Professional Documents
Culture Documents
6.5
State the Principle of
superposition of Waves
The principle of superposition states that when two waves overlap, the
resultant displacement is equal to the sum of the displacements of the
individual wave.
(a) Superposition of
two crests
__________
Interference
(b) Superposition of
two troughs
__________
Interference
__________
(c) Superposition of a
crest and a trough
Interference
What is Interference of
Waves?
What is coherent
sources?
The waves from coherent sources have the same frequency (f),
coherent sources.
When the two waves are superposed, interference will occur either
constructive interference or destructive interference.
Constructive
Interference
Destructive
interference
Occurs when crest of one wave coincide with the trough of the
other wave, thus canceling each other with the result that the
resultant amplitude is zero.
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The occurrence of
constructive
interference
and
destructive
interference
Antinode
Node
Keys:
Maximum crest
wave (2 crests
meet)
Zero amplitude
(trough meets
crest)
Maximum
trough wave (2
troughs meet)
Youngs formula
The relationship
between , a, x and D
ax
D
a = distance between
two coherent
sources
= wavelength
x = distance between
two consecutive
node (or antinode)
lines
D = distance from the
two sources to the
point of
measurement of x
30
1.
1
x
a
D
a
2.
3.
xD
x directly proportional
to D
As a becomes smaller, x
becomes ___________
As increases, x _____________
As decreases, x also
_______________
31
Complete the interference patterns for both diagram above. Draw lines to show antinodes line and
nodes line.
Exercise 1
(1) Complete the table below.
Before superposition
During
superposition
After superposition
32
B
C
A
(2) Figure above shows the interference pattern of water by two coherent sources of water
waves.
(i) At point A, two crest meet resulting in _______________ interference.
(ii) At point B, two through meet resulting in _____________interference.
(iii) At point C, a crest meet a trough resulting in ____________interference.
3. Two dot vibrators which has a separation of 5.0 cm are placed on a water surface in
a ripple tank. The distance between two adjacent antinodes on a screen is 3.0 cm. If
the perpendicular distance between the dot vibrators and the screen is 10.0 cm, what
is the wavelength of the water waves?
Answer:
Interference of lights
ax
D
33
ax
D
The two loud speakers are the sources of the two coherent sound
waves as they are connected to the same audio signal generator.
A student is requested to walk in a straight path at a distance of
D from the loudspeakers.
The student hears alternating loud and soft sounds as he walks
along the straight path.
The alternating loud and soft sounds is caused by interference of
the sound waves.
The loud sound: constructive interference
The soft sound : destructive interference.
34
Water wave
Distance between two
consecutive antinode lines or
two consecutive node lines
High amplitude of water
Calm water
Sound wave
Distance between two
consecutive positions where
loud sound is heard
Loud sound
Soft sound
Exercise 2
(1) In an experiment on the interference of
waves, two loudspeakers are placed at a
distance of 1.5 m from each other. They
are connected to an audio signal
generator to produce coherent sound
waves at a frequency of 0.5 kHz. Calculate
(a) the wavelength of the sound wave if
-1
the speed of sound is 300 ms
(b) the distance between two
consecutive soft sounds at a
perpendicular distance of 5 m from
the source of the sound.
Light wave
Distance between two
consecutive bright fringes or
dark fringes.
Bright fringes
Dark fringes
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COBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1
The point X is
A. a node with maximum amplitude
B. a node with zero amplitude
C. an anti-node with maximum
amplitude
D. anti-node with zero amplitude
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13
12
14
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15
Structured Questions
Question 1
Figure 1 show the interference pattern from
two coherent sources formed by two
spherical dippers S1 and S2 in a ripple tank.
Each of the circular line represents a crestline or the wavefront.
A.
B.
C.
D.
16
Figure 1
(a) Describe the type of interference and the
state of motion at
(i)
P : _______________________
(ii)
Q: _______________________
(iii)
R: _______________________
(ii)
Q: _______________________
(iii)
R: ________________________
Q: _______________________
(iii)
R: ________________________
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________________________________
______________
2. _____________________________
(b) Sketch the interferences pattern seen on
the screen.
_______________
(f) The double slit is replaced by a single
slit. Draw the fringes patterns that can
now be observed on the screen.
(c) In the experiment, the distance between
the two slits, a, is 0.4 mm. It is found that
the distance between two consecutive
bright fringes is 2.6 cm. By using the
formula
ax
calculate the
D
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Figure 4
Figure 4 shows two loudspeaker A and B
are connected to a audio signal
generator at a spacious area.
Each
loudspeaker produce a sound wave of
frequency 2 200 Hz. In the experiment, a
student walks along the straight line MZ.
He hears alternate loud and soft sound.
At point P, R and T the students heard
the louder sound , whereas at point Q
and S the softer sound was heard.
Figure 22.1
point Q ___________________
Figure 22.2
(a) What s meant by a monochromatic light?
[1]
_____________________________
d) If the wave length of the sound
generated was 0.15 m, what is the
distance between point P and R ?
___________________________________
(b)
___________________________________
(c)
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(d)
(e)
_________________________________
_________________________________
[1]
Figure 2
Figure 2 shows an interference pattern
for two coherent sources.
(a) On Figure 2,
(ii)
Draw and label the node line
to show where destructive
interferences occurs.
(iii)
(iv)
ax
D
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