Latitude
Longitude
Mineral
K (%)
Radiogenic Ar (nl/g)
Ar (at. %)
Age 2
LIVIKAR 02
PORKAR 02
KATKAR 05
COTKAR 01
COTKAR 02
PROGKAR 01
PROGKAR 02
LAHUKAR 01
CHALCOKAR 02
1418'58"
1429'34"
1426'38"
1345'03"
1341'11"
1406'02"
1400'54"
1425'08"
1403'37"
7144'10"
7156'02"
7154'30"
7221'23"
7221'14"
7228'35"
7228'28"
7300'45"
7218'21"
Biotite
Biotite
Biotite
Biotite
Amphibole1
Biotite1
Amphibole
Biotite
Amphibole
7.041
7.212
5.066
7.556
0.812
6.833
0.331
7.493
0.504
11.155
10.100
6.278
1.335
1.271
9.171
0.516
10.544
0.751
31
25
13
17
34
26
53
27
36
40.3 1.0
35.7 0.9
31.6 0.8
43.2 1.1
39.8 1.5
34.2 0.9
39.7 1.9
35.8 0.9
37.9 1.4
Constants: = 4.962 10-10y1; = 0.581 1010y1; 40Ar/36Ar = 295.5; 40K = 0.01167 at. percent
See Figure 5 for sample location
1 Some degree of alteration to chlorite present
lengths of >300 km (Fig. 2). Both are made up of several segments or smaller faults with individual continuous runs of >50
km that display high-angle reverse and strike-slip movements.
In the vicinity of the Abancay deflection (Marocco, 1978),
these structures transpose Paleozoic plutonic rocks over
younger cover sequences. Farther east, near Curahuasi, they
place deep cumulate facies of the Andahuaylas-Yauri
batholith on top of either younger intrusions of the same
batholith or over volcanic horizons of the Anta Formation
(Carlotto, 1998). Farther southeast, in the area of Santa
Luca, high-angle reverse structures belonging to the southeastern extension of the Abancay-Yauri fault are interpreted
to have been associated with a major fold-thrust deformation
event (Jaillard and Santander, 1992). The ~300-km-long, 10
to 50-km-wide corridor defined by the Limatambo-Ayaviri
and Abancay-Yauri fault systems is occupied by the synorogenic rocks of the Anta Formation and the San Jernimo
Group. The two main fault systems are inferred to have been
active during Mesozoic time and to have largely controlled
the shape and extension of the Cuzco-Puno high in the region
(Carlotto, 1998); they would therefore constitute structures
reactivated during Andean deformation (Jaillard and Santander, 1992; Benavides-Cceres, 1999).
The Altiplano is characterized by the synorogenic sequences that filled the basins of the San Jernimo Group and
the Punacancha and Paruro formations. These sequences display intense synsedimentary deformation structures including
tight folding and fault-controlled progressive unconformities
(Carlotto, 1998).
Tectono-Magmatic Synthesis
The main part of the region under consideration seems to
have been affected by several Late Cretaceous to Pliocene
tectonic events (Marocco, 1975; Pecho, 1981; Cabrera et al.,
1991; Carlotto et al., 1996b) of which the Eocene to early
Oligocene (Incaic) and Oligocene to Miocene (Quechua)
pulses are the most important. Important sedimentary, tectonic, and magmatic activity occurred in the Eocene and
Oligocene. The red beds of the San Jernimo Group were deposited in structurally controlled, northeast-trending synorogenic basins localized at the boundary between the Eastern
and Western Cordillera. Fluvial sedimentation is thought to
have progressed from south to north (Fig. 6). The presence of
several progressive unconformities in the sedimentary se0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
quences is interpreted to indicate that successive compressive

events were modifying the original pull-apart transtensional
architecture into contractional basins (Crdova, 1986; Noblet
et al., 1987; Marocco and Noblet, 1990; Chvez et al., 1996;
Carlotto, 1998). Locally, important volcanism (Anta Formation) accompanied deposition of the San Jernimo red bed
sequences.
The bulk of the deformation, interpreted to have begun at
~42 Ma (Carlotto, 1998) and thus broadly synchronous with
the Incaic orogeny of central Peru (Noble et al., 1974, 1979;
Mgard et al., 1984; Mgard, 1987; Farrar et al., 1988;
Sbrier et al., 1988; Sbrier and Soler 1991), is also thought
to have been the most important event of compressive deformation in the region. Paleogeographic reconstructions (Fig.
6) suggest that this northeast-directed deformation was responsible for the development of the basins that accommodated middle Eocene to early Oligocene volcanism and sedimentation. Reactivation of older, basin-bounding structures
(e.g., Cuzco-Puno high) into major high-angle reverse faults
that favored the uplift of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith,
also took place during late Eocene to early Oligocene time
(~4032 Ma; Carlier et al., 1996; Carlotto, 1998; see below).
This summary suggests that the Incaic orogeny in the study
region constitutes a long-lived period of semicontinuous deformation of ~20 to 15 m.y., between the middle Eocene and
the early Oligocene. Several distinct deformation events and
associated shortening and uplift are, however, apparent and
may have accompanied emplacement of the various phases of
the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith in at least two main events,
at ~48 to 43 and ~40 to 32 Ma (Bonhomme and Carlier, 1990;
Carlier et al., 1996). Evidence from outside the study region
(Portugal, 1974; Jaillard and Santander, 1992; Carlotto et al.,
1996b; Carlotto, 1998) strongly suggests that magmatism,
folding, uplift, and erosion were all integral components of
the Incaic orogeny in the Western Cordillera and Altiplano, a
contrasting view to that of Clark et al. (1990) and Sandeman
et al. (1995) for a contiguous transect (1320S) farther
southeast.
Porphyry Copper Geology
Distribution
The Andahuaylas-Yauri belt extends for ~300 km and is
defined by 31 prospects and deposits with porphyry-style
1584
1585

71
73
MACHU PICHU
Ri
o
A
ur
Ab
ANDAHUAYLAS
an
ca y
im
Fau
ac
Fault
ault
Limatambo F
CUZCO
lt
ABANCAY
ot
ab
URCOS
am
ba
s F
a
ult
14
14
Po
CHALHUANCA
SICUANI
ma
LIVITACA
ca
Fa
av
ir
ult
i
Fa
ul
a: CONGLOMERATES b: VOLCANIC ROCKS
MAIN PLUTONS OF
ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BATHOLITH
hi
ault
uri F
b ANTA FORMATION
Ay
nc
Ya
SANTO TOMAS
SAN JERONIMO GROUP

BASINS
YAURI
MESOZOIC ROCKS
50 km
PALEOZOIC BASEMENT
SEDIMENT PROVENANCE
71
73
FIG. 6. Schematic paleogeographic reconstruction of the study area during late Eocene to early Oligocene time. Note the
intimate spatial relationship between batholithic plutons, volcanic rocks of the Anta Formation, and the sedimentary basins
of the San Jernimo Group in this reconstruction. Also shown are the main fault systems and high-angle thrusts that are interpreted to have controlled both uplift of the batholith at the deformation front south of Cuzco (the Cuzco-Puno high) and
the San Jernimo basins. Main localities are shown for reference. Modified after Carlotto (1998).
alteration and mineralization, including 19 systems grouped

in 5 main clusters plus 12 separate porphyry centers (Fig. 7a).
Of these, 3 systems (Leonor, Leticia, and Aceropata; Fig. 7a)
are excluded from this review due to a lack of data. The belt
has a known maximum width of 130 km in a northeast-southwest direction, with deposits exposed at elevations between
3,400 and 4,700 m (Fig. 7b). However, beyond the limits of
the belt in the Eastern Cordillera, porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization is exposed at elevations as low as 2,800 m, as at Aurora
(Fig. 7b).
A salient feature of the belt is the spatial distribution of
porphyry copper stocks around the edges of the main intrusions that make up the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith, as exemplified by the Katanga, Morosayhuas, and Las Bambas
clusters and by the Pea Alta, Lahuani, Alicia, Leonor, and
Winicocha systems. Only at Panchita, Portada, Leticia,
Cotabambas, and Antapaccay was the earlier plutonic phase
effectively penetrated by the later porphyry stocks. Isolated
systems, such as those of the Tintaya cluster and Trapiche,
Los Chancas, and Chaccaro, far from the main batholithic
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
intrusions, are nevertheless related to smaller plutons and

outliers of the same batholith.
Host rocks
Country rocks for selected porphyry systems of the belt are
indicated in Figure 8 and Table 3. Wall rocks to the Las Bambas, Katanga, and Tintaya clusters include either intrusive
batholithic rocks or sedimentary rocks preserved as roof-pendants in the batholith. Within the Mesozoic units, it is apparent that lower Ferrobamba Formation horizons, near their
contact with the Mara Formation, are the preferred host
rocks (Tintaya deposits; Fierro et al., 1997; Zweng et al., 1997;
Jones et al., 2000), whereas the Chuquibambilla and Soraya
formations constitute common host rocks where the Yura
Group predominates (Fig. 8), in the southwestern part of the
belt (Los Chancas; Corrales, 2001). The Cotabambas cluster
is restricted to diorite and granodiorite of the AndahuaylasYauri batholith (Perell et al., 2002), whereas both batholith
intrusions and Anta Formation volcanic horizons make up the
host rocks of the Morosayhuas cluster farther north (Fig. 8).
1585
1586
PERELL ET AL.
71
72
73
AURORA (4)
13
Elevation
meters a.s.l.
IN
SE
5000
17
25
ON
FO
MOROSAYHUAS
CLUSTER
29
30
CT
I
4500
SE
6
3
24
4000
32
LLOCLLACSA (21)
18
19
2
23
31 14 16
26
28 13
33
11
27
22
3500
MAKI (22)
COTABAMBAS
CLUSTER
10
20
QENCO (27)
CHA-CHA (11)
12 21
8
1
15
CHILCACCASA (12)
HUACLLE (15)
CCALLA (7)
LETICIA (20)
3000
ACEROPATA (1)
AZULCCACCA (5)
CCARAYOC (8)
50 km
2500
CHACCAR O (10)
CHALCOBAMBA (9)
FERROBAMBA (14)
14
ALICIA (2)
LOS CHANCAS (18)
PEA ALTA (24)
SULFOBAMBA (29)
LAS BAMBAS
CLUSTE R
LEONOR (19)
CRISTO DE LOS
ANDES (6)
PANCHITA (25)
KATANGA
CLUSTER
LAHUANI (17)
WINICOCHA (33)
MONTE ROJO (23)
PORTADA (26)
SAN JOSE (30)
TRAPICHE (32)
KATANGA (16)
TINTAYA (31)
50 km
TINTAYA
CLUSTER
ANTAPACCAY (3)
15
COROCCOHUAYCO (13)
QUECHUA (28)
FIG. 7. Distribution of the porphyry copper deposits and prospects referred to in this study. a. Illustrates the location of
the main clusters at Morosayhuas, Katanga, Cotabambas, Las Bambas, and Tintaya, together with other separate deposits
and prospects. Numbers in parentheses are keyed to the section of Figure 7b. The Aurora prospect is also shown for reference. b. Simplified section A-A displaying the distribution of the systems relative to present-day elevation above sea level.
Geometry
Porphyry copper-bearing stocks of the Andahuaylas-Yauri
belt are centered on multiple-pulse porphyritic intrusions
(Table 3) that commonly display both dike- and cylinder-like
geometries. In plan view, the stocks generally range from
~0.25 to 0.6 km2, but also include the much smaller examples
of the Morosayhuas cluster where the stocks can be as small
as 150 50m, as at Qenqo. In general, the form of the stocks
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
is difficult to determine, owing to (1) post-mineralization

moraine cover (Katanga), (2) late mineral dikes (Cotabambas and Tintaya; Fig. 9), (3) syn- to post-mineralization
faults (Cotabambas and Antapaccay; Fig. 9), and (4) textural
and compositional similarities between porphyry copperbearing stocks and wall rocks (Winicocha, Morosayhuas,
Chalcobamba, and Panchita). Moreover, other systems seem
to have developed complex geometries from the outset,
such as the rootless nature of the stocks at Chabuca and
1586
LABRA/
CHUQUIBAMBILLA
Fms
WINICOCHA
CRISTO DE LOS ANDES
PEA ALTA
COTABAMBAS
ALICIA
LAHUANI
YURA Gp
SORAYA/
HUALHUANI
Fms
LOS CHANCAS
MURCO/MARA/
HUAMBO Fms
QUECHUA
FERROBAMBA/
ARCURQUINA/
AYAVACAS
Fms
TINTAYA
ANTAPACCAY CHACCARO
NEOCOMIAN - TURONIAN
PUQUIN/
ANTA-ANTA
Fms
LAS BAMBAS
MOROSAYHUAS
ANTA/
KAYRA/
SONCCO
Fms
CHILCA/
QUILQUE
Fms
MAASTRICHTIAN
BAJOCIAN - TITHONIAN
ANDAHUAYLAS - YAURI
BATHOLIT H
KATANGA
SAN JERONIMO
Gp
PALEOCENE
EOCENE-EARL Y
OLIGOCENE
PUNACANCHA
Fm
CACHIOS/
PISTE Fms
PELITE
LAGUNILLAS
Gp
SANDSTONE
CONGLOMERATE
QUARTZITE
GYPSUM
LIMESTONE
ANDESITE
FIG. 8. Schematic diagram illustrating the tentative location of selected

porphyry systems of the belt relative to the main Mesozoic to Cenozoic stratigraphic units of the region and the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith.
Coroccohuaycco (Fierro et al., 1997; Zweng et al., 1997) and

the bedding-parallel attitude of the multiple sills at Quechua
(J. Perell, unpub. data, 2003), in the Tintaya cluster.
Systems dominated by tabular, dike-like geometries include
the Cotabambas (Fig. 9c), Las Bambas, and Morosayhuas
clusters, and the Pea Alta and Quechua composite stocks.
Typical cylindrical host intrusions include Los Chancas (Corrales, 2001), Cristo de los Andes, Chaccaro, and Alicia (Fig.
9a), with plan dimensions of between 300 and 600 m.
Composition
Porphyry copper-bearing stocks of the belt are, like the
major intrusions of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith, typically
calc-alkaline in composition (Carlier et al., 1989; Bonhomme
and Carlier, 1990). Although it is difficult to assign precise
petrographic names to altered and mineralized intrusive
rocks, most of the porphyry-related intrusions studied possess
an intermediate composition, with dacite and/or granodiorite
predominanting (Fig. 10c). Exceptions include some quartz
monzodioritic stocks at Cotabambas (Perell et al., 2002; Fig.
10c), the monzogranitic composition of Panchita, the monzonitic nature of some stocks in the Katanga cluster (MMAJ,
1983), and the dominantly quartz monzonitic to monzonitic
composition of the Tintaya cluster, including Quechua
(Fierro et al., 1997; Zweng et al., 1997; Jones et al., 2000;
Fierro et al., 2002).
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
1587
Biotite and amphibole are by far the most abundant ferromagnesian phenocrysts in all the porphyries studied, although
pyroxene is also present locally at Katanga. Proportions of biotite to amphibole vary greatly among the different systems,
with biotite being more abundant at Alicia, Los Chancas,
Pea Alta, Panchita, Trapiche, and in the Las Bambas and
Katanga clusters. Amphibole dominates at Cristo de los
Andes, Portada, Chaccaro, and in the Cotabambas and Tintaya clusters. Other important phenocryst populations are
largely dominated by plagioclase (30 to 80 vol %) and subordinate quartz eyes and orthoclase (~10 vol % each) (Fig.
10c). Groundmass mineralogy is dominated by quartz, plagioclase and orthoclase in microfelsitic aggregates, which locally
contain interstitial biotite.
In most deposits, the bulk of the mineralization seems to be
genetically associated with one single phase of intrusion, as at
Alicia, Cristo de los Andes, Pea Alta, Portada, and the Morosayhuas and Cotabambas clusters (Table 3). Two phases are
apparent at Los Chancas and Lahuani, and up to six phases
have been described at Antapaccay (Jones et al., 2000). Similarly, inter- to late-mineral porphyry intrusions constitute integral parts of all systems in the belt. These later intrusions
vary from one central phase at Alicia (Fig. 9), through two at
Ccalla (Cotabambas) and Chabuca (Tintaya), to at least three
at Antapaccay. Earliest inter-mineral porphyries exhibit similar textures, compositions, and alteration products to the
main intrusions, making distinction between them difficult.
However, they tend to possess weaker versions of the same alteration and mineralization types. Later inter-mineral and
younger phases display different compositions and textures,
and are characterized by much weaker alteration, in addition
to lacking significant hydrofracturing. Inter-mineral dikes of
roughly the same composition as that of the main stocks are
present at Cotabambas, Alicia, Chaccaro, Antapaccay,
Quechua, Katanga, Lahuani, Las Bambas, Morosayhuas, and
Tintaya, whereas younger, compositionally and texturally distinct phases occur at Tintaya, Antapaccay, Los Chancas,
Katanga, Lahuani, and Pea Alta. These younger phases,
which may or may not include postmineral intrusions, are
commonly dominated by andesitic, dacitic, and microdioritic
dikes. Postmineral mafic dikes are common at Tintaya (Fierro
et al., 1997; Zweng et al., 1997).
The size, shape and location of inter- to late-mineral intrusions, with respect to the main stock, exert a marked influence on the geometry of both the main stocks and the mineralized zones in porphyry deposits of the belt. In most cases,
inter- to late-mineral phases are dike-like in form, as at
Lahuani and Pea Alta, and in the Tintaya, Katanga, and
Cotabambas clusters, but are cylindrical in shape at Alicia
and irregular at Morosayhuas and Chaccaro. In some deposits, as at Ccalla at Cotabambas, the earliest inter-mineral
phases are centrally located with respect to the main-phase
stock, whereas later-mineral intrusions occupy peripheral
positions in association with late-stage dome and dike
swarms of dacitic composition (Fig. 9c). At Alicia, however,
the cylinder-like, inter-mineral intrusion occupies a central
position (Fig. 9a) and at Tintaya (e.g., the Chabuca deposit)
the dikes cut the early-stage porphyry stock and related mineralization almost at a 90-degree angle and extend far beyond mineralized zones (Zweng et al., 1997). Modification of
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Six phases:
monzonite
to quartz
monzonite
One phase?:
quartz
monzonite
One phase:
granodiorite
to quartz
monzodiorite
Several phases:
dacite
Several phases:
dacite and/or
granodiorite
Antappacay
(Tintaya)
1588
One phase:
dacite
Winicocha
Cristo de los
Andes
Pea Alta
Lahuani
Chaccaro
Alicia
Two phases:
granodiorite
to quartz
monzonite
One phase:
granodiorite
and/or dacite
One phase:
dacite
One phase:
rhyodacite to
dacite
One phase:
dacite
One phase:
dacite/
rhyodacite
Los Chancas
Qenco/Maki
One phase:
(Morosayhuas)
diorite and
quartz diorite
San Jos
(Katanga)
Katanga
(Katanga)
Ferrobamba
(Las Bambas)
Chalcobamba
(Las Bambas)
Ccalla
(Cotabambas)
Several phases:
monzonite
and dacite
Two main
phases: dacite
Two phases:
monzonite
Chabuca
(Tintaya)
Quechua
(Tintaya)
Mineralized
intrusion(s)
Deposit or
prospect
(cluster)
N.A.
Several phases: andesite

and microdiorite dikes
Several phases:
dacite and
andesite dikes
Several phases:
andesite dikes
Several phases:
andesite dikes
One central
phase: dacite
N.A.
Several phases: dacite

and andesite dikes
Several phases:
dacite and
andesite dikes;
granodiorite stock
Several phases:
dacite and
andesite dikes
Two phases:
dacite and
andesite dikes
Several phases:
andesite dikes
Several phases:
andesite and quartz
monzonite dikes
Two phases:
granodiorite and
dacite dikes
Several phases:
diorite, dacite
an mafic dikes
Three phases:
andesite dikes
Mid- and late

mineral intrusions
Microdiorite and
dacite stocks
Upper Soraya Fm
Soraya Fm
Upper
Ferrobamba Fm
Chuquibambilla
Fm
Upper
Ferrobamba Fm
Chuquibambilla
and Soraya Fms
Lower Anta Fm;

diorite pluton
Undifferentiated
Ferrobamba Fm
Undifferentiated
Ferrobamba Fm
Lower
Ferrobamba Fm
Lower
Ferrobamba Fm
Lower Ferrobamba,
Mara, and upper
Soraya Fms
Diorite and
granodiorite
plutons
Lower Ferrobamba
Fm; diorite
pluton
Lower
Ferrobamba Fm
Wall rocks
Early potassic overprinted

by quartz-sericitic
Early potassic and calcicpotassic overprinted by
sericite-clay-chlorite and
peripheral quartz-sericitic
Early potassic? overprinted
by quartz-sericitic and
local advanced argillic

by sericite-clay-chlorite
by quartz sericitic
Early potassic overprinted by

sericite-clay-chlorite

by intense quartz-sericitic
and local advanced argillic
local quartz-sericitic and
advanced argillic
Early potassic with
peripheral quartz-sericitic
Early potassic

local quartz-sericitic

by quartz-sericitic

by albite-rich sericiteclay-chlorite
Ore-related
hydrothermal alteration
Trace
chalcopyrite
Chalcopyrite
Chalcopyrite
Chalcopyrite,
molybdenite
Chalcopyrite
Chalcopyrite ~
bornite
Chalcopyrite >
bornite
Trace
chalcopyrite
Chalcopyrite
Chalcopyrite
Chalcopyrite >
bornite
Chalcopyrite ~
bornite
Chalcopyrite >
bornite
Chalcopyrite
Bornite ~
chalcopyrite
Chalcopyrite >
bornite
Ore
mineralogy
Absent
Copper oxides and

chalcocite blanket
Minor copper
oxides
Minor copper
oxides
Minor copper
oxides
Minor copper
oxides
Copper oxides
and chalcocite
blanket
Copper oxides
and chalcocite
blanket
Absent
Abundant
copper oxides
Irregular
copper oxides
Irregular
copper oxides
Irregular copper
oxides and
chalcocite blanket
Irregular copper
oxides and
chalcocite
N.A.
Irregular copper
oxides
Supergene
mineralization
TABLE 3. Geological Features of Selected Porphyry Systems of the Andahuaylas-Yauri Belt
Inter- to latemineral;
sericite-rich
Inter-mineral;
sericite-rich
N.A.
Inter-mineral;
magnetite-rich
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Large intermineral;
sericite-rich
Local
tourmalinerich dikes
N.A.
Contact
breccias
N.A.
Contact
breccias and
pebble dikes
Pebble dikes
Large postmineral
diatreme
Pebble dikes
Hydrothermal
breccias
Distal skarn at
12 km
Minor exoskarn;
distal jasperoids
at ~2 km
Distal skarn at
23 km
Distal skarn at
1.5 km
Minor exoskarn
Dominant:
exoskarn
N.A.
Distal skarn at
12 km
Present:
exo>endoskarn
Dominant:
exo>endoskarn
Important:
exo>endoskarn
Dominant:
exo>endoskarn
Distal skarn at
23 km
Locally important
exoskarn
Minor exoskarn
Dominant:
exo>endoskarn
Skarn
mineralization
1588
PERELL ET AL.
1589
ALICIA
ANTAPACCAY
7120
ANTAPACCAY NORTH
7159
1405
1500
Late-mineral Diatreme
Late Porphyry
200 m
Late Porphyry
Main Porphyry
Main Porphyry
Pre-mineral Diorite
Skarn
Skarn
Reverse Fault
Zone of Intense
Stockwork Veining
Anticline
ANTAPACCAY
SOUTH
COTABAMBAS
500 m
SAN JOSE
7222
Cerro Saiwa
4400m
HUACLLE
4300m
4200m
4100m
1344
CCALLA
200 m
CCARAYOC
AZULCCACCA
Late Dome and Dikes
1 km
a
b
a
b
Porphyry-related
Intrusions
Andahuaylas-Yauri Batholith
a: Diorite
b: Granodiorite
Skarn
Leached Capping
Late Andesite Dike
Supergene Chalcocite Blanket

a: Intersected by Drilling
b: Projected
Hydrothermal Breccia
Main Porphyry
Drill Hole
FIG. 9. Main geologic attributes of selected porphyry copper systems of the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt. a. Displays the cylindrical form of the porphyry copper-bearing stock at Alicia and the central location of the late-mineral porphyry dike, as
mapped by the writers. b. Illustrates the structurally controlled nature of the porphyry copper systems at Antapaccay and the
large postmineral diatreme breccia (simplified after Jones et al., 2000 and Fierro et al., 2002). c. Displays the cluster at
Cotabambas and the structurally controlled nature of the stocks at Ccalla and Azulccacca, together with the peripheral, latemineral dome and its dike swarm (simplified after Perell et al., 2002). d. Schematic cross section through the San Jos porphyry system at Katanga displaying the distribution of the main geologic units and the location of the supergene enrichment
zone. Based on data provided by the Metal and Mining Agency of Japan (1983) and mapping by the writers.
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
1589
1590
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
1430
1400
(1)
LOS CHANCAS
PANCHITA
WNW
LAHUANI
TRAPICH E
7330
200 km
CHALHUANCA
50 km
CRISTO DE
LOS ANDES
SANTO TOMAS
SULFOBAMBA
KATANGA
ALICIA
7200
PORTADA
CHACCARO
CHALCOBAMBA
FERROBAMBA
LAS BAMBAS
CLUSTER
7230
CHILCACCASA
CUZCO
5
10
20
35
7130
ANTAPACCAY
KATANGA
CLUSTER
SAN JOSE
90
90
65
11
10
2
3
8
5 1
DACITE
60
90
QUECHUA
COROCCOHUAYCO
TINTAYA
CLUSTER
SICUANI
TINTAYA
YAURI
RHYOLITE
WINICOCHA
LIVITACA
MONTE ROJO
60
ALICIA
CRISTO DE LOS ANDES
CHACCARO
KATANGA CLUSTER
PORTADA
PEA ALTA
PANCHITA
WINICOCHA
LAS BAMBAS CLUSTER
TRAPICHE
COTABAMBAS CLUSTER
1330
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
COTABAMBAS
CLUSTER
AZULCCACCA
CCALLA
CCARAYOC
HUACLLE
MAKI
QENCO
LLOCLLACSA
MOROSAYHUAS
CLUSTER
CHA-CHA
MACHU PICHU
LETICI A
ACEROPATA
SSE
Skarn Fe-(Cu, Au)
TRAPICHE
LEONOR
PEA ALTA
7300
LAHUANI
PANCHITA
ABANCAY
7300
PORPHYR Y COPPER
ALTERATION-MINERALIZ ATION
CRISTO DE ANDES
SULFOBAMBA
CHALCOBAMBA
FERROBAMBA
LOS CHANCAS
7330
ANDAHUAYLAS
ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI
BATHOLITH
(1) (1)
(1)
QUECHUA
20
FIG. 10. a. Distribution of porphyry copper clusters and systems relative to the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith and Fe-Cu skarn occurrences. Note the preferred location of the porphyry clusters along the edges of main batholithic bodies. b. Age distribution of selected porphyry copper deposits and prospects of the belt (Table 4) relative to the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith and the volcanic and sedimentary stratigraphy of the region. c. Dominant composition of selected porphyry copper-bearing
stocks of the belt according to their modal mineral contents on a QAP diagram (Streckeisen, 1978).
STRATIGRAPHY
50
40
37
34
30
28.5
PUNACANCHA
FORMATION
ANTA Fm
SAN JERONIMO Gp
24
ALICIA
CCALLA
CHILCACCASA
CHACCARO
20
SAN JOSE
MONTE ROJO
WINICOCHA
OTHER INTRUSION
INTER-LATE PHASE PORPHYR Y
AND/OR ALTERATION
MAIN PHASE ALTERATION
(2) Re-Os (Mathur et al., 2001)
(3) K-Ar (Noble et al., 1984)
KATANGA
GRANODIORITE
QUARTZ MONZODIORITE
MONZODIORITE
DIORITE
DIORIT E / GABBRO (CUMULATES)
(1) K-AR (Carlotto, 1998)
PORTADA
MIOCENE
EARLY
OLIGOCENE
EARLY LATE
LATE
EOCENE
MIDDLE
EARLY
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PEA ALTA
TINTAYA (3)
TINTAYA (2)
Ma
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PERELL ET AL.
ore zones at Cotabambas, Tintaya, and Las Bambas by intrusion of the inter- to late-mineral bodies is appreciable.
Hydrothermal alteration and mineralization
Six distinct types of alteration-mineralization are recognizable in porphyry systems of the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt.
These make up the potassic, propylitic, sericitic (phyllic), advanced argillic, and calc-silicate types of Meyer and Hemley
(1967) and subsequent investigators (Lowell and Guilbert,
1970; Guilbert and Lowell, 1974), as well as an alteration type
characterized by sericite, chlorite, and clays (illite-smectite).
The latter was originally termed SCC-type by Sillitoe and
Gappe (1984) in the Philippines porphyry copper deposits
and is now referred to as intermediate argillic alteration by
Sillitoe (2000). An additional, less widespread alteration-mineralization type includes the mixed calcic-potassic assemblages observed at several deposits and prospects.
Potassic alteration: With a few exceptions (Morosayhuas,
Winicocha), potassic alteration is the principal alteration type
directly associated with mineralization in Andahuaylas-Yauri
porphyry systems (Table 3). In all cases, potassic alteration occurs early in the evolution of each system and consists of
quartz, biotite, and K-feldspar. Hydrothermal biotite replaces
ferromagnesian components, typically magmatic hornblende
and, less commonly, magmatic biotite. It also occurs in the
groundmass of porphyry stocks and in veinlets, either alone or
accompanied by other silicate phases. Early, typically barren
biotite seams and veinlets occcur at several systems, including
Pea Alta and Cotabambas, and can be compared with the
early biotite veins described by Gustafson and Quiroga (1995)
at El Salvador, Chile. In most deposits and prospects, including the Cotabambas, Tintaya, Las Bambas, and Katanga clusters, and at Lahuani, Alicia, and Los Chancas, biotite is accompanied by K-feldspar, which at Cotabambas and Tintaya
constitutes a volumetrically significant alteration mineral. For
example, the most intense potassic alteration at Ccalla is dominated by aggregates of quartz and K-feldspar, with local development of graphic textures and complete destruction of
original rock textures. K-feldspar also occurs in a variety of
veinlet types with quartz and biotite, within the veinlets or as
alteration halos, and as partial replacements of original plagioclase sites. Calcite, apatite, anhydrite, and magnetite are
additional minerals in potassic alteration assemblages and are
also common constituents of veinlet assemblages. Conspicuous magnetite accompanies potassic alteration in gold-rich
porphyry systems of the belt, and at Cotabambas attains >5
vol percent (Perell et al., 2002).
Major quantities of quartz were introduced as either uni- or
multidirectional veinlets during potassic alteration in all deposits and prospects, but most characteristically at Cotabambas, Antappaccay, San Jos, Ferrobamba, Chalcobamba, Maki,
Llocllasca, and Winicocha. In at least five systems, including
Maki at Morosayhuas, San Jos at Katanga, Ccalla and Azulccacca at Cotabambas, and Winicocha, the quartz veinlets coalesce to form massive bodies of nearly pure quartz. Where
overprinting by either quartz-sericitic or sericite-clay-chlorite
alteration is intense, these massive bodies are the only remnants of the early-stage potassic alteration. In common with
porphyry systems elsewhere (e.g., Gustafson and Hunt, 1975;
Gustafson and Quiroga, 1995; Sillitoe, 2000), a variety of
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quartz veinlets, introduced in several generations, characterize potassic alteration in porphyry deposits and prospects of
the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt. Typical assemblages and textures
compare closely with the A- and B-type veinlets described by
Gustafson and Hunt (1975) from El Salvador porphyry copper deposit, Chile. A-type veinlets carry significant mineralization in the form of chalcopyrite and/or bornite at a number
of deposits, including the Ccalla and Azulccacca centers at
Cotabambas, Pea Alta, Ferrobamba, and Chalcobamba at
Las Bambas, and Antapaccay at Tintaya. At Alicia and Chalcobamba, B-type veinlets are characterized by semicontinous
centerlines filled by millimeter- to centimeter-sized grains of
bornite and chalcopyrite, whereas at Pea Alta, Lahuani, Los
Chancas, and Quechua, they are dominated by chalcopyrite
and molybdenite. A-veinlets also occur in copper-poor, goldbearing porphyry systems, such as those from the Morosayhuas cluster (see below), where they contribute minor
amounts of chalcopyrite. Gold-rich porphyry copper deposits
of the belt, such as the Ccalla and Azulccacca centers at
Cotabambas, contain appreciable amounts of magnetitebearing veinlets that are similar to the M-type veinlets of
Clark and Arancibia (1995) and to the A- and C-type veinlets
described by Cox (1985) at Tanam, Puerto Rico.
Calcic-potassic alteration: Calcic-potassic alteration is represented at Cotabambas, Morosayhuas, and Pea Alta (Table
3). The assemblage is characterized by veinlets of quartz, actinolite, and hornblende, with important K-feldspar, biotite,
apatite and calcite, and volumetrically minor amounts of
clinopyroxene and epidote. In general, plagioclase is variably
altered to K-feldspar, calcite, and/or epidote, whereas magmatic biotite and amphibole are selectively replaced by needles of actinolite, commonly intergrown with apatite. Magmatic pyroxene is altered to aggregates of actinolite-apatite
and actinolite-biotite, and magmatic hornblende is converted
to mixtures of clinopyroxene, biotite, and hornblende as in
several systems of the Morosayhuas cluster. Alteration halos
to various veinlet sets include K-feldspar, actinolite, biotite,
and chlorite. Magnetite is a common constituent, and chalcopyrite, as part of this association, gives rise to ore-grade CuAu mineralization.
Sericite-clay-chlorite alteration: Several deposits and
prospects of the belt, including Alicia, Chaccaro, Pea Alta,
Las Bambas, Morosayhuas, Cotabambas, and Tintaya, possess
significant sericite-clay-chlorite alteration as part of their ore
zones (Table 3). This assemblage imparts a pale-green overprint to potassic alteration and gives a soft aspect to the rock
(cf. Sillitoe and Gappe, 1984). It generally modifies, but with
some degree of preservation, original rock textures. Sericiteclay-chlorite alteration varies in both intensity and mineralogy, although assemblages defined for systems of the belt
always include one or more associations of sericite (finegrained muscovite), illite, smectite, chlorite, calcite, quartz,
and varied proportions of epidote, halloysite, and albite. Plagioclase (both phenocrysts and groundmass) is replaced by a
pale-green, greasy sericite assemblage which also includes illite and, locally, smectite. Amphibole and biotite, the latter of
magmatic and/or hydrothermal origin, are characteristically
replaced by chlorite. Calcite is common as a replacement of
plagioclase, and in some deposits and prospects, including
Cotabambas and Chaccaro, it is a major constituent of the
1591
1592
PERELL ET AL.
assemblage. Albite is locally important as a replacement of

plagioclase, as at Morosayhuas and at the Chabuca Este deposit at Tintaya (Zweng et al., 1997).
Quartz veinlets include various associations with chlorite
and calcite, and halos of green sericite, halloysite, and mixedlayer illite-smectite are common (Cotabambas, Chaccaro).
Where quartz veining is intense and halos coalesce, the rock
is completely replaced by fine- to very fine-grained mosaics of
quartz, sericite, and mixed-layer illite-smectite that obliterate
original host rock textures, as at Ccalla, San Jos, Maki, Llocllacsa, and Winicocha. Chalcopyrite is locally present in
some veinlet assemblages and may constitute monomineralic
veinlets with chlorite and quartz, but in general, chalcopyrite
contents are lower than in earlier potassic alteration-mineralization. Bornite, if present in earlier assemblages, rarely survives sericite-clay chlorite alteration. Pyrite is typically present in the form of veinlets and disseminations (Chaccaro,
Maki), and is volumetrically important at Cotabambas. Magnetite is variably transformed to martite, and specular
hematite is a characteristic constituent of the assemblage.
Quartz-sericitic alteration: Well-defined zones of quartzsericitic alteration accompany ore in several systems of the
belt at San Jos, Cristo de Los Andes, Quechua and, possibly,
at Winicocha and Chilcaccasa. Moderate amounts are also
present at Cotabambas (Ccalla), Los Chancas, Chaccaro,
Lahuani, Pea Alta, and Morosayhuas (Table 3). The quartzsericitic assemblages typically comprise white, texturally destructive aggregates of quartz, sericite (fine-grained muscovite), and illite, accompanied by several percent pyrite. In
all systems mentioned above, quartz-sericitic alteration typically overprints earlier-formed potassic or, as at Cotabambas,
sericite-clay-chlorite alteration. Broad quartz-sericitic alteration halos around potassic cores, common in many porphyry
Cu-Mo deposits worldwide (e.g., Lowell and Guilbert, 1970),
are not widely developed in systems of the Andahuaylas-Yauri
belt, although they are inferred at Los Chancas (Corrales,
2001). At the Ccalla deposit in Cotabambas, structurally controlled patches of quartz-sericitic alteration abut intermediate
argillic assemblages in the upper parts of the system (Perell
et al., 2002) and contributed to the formation of an irregular
chalcocite blanket. A similar situation is also observed at
Cristo de los Andes, Quechua and at the San Jos deposit in
the Katanga cluster (MMAJ, 1983).
D-type veinlets (Gustafson and Hunt, 1975) are typically
associated with overprinting quartz-sericitic alteration in
most systems of the belt where this style of alteration occurs.
D veinlets fill planar, continuous, centimeter-wide structures
with pyrite and quartz, which develop quartz-sericitic halos.
Tourmaline, a common constituent of sericitic alteration in
many parts of the world, is rarely developed in AndahuaylasYauri porphyry systems, occurring only at Trapiche and Morosayhuas.
Advanced argillic alteration: Hypogene advanced argillic
alteration is not recognized as a common assemblage in porphyry systems of the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt. However,
sericite-rich alteration that also contains pyrophyllite and
kaolinite-group minerals is present at San Jos, Winicocha,
and Maki (Table 3). At San Jos, advanced argillic alteration
is intimately associated with transgressive structures, whereas
at Maki it is controlled by permeability contrasts at the
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contact between quartz diorite and volcanosedimentary country rocks. At Maki and San Jos, advanced argillic alteration is
superimposed on the porphyry stocks and associated potassic
and sericite-clay-chlorite alteration, whereas at Winicocha it
is developed at higher elevations and constitutes the roots of
a porphyry copper lithocap.
Propylitic alteration: Propylitic alteration in AndahuaylasYauri belt porphyry systems (chlorite, epidote, and calcite) is
found mainly as part of the outer halo confined to noncarbonate wall rocks. In other systems, as at Cotabambas, Chaccaro, Lahuani, and Las Bambas, propylitic alteration occurs
within porphyry copper ore zones in late-mineral stocks and
dikes. In both cases, disseminated and veinlet pyrite, in
amounts of ~1 vol percent, is common.
Calc-silicate alteration: Calc-silicate alteration is represented in many deposits and prospects of the belt. Indeed, associated mineralization has constituted the main source of
Cu-Au ore at the Tintaya (Terrones, 1958; Santa Cruz et al.
1979; Noble et al., 1984; Zweng et al., 1997) and Katanga
(MMAJ, 1983) mines, and it is an important contributor to
mineralization at the Las Bambas skarn-porphyry cluster and
the Quechua deposit (E. Tejada, pers. commun., 2003). In
addition, proximal calc-silicate assemblages and associated
skarn-type mineralization are present in most systems of the
belt, excluding Cotabambas, Cristo de los Andes, Pea Alta,
and Morosayhuas. However, at distances of ~3 km, all of the
deposits have distal skarn-type assemblages in roof-pendants
of Ferrobamba Formation and equivalent units.
Garnet, diopside, epidote, and actinolite are the characteristic calc-silicate assemblages (Terrones, 1958; Santa Cruz et
al., 1979). At Tintaya (Fierro et al., 1997; Zweng et al., 1997);
calc-silicate alteration and mineralization occur in endoskarn
and exoskarn facies, and as products of prograde (anhydrous)
and retrograde (hydrous) events (Table 3). The bulk of the Cu
(-Au, -Mo) mineralization at Tintaya and Las Bambas was introduced during prograde events, typically as chalcopyrite
and, less commonly, bornite, whereas at the smaller Alicia system, bornite, with or without chalcopyrite, is the dominant
Cu and Au contributor. Distal skarn mineralization in porphyry-centered systems of the belt is similar to that elsewhere
(Einaudi et al., 1981), in that it is richer in Pb and Zn (e.g.,
Morosayhuas). Another expression of the distal environment
is the structurally and lithologically controlled, yellow-brown
jasperoid developed in limestone beyond the skarn front at
Tintaya, Las Bambas, Katanga, and Lahuani, which at Tintaya
is reported to contain up to 1 ppm Au (Zweng et al., 1997).
The presence of jasperoid in several deposits and prospects is
evidence that they constitute integral parts of porphyry-centered systems in the region. Moreover, at Lahuani (Table 3),
distal replacement of calcareous shale by structurally controlled, As-anomalous jasperoidal mantos resembles the Carlin-style gold environment described around some porphyry
centers (Sillitoe and Bonham, 1990).
Hydrothermal breccias
Hydrothermal breccias are poorly documented in Andahuaylas-Yauri porphyry systems (Table 3). During this
study, they were identified at most deposits and prospects, an
observation supported by descriptions of Antapaccay (Jones
et al., 2000; Fierro et al., 2002) and Tintaya (Fierro et al.,
1592
1997; Zweng et al., 1997). Most of the breccias are volumetrically small, with that at Antapaccay probably constituting
the largest single mass in any porphyry system in the belt
(Fig. 9). As at Antapaccay, all the observed breccias postdate
main-stage mineralization, although contact (igneous) breccias associated with the emplacement of early and intermineral porphyry stocks are clearly intermineral in timing. This is
particularly evident where the breccias are cut by mineralized
veinlets, as at Cotabambas and San Jos. Most mapped hydrothermal breccias are either dike-like in form or occur as
narrow zones at intrusive contacts. Dikelike breccias possess
strong structural control and conform to pebble dikes as is
common in porphyry systems worldwide. They typically consist of centimeter-sized, subrounded lithic clasts supported by
volumetrically important matrices of finely comminuted (rock
flour) material. Illite, chlorite, and fine-grained (dusty) pyrite
are typical constituents of the matrices. Larger expressions of
a similar style of brecciation, as at Winicocha, include
rounded to subrounded, exfoliated clasts, tens of centimeters
in size, in a sericitic matrix.
Ore zone geometry
Most Andahuaylas-Yauri porphyry deposits and prospects
possess mineralization that is variably hosted by porphyry
stocks and their immediate country rocks. The following examples document the variety observed in the belt.
1. Mineralized skarns are present in country rocks where
porphyry stocks intrude carbonate rocks of the Ferrobamba
Formation and equivalent units, as at Tintaya, Alicia, and
Chalcobamba. Significant mineralization, however, is also
hosted by both porphyry stocks and wall rocks at Ferrobamba and San Jos, despite the fact that country rocks
there are dominated by carbonate horizons of the Ferrobamba Formation.
2. Porphyry stocks constitute the main host to ore where
country rocks are dominated by the terrigenous facies of the
Yura Group and equivalent units, as at Lahuani, Cristo de los
Andes, Los Chancas and Quechua, or by volcaniclastic and
red bed horizons of the Anta Formation, as in the Morosayhuas cluster.
3. Ore seems to be evenly distributed between porphyry
stocks and wall rocks where intrusions of the AndahuaylasYauri batholith constitute the dominant country rock, as at
Cotabambas.
The Tintaya cluster further exemplifies the diversity of
mineralization styles and ore hosts, including (1) skarns at the
various Chabuca deposits and Coroccohuayco, and associated
with low-grade porphyry-style mineralization, (2) porphyry
stocks, with minor skarn mineralization at Quechua, and (3)
porphyry stocks and dioritic country rocks with small amounts
of skarn at Antappaccay (Jones et al., 2000; Fierro et al.,
2002).
Metal contents
Porphyry copper deposits and prospects of the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt range from gold-rich, molybdenum-poor
examples (Cotabambas), through deposits carrying both
gold and molybdenum (Tintaya, Los Chancas), to relatively
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molybdenum-rich, gold-poor end-members (Lahuani). Goldonly porphyry systems, although poorly explored, are present
in at least two areas at Morosayhuas and Winicocha.
The Ccalla and Azulccacca centers at Cotabambas are the
best examples of the gold-rich category of porphyry copper
deposits (Perell et al., 2002) of the belt, with an average Au
grade >0.3 ppm and appreciable volumes averaging >0.4
ppm. Molybdenum contents are low, <100 ppm. Other goldbearing porphyry copper systems of the belt include Los
Chancas (Corrales, 2001), Antappaccay (Jones et al., 2000;
Fierro et al., 2002), the Chabuca deposits at Tintaya (Zweng
et al., 1997), and although less well defined, the Ferrobamba
and Chalcobamba systems at Las Bambas. All of these deposits possess gold grades in the 0.1 to 0.3 ppm range (Table
1) and, because smaller, but higher grade volumes are present
(e.g., Antappaccay; Fierro et al., 2002), they can be considered as members of the Cu-Au clan of porphyry deposits (Sillitoe, 2000). Los Chancas and Tintaya are reported to contain
appreciable molybdenum grades (Table 1) and would therefore constitute members of the Cu-Au-Mo category of Cox
and Singer (1986). Another Mo-bearing center in the belt is
Lahuani, where quartz eye-bearing rhyodacitic intrusions
hosting heavily veined zones with development of brain
rock-type texture (i.e., unidirectional solidification texture)
are distinctive.
Although still poorly known, gold-only (e.g., Vila and Sillitoe, 1991; Sillitoe, 2000) porphyry systems are interpreted to
be present in the Morosayhuas cluster and at the isolated
Winicocha system. Where best studied, at Morosayhuas, the
porphyry centers possess most of the features that characterize the porphyry gold mineralization of the Maricunga belt,
Chile (Vila and Sillitoe, 1991; Muntean and Einaudi, 2000)
including (1) subvolcanic quartz diorite to dacite porphyry
stocks, (2) unidirectional, sheeted veinlets dominated by dark
gray, banded, gold-bearing quartz-magnetite associations, (3)
moderate to intense, albite-rich, sericite-clay-chlorite alteration, (4) quartz-magnetite-biotite veinlets of A type, (5) Au
values typically averaging between 0.3 and 1 ppm, (6) Cu values of up to several hundred ppm, and (7) low Mo contents
(<10 ppm). At the Maki and Qenco centers at Morosayhuas,
the presence of both A-type veinlets rich in magnetite and biotite and later, banded quartz-magnetite veinlets typically
cutting the former, are features that compare closely with the
porphyry gold mineralization at Refugio (Muntean and Einaudi, 2000).
Age of the Andahuaylas-Yauri Belt
A reconnaissance K-Ar study has been conducted on 18
systems in the belt (Table 4; Fig. 10). Additional geochronologic data available from the literature include the K-Ar ages
reported by Noble et al. (1984) for Tintaya and Chalcobamba,
by Yoshikawa et al. (1976) for Quechua, and the new Re-Os
ages of Mathur et al. (2001) for Tintaya (Fig. 10b). K-Ar ages
were mainly determined for hydrothermal alteration silicates,
dominantly biotite, associated with main stage potassic alteration and mineralization as at Panchita, Pea Alta, Cristo de
los Andes, Chalcobamba, Ferrobamba, Alicia, Ccalla, Portada, Monte Rojo, Chaccaro, and Los Chancas. Where such
alteration proved unsuitable for K-Ar dating, mainly due to
intense overprinting by chlorite or quartz-sericitic alteration,
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PERELL ET AL.
TABLE 4. K-Ar Ages of Alteration Minerals from Selected Porphyry Systems of the Andahuaylas-Yauri Belt
Deposit or prospect
(cluster)
Chilcaccasa
(Morosayhuas)
Ccalla
(Cotabambas)
Monte Rojo
(Katanga)
San Jos
(Katanga)
Katanga Pit
(Katanga)
Ferrobamba
(Las Bambas)
Chalcobamba
(Las Bambas)
Sulfobamba
(Las Bambas)
Chaccaro
Los Chancas
Alicia
Portada
Winicocha
Lahuani
Trapiche
Pea Alta
Panchita
Cristo de los Andes
Mineral
K (%)
Radiogenic Ar (nl/g)
Ar (at. %)
Age 2
Sericite2
7.537
10.410
35.2 0.9
Secondary biotite
7.393
10.375
10
35.7 0.9
Secondary biotite1
6.373
7.916
17
31.7 0.8
Amphibole2
0.753
0.982
68
33.2 1.9
Amphibole2
1.068
1.231
31
29.4 1.0
Secondary biotite1
6.465
9.271
18
36.5 1.0
Secondary biotite1
6.434
9.002
13
35.6 0.9
Magmatic biotite1
Amphibole2
Secondary biotite2
Secondary biotite
Secondary biotite1
Whole rock (sericite2)
Secondary biotite
Secondary biotite
Secondary biotite
Secondary biotite
Biotite
5.176
0.743
7.664
7.162
6.742
5.055
7.442
7.374
7.557
7.328
6.737
7.146
0.985
9.608
10.392
9.515
5.692
10.482
8.747
11.743
10.367
9.810
7
38
23
11
21
29
19
27
21
30
25
35.2 0.9
33.8 1.2
32.0 0.8
36.9 0.9
35.9 0.9
28.7 0.8
35.9 0.9
30.3 0.8
39.5 1.1
36.0 1.0
37.1 1.0
Constants: = 4.962 10-10y-1; = 0.581 10-10y-1; 40Ar/36Ar = 295.5; 40K = 0.01167at. %

See Figures 7 and 10c for sample location and plots
1
Some degree of alteration to chlorite present
2
Mid- to late-mineral porphyry phase or hydrothermal alteration event
dating was conducted on inter- to late-mineral dikes or hydrothermal alteration events. Amphibole was dated from
inter- to late-mineral porphyry stocks and dikes at Trapiche,
Katanga, and San Jos, whereas sericitic alteration was dated
at Chilcaccasa and Winicocha. All K-Ar dates are considered
here as minimum ages because (1) the K-Ar method records
cooling rather than crystallization of the dated silicates (e.g.,
biotite) and (2) the K-Ar system offers no way of experimentally testing whether later Ar loss occurred to produce artificially young ages (J. Dilles, pers. commun., 2003).
Overall, the data confirm the presence of a widespread, late
Eocene to earliest late Oligocene porphyry copper event in
the belt (Noble et al., 1984), with ages ranging between approximately 39.5 1.1 Ma at Pea Alta and 28.7 0.8 Ma at
Winicocha (Table 4; Fig. 10b). This age range can be expanded further into the middle Eocene when the Re-Os age
of 41.9 0.2 Ma for Tintaya (Mathur et al., 2001) is considered. If, following Table 4, only those ages from unaltered
secondary biotite are taken into account, it can be inferred
that much of the main-stage potassic alteration in the belt
formed between approximately 42 and 35 Ma, i.e., during the
middle to late Eocene. The K-Ar age of 35.2 0.9 Ma (Table
4; Fig 10b) for magmatic biotite from a skarn-related intrusion at Sulfobamba further confirms the age range of the belt
for both porphyry- and nonporphyry-related mineralization.
No sub-belts or age trends are apparent from Figures 7
and 10, and porphyry-style alteration and mineralization are
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
inferred to have occurred almost simultaneously along a

~130-km-wide, 300-km-long belt. The Katanga cluster and
nearby Winicocha system, however, consistently return the
youngest ages in the belt and seem to have been active at the
end of the metallogenic episode responsible for the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt. Although both biotite and amphibole
ages from this cluster are modified by a chloritic overprint
that presumably caused Ar loss, the plutons of the area return the youngest ages of the entire Andahuaylas-Yauri
batholith. Thus, on the basis of available K-Ar data, it is suggested that a distinct, localized plutonic and porphyry copper
event took place in the Katanga area during the early
Oligocene, with minimum ages between approximately 35
and 30 Ma.
Supergene Effects
The depth of partial to complete oxidation of sulfides in
porphyry deposits and prospects of the belt is commonly 30
to 50 m but, locally, extends to 150 m. As expected from the
rugged topography of much of the region, oxidation tends to
be thicker under ridge crests and nearly absent beneath valley floors. Most of the porphyry systems lack economically
significant zones of supergene enrichment, because of the
relatively low pyrite contents, the poorly developed nature of
quartz-sericitic alteration, and the high neutralization capacities of both potassic alteration zones and carbonate country
rocks. Consequently, most cappings are immature, typically
1594
goethitic in composition, with some containing appreciable

copper in the form of malachite, chrysocolla, neotocite, pitch
limonite, and associated copper oxide minerals. In general,
these cappings have developed by in situ oxidation of lowpyrite, typically chalcopyrite-bornite mineralization with total
sulfide contents of <3 vol percent and pyrite/copper sulfide
ratios of <2:1. The porphyry-related skarn mineralization, as
at Tintaya, Las Bambas, Katanga, and Alicia, include, in addition, important gossan zones as oxidation products of magnetite and massive sulfides.
Although poorly explored to date, exceptions to the above
include those porphyry systems emplaced in rocks other than
carbonate horizons of the Ferrobamba Formation and equivalent units, most notably in quartzite and sandstone of the
Yura Group and certain phases of the Andahuaylas-Yauri
batholith (Fig. 8). For example, the small Cristo de los Andes
and the large Los Chancas (Corrales, 2001) systems, emplaced into quartzose sandstone of the upper Soraya Formation, contain irregular, stratigraphically and structurally controlled immature chalcocite blankets developed in
quartz-sericitic alteration. Similarly, chalcocite enrichment at
Cotabambas occurs in intimate association with pyrite-rich,
intermediate argillic and quartz-sericitic alteration in both
diorite wall rock of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith and the
porphyry stocks.
In general, the presence of appreciable pyrite as a component of intermediate argillic and quartz-sericitic alteration, rather than host-rock composition, seems to be the
most important control on supergene chalcocite formation.
This is evidenced by the San Jos prospect at Katanga,
where a chalcocite blanket formed in quartz-sericitic assemblages althougth the immediate country rocks are dominated by carbonates of the Ferrobamba Formation (MMAJ,
1983; Fig. 9d). In all cases, sooty chalcocite is the main host
for copper in the supergene enrichment zones, and is accompanied by varying proportions of covellite. Cuprite,
tenorite, and native copper are also present. Both leached
cappings and supergene blankets are accompanied by widespread kaolinization of feldspars, martitization of magnetite,
and removal of anhydrite and, within the limits of groundwater penetration, gypsum. Supergene alunite may be locally formed in leached cappings overlying the more pyritic
parts of the systems, as at Ccalla, Cotabambas (Perell et al.,
2002).
In contrast to some other regions (e.g., northern Chile; Sillitoe and McKee, 1996), the age of formation of supergene
chalcocite blankets and leached cappings in the belt is poorly
constrained. In general, the close parallelism of most of the
chalcocite blankets to the present surface, together with their
partial exposure and overall immaturity, strongly favors a
Pliocene or younger age for the supergene processes; a conclusion supported by additional lines of evidence. For example, at the Ccalla deposit at Cotabambas, supergene alunite
from the top part of the leached capping returned a K-Ar age
of 3.3 0.2 Ma or late Pliocene (Perell et al., 2002). Supergene enrichment blankets located at higher elevations, as at
San Jos, Cristo de los Andes, and Quechua (~4,200 m), may
be associated either with the same late Pliocene event or with
younger topographic rejuvenation events common throughout the region (e.g., Cabrera et al., 1991).
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Discussion
Metallogenic implications
It is apparent from the regional geology and age relationships described above that mineralization of porphyry type in
the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt broadly overlapped with the various pulses of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith (Fig. 10). In
particular, a close association is observed between porphyrytype alteration-mineralization and the intermediate and late
stages of quartz monzodiorite and granodiorite of the
batholith (Noble et al., 1984; Carlier et al., 1989; Perell et
al., 2002). The age relationship between porphyry copper emplacement, coeval volcanism of the Anta Formation, and syntectonic sedimentation of the San Jernimo Group red beds
are illustrated in Figures 6 and 10. All were broadly synchronous with the regional thin-skinned shortening and uplift associated with the Incaic orogeny between ~42 and 30 Ma. In
central Peru, the age of the Incaic deformation is generally
accepted to be ~41 Ma (Noble et al., 1979), whereas in southeastern Peru and northeastern Bolivia it is bracketed between
~41 and 38 Ma (Farrar et al., 1988; Sandeman et al., 1995).
In northern Chile, Incaic compression is generally assigned
an age between ~42 and 39 Ma (Hammerschmidt et al., 1992;
Mpodozis et al., 1999), although other authors consider it to
be part of a longer event of at least 20 m.y., between 50 and
30 Ma (e.g., Maksaev and Zentilli, 1999). To the east of the
Andahuaylas-Yauri belt, major thick-skinned compression, involving basement uplift along the Zongo-San Gabn
tectonothermal zone, took place at ~40 Ma (Farrar et al.,
1988), an Incaic event of crustal shortening interpreted to
have caused ramping of the (proto-) Cordillera Oriental over
the foreland (Sandeman et al., 1995).
Geodynamic evolution
A model for the tectonomagmatic evolution of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith and its associated porphyry-style
mineralization is formulated here, based on the geological relationships documented in this paper together with data in
Noble et al. (1984), Carlier et al. (1996), Carlotto (1998) and
references therein. The recent models for the geodynamic
evolution of the Central Andes (southern Peru, northern
Chile, and northern Bolivia) from both geologic (Clark et al.,
1990; Kennan et al., 1995; Sandeman et al., 1995) and geophysical perspectives (James and Sacks, 1999) are fundamental to the discussion that follows. These models concur in that
a period of slab flattening began in southern Peru between 50
and 45 Ma, became stable at ~42 to 40 Ma, and broadened
southward, along the arc, into northern Chile. Thus, by ~35
Ma, the entire central Andes region at the latitude of the Bolivian orocline is thought to have been undergoing flat subduction (James and Sacks, 1999).
Slab flattening is, furthermore, inferred to have produced
the crustal shortening, tectonism, and uplift assigned to the
major Incaic orogeny of the Central Andes. In the area of
study, located approximately 300 km from the trench, earlystage, mafic, cumulate pulses of the Andahuaylas-Yauri
batholith are thought to have been generated in the asthenospheric wedge between ~48 and 43 Ma and rapidly ascended into the crust (Bonhomme and Carlier, 1990) (Fig.
11a). Establishment of complete flat subduction conditions at
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PERELL ET AL.
EARLY-STAGE ANTA ARC ?
WC
?
Depth (km)
50
moho
oc
ean
100
ic l
itho
150
200
50 - 45 Ma)
EC
sph
ere
a
0
300
200
100
400
500
Distance (km)
(
INITIAL STAGE OF
PORPHYRY COPPER EMPLACEMENT
ZONGO-SAN GABN ZONE

(PROJECTED)
ANTA ARC
WC
41 - 38 Ma)
EC
Depth (km)
50
moho
oce
ani
100
c lit
hos
phe
150
re
b
200
0
300
200
100
400
500
600
Distance (km)
MAIN STAGE OF PORPHYRY COPPER EMPLACEMENT
END-STAGE ANTA ARC
WC
Depth (km)
50
oce
ani
100
c lit
38 - 32 Ma)
EC
moho
hos
phe
re
150
200
c
0
100
200
300
400
500
Distance (km)
WC: WESTERN CORDILLERA
A : ALTIPLANO
EC : EASTERN CORDILLERA
ANDAHUAYLAS - YAURI BATHOLITH

a
a, b, c : EARLY, INTERMEDIATE,
AND LATE PHASES
FIG. 11. Schematic sequence of cross sections illustrating the formation of the Central Andes at the latitude of the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt and contiguous southeastern Peru, between the Eocene and the earliest Oligocene. Geodynamic setting largely based on models after Clark et al. (1990), Sandeman et al. (1995), and James and Sacks (1999). Present-day positions of the Western Cordillera, Altiplano, and Eastern Cordillera shown for reference. a. Illustrates the middle Eocene
(5045 Ma) magmatic arc along the eastern edge of the Western Cordillera. b. Displays emplacement of the early phases of
the batholith, followed by the intrusion of the intermediate-composition plutons (between 41 and 38 Ma) that make up much
of the present-day body of the batholith. Synchronous magma ascent and deformation of the uppermost crust (Incaic
orogeny) in conjunction with slab flattening is implied. Volcanism of the Anta Formation (Anta Arc) is important at the Western Cordillera-Altiplano transition. Deformation along the Zongo-San Gabn zone, interpreted to have occurred at the craton-orogen interface (Farrar et al., 1988; Clark, 1993; Sandeman et al., 1995), is shown for reference. c. Illustrates the main
stage of porphyry copper formation along the belt together with the terminal stages of Anta Formation volcanism (3832 Ma)
(see Fig. 12 for details).
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~40 Ma is interpreted to have increased deformation and

shortening of the upper crust (James and Sacks, 1999),
thereby impeding magma ascent and favoring evolution of
large magma chambers (e.g., Sillitoe, 1998; Kay et al., 1999).
Thermal and mechanical gradients, associated with large-volume magma emplacement, would have eventually given rise
to the tectonic and gravitational conditions in the upper crust
(e.g., Kimbrough et al., 2001) that favored rapid tectonic (surface) uplift and denudation, and subsequent intrusion of the
more differentiated, intermediate-stage phases of the
batholith, between ~40 and 35 Ma (Figs. 11b and c). In the
proposed model, synchronous surface uplift and unroofing assisted with the ascent of these smaller, confined magma
chambers in the uppermost crust and triggered porphyry copper emplacement at the appropriate depths (Fig. 12).
The intermediate-stage phases of the Andahuaylas-Yauri
batholith, therefore, must have ascended as a large composite
unit and presumably reached the depth of porphyry copper
formation broadly at the same time over its entire extent,
judging by the similar ages of hydrothermal biotite formation
at Lahuani, Cotabambas, Portada, and Panchita (Table 4; Fig.
10). It should also be noted that porphyry copper formation
was recurrent and, locally, much younger systems developed
in zones that had been the locus of earlier hydrothermal activity, as in the area of Lahuani, Trapiche, Los Chancas, and
Leonor (Fig. 10).
Volcanism seems to have been subdued along the belt during much of the transition from normal to flat subduction, although, apparently, it never became completely extinct (Carlier et al., 2000) as occurred in nearby transects (Clark et al.,
1990; Sandeman et al., 1995). An example is provided by the
arc that formed the Anta Formation south of Cuzco (Fig. 6),
which is inferred to have been fed from magma chambers associated with the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith.
Figure 13a displays a hypothetical map of the Wadati-Benioff zone during the late Eocene to Oligocene period of flat
subduction in the central Andes as reconstructed by James
Porphyry Copper
Stock
and Sacks (1999). In such a geodynamic model, the late

Eocene to early Oligocene Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith and
its associated porphyry copper mineralization appear to have
been emplaced at the inflection point between flat subduction to the south and normal subduction to the north. Although speculative, this location is remarkably similar to the
position of the late Miocene to Pliocene porphyry copper belt
of central Chile (Fig. 13b), which hosts the world class deposits at Los Pelambres, Los Bronces-Ro Blanco, and El Teniente (Skewes and Stern, 1994, 1995). Moreover, progressive flattening of the subducting slab during the middle
Miocene in central Chile resulted in eastward migration of
the volcanic front accompanied by intense crustal thickening,
deformation, uplift, and erosion (Jordan et al., 1983; Kay et
al., 1991; Skewes and Stern, 1994, 1995; Kurtz et al., 1997),
an overall geodynamic setting that compares closely with slab
flattening and deformation inferred for the AndahuaylasYauri belt during the Incaic orogeny.
Possible extensions of the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt
The northern and southern extensions of the AndahuaylasYauri belt are not well constrained. Indeed, most reconstructions for late Eocene to early Oligocene magmatism and mineralization imply significant segmentation along the belt at
the latitude of the Bolivian Orocline in the central Andes (Sillitoe, 1988, 1989; Clark et al., 1990; Clark, 1993; James and
Sacks, 1999; Petersen, 1999). To the north, the belt apparently stops at the Abancay Deflection (Fig. 14). Farther
north, late Eocene to Oligocene magmatism is present in central Peru (Noble et al., 1984; Soler and Bonhomme, 1988;
Clark et al., 1990; Noble and McKee, 1999; Petersen, 1999),
and northeast of Lima the Quicay high-sulfidation gold deposit has been related to magmatism associated with Incaic
deformation (Noble and McKee, 1999).
The extension of the belt into southeastern Peru is complicated by the presence of the widespread, post-Oligocene volcanic cover of the region. The following lines of evidence,
Andesitic Volcanism
(Anta Formation)
Rapid
Uplift
20 km
Molasse Deposits
Mesozoic Sequences
Fold-Thrust
Belt
50 km
Early-Stage
Cumulate Gabbros
and Diorites
Intermediate-Stage
Granodiorites and
Quartz Monzodiorites
FIG. 12. Schematic illustration of the spatial and temporal relationships between batholith ascent, rapid regional uplift,
porphyry copper emplacement, compressive deformation, volcanism, and synorogenic sedimentation. The relatively shallow
emplacement of the main, intermediate-stage body of the batholith is implied. Figure borrows from Skewes and Stern (1994)
and Sillitoe (1997, 1998).
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PERELL ET AL.
75
Lima
ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI
BATHOLITH
50
5
65B
70
RA
ZI L
Cuzco
75
ZONGO - SAN GABAN ZONE

15
Puno
Arequipa
BOLIVIA
La Paz
PERU
CHILE
FLAT-SLAB
SEGMENT
20
100 km
UA
Y
Arica
200
PA
R
AG
100
Calama
65
70
75
ARGENTINA
Recent Volcanoes
Late Tertiary Batholith Antofagasta
125
CENTRAL
VOLCANI C
ZONE
Benioff Zone Contours (km)
25
Chile T
Giant Porphyry
Copper deposit
rench
Sierras Pampeanas
Tucumn
Copiap
250
La Serena
FLAT-SLAB/
NORMAL SLAB
ALONG-ARC
PROPAGATION
La Rioja
125
FLAT-SLAB
SEGMENT
30
200
LOS PELAMBRES-EL PACHN

150
San Juan
JUAN F ER NNDEZ R ID
GE
Mendoza
Santiago
EL TENIENTE
San Luis
RO BLANCO-LOS BRONCES
100 km
SOUTHERN
VOLCANI C
ZONE
35
50 100
FIG. 13. Comparison between the geodynamic settings of the Andahuaylas-Yauri and central Chile porphyry copper belts.
a. Illustrates the setting of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith at the inflection corridor between flat and normal subduction
during the late Eocene and the Oligocene, as modeled by James and Sacks (1999). b. Displays the setting of the central Chile
Miocene plutons and late Miocene to Pliocene porphyry copper belt at the inflection of the present-day subduction zone
(Cahill and Isacks, 1992; Ramos et al., 2002). Plutons of the partially unroofed late Tertiary batholith taken from Parada et
al. (1988) and Kurtz et al. (1997). Note the broad similarities between both settings and the presence of the Zongo-San
Gabn zone and the Sierras Pampeanas basement highs in each case.
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80
70
MIDDLE EOCENE-EARLY OLIGOCENE
PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT
SELECTED DEPOSIT OF THE
LATE PALEOCENE-EARLY EOCENE BELT
BRAZIL
PERU
(1) CUAJONE; (2) QUELLAVECO; (3) TOQUEPALA;

(4) CERRO COLORADO; (5) SPENCE
C
EN
POST-EARLY OLIGOCENE VOLCANIC

AND SEDIMENTARY COVER
SEQUENCES
TR
QUICAY (38-37)
RU
PE
10
10
(30-32) : AGE RANGE

MOROSAYHUAS (35)
COTABAMBAS (36-35)
LIMA
LAS BAMBAS (36-35)
ECTIO
?
FL
Y DE
NCA
ABA
ZONGO-SAN GABAN
LOS CHANCAS (32)

KATANGA (33-30)
BOLIVIA
TINTAYA (42; 35-33)
LA PAZ
(1)
(2)
SANTA LUCIA (32-30)
ATASPACA (40)
(3)
TICNAMAR (41)
QUEEN ELIZABETH (36)
BRAZIL
PER U
20
(4)
20
QUEBRADA BLANCACOLLAHUASI-UJINA (35-32)
LIMA
ESPERANZATELEGRAFO (42-41)
EL ABRA-CONCHI (37-36)
BOLIVIA
(5)
CHUQUICAMATAMM-TOMIC (34-31)
GABY (42-40)
LA PAZ
CENTINELAPOLO SUR (44)
SALTA
TACA-TACA (34-33)
CHIMBORAZO
(39-38*)
ESCONDIDA - ESCONDIDA
NORTE-ZALDIVAR (38-35*; 35-31)
EXPLORADORA (33-32)
CHILE
SALTA
EL SALVADOR (44-41)
CHILE
Area with Eocene to

Oligocene (Incaic)
deformation and/or
terrigenous sedimentation
TREN
CH
Inner Arc
POTRERILLOS (36-35)
LA FORTUNA (35-32)
CHILE
APOLINARIO (35)
30
LOICA (35)
30
ARGENTINA
ARGENTINA
SANTIAGO
SANTIAGO
500 km
500 km
a
80
70
FIG. 14. a. Schematic illustration of the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt and its possible northward and southward extensions. Segmentation along the belt is apparent at the Abancay Deflection. The extension of the belt into northern Chile, if real (see
text for discussion), is masked by younger volcanic and sedimentary cover sequences. Geologic elements borrowed from
Maksaev and Zentilli (1988), Sillitoe (1988, 1990), Clark et al. (1990, 1998), Maksaev (1990), Clark (1993), Perell et al.
(1996), Petersen et al. (1996), Cornejo et al. (1997), Cuadra et al. (1997), Clark et al. (1998) and references therein, Noble
and McKee (1999), Petersen (1999), Rojas et al. (1999), Gustafson et al. (2001), Zappettini et al. (2001), and J. Perell,
unpub. data for Esperanza (2000), Telgrafo, Polo Sur, and Conchi. Asterisks indicate ages of intrusions at La Escondida,
Zaldvar, and Chimborazo, based on U-Pb (zircon) dating by Richards et al. (1999). All other ages are for hydrothermal alteration assemblages. b. (inset) Relationship between Eocene to early Oligocene (Incaic) porphyry copper mineralization,
synorogenic sedimentation in Chile (Mpodozis et al., 1999; Tomlinson et al., 1999; J. Perell, unpub. data, 2000) and Argentina (Jordan and Alonso, 1987; Adelman and Grler, 1999; Hernndez et al., 1999; Kraemer et al., 1999; Coutand et al.,
2001). The location of the inner Arc in Bolivia and southeastern Peru (sensu James and Sacks, 1999) is shown for reference.
According to James and Sacks (1999), the inner arc is characterized by high heat flow, high degree of crustal deformation,
and high electrical conductivity, features that they consider to have been inherited from the period of flat subduction beneath the central Andes during late Eocene to early Oligocene time. Their definition of inner arc includes the inner arc domain and parts of the inner Cordillera Occidental of Clark et al. (1990) and Sandeman et al. (1995).
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PERELL ET AL.
however, imply that late Eocene to early Oligocene deformation and magmatism occurred in the area and that the extension of the belt into Chile is represented at Ataspaca and,
probably, Santa Luca.
1. Important thin-skinned deformation of fold-thrust belt
type took place during the late Eocene (~40 Ma) in the Santa
Luca area, and was accompanied by the synorogenic, molasse-type sedimentation of the Puno Group (Portugal, 1974;
Jaillard and Santander, 1992). This association is remarkably
similar to that described for the San Jernimo Group in the
Andahuaylas-Yauri belt near Cuzco.
2. Magmatism at Santa Luca was active in the early
Oligocene (~3032 Ma; Clark et al., 1990) and was broadly
coeval with the ~30-Ma flows interbedded in San Jernimo
Group redbeds, and with the ~30- to 35-Ma magmatism, alteration, and mineralization of the Katanga area, in the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt (Fig. 10).
3. Magmatism and Incaic deformation in the Santa Luca
area are interpreted to have occurred along the same crustal
discontinuity that chaneled the deformational front in the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt near Cuzco (Jaillard and Santander,
1992), i.e., the Cuzco-Puno high (Figs. 3 and 6).
4. Southeasterly extensions of the regional late Eocene to
early Oligocene structures present in the Andahuaylas-Yauri
region appear to extend into southeastern Peru (Sempere et
al., 2002) and across the border into northernmost Chile
(Garca et al., 2002).
5. In the Tarata district, near the border with Chile, the
~45- to 39-Ma magmatic and hydrothermal activity recorded
at Ataspaca (Clark et al., 1990) represents the connection
with the late Eocene to early Oligocene porphyry copper belt
of northern Chile.
These observations suggest that there may have been continuity between the Andahuaylas-Yauri and the northern
Chile porphyry copper belts during middle (late) Eocene to
early Oligocene time (~4530 Ma; Fig. 14). Interruption of
the belt at the latitude of the Arica deflection may be apparent, and enhanced by the widespread younger volcanism that
mantles much of the region. Alternatively, the interruption
may be attributable to the changing tectonomagmatic framework in response to along-arc flat subduction propagation in
southern Peru during the late Eocene to Oligocene (James
and Sacks, 1999). Although the rapidly changing metallogenesis of the Miocene to Pliocene magmatic belt of central
Chile (Kay et al., 1999; Kay and Mpodozis, 2002) may be considered as a more modern analog (Fig. 13), no such along-arc
migration is apparent in the late Eocene to early Oligocene
porphyry copper belt of northern Chile. On the contrary, as
shown in Figure 14a, much of the porphyry copper mineralization there, irrespective of size, seems to have taken place
during a well-defined interval of ~10 to 12 Ma duration (cf.
Maksaev and Zentilli, 1988; Maksaev, 1990).
By analogy with the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt, and given that
a genetic association between the late Eocene to early
Oligocene porphyry copper belt of northern Chile and Incaic
compression, uplift, and denudation is widely accepted
(Maksaev and Zentilli, 1999), it is here speculated that late
Eocene to early Oligocene porphyry copper mineralization
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of northern Chile might have also taken place under similar

conditions of subduction flattening (Mpodozis and Perell,
2003). Furthermore, subduction flattening, perhaps triggered
by fast convergence (Pardo Casas and Molnar, 1987; Soler
and Bonhomme, 1990) between ~45 and 35 Ma, might have
occurred essentially simultaneously along the late Eocene
magmatic arc of southern Peru and northern Chile. Indeed,
current knowledge (Fig. 14b) suggests that Eocene to
Oligocene Incaic compression, shortening, and sedimentation extended eastward as far as the Altiplano and Eastern
Cordillera of Bolivia (Farrar et al., 1988; Sempere et al.,
1997) and as far south as 26S in the Puna of northwestern
Argentina (Jordan and Alonso, 1987; Alonso, 1992; Kraemer
et al., 1999; Coutand et al., 2001).
Summary and Conclusions
The Andahuaylas-Yauri belt is defined by 31 deposits and
prospects with porphyry-style alteration and mineralization,
accompanied by hundreds of occurrences of magnetite-bearing, skarn-type Fe-Cu mineralization. A salient feature of the
belt is the spatial association of porphyry stocks and related
mineralization with the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith, a large
composite body of calc-alkaline intrusions of middle Eocene
to early Oligocene age (~4832 Ma). Porphyry stocks are
dominated by multiphase, calc-alkaline, biotite- and amphibole-bearing intrusions of dacitic and granodioritic composition. Hydrothermal alteration is typical of porphyry ore deposits elsewhere and includes potassic, propylitic,
quartz-sericitic, sericite-clay-chlorite, calcic-potassic, and advanced argillic alteration types. Calc-silicate assemblages with
skarn-type mineralization occur where carbonate country
rocks of the Ferrobamba Formation predominate.
Porphyry copper deposits and prospects of the belt range
from gold-rich, molybdenum-poor examples, through systems containing both gold and molybdenum, to relatively
molybdenum-enriched, gold-depleted endmembers. Goldonly porphyry systems with similarities to the gold porphyries
of the Maricunga belt of northern Chile also occur. Gold-rich
members of the belt do not possess any unique features that
distinguish them from gold-poor, molybdenum-rich counterparts, except perhaps for their appreciably higher contents of
hydrothermal magnetite and the presence of amphibole- and
pyroxene-bearing alteration assemblages in addition to potassic alteration.
Available geochronologic data confirm that much of the
porphyry alteration and mineralization in the belt formed between ~40 and 35 Ma, i.e., during the late Eocene, although
the complete spectrum of age ranges between ~42 and 28 Ma
(middle Eocene to earliest late Oligocene). No sub-belts or
age trends are apparent in the data, which suggest that porphyry mineralization took place during a well-defined interval
of time along the 130-km-wide, 300-km-long belt, broadly simultaneously with emplacement of intermediate-stage
phases of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith (~4032 Ma). The
data also support the broad inference that gold-rich and goldpoor members of the belt formed synchronously, irrespective
of their locations, country rocks, and porphyry stock compositions. However, evidence from the belt does not support any
apparent connection between metallogenesis and crustal
properties (Titley, 1990).
1600
There is ample evidence to support a genetic relationship

between emplacement of the intermediate-stage phases of
the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith, porphyry copper formation,
and regional shortening, uplift, and synorogenic clastic sedimentation associated with the compressive Incaic orogeny
between ~40 and 32 Ma. This overall geologic setting is strikingly similar to that of the late Eocene to early Oligocene porphyry copper belt of northern Chile, where compelling evidence defines a close link between porphyry copper
formation and Incaic compression, crustal thickening, and
synchronous exhumation along the Domeyko Cordillera
(Maksaev and Zentilli, 1999).
Major cumulative supergene chalcocite enrichment blankets are absent from porphyry systems of the AndahuaylasYauri belt because of the low pyrite contents, the poorly developed nature of quartz-sericitic alteration, the high
neutralization capacities of both potassic alteration and carbonate country rocks, and the climatic regime of the region.
Under the appropriate conditions, however, supergene chalcocite in the belt does form and, although producing immature blankets, can give rise to potentially economic enriched
mineralization. Geomorphologic and geochronologic evidence from the region indicates that the formation of chalcocite blankets has occurred at least since the late Pliocene,
thereby postdating, as in other regions of the central Andes
(e.g., the Faralln Negro district and nearby Agua Rica deposit, Argentina; McBride, 1972, in Sasso and Clark, 1998;
Perell et al., 1998), by >10 m.y. the last global scale secondary enrichment event that terminated with central Andean climatic dessication at ~15 Ma (Sillitoe and McKee,
1996; Brimhall and Mote, 1997). In the Andahuaylas-Yauri
belt, conditions appropriate for supergene copper enrichment include the presence of country rocks other than carbonate rocks, such as quartz arenite of the Yura Group, appreciable pyrite contents in sericite-clay-chlorite and/or
quartz-sercititic alteration, and the pluvial regime characteristic of the elevated cordilleran topography of the region.
Nevertheless, given the predominance of carbonate sequences in the belt, giant (cf. Clark, 1993) copper deposits
contained in porphyries and porphyry-related skarns, and not
chalcocite blankets, should continue to be the principal exploration targets in the belt.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Gabriel Carlier, Ricardo Martini,
Rodrigo Arcos, Toms Vila, Victor Torres, Carlos Seminario,
Orlando Pariona, Edmundo Martnez, Jos Crdenas, Sandra
Romanville, Jorge Fierro, Gerardo Soto, Eduardo Tejada, and
Christophe Noblet for their contributions on various aspects
of the geology of the belt. Percy Garca assisted with the geologic database for the region and Hctor Poblete drafted the
figures that accompany this paper. We are also grateful for the
support of the Anaconda Per and Antofagasta Minerals staffs
in Lima and Santiago, respectively and the field assistance of
Luis Castillo, Luis Gago, Elmer Prado, Mximo Condori, and
many others. Luca Cuitio is thanked for her petrographic
work and Carlos Prez de Arce for K-Ar geochronology. Dick
Sillitoe and Constantino (Cocho) Mpodozis are thanked for
their comments on an early version of the manuscript. We are
indebted to Alan Clark for his extraordinarily detailed reviews
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that led to numerous improvements. Constructive comments

by Economic Geology reviewers Dick Tosdal and John Dilles,
as well as the indefatigable editor are highly appreciated.
Nevertheless, responsibility for the opinions expressed and
any errors is ours alone. Special thanks are due to Antofagasta
Minerals for supporting basic research beyond day-to-day exploration work and for permission to publish.
January 6, June 4, 2003
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Economic Geology

Vol. 98, 2003, pp. 15751605

Porphyry-Style Alteration and Mineralization of the Middle Eocene to

NICOLS FUSTER, AND RICARDO MUHR

Corresponding author: e-mail, jperello@aminerals.cl

et al., 1997). Following a short review of the regional geologic

PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU

Benioff Zone Contours (km)

Contour on Moho (km)

Billiton corporate website: <www. BHPBilliton.com>

Precambrian and Paleozoic basement

Eocene to early Oligocene stratigraphy

Mesozoic to early Cenozoic marine sedimentary

Early Paleozoic basement (undifferentiated)

Late Paleozoic to Early Triassic basement

Lima ta mbo F a ult

Eocene to early Oligocene Andahuaylas-Yauri Batholith

Oligocene to Miocene subaerial volcanic rocks

Pliocene shoshonitic volcanic rocks

PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU

MIDDLE (BAJOCIAN) -LATE

interbedded andesite and basaltic andesite flows (Fig. 4). Its

gypsum and conglomerate being characteristic in the upper

EARLY TER TIARY

Red bed Copper

Dominantly mafic cumulate

Dominantly dacitic volcanism

Dominantly andesitic volcanism

Apparent non-volcanic interval

PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU

whereas farther south, along the arc front, Tacaza-equivalent

The Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith

(1) K-Ar (Carlotto, 1998)

DIORIT E / GABBRO (CUMULATES)

PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU

quences is interpreted to indicate that successive compressive

PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU

a: CONGLOMERATES b: VOLCANIC ROCKS

SAN JERONIMO GROUP

alteration and mineralization, including 19 systems grouped

intrusions, are nevertheless related to smaller plutons and

MONTE ROJO (23)

SAN JOSE (30)

is difficult to determine, owing to (1) post-mineralization

PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU

FIG. 8. Schematic diagram illustrating the tentative location of selected

Coroccohuaycco (Fierro et al., 1997; Zweng et al., 1997) and

Several phases: andesite

Several phases: dacite

Mid- and late

Lower Anta Fm;

Early potassic overprinted

Early potassic overprinted

Early potassic overprinted by

Early potassic overprinted

Early potassic and calcicpotassic overprinted by

Early potassic overprinted

Early potassic overprinted

Copper oxides and

TABLE 3. Geological Features of Selected Porphyry Systems of the Andahuaylas-Yauri Belt

PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU

Late Dome and Dikes

Late Andesite Dike