Pendahuluan

Sistem muskuloskeletal diperankan oleh

Organ otot
Organ rangka/ tulang
Sistem sendi : cairan sendi, ligament, meniskus,
diskus, dll

Sistem muskuloskeletal = lokomotoris, berarti

otot menarik rangka untuk bergerak
Fungsi muskuloskeletal gerakan

FUNGSI OTOT :
Otot : 40 50% total BB
Produksi Pergerakan

Pergerakan bagian tubuh

Pergerakan darah dari jantung ke sistem sirkulasi
Pergerakan limfe
Pergerakan makanan di GIT
Pergerakan empedu
Pergerakan urine
Pergerakan semen di tr. Genital pria dan wanita
Pergerakan bayi partus

Sifat Otot :
Kontraktilitas : kemampuan otot untuk
memendek / berkontraksi (contract = counter to
act) karena adanya filamen actin dan myosin
Eksitabilitas : kemampuan otot untuk dirangsang
(memberikan respond thd stimulus)
Ekstensibilitas : kemampuan otot untuk diregang
Elastisitas : kemampuan otot untuk kembali ke
panjang awalnya sebelum diregang

Klasifikasi otot

Muscle Tissue Types

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Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Skeletal Muscle

Long cylindrical cells

Many nuclei per cell
Striated
Voluntary
Rapid contractions

Smooth Muscle
Fusiform cells
One nucleus
per cell
Nonstriated
Involuntary
Slow, wave-like
contractions

Cardiac Muscle
Branching cells
One or two nuclei
per cell
Striated
Involuntary
Medium speed
contractions

Otot
Otot memiliki 2 karakter dasar, yaitu
Jaringan kontraktil karena memiliki
kontraktil, actin dan myosin
Jaringan eksitabel karena memiliki sifat
Bereaksi kalau dirangsang
Menghantarkan rangsangan

protein

Otot : jaringan kontraktil

Contraction, to contract
(counter to act)
Otot seperti pegas
gaya recoil
Cenderung memendek
Makin diregang, makin
besar reaksinya (hukum
Frank Starling)

F = k x

Recoil force

Otot : jaringan kontraktil

Otot memiliki filamen
kontraktil
Tipis : actin, troponin &
tropomyosin
Tebal : myosin

Relaksasi, active site actin

tertutup tropomyosin &
troponin
Kontraksi, active site actin
terbuka & myosin
menempel

Myofilament
Filamen tipis : actin
@ actin
@ troponin T,I,C
@ tropomyosin

Membentuk double helix dengan

active site tersembunyi

Filamen tebal : myosin

@ head/ kepala
@ hinge/ leher (engsel)
@ rod/ tubuh (batang)

Z line

Z line

H Band

Sarcomere Relaxed

Sarcomere Partially Contracted

Sarcomere Completely Contracted

Binding Site

Troponin

Tropomyosin

Myosin

Neuromuscular Junction

Acetylcholine Opens Na+ Channel

Relaksasi
Active site actin
tersembunyi

troponin

Tropomyosin

Kontraksi
Active site actin
tersekpose

MYOSIN

Relaksasi

Kontraksi (sliding)

Otot : jar eksitabel

Kontraksi otot terjadi bila ada rangsangan dari akson
saraf
Hubungan akson saraf dengan otot disebut
neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
Tiap NMJ punya kepekaan yang berbeda
Makin banyak NMJ yang aktif makin besar
kontraksi otot yang dihasilkan
Akson saraf melepaskan asetilkolin yang ditangkap
reseptor di membran otot

Otot : jar eksitabel

Asetilkolin yang tertagkap reseptor memicu potensial
aksi pada membran otot
Potensial aksi merambat hingga ke sisten TRIAD
1 t tubule, mrp invaginasi membran otot
2 sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), gudang penyimpanan Ca2+

Potensial aksi Ca2+ terlepas mengikat troponin

C actin terbuka myosin nempel kontraksi

Hubungan otot & rangka

Otot selalu melekat pada 2 bagian rangka
Tulang yang relatif pasif dalam suatu gerakan disebut origo
Tulang yang reralif aktif dalam suatu gerakan disebut
insersio

Origo & insersio berfungsi,

Saat relaksasi, diam tak ada gerakan membentuk tonus
& membentuk range of movement (ROM)
Saat kontraksi menarik rangka & membentuk gerakan
sesuai dengan tipe sendinya

Muscle Attachments

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Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Antagonistic Muscles

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Motor Unit
All the muscle cells controlled by one nerve cell

Motor Unit Ratios

Back muscles
1:100

Finger muscles
1:10

Eye muscles
1:1

ATP

Creatine
Molecule capable of storing ATP energy
Creatine + ATP

Creatine phosphate + ADP

Creatine Phosphate
Molecule with stored ATP energy
Creatine phosphate + ADP

Creatine + ATP

Muscle Fatique
Lack of oxygen causes ATP deficit
Lactic acid builds up from anaerobic
respiration

Muscle Atrophy
Weakening and shrinking of a muscle
May be caused
Immobilization
Loss of neural stimulation

Muscle Hypertrophy
Enlargement of a
muscle
More capillaries
More mitochondria
Caused by
Strenuous exercise
Steroid hormones

Steroid Hormones
Stimulate muscle growth and hypertrophy

Muscle Tonus
Tightness of a muscle
Some fibers always contracted

Tetany
Sustained contraction of a muscle
Result of a rapid succession of nerve impulses

Tetanus

Refractory Period
Brief period of time in which muscle cells will
not respond to a stimulus

Isometric Contraction
Produces no movement
Used in
Standing
Sitting
Posture

Isotonic Contraction
Produces movement
Used in
Walking
Moving any part of the body

Muscle Spindle Responses

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Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Alpha / Gamma Coactiviation

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Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Golgi Tendon Organs

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Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

OTOT POLOS (SMOOTH MUSCLE)

Histologi :
Berbentuk sekoci
Berinti tunggal terletak di tengah
Tidak berlurik (garis2 melintang)

Persarafan :
OTONOMIK : SIMPATIS, PARASIMPATIS
Pergerakan :
INVOLUNTER

KLASIFIKASI OTOT POLOS

Secara umum, otot polos terdiri dari 2 tipe :
Multi unit smooth muscle (discrete
smooth muscle)
Single unit smooth muscle
(seringkali disebut visceral smooth
muscle).
Terdapat pada dinding
organ berongga: GIT
Hub. Antar sel : gap
junction, sehingga
inervasinya tidak perlu
pada tiap sel

Terdapat pd m.siliaris mata,

m.erector pilli, dsb

Masing2 sel berdiri sendiri, inervasi

pada setiap sel

KONTRAKSI OTOT POLOS

Perbedaan aktin dan myosin pada otot
polos dan otot rangka

Perbedaan

Susunan

Otot Rangka

Teratur

Otot Polos

Tidak teratur

Troponin

Ada

Tidak ada,
kalmodulin

Sumber
Ca2+

Cisternae
SR

Interstitial/ekstra
seluler dan SR

Cisternae
SR

Ada

Tidak ada

KONTRAKSI OTOT POLOS

FUNGSI OTOT POLOS

Sistem kardiovaskular :
Dinding pembuluh darah
regulasi aliran darah organ vital
Regulasi tekanan darah
Sistem digestive :
Sphincter : regulasi gerakan internal
Ubah kontraksi dan relaksasi gerakan makan oral ke anal
System Reproduktif
Males
Gerakan sperma sepanjang traktus reproduksi.
Sekresi komponen nonseluler semen
Ereksi dan ejakulasi
Females
Membantu gerakan ovum dan sperma sepanjang tract. reproduksi
Kelahiran

Properties of Smooth Muscle

One nucleus
Tropomyosin
No troponin
Dense bodies analogous to Z line
Slow myosin ATPase
Myosin has light chains
Little sarcoplasmic reticulum

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Smooth Muscle Cell

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Ca2+

Endoplasmic
reticulum
Ca2+

Ca2+

Calmodulin

Ca-calmodulin
MLCK

Unphosphorylated
myosin light
chain

Phosphorylated
myosin light
chain

No myosin
ATPase activity

Myosin ATPase
active

No crossbridge
activity

Crossbridge
cycling

Smooth muscle cell

Contraction

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Single-Unit Muscle

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Properties of Single-Unit Smooth

Muscle
Gap junctions
Pacemaker cells
with spontaneous
depolarizations
Innervation to few cells
Tone = level of contraction
without stimulation
Increases/decreases
in tension

Graded Contractions
No recruitment
Vary intracellular
calcium

Stretch Reflex

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Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Relaxation in
response to sudden
or prolonged stretch

Multi-Unit Muscle

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Multi vs. Single-Unit Muscle

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Spontaneous Depolarizations

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 12.36

Tonic contraction

Rhythmic contraction

Smooth Muscle Regulation

Innervated by autonomic nervous system
Neurotransmitter are acetylcholine and
norepinephrine
Hormones important as epinephrine and
oxytocin
Receptors present on plasma membrane
which neurotransmitters or hormones bind
determines response

OTOT JANTUNG
Functional Synctitium
O.k : antar sel dihubungkan oleh
Desmosomes dan Gab junction

Cardiac Muscle

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Muscle Comparisons

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

JENIS OTOT
BENTUK

OTOT
RANGKA
lurik

OTOT POLOS

OTOT
JANTUNG

polos

lurik

SERABUT OTOT Sangat panjang,

silindris

Spindel, serabut
kecil

Terelongasi

NUKLEUS

Banyak, di perifer

Nukleus sentral
terelongasi

Satu, central

KONTRAKSI

Cepat, kuat

Lamban, kuat

Kuat dan
berirama

KERJA

volunter

involunter

involunter

Fenomena kelainan otot

Tetani
Spasme
Muscle cramp
Kaku mayat
Myasthenia gravis
Paralisis
Parhese
Atrofi
Distrofi
Hipertrophy

Pengaruh Exercise pada Otot

Pengaruh Usia terhadap Otot