Standard Perspective Projection

Object P(x,y,z)
Point

P(x,y,z)

C(0,0,-d)

View point
View plane
X

In standard perspective projection the viewer is placed negative Z- axis

and consider the view plane is XY plane, then
CP = (x-0)I + (y-0) + (z+ d) k
= xI + yj +(z + d) k
Again CP = (x-0)I + (y-0)j + (z + d) k
= xi +yj + (z + d) k
Since CP and CP are in same direction, then we may write
CP = .CP where is a scalar quantity.
So CP = . CP
xi + yj + (z + d) k = x i + y j + (z + d) k
x = x ------------(1)
y = y ------------(2)
(z+d) = (z + d) -----(3)

Since P is a point on the XY Plane, so z = 0, then we may

write d = (z + d) or = d / (z + d)
Hence
y = (d. y ) / (z + d)
and x = (d. x)/ (z + d)
z=0
In homogeneous co ordinate system we ma write
x
y
z
1

d
0
0
0

0
d
0
0

0
0
0
1

0
0
0
d

x
y
z
1

Prob-1) A unit cube is projected onto the XY plane. Find the

projected image using the standard perspective
transformation with (a) d = 1 and (b) d = 10 where d
is the distance from the view plane.
Y

C(0,0, -d)

D
E

C
H
B

A
F

Prob-2) You are given a 3D line going from P1(-5, 4, 2) to P2

(5,-6,18). Obtain the perspective projection of line on YZ plane
when the viewer is placed at (10, 0, 10).
Prob-3) Obtain the transformation matrix for an object projected
on the XY plane when viewed from (0, 0, 5).
Prob-4) A unit cube is located at origin such that 3 of its edges
are parallel to X, Y, Z axis. The vertices on front face have the
co-ordinates. The cube is viewed from (0, 0, 5) on XY plane.
Obtain the perspective projection point for the front & back
faces of the cube. Can you indicate what happens to edges
parallel to X, Y, & Z axis . Do they all meet at same vanishing
point ?

Prob-5) Obtain the transformation matrix on to the plane

n1x +n2y +n3z = d0 when the viewer is placed at
C( a ,b, c).
Y

P(x,y,z)

View
Point
P(x,y,z)

C(a,b,c)

Equation of plane
n1x +n2y +n3z = d0
X

CP = (x-a)i + (y- b)j + (z - c)k

Again CP = (x- a)i + (y- b)j + (z - c) k
Since CP and CP are in same direction, then we may write
CP = .CP where is a scalar quantity.
So CP = . CP
(x-a)i + (y-b)j +(z- c) k = (x-a)i + (y-b)j +(z c) k
x-a = (x a) or x = (x a) + a ------------(1)
y-b = (y b) or y = (y b) + b ------------(2)
z- c = (z + d) or z = (z - c) + c ------------(3)
Since P(x,y,z) is a point on the plane, so we may write
n1x +n2y +n3z = d0
Simplify after substituting the value of x , y and z from the
equation (1), (2) and (3).

n1[( (x-a) +a] + n2[ (y- b) +b] + n3[(z- c) +c] = d0

[(n1x + n2y +n3z) (n1a + n2b +n3c)] = d0 (n1a+n2b+n3c)
= [d0(n1a+n2b+n3c] [(n1x +n2y +n3z) - (n1a+n2b+n3c)]
= [d0 d1] (n1x +n2y +n3z d1)
= d / (n1x +n2y +n3z d1)
Substitute the value of in equation (1),(2) and (3) we will
get the value of x , y and z respectively.

x = d (x a) (n1x +n2y +n3z d1) + a

x = (dxda+an1x+an2y+an3zad1) /(n1x + n2y +n3z d1
X= (d+an1)x+an2y +an3z a (d + d1) (n1x +n2y +n3z d1)
X = (d+an1)x+an2y +an3z ad0) (n1x +n2y +n3z d1)
Similarly
y = bn1x+(d+bn2)y+bn3z bd0) (n1x +n2y +n3z d1)
z = cn1x+cn2y +(d+cn3)z cd0) (n1x +n2y +n3z d1)

The transformation Matrix is given by

d+an1

an2

an3

-ad0

bn1

d+bn2

bn3

-bd0

cn1

cn2

d+cn3

-cd0

n1

n2

n3

-d1