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B GIO DC & O TO

TRNG CAO NG KINH T - CNG NGH TP.HCM


KHOA CNG NGH SINH HC
***************

CNG NGH SAU THU HOCH C PH

GVHD: ThS Ng Minh Nh


SVTH : L Th Kim Chung
Nguyn Thanh Trc
Nguyn Th Cm T
Ging Thng Thin

Tp H Ch Minh , Thng 10 nm 2014

MC LC
CHNG 1: M U........................................................................................................ 5
1.1. L do chn ti ................................................................................................ 5
1.2. Phm vi nghin cu............................................................................................ 5
CHNG II: C IM CA C PH V TNH HNH TN THT TRN TH
GII V VIT NAM........................................................................................................... 6
2.1. c im ca c ph. [3] [2] .............................................................................. 6
2.1.1 Cu to................................................................................... 8_Toc401529421
2.1.2 c im sinh ha ca c ph ................................................................... 12
2.1.3 c im sinh l v thc vt ca cy c ph ............................................ 15
2.1.4 Ma v....................................................................................................... 19
2.1.5 Tc dng ca c ph .................................................................................. 19
2.2 Tnh hnh sn xut v tn tht. ......................................................................... 19
2.2.1 Tnh hnh sn xut trn th gii [5] ........................................................... 19
2.2.2 Tnh hnh sn xut c ph trong nc [5] ................................................. 20
2.2.3 Tnh hnh tn tht c ph trong nc [6] .................................................. 21
2.2.4 Tnh hnh tn tht c ph trn th gii [7]................................................. 24
2.2.5 Tn tht do cng ngh sau thu hoch [4] .................................................. 24
2.2.6 Tn tht do thi tit [1] ............................................................................. 25
2.2.7 Tn tht do su bnh .................................................................................... 27
CHNG III: BIN PHP KHC PHC ( HN CH) TNH HNH TN THT
SAU THU HOCH CA C PH ................................................................................... 28
3.1 i vi thin thi tit [1] ................................................................................ 28
3.2 i vi cng ngh sau thu hoch v ch bin [2] ........................................... 29
3.3 i vi su bnh hi [2] ................................................................................... 30
3.3.1 Su hi: ......................................................................................................... 30
3.3.2 Bnh hi ....................................................................................................... 35
3.4 Cc phng pho bo qun c ph sau thu hoch [3] ..................................... 37
3.4.1 Bo qun c ph qu ti............................................................................. 37
3.4.2 Bo qun c ph thc kh v c ph nhn ................................................ 37
3.4.2 Bo qun c ph ht rang , v ph bt mn v c ph ha tan .................. 41
CHNG IV: BIN PHP CH BIN C PH SAU THU HOCH [3] ..................... 42
4.1 K thut sn xut c ph nhn ........................................................................ 42
4.2Gii thch quy trnh sn xut c ph nhn theo phng php ch bin t... ...... 43
4.2.1 Phn loi: ...................................................................................................... 43

4.2.2 Bc v qu, v tht (xt ti): ...................................................................... 44


4.2.3 Ngm, (ln men): ...................................................................................... 46
4.2.4 Ra: .............................................................................................................. 46
4.2.5 Lm ro, phi sy: ....................................................................................... 47
4.2.6 Sy ............................................................................................................... 48
4.2.7 Bc v thc (xt kh): ................................................................................. 49
4.2.8 Bc v la (nh bng): .............................................................................. 50
4.2.9 Phn loi: ..................................................................................................... 50
4.2.10 u trn, ng bao, bo qun: ................................................................... 52
4.4 Sn xut c ph rang c ph bt mn ............................................................ 54
4.4.1 Phn oi theo ch thc: ........................................................................... 54
4.4.2 nguyn iu: ....................................................................................... 55
4.4.3 Rang: ............................................................................................................ 55
4.4.4 Lm ngui: ................................................................................................... 56
4.5 C ph ha tan ................................................................................................. 57
4.6.1 Tuyn chn nguyn liu c ph nhn: ......................................................... 57
4.6.2 Rang, xay c ph:......................................................................................... 57
4.6.3 Trch ly: ....................................................................................................... 57
4.6.4 C c: ......................................................................................................... 60
4.6.5 Sy kh : ...................................................................................................... 61
4.6.6 Hi hng .................................................................................................... 63
CHNG V : KT LUN V NGH ........................................................................ 65
5.1 Kt lun ........................................................................................................... 65
5.2 ngh ............................................................................................................ 65
TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................................. 66

DANH MC HNH
Hnh 2.1. Tri c ph Arabica v c ph nhn arabica .................................................... 6
Hnh 2.2. Tri c ph Robusta v c ph nhn Robusta .................................................. 7
Hnh 2.3. Cy c ph mt v c ph nhn mt .................................................................. 7
Hnh 2.4. Cu to qu c ph ........................................................................................... 9
Hnh 2.5 Cy c ph ch ................................................................................................ 18
Hnh 2.6: Sn ng v din tch trng c ph Vit Nam ............................................. 23
Hnh 3.1 Su c thn.................................................................................................... 31
Hnh 3.2 rp sp xanh (Coccus viridis Homoptera - Coccidae) ................................ 34

Hnh 3.3.Rp sp phn (Pseudococcus mercaptor Homoptera Pseudococcidae) .. 34


Hnh 3.4 Bnh g st ...................................................................................................... 35
Hnh 3.5 Bnh kh cnh kh qu .................................................................................. 36
Hnh 4.1 Nguyn tc lm vic ca b xiphng .............................................................. 44
Hnh 4.2 My xt ti iu a ...................................................................................... 45
Hnh 4.3 My xt ti Raoeng ...................................................................................... 46
Hnh 4.4 L sy c ph .................................................................................................. 48
Hnh 4.5 My sy thng quay nm ngang ..................................................................... 49
Hnh 4.6 My xt kh kiu Engelber............................................................................. 50
Hnh 4.7 My nh bng mt trc Smout ..................................................................... 50
Hnh 4.8 Sng Catador kp ............................................................................................ 51
Hnh 4.9 Nguyn tc rang c ph .................................................................................. 55
Hnh 4.10 S h thng sy phun............................................................................... 62
Hnh 4.11 C cu phun bng h ng .......................................................................... 62
Hnh 4.12 C cu phun p lc ....................................................................................... 63

DANH MC BNG
Bng 2.1 T l cc phn cu to ca c ph 9
Bng 2.2 Thnh phn ha hc ca v qu. 10
Bng 2.3 Thnh phn ha hc ca lp nht...10
Bng 2.4 Thnh phn ha hc ca v tru. 11
Bng 2.5 Thnh phn ha hc c nhn.. 12
Bng 2.6 Sn ng c ph Vit Nam t ma v 2010/11 n ma v 2013/14...22
Bng 2.7 Sn ng c ph nin v 2000/2001 2005/2006 24
Bng 4.1 So snh phng php ch bin t v phng php h... 54

CHNG 1: M U
1.1.

L do chn ti

C ph l mt c sn nhit i c gi tr trn th gii, mt mt hng c bun


bn rng ri, giao u nhiu vo loi th nh trong cng tc mu dch quc t. i vi
nc ta, cafe cng mt phn quan trng trong cc mt hng xut khu c gi tr.
Nc ta c iu kin thin nhin tt pht trin loi cy cao cp ny. Nhiu
vng t rt thch hp trng c ph nh Ph Qu (Ngh Tnh) cc cao nguyn
Gia Lai, KomTum, c Lc, Di Linh
C Ph Vit Nam c mt hu ht cc quc gia trn th gii. Cc nc nhp
hu chnh C ph ca Vit Nam: c, M, Ty Ban Nha, , Nht Bn, B, Hn
Quc, Php, Vng quc Anh v Lin Bang Nga. Th vng en ny ca Vit Nam
nhn c s n nhn ca ngi tiu dng hp nm chu. y l mt i th tht
s ca ngnh C ph Braxin l nh gi ca Nguyn tng thng Braxin - ngi Luiz
Inacio Lula da Silva sau khi thng thc ly c ph Legendee trong bui gp g u tin
vi ch tch nc Nguyn Minh Trit ti Vit Nam.
Cc th trng nhp hu C ph ca Vit Nam c xu hng ngy cng pht
trin v sn ng. iu ny m ra c hi pht trin cho cc doanh nghip C ph Vit
Nam
Nhn chung, C ph Vit Nam trn th trng th gii c mt v th quan
trng, tuy nhin mun gi vng v pht trin v th ca thng hiu Made in
Vietnam ny i hi phi c s phi hp nhp nhng gia nng dn doanh nghip
nh nc, trong vic nng cao sn ng cng nh cht ng sn phm t khu trng
trt, thu hoch n ch ch bin.
Cng vi vic pht trin trng c ph, th k thut bo qun,ch bin sau thu
hoch cng i hi ngy cng cao. Khu ch bin, bo qun c nh hng ln n
phm cht cafe v tc ng mnh n sn xut c ph.
Do vy chng em chn ti cng ngh sau thu hoch ca c ph.
1.2.

Phm vi nghin cu
- c im cu to, sinh l, sinh ha ca c ph.
- Tnh hnh sn xut v tn tht c ph trn th gii v Vit Nam.
- Bin php khc phc ( hn ch ) tn tht sau thu hoch ca c ph.
- Bin php ch bin c ph sau thu hoch .

CHNG II: C IM CA C PH V TNH HNH


TN THT TRN TH GII V VIT NAM
2.1.

c im ca c ph. [3] [2]

Cc loi cafe u thuc nhm coffea, gm 70 loi khc nhau, ch c khong 10


loi ng ch v gi tr, trng trt. Trn th gi hin nay ngi ta thng trng 3 loi
cafe chnh :
Ging Arbica : gm cc ging thng nh : typica, mo a
Ging Robuta
Ging Chari
Cc ging ny u c thi gian thu hoch khc nhau, nn c th b sung thi v
cho vic trng v thu hoch cc ging chnh.
Cafe Arabica : thng gi l cafe ch
y oi trng nhiu nht trn th gii. Ngun gc ca ging ny l cao
nguyn Etiopia vng nhit i ng Chu Phi. Arabica cao t 3- 5m, trong iu kin
t ai thun li c th cao n 7m, c thn hoc nhiu thn, l hnh trng hoc hnh
i mc, qu thng hnh trng c khi hnh trn, khi qu chn c mu ti, mt s
ging hi chn mu vng, ng knh khong 10- 15mm. S ng t 800-1200 qu/1
kg. Thi gian nui qu t 6-7 thng. Trong iu kin thi tit kh hu min Bc, cafe
Arabica chn r vo thng 12 v thng 1. Ty Nguyn cafe chn sm hn 2-3 thng
so vi min Bc. Khi qu chn nu b ma d nt v rng. Trong 1 qu thng c 2
nhn, mt s t qu c 3 nhn. Nhn c v la mu bc bm cng vo nhn. Ngoi v
la l v tru c 5-7kg qu s thu c 1 kg caf sng. Mu ht xm xanh, xanh lc,
xanh nht ty theo cch ch bin. Lng cafein c trong nhn khong 1-3% ty theo
ging.

Hnh 2.1. Tri c ph Arabica v c ph nhn arabica


6

Caf Rubusta: thng gi l caf vi


Ngun gc khu vc sng Conggo v min ni vng thp xch o v nhit i
Ty chu phi. Robusta cao t 5-7m. Qu hnh trng hoc trn, qu chn c mu
thm. V qu cng v dai hn cafe Arabica. T 5-6 kg qu s thu c 1 kg nhn. Qu
chn t thng 2 n thng 4 min Bc, Ty Nguyn chn sm hn t thng 12 n
thng 2. c bit loi cafe Rubusta khng ra hoa kt qu ti cc mt c ca cnh. Nhn
hnh trn, to ngang, v la mu nh nu bc. Mu sc ca nhn xm xanh, xanh bc,
vng m g,Ty thuc chng v phng php ch bin.

Hnh 2.2. Tri c ph Robusta v c ph nhn Robusta


Cafe Chari : thng gi l cafe mt
Ngun gc x Ubangui Chari thuc Bin H gn sa mc Xahara, loi ny
c a vo Vit Nam 1905. Chari cy ln cao 6-15m l hnh trng hoc i mc,
gn l ni nhiu nhiu mt di. Qu hnh trng, num hi i v to. Qu chn cng
mt lc vi t hoa mi cho nn trn cng mt t cnh c th c ng thi qu chn,
qu xanh n hoa, hoa n v n qu. iu bt li trong thu hoch. Qu ang chn
vo thng 5 n thng 7.

Hnh 2.3. Cy c ph mt v c ph nhn mt


Hoa c 3 loi cafe m t trn u n c chm, mu trng v hng thm ngt.
7

2.1.1 Cu to
-Cy thuc dng bi, nhiu thn, cao 2-3m, tn l bn, cnh i xng, di, mm
mi, mnh d, khi mi mc c hng thng, sau vn di th r xung.
- L c ph ch mc i xng, hnh trng di, u nhn, ra qun, gn
sng,mu xanh m, bng, di 10-15cm, rng 4-6cm.
- Hoa c ph ch c mu trng, c mi thm ngt hi hc, mc chm li nch
l t 8 n 15 hoa . Cung hoa ngn, i hoa c 5 cnh nh trm ln pha trn ca non
so.
- Trng hoa hnh ng di, pha u n ra thnh 5 cnh hp. Nhy gm c 2 vi
c 2 u vn ra ngoi trng hoa. Non so s pht trin thnh qu.
- Qu hnh trng, di 10-18mm, rng 8-12mm.
- Thn c ph ch c v sn si, c ging phn cnh cao trng on thn ti
60-80cm.
- B r c ph ch kh pht trin. Gp t ti xp v c su ln th r cc
mc thng v su ti trn 1m. Cc r ph v r lng ht mc theo hng chch ngang
v tp trung ti 80-90% lp t mt c su
- Cu to qu cafe gm c nhng phn sau: cung tri, lp v qu, lp nht, lp
v tru , lp v la, nhn.
Cung tri: L phn bt u t ht c ph tip ni vi thn cy, nhnh
cy c ph
Lp v qu:lp v ngoi, mm, ngoi b c mu , v c cafe ch mm
hn cafe vi v mt
Di lp v mng l lp v tht gi l trung b v tht cafe mm, cha
nhiu cht ngt, d xay xt hn. V tht cafe mt cng v dy hn.
Ht cafe sau khi loi b cc cht v phi h gi l cafe thc, v bao bc
nhn l mt lp v cng nhiu cht x gi l v tru tc l ni b. V tru ca cafe
ch mng v d dp v hn v tru ca cafe vi v mt.
St nhn cafe cn mt lp v mng, mm gi l v la, chng c mu
sc v c tnh khc nhau ty theo loi cafe. V la cafe ch c mu trng bc rt
mng v d bong ra khi ht trong qu trnh ch bin. V la cafe c mu nu nht.
V la cafe mt mu vng nht bm st vo nhn cafe.
Trong cng nhn cafe. Lp t bo phn ngoi phn ca nhn cng c
nhng t bo nh, trong c cha nhng cht du. Pha trong c nhng t bo ln v
mm hn. Mt qu cafe thng c 1,2 hoc 3 nhn. Thng thng th ch 2 nhn.

Hnh 2.4. Cu to qu c ph
Bng 2.1 T l cc phn cu to ca c ph
Cc loi v v nhn
Cafe ch
Cafe vi

43 -45%
20 -23%
6 -7.5%
26 -30%

V qu
Lp nht
V tru
Nhn v v la

41 -42%
21 -22%
6-8%
26 -29%
(theo Hong Minh Trang , 1983)

2.1.1.1 . Thnh phn ha hc ca qu c ph


Thnh phn ha hc ca v qu :V qu c mu khi chn, l cht
antoxian trong c vt ca ancaloit, tanin, cafein v cc loi men. Trong v qu c
t 21,5-30% cht h. Ngi ta phn tch cc cht sau

Bng 2.2 Thnh phn ha hc ca v qu


Cafe ch
Cafe vi
9,2-11,2%
9,17 %
Protein
1,73
2,00 Cht bo
13,16
27,6 Xenllose
3,22
3,33 Tro
66,16
57,1 Hp cht
khng c N
Cht ng
Tanin
Pectin
Cafein

14,12 4,07 0,25 -

0,58

(theo Hong Minh Trang , 1983)


Thnh phn ha hc ca lp nht :Pha di lp v qu l lp nht, n
gm nhng t bo mm khng c protein, tanin, c nhiu ng v pectin.
Bng 2.3 Thnh phn ha hc ca lp nht
Thnh phn ha hc
Cafe ch
33,0%
Pectin
30,0
ng kh

Cafe vi
38,7%
45,8

ng khng

20,0

Xenlulose v

17,0

kh
tro
(theo Hong Minh Trang , 1983)
pH cu lp nht ty theo chn ca qu thng t 5,6-5,7, c i hi
6,4. Trong lp nht t bit c men pectaza phn gii pectin trong qu trnh ln
men.
Thnh phn ha hc ca v tru :Gm c xenlulose l ch yu. Sau y
l thnh phn ha hc ca v tru cafe ch n men sau 40 gi v ra sch.

10

Bng 2.4 Thnh phn ha hc ca v tru


Thnh phn ha
Cafe
Cafe
hc
ch
vi
0,35%
0,35%
Hp cht
c du
1,46
2,22
Protein
61,8
67,8
Xenlulose
11,6
Hemi
xenlulose
Cht tro
ng
Pantosan

0,96

3,3
27,0
0,2

(theo Hong Minh Trang , 1983)


Trong v tru c mt s loi cafein, khong 0,4% do tc nhn khuch tn ra lc
ln men hoc c phi h. V tru dng lm cht t, d chy c th ng thnh bnh
khng cn cht dinh dng cc loi my p than, p mn ca.
Thnh phn ha hc c nhn :
Caf nhn dng thng phm gm c: nc, khong, lipit, protit,gluxit. Ngoi
ra cn c nhng cht hong m ta thng gp trong thc vt l nhng axit hu c ch
yu l axit clorogenic v ancaloit. Trn th gii cng nh trong nc ta, c nhiu
nghin cu v phn tch thnh phn ha hc ca nhn caf. Sau y l mt s cht
trong caf nhn sng
Ngoi ra trong nhn caf c mt ng ng Vitamin, cc cht bay hi v cu
t mi thm. Hin nay ngi ta tm ra c hn ti 70 cht thm hn hp li thnh
mi thm c bit ca caf. Trong caf ch yu l vitamin nhm B nh B1,B2, B6,
B12 v cc loi acid hu c tin cc loi vitamin.

11

Bng 2.5 Thnh phn ha hc c nhn


Thnh phn ha hc
Tnh bng
Tnh bng
g/ 100g
mg/ 100g
Nc
8-12
Cht bo
4-18
m
1,8-2,5
Protein
9-16
Cafein
0,8-2
Axit clorogenic
2-8
Trigonenlin
1-3
Tanin
2
Axit xitcafetanic
8-9
Axit cafeic
1
Pantosan
5
Tinh bt
8-23
Dextrin
0,85
ng
5-10
Xenlulose
10-20
Hemixenlulose
20
Linhin
4
Tro
2,5-4,5
Trong c: Ca
85-100
P
130-150
Fe
3-10
Na
4
Mn
1-45
Rb, Cu, F
Vt
(theo Hong Minh Trang , 1983)
2.1.2 c im sinh ha ca c ph
2.1.2.1 . Nhit
C ph a nhit bnh qun hng nm cao ; trong c ph ch sinh trng v
pht trin thun i t 19 n 30oC , so vi cc oi c ph hc , c ph ch c h
nng chu nh kh hn; nhit t 2 n 3oC trong thi gian ngn hng nh hng
12

ti cy. Nhng cy mi trng, chu nh yu hn nhng cy 3-4 tui tr n. Mc d


vy, hi b tr vn c ph ch cn ch trnh nhng ni c sng mui , c nhng
ni sng mui p i theo chu 3- 5 nm/ n nh thung ng, ni hp thy
Trong cc ging c ph ang trng nc ta th cc ging Catur , Catimor t ra
chu rt h hn cc ging Bourbon, Typica.
Ngc i, nhit cao t 38oC tr n cng gy nh hng xu ti c ph v
trong c ph ch v t ra chu nng h hn c ph vi.
Khi trng c ph cn ch n chnh ch nhit ngy v m . chnh
ch ny cao th phm cht c ph thm ngon v ban ngy nhit cao thc y qu
trnh quang hp, tch y cht h v ban m nhit xung thp s hn ch s tiu
hao cc cht c tch y.
2.1.2.2 .Nc v m
Ni chung, c ph cn ma m. Ring c ph ch, hng nm cn mt ng ma
t 1200 n 1500 y mt , tc t hn so vi c ph vi. Lng ma ni trn nu c
phn b tng i u t hi hoa n n hi thu hoch rt tt. Sau hi thu hoch, c
ph ch cn hong 2 thng cui nm h nh phn ha mm hoa, nu 2 thng
vn c ma th hng thun cho c ph, ng thi hi hoa n v qu non c hnh
thnh m khng c ma th t u qu thp, qu b p. Do vy thi gian ny, nu
gp h hn, nht thit phi ti nc cho cy c ph.
Thc t nc ta cho thy cc v c ph c ma thng trng hp vi cc nm
c ma ng r rt, tip theo ma dn u v nhiu m cho c ph tri qua ma h
phn ha mnh mm hoa v sau c m sinh trng, n hoa, nui qu (Nguyn
S Ngh,1982).
m tng i ca hng h c nh hng n i vi sinh trng c ph v
n in quan n bc hi nc ca c ph. Hin tng c ph ho r vo nhng
ngy gi Lo nc ta chng minh iu ny. Nu gi h nng gay gt o di s
gy thit hi cho sinh trng v nng sut c ph. ngn nga tc hi ni trn, cn c
ai rng phng h, trng cy che bng, xi xo t gc gi m, trng cy phn xanh
gia hng c tc dng rt tt hng nhng gi m cho t m cn ci to c mi
trng tiu h hu ca vn c ph.
2.1.2.3 . nh sng
Cy c ph a nh sng tn x; i ny c th cn c vo ngun gc ca c ph
cc rng tha. Ngi ta coi cy c ph oi cy cn che bng.Tuy nhin, qua qu
trnh thun ha, ngi ta trng c ph hng cn che bng m vn cho nng sut
cao, nhng phi c thm canh tt ngay t u. iu in sinh thi nc ta cho thy
13

cy c ph ch vn cn cy che bng m bo cho cy sinh trng v chng chu


cc ngoi cnh bt thun nh sng mui, gi h nng, su bnh v.v Tuy vy, cy
che bng cn c a chn cho thch hp, c tn tha va phi v hng phi
ch ca cc oi su bnh nguy him nh nm hng, su c thn v.v
2.1.2.4 . Gi
Cng nh nhiu oi cy trng hc, gi c nh hng quan trng i vi cy c
ph. Gi c tc va phi gip cho s tung phn v th phn ca hoa. ong ng ch
iu in nc ta gi c nhiu mt bt thun nh gi nng thi vo ma h gy
h, mt m; gi bo gy gy cnh, rng qu;gi rt m chm sinh trng ca c ph
mi trng .
Khc phc tc ng tiu cc ca gi cn trng cy ai rng phng h, cy che
bng v cy ph t
2.1.2.5 . t ai
t trng c ph phi t tt, mu m, c su v c ph cy u nm ,
c b r he, pht trin tt v n su ti hn 1m.Trn nn t tt v c chm sc
chu o th hng nhng cy c ph sinh trng tt, nng sut cao m cn o di
c tui th v nhim inh t. Ngoi su trn 70cm, t cn phi c tnh tt,
tc ti xp, b r v nht r ng ht pht trin, ti xp cn t 50-60%, va
d thot nc hi ma to va thun i cho b r pht trin. R cy rt mn cm vi t
b, ng nc d b thi v nh hng xu n sinh trng ca cy. Trong ma h t
gi c m tt t bazan i vi cy c ph.
Theo Nguyn S Ngh (1982) th cc oi t c tng s 0,15-0,2%, P2O5 tng s
0,08-0,1% v K2O tng s 0,1-0,5% thch hp trng c ph. Cn u hm
ng c cht dinh dng phi dng d tiu mi c ngha.
Ngoi NPK trng cy c ph cn oi t c t nht 2% mn. tng ng
mn th vic trng cy h u, cy phn xanh nh ct h, u mo t t, p
xanh cho c ph rt quan trng .
So ci cy ch th c ph thch hp vi ca t t chua hn, c th t 5,5
n 6,5. i vi t qu chua, pH <5 th cn bn t vi hi trng .
Nh trn ni, t bazan thch hp nht trng cc cy nng nghip u
nm, c bit cao su, c ph. t bazan c ti xp ti 60%, thot nc nhanh v
gi m tt, thong h. Hm ng N tng s 0,1-0,15%, P2O5 tng s 0,08-0,1%, K2O
tng s 0,05-0,1% l ph hp vi yu cu ca cy c ph. Ngoi ra bazan cn c Bo,
Zn, Cu, Fe cc vi ng rt quan trng i vi phm cht c ph

14

Ngoi t bazan, c ph cn trng c trn t pooc-phia, dip thch st, dip


thch mica, dip thch vi, ph sa c, vi, dc t Tuy cc oi ny m t bazan,
nhng nu c thm canh tt ngay t u th c ph vn cho nng sut cao.
Do iu in a hnh trn ni, nn nhiu din tch c ph ca ta, nm trn
dc nht nh, do vy, d trng c ph trn oi t no cng phi c bin php chng
xi mn bo v t nh trng theo ng ng mc, gieo cy ngn ngy h u chn
dng chy, trng rng u ngun, b tr trng c ph theo hnh nanh su v.v v nht
thit phi tm cch bi dng nng cao ph cho t trong qu trnh chm sc, khai
thc c ph.
2.1.3 c im sinh l v thc vt ca cy c ph
Cy c ph ch bnh thng c th sng o di 30-40 nm, tuy nhin trong
thc t sn xut ngi ta iu chnh cy mc theo nhim inh t 12 nm v hai
thc 2 nhim ri ph b trng i.
2.1.3.1.B r ca cy C ph:
C ph c ba oi r: R cc, r tr v r con. R cc c di t 0,3-0,5m, mc
t thn chnh, dng lm trc gi thn. H r tr l nhng r nhnh mc ra t r cc, n
su vo t ht nc.
R tr c th n su xung t n 1,2-1,5m. R tr cng n su, h nng ht nc v
chu hn ca c ph cng tt. Cc r bn mc t r tr v pht trin ra chung quanh
thnh h thng r con.
H thng r con ny hu ht tp trung p t mt (0-30 cm), c nhim v ch
yu l ht cht dinh dng. S pht trin ca b r c ph ph thuc vo dy,
xp tng t canh tc, ging c ph, ch bn phn, ti nc v ch canh tc.
Theo cc t qu ho st b r c ph th c ti 85% hi ng r nm trong
vng t c su 0-30cm tnh t mt t.
Tng di ca mt b r c ph trng thnh c th ti 30,765m. R cy c
ph c th ht dinh dng ca vng t c th tch 12-15m3 t.
Nhiu kho nghim cho thy, nu ch ct b t r con gn mt t th khng
nh hng ln n sinh trng ca cy, nhng nu r cc b t, xon hay b gt li s
lm cy cht non (y cng l nguyn nhn c ph gim cnh khng th pht trin
c do khng c r cc).
2.1.3.2.Cnh v l c ph:
Cc cnh mc t thn chnh gi l cnh c bn (cnh cp 1), cnh mc t cnh
cp 1 gi l cnh th cp (cnh cp 2).

15

Trong iu in chm sc tt, cc cnh c bn ca cy c ph bt u xut hin


sau khi trng 20-40 ngy.
Cy c ph ch mt nm tui c hong 6-10 cp cnh c bn, c ph vi c
hong 10-12 cp cnh c bn. C ph 2 nm tui c nhiu tng cnh.
Trong thc tin sn xut, cy c ph vi cn c bm ngn cao hong 1,2-1,4m
tp trung nui nhng cnh c bn di.
Sau hi thu hoch c 2-3 nm, cn nng chiu cao ca cy bng cch chi
ngn nhm to tip 6-8 cp cnh c bn mi. Lc ny chiu cao ca cy cn hng ch
1,6-2m.
Chiu cao ca cy cng nh s cnh c bn, cnh cp 2 v s pht trin ca chng ph
thuc vo nhiu yu t nh tnh trng th nhng v ch chm sc, ta cnh.
Cy c ph trng thnh v c to dng hp thng c tng din tch b mt
tn t 22-45m2.
Tui th (i vi c ph vi) t 7-10 thng. Cc tc ng v thi tit hoc ch
dinh dng hng tt c th s m cho rng sm hn.
Vi cy c ph ch, hng c cy che bng, bnh qun mt ngy ng nc
bc hi 6,29-8,9 t, (tng ng vi mt ng ma 593-840mm/nm).
Lng hi nc thot ra qua trong bui sng chim 45,5% v bui chiu
52,6%, cn i vo ban m.
Cnh v c tng quan cht vi nng sut c ph. Cc nghin cu chng t
rng chnh , cnh v thn c ph ni d tr cc ngun dinh dng to hoa v
nui dng s pht trin ca qu.
Lng tinh bt hnh thnh trong qu trnh quang hp ca s c tch y
trong v h thng m ca cy, nu ng ny suy gim s dn n hin tng rng
hoa, qu v cho ht nh, nng sut thp.
Cc th nghim ct bt trong giai on cy mang qu non th nng sut c th
gim ti 30%. Trong qu trnh qu hnh thnh v pht trin, tu theo s ng qu hnh
thnh, ng tinh bt trong gim r rt. Tuy nhin, n hi qu gn chn th ng
tinh bt trong i tng n.
y chnh mt yu t cn quan tm trong qu trnh chm sc cy c ph
t c nng sut cao.
2.1.3.3.Hoa v qu c ph:
Cy c ph trng bng ht s bt u ra hoa vo nm th ba sau hi trng, tuy
nhin nu chm sc tt th nm th hai cho thu hoch, song ch nn hai thc t nm
th ba tr i hi cy thc s trng thnh.
16

Cc mm sinh ra t cc chi nch c th phn ha thnh mm hoa hoc


cnh cp hai. Mm hoa thng hng ra ht t cc chi, mt s th n hoa, mt s th
ng.
Sau thu hoch xut hin s phn ha mm hoa. Khi mm hoa hon
chnh (giai on m s) th qua mt cn ma vi ng hong 15mm, sau mt tun
hoa s n r (cn ma ny gi ngng ma n hoa). Do vy chng ta c th iu
chnh qu trnh ra hoa bng phng php ti tiu.
Hoa c ph thng n v m v n ht vo 4-5 gi sng. Cy c ph ch
(C.Arabica) c h nng t th phn cao ( hong 90%).
Vi c ph vi, c ph mt th qu trnh th phn u giao phn (th phn
cho) ch yu. c tnh ny ph thuc rt nhiu vo gi v cn trng, do vy, vic nui
ong mt trong vn c ph cng mt bin php tng t u qu c ph.
Sau hi hoa c th phn, qu pht trin h nhanh. Thi gian nui qu
thay i ty theo oi c ph, ch chm sc v iu in thi tit.
Qu c ph ch c thi gian sinh trng 6-8 thng.
Qu c ph vi c thi gian sinh trng 9-11 thng.
Qu c ph mt c thi gian sinh trng 11-14 thng.
i vi cy c ph ch, qu trnh hnh thnh ht theo Cane (1984) c chia ra
5 giai on:
- Giai on u inh t hi hoa bt u n n thng th hai sau hi hoa
n, hi ng v th tch qu tng hng ng , nhu cu dinh dng ni chung cha
cao
- Giai on th hai giai on tng nhanh v v th tch qu, giai on ny
o di t thng th 1,5-thng th t sau hi hoa n.
Lc ny hai hoang cha ht pht trin ti th tch ti a v g ha cui giai
on, v th ch thc ht c nh hnh trong giai on ny.
y giai on pht trin v, thnh phn qu ch yu nc (80-85%), chnh
v th nhu cu nc trong giai on ny rt cao.
iu ny cng gii thch v sao nhng vng h hn, nhng nm h hn hoc
hng nc ti ( giai on ny) qu v nhn c ph thng nh hn cc vng c
ma v ti nc y .
- Giai on th ba giai on hnh thnh ht, o di t thng th ba n
thng th t v nm sau hi hoa n. Lc ny hai ht bt u hnh thnh.
Nu nc v dinh dng, qu c ph s c hai nhn, ngc i, nu gp hn
hoc hng dinh dng trong thi ny, t ht hai nhn gim, ht mt nhn
tng.
17

- Giai on th t giai on tch y cht h, c ny hai ni nh trong hai


hoang cha ht tp trung cc cht dinh dng v v hi ng ht pht trin nhanh,
cn ch thc qu tng chm.
Giai on ny o di t thng th nm n thng th tm sau hi hoa n.
Nu cung cp nc v dinh dng trong giai on ny th ht c ph my,
nng sut cao, ngc i nu thiu nc hoc dinh dng th c ph c nhiu ht p,
trng ng ht gim dn n nng sut gim.
- Giai on th nm giai on qu chn, o di t thng th tm n thng
th mi sau hi hoa n.
y chnh giai on hon chnh s pht trin ca qu c ph, c ny cht h
c tp trung cao nht vo ht, qu v cng giai on quyt nh cht ng ca
ht c ph.
C ph cy trng c t qu rng h cao. Nu thi u trong qu trnh
pht trin ca qu c ph, hin tng rng qu non thng do qu trnh th phn m,
su bnh hoc thi tit hc nghit th thi gia v cui, hin tng rng qu
thng do s thiu ht hoc mt cn i dinh dng gy ra.
Ngha bn hng phn hoc bn phn nhng i hng cn i.
Cc t qu nghin cu cho thy: trong giai on pht trin ca qu, hm ng
tinh bt v cht dinh dng trong cng gim thp v iu ny thng m theo hin
tng rng qu do thiu ht dinh dng.
Nh vy cn phi tng cng bn phn b sung dinh dng p thi v y
, c bit trong giai on qu hnh thnh v pht trin nhm hn ch t rng
qu, tng nng sut v cht ng c ph.
i vi cy c ph vi, do tc tng trng thi ba n bn thng u
h chm, do thi gian qu pht trin hon chnh o di hn c ph ch.

Hnh 2.5 Cy c ph ch
18

2.1.4 Ma v
Vit Nam, v c ph c tnh bt u t thng 10 ca nm ny n ht thng
9 nm sau. V ma bt u thu hoch t thng 10 v thu hoch xong hong thng 12
hng nm. Thng th ti cc vng trng c ph chnh ca Vit Nam c h hu nhit
i gi ma v thi tit c chia thnh hai ma ma, nng r rt. Ma ma y bt
u t thng 4 v t thc vo thng 11, cn ma nng c tip ni t thng 11 n
thng 4 hng nm. Tuy nhin, c mt s nm th ma ma c th o di hoc t thc
sm hn v ma nng cng chu nh hng theo m x dch
2.1.5 Tc dng ca c ph

C ph kch thch hot ng tr c


C ph c th gip tng tr nh
C ph chng bnh tiu ng type II
C ph gip gim h ng huyt
C ph bo v khi cc bnh v gan
C ph m tng sc mnh ca c bp
C ph tt cho tr sinh non
C ph lm gim nguy c mc bnh hen v cha c d ng
C ph gip gim au
C ph lm cho chng ta thoi mi v d tnh hn
C ph c hi khng?
Ung c ph, ngi thch ung c, ngi thch ung ong nn h xc nh
bao nhiu . Ngi ta tnh theo hot cht ca c ph l cafein bi tc dng chnh
ca c ph l do cafein em i. Theo cc nh khoa hc, 300mg cafein mi ngy l hp
l.
2.2 Tnh hnh sn xut v tn tht.
2.2.1 Tnh hnh sn xut trn th gii [5]
Trn th gii hin nay c 75 nc trng c ph vi din tch trn 10 triu hecta
v sn ng hng nm bin ng trn di 6 triu tn. Nng sut bnh qun cha vt
qu 6 t nhn/ha. Trong chu Phi c 28 nc nng sut bnh qun hng vt qu
4 t nhn/ha. Nam M t di 6 t nhn/ha. Bn nc c din tch c ph n nht
l: Brazil trn 3 triu hecta chim 25% sn ng c ph th gii, CTE DLVOIRE
(CHU PHI), INDONESIA (CHU ) mi nc hong 1 triu hecta v C mbia c
gn 1 triu hecta vi sn ng hng nm t trn di 700 ngn tn. Do p dng mt
s tin b thut mi nh ging mi v mt trng dy nn c hng chc nc
19

a nng sut bnh qun t trn 1 tn/ha. in hnh c Costa Rica Trung M vi
din tch c ph ch 85.000 ha nhng t nng sut bnh qun trn 1.400 g/ha.
Do s xut hin v gy tc hi ca bnh g st c ph ti nhiu nc Trung v
Nam M t nm 1970 tr i y gy thm nhng h hn v tn m cho ngh
trng c ph hu vc ny. C ph ch hin nay vn chim 70% sn ng ca th
gii. Din tch c ph ch c trng tp trung ch yu Trung v Nam M, mt s
nc ng Phi nh: Kenya, Cameroon, Ethiopie, Tanzania v mt phn chu
nh: Indonesia, n , Phi ippines.
Th trng c ph trn th gii trong nhng nm va qua thng chao o,
hng n nh nht v gi c. T chc c ph th gii (ICO) do hng cn gi c
hn ngch xut nhp hu, gi c tri ni trn th trng t do cho nn c nhng giai
on gi c ph xung thp cha tng c so vi vi chc nm tr i y. Tnh trng
ny dn n hu qu nhiu nc phi hy b bt din tch c ph, hoc hng tip
tc chm sc v inh doanh hng cn thy c hiu qu. Nm 1994 do nhng t
sng mui v sau hn hn din ra Brazi , v vy m cho sn ng c ph
ca nc ny gim xung gn 50%, do gp phn m cho gi c ph tng vt, c
i cho nhng ngi xut hu c ph tr th gii.
2.2.2 Tnh hnh sn xut c ph trong nc[5]
Cy c ph c a vo trng Vit Nam t nm 1857, trc ht mt s
nh th ti H Nam, Qung Bnh, Kontum Song mi ti u th hai mi tr i
th cy c ph mi c trng trn quy m tng i n ca cc ch n in ngi
Php ti Ph Qu Ngh An v sau c Lc v Lm ng, nhng tng din
tch khng qu vi ngn hecta.
Sau cch mng thng 8, din tch c ph min Bc c pht trin thm ti
mt s nng trng quc doanh v thi c din tch cao nht trn 10.000 HA
VO NM 1963 1964. min Nam trc ngy gii phng, vo nm 1975 din tch
c ph c hong 10.000 ha. Ti c Lc c hong 7.000 ha, Lm ng 1.700 ha v
ng Nai 1.100 ha.
C ph trng min Bc trong nhng nm trc y ch yu c ph ch
(Coffea arabica), nng sut thng t t 400 600 g/ha, c mt s in hnh thm
canh tt t trn 1 tn/ha. Hn ch n nht i vi vic trng c ph ch min Bc
tc hi ca su bnh. Su c thn ( y otrechus quadripes) v bnh g st c ph
(Hemi eia vastatrix), hai i tng su bnh hi nguy him nht. Do iu in sinh
thi hng ph hp, c bit c mt ma ng gi nh o di, v vy cy c ph
vi h c h nng pht trin min Bc, nhiu vng trng c ph vi sau phi
hy b v m hiu qu.
20

Din tch trng c ph mim Nam trc ngy gii phng ch yu ging c
ph vi (Canephora robusta), mt s din tch nh c ph ch c trng Lm
ng. Nng sut c ph vi trong thi ny thng t trn di 1 tn/ha, mt s
n in c quy m va v nh cng t nng sut t 2 3 tn/ha. Ngy nay trong
c ch qun mi, c p dng ng b cc tin b thut cho nn nng sut
tng n rt nhanh. Tnh n cui nm 1994, tng s din tch c ph nc ta c
hong 150.000 ha v sn ng v nm 1993/1994 t trn 150.000 tn.
V c ph nm 1994/1995 c t 180.000 tn. Nng sut bnh qun trn din
tch c ph inh doanh t trn 1,2 tn/ha, nhiu nng trng c quy m t 400
1500 ha t nng sut bnh qun t 2,5 3 tn/ha. nhiu vng in honh rng ti
vi trm hecta, nhiu ch h nhn hon, nhiu vn c ph t nhn t c nng
sut t 4 6 tn/ha, c bit c mt s in hnh t t 8 10 tn/ha. T mt vi nm
gn y cy c ph ch c pht trin m rng mt s tnh min ni pha Bc vi
tng din tch hong 7.000 ha bao gm: Sn La, Tuyn Quang, Bc Thi, Vnh Ph,
Lai Chu, Lng Sn, Ha Bnh, Yn Bi v.v
Do s dng ging mi c tn l Catimor nn hn ch c tc hi ca su
bnh, mt s in hnh cho nng sut t t 1 2 tn/ha. Ti Vin nghin cu c
ph t c trn 3 tn/ha. Theo ch trng ca Chnh ph v B Nng nghip mc
tiu pht trin c ph Vit Nam ti nm sau 2000 : C din tch trn 200.000 ha v
tng sn ng hng nm t 250.000 tn. C ph Vit Nam s mt mt hng nng
sn quan trng trn th trng th gii v em v ngun ngoi t xng ng trong nn
inh t quc dn
2.2.3 Tnh hnh tn tht c ph trong nc [6]
Din tch trng c ph nc ta ngy cng c m rng trong vi nm tr i
y. Theo B B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn (NN&PTNT), din tch trng c
ph tng 8% trong nm 2012 t mc 616.000 ha so vi 571.000 nm 2011.
Sn lng:
T chc USDA iu chnh sn ng c ph c tnh nc ta ma v 2012/13
n 1,49 triu tn, gim 4% so vi ma v trc do ng ma tri ma trong giai on
cy c ph n hoa ti bn hu vc trng c ph chnh Da La , Lm ng, Da
Nng v Gia Lai.

21

Bng 2.6 Sn ng c ph Vit Nam t ma v 2010/11 n ma v 2013/14


Ma v
Ma v
Ma v
Ma v
2010/11

2011/12

2012/13(c

2013/14

tnh)

(d bo)

Thi gian bt u Thng 10 nm Thng 10 nm Thng 10 nm Thng 10 nm


2010
Sn ng (nghn

1.200

2011
1.560

tn)
Nng sut

2012
1
.450

2,18

2,44

(tn/ha)

2013
1.374

2,1

.497
2

,25

,32
Ngun: USDA

D bo ban u ca USDA v sn ng c ph nc ta ma v 2013/14 22,9


triu bao (tng ng 1,37 triu tn), gim 8% so vi ma v trc. iu in thi
tit h hn c bit ti Ty Nguyn trong qu I nm 2013 to ra nhiu mi o
ngi cho ngnh c ph nc ta. Theo S NN&PTNT Da La , hn hn nh hng
ti hn 34.000 ha din tch trng ca ph ti Ty Nguyn, trong ch ring Da La
17.000 ha. Theo c tnh ca Hip hi C ph & Cacao Vit Nam v mt s doanh
nghip a phng, thi tit h hn s hin sn ng c ph nc ta ma v
2013/14 gim t 20-30%.
Mc d sn ng c ph ma v 2013/14 c d bo gim, nhng din tch
canh tc vn tip tc c m rng do s cnh tranh v gi gia c ph vi cc oi cy
trng hc. Hin nay gi c ph vn gi mc cao v tng i n nh, to ng c
n cho ngi nng dn m rng din tch canh tc. Theo B NN&PTNT v thng
ca cc S NN&PTNT, c tnh din tch trng c ph nc ta nm 2012 t 616.000
ha, tng 8% so vi 571.000 ha nm 2011. Trong , cc tnh Da La , Lm ng v
Da Nng vn ang tip tc m rng din tch gieo trng (ch yu oi c ph
Robusta), chim 58% din tch trng c ph ca c nc. Din tch trng c ph
Arabica c tnh vo hong 40.000 ha, chim 6,5% tng din tch trng c ph ca c
nc.
USDA c tnh sn ng c ph Arabica nc ta ma v 2012/13 850.000
bao (tng ng 51 triu tn), v d bo sn ng ma v 2013/14 gim 10% xung
cn 750.000 bao (tng ng 45 triu tn) do cy c ph phi chu t hn hn o
di trong thi gian cy ra qu.
22

Ngy 21 thng 8 nm 2012, B NN&PTNT thng qua Quy hoch pht trin
ngnh c ph Vit Nam n nm 2020 v tm nhn n nm 2030. Theo , n nm
2020, tng din tch c ph c nc t 500.000 ha, sn ng c ph nhn t
1.112.910 tn, m rng cng sut ch bin n 125.000 tn, trong sn phm c ph
ha tan v c ph 3 trong 1 hong 50.000 tn, im ngch xut hu t 2,1-2,2 t USD.
nh hng n nm 2030: Tng din tch trng c ph c nc t 479.000 ha, sn
ng c ph nhn t 1.122.675 tn, tip tc m rng cng sut ch bin n 135.000
tn, trong sn phm c ph ha tan v c ph ha tan 3 trong 1 hong 60.000 tn,
im ngch xut hu t trn 2,2 t USD.

Hnh 2.6: Sn ng v din tch trng c ph Vit Nam


Hin tng bin i h hu ang vn c rt nhiu ngnh hng quan
tm, c bit ngnh hng c ph. Ngi nng dn v chnh quyn cho bit nhng t
hn hn t u nm n nay hng ging nh nhng t hn hn thng xy ra hng
nm. Trong mt vi ma v gn y, ngi nng dn gp rt nhiu h hn nh ma
qu nhiu, hn hn o di, nng sut v cht ng c ph gim. Hip hi c ph v ca
cao Vit Nam huyn ngh ngi nng dn nn pht trin cc ging mi c th hng

23

i vi cc iu in thay i hi gieo trng c in quan ti hin tng bin i h


hu.
2.2.4 Tnh hnh tn tht c ph trn th gii [7]
Bng 2.7 Sn ng c ph nin v 2000/2001 2005/2006

Ngun :USDA
Sn ng c ph th gii tng, gim tht thng mt phn do thi tit, mt
phn do canh tc, mt phn do ph thuc vo chu sinh trng ca cy c ph l hai
nm mt n (ngha l nm nay thu hoch cao th nm sau s gim) v.v... Cy c ph
ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, trong c yu t thi tit nn s bt n v sn ng l
iu d nhn thy. Do vy cc vn nh: sng gi, hn hn l mi lo ngi rt n v
s mt mt sn ng c ph. Thc t nhng nm qua khi c sng gi xy ra mt s
ni trn th gii nh Brazin chng hn, tuy mc nh nhng gy st gim sn
ng ng . V ma 2002/2003 tng sn ng ca quc gia ny hong 53,6 triu
bao n v ma 2003/2004 do nh hng sng gi nn sn ng st gim xung
cn hong 33,2 triu bao . Vo nm 2014 ,t hn hn honh hnh ti Brazil, quc
gia xut hu c ph hng u th gii, trong sut hn hai thng u nm nay lm sn
ng hai oi c ph ch c ca nc ny (arabica v robusta) trong nm nay c
gim 8,16% so vi v thu hoch trc, xung cn hong 45,1 triu bao (1 bao =
60kg). c bit, sn ng c ph arabica, chim ti 3/4 sn ng c ph ca Brazil,
gim 16,1%.
Nm ngoi, sng gi gy thit hi cho nhiu n in c ph ti bang
Parana ca Brazil. V t hn hn nm nay bi thm mt n mnh na ging vo
cy c ph ca Brazil.(Ngun: TTXVN)
2.2.5 Tn tht do cng ngh sau thu hoch [4]
Cng ngh i vi sn xut c ph nh cc phng tin phc v thu hi , sy
qu , sy nhn , xay xt sng lc tp cht ,phn loi , ng gi , bo qun v.vThu
hoch bng cch tut cnh dn n tnh trng sn phm a vo ch bin hng ng
u vi nhiu loi qu c chn khc nhau th khng c mt phng php ch bin
no c th to ra c sn phm c cht ng cao. Mt khc, trong ma thu hoch,
nu qu qu chn trn cy, tc chn nu, s cho c ph nhn c mu nu v nc
24

ung khi pha ra khi th nm c mi v khc l ca v thi, hng v hng thm ngon
tuyt nh. Bn cnh , nhng qu chn p do cy b thiu dinh dng, su bnh khin
nhn pht trin hng y , nc ung c v chua, ng gy xc kh chu, mi
khng hp dn v thiu hu v u uyn, quyn r. Qu su bnh l qu b mt c, b
bnh nm hng hay bnh kh qu, c nhn khng nguyn vn, cho cht ng nc
ung thp v b nh i trong cc tiu chun phn loi. Qu kh l nhng qu cn st
li trn cy hay b rng di t mt thi gian di, thng c ht mu en, cht ng
thp.
Thiu sn phi cng nguyn nhn chnh m gim cht ng c ph. Nng
dn c tp qun u gi trong bao sau khi thu hi t 5- 7 ngy rt ngn thi gian
phi. Vic u gi qu trong bao thc y qu trnh pht sinh nm mc, chuyn ha
mu sc ca nhn, lm gim cht ng, mi v mt cch ng . Ch sau mt ngy
u gi c ph, nhit trung bnh trong bao tng n 41,2C. Nhit ny rt thch
hp cho s pht trin ca nm mc v cc vi sinh vt khc c trong khi qu. n ngy
th ba, nhit trung bnh trong khi n n 45,6C, cht ng qu ti cng c
nhng chuyn bin xu, t l qu chn nu n n 10,5%, mc 24,8%.
2.2.6 Tn tht do thi tit [1]
Nc ta thuc vng kh hu nhit i c hai ma nng ma r rt . hi ma ma
ko di th s nh hng n vic thu hoch c ph v gy ra vic h hi dn n cht
ng c ph gim st do hng phi, sy kp thi. Phn ln nhng ngi trng c ph
l cc h c th vi nng c sn xut thp, t vn nn vic u t cho cng ngh sau
thu hoch gn nh cha c v th m khi thu hoch ti tit tt th cht ng c ph
cng tt, cn thi tit xu th cht ng c ph cng b nh hng theo. Bn cnh ,
cng c th khi thu hoch c ph va xong th nu gp ma cy c ph ra hoa v nu
ma o di s gy thi hoa, khng th phn c v dn n s mt ma cho nm
sau. Mt hc, hi ma h n sm d xy ra hn hn tc ng n vic ra hoa ca c
ph km v nu hng nc ti s gy cht cy hoc kh cnh dn n mt ma
v ma tip theo.
Bn cnh hin tng bin i kh hu c th tc ng rt r rt n sn xut
c ph trn nhiu mt nh cht ng, nng sut, dch bnh, ti nc v sn ng c
ph ton cu.
V cht lng: Khi nhit tng n, c ph chn nhanh hn dn n s gim
thp cht ng. Theo Tin s Peter Ba -er CABI, nu nhit tng n 300C vo
cui th k ny (mt s chuyn gia cn tin rng nhit c th tng n ti 500C). Cc
gii hn cao so vi mc nc bin cho vic sn xut c ph Arabica cht ng cao
s tng n vo hong 150ft (46m) mi thp nin, tc tng n 15ft mi nm. iu
25

cng c ngha nhng vng t hin nay cn l qu lnh khng trng c c ph,
c s tr thnh vng t thch hp. Tuy nhin nhiu nc, nhng vng t cao
nh th cng b hn ch v s cnh tranh ca nhiu loi cy trng khc, hoc l vn
th nhng khng thch hp, ch ma hng thch hp, khng c nc ti,
hng c c s htng.
Nng sut:Nhit tng n nh hng n nhiu mt ca s trao i cht ca
cy c ph nh s ra hoa, quang hp, h hp v tng hp vt cht, chng s nh hng
n nng sut c ph. Thm na, nhiu chin c thch nghi s tho lun tip phn
sau cng m gim sn ng.
Dch bnh:Nhit tng n s lm sinh si ny n mt s loi dch bnh cng
nh
cho php phn b n cc vng m trc y hng c. Nh mt c qu (CBB
Coffee berry borer - Hyp-pothenemus hampei) c coi l loi dch tc ng n sn
xut c ph nng n nht. Jaramillo v cng s (2009) d on t l tng trng qun
th loisu ny tng n 8,5% khi nhit tng n 100C. Ngi ta nghin cu nh
hng ca bin i kh hu ln tuyn trng hi c ph (meloidogyne incognita) v su
c l (leucoptera) tin hnh Brasil cho t lun l s ph hi ca cc loi dch
bnh ny, theo kch bn tng ai, tng n so vi iu kin kh hu bnh thng ph
bin t 1961 n 1990. Mt bo co tColombia cnh bo kh nng tng cc loi bnh
g st (hemileia vasta-trix) v nm hng c ph (corticium sa monico or). V nh th,
kt qul gi thnh sn xut c ph s tng ln do p dng cc bin php qun vn
cy cao hn.
Ti nc:Do nc tr nn khan him, ngi ta phi s dng nc rt cht ch,
c bin php kim tra nghim ngt. Trong cng trnh nghin cu Bin i kh hu v
nc ngi ta rt ra kt lun l nhiu vng bn kh hn nh Nam Phi v ng Bc
Bra-sil hu nh phi tri qua s gim ngun nc do bin i kh hu. Mt hc, ng
ma n v din bin tng ri ro v c 2 mt lt li v kh hn nhiu vng.
nhng vng khng tin ti nc, nhit cao c th m tng bc hi nc v lm
gim ng cha nc trong t. nhng vng nh th, c th i hi trng c ph
vi h thng ti t tin. Thm na, i sng ca cy c ph cng v s cng thng v
thiu nc ti m ngn li.
Sn lng c ph ton cu:Kt qu ca tt c s bin i v mi trng, c kh
nng din tch thch hp trng c ph cht ng cao s nh i. C th sn ng c
ph ton cu c chiu hng bin ng ln, do mt s gim ang n sn ng ca
mt nc sn xut c ph ch yu c th lm ht i sn ng c ph ton cu

26

2.2.7 Tn tht do su bnh


Cc bnh thng gp i vi cy c ph nh: bnh g st do nm gy ra chyu
trn l v lm cho l rng; bnh kh cnh kh qu do nm, vi khun gy ra l kh cnh,
kh qu; bnh hi r do cc tuyn trng,mi lm cho r c ph b thi v hy hoi r.
Ngoi ra, cy c ph cn b e da bi su hi c ph nh: cc oi rp gy hi phn
thn, l, qu; cn mt gy hi nh c qu, c cnh; v su c thn v.v

27

CHNG III: BIN PHP KHC PHC ( HN CH)


TNH HNH TN THT SAU THU HOCH CA C
PH
3.1 i vi thin thi tit [1]
Cn phi chun b tt cng ngh sau thu hoch nhm ch bin m bo c ph
khng b gim st ,u t cc trang thit b cho bo qun , sy phng trnh ri ro khi
gp thi tit xu nh hin tng ma ko di .
i ph vi s bin i kh hu :
Vn quy hoch: cy c ph c th di chuyn theo hai hng, ln cao v v
v ln cao so vi mc nc bin. nc ta vn phn vng quy hoch cy c ph
robusta c l hng ng o ngi v mt nhit v cy c ph robusta c trng tp
trung Ty Nguyn vng cao c v v v cao trn mc nc bin. Vn
y thut trng trt chm sc v nht l vn nc ti cho c ph. Cy c
ph arabica v ci ngng v cao ti thiu cc vng c ph arabica Vit Nam lu
nay l 600-700m trn mc nc bin th nay phi a n cao hn. Mt vn t ra
y nc ti cho c ph. Tnh hnh kh hn s tc ng n cc vng c ti c
ph, chc chn s chu nh hng ln. Do nc ta vn phn vng nng nghip,
quy hoch s dng ti nguyn thin nhin t ai cho mc tiu an ton ng thc, cho
cy cng nghip di ngy, cho cc loi cy nng ng cn c xem xt cc yu t v
mi trng nh ngun nc. mt s vng thp, kh hn c th phi b cy c ph v
nh th ngi ta phi tm nhng cy thch hp khc thay th nh cy iu chng hn.
V k thut nng nghip: cn phi quan tm n cc bin php trng cy che
bng va ci thin iu kin v kh hu trong vn c ph va thc hin a dng
ha cy trng, a dng ha sn phm trong vng c ph. V cy che bng cng chu tc
ng ca nhit cao cho nn cn nghin cu tm cy thch hp hn. Cc bin php
dng nhiu phn hu c, trng cy ph t (cover plant), t gc cho cy c ph
(mu ching) nhng bin php k thut quan trng cn c p dng. Cng cn ch
bin php k thut ta cnh to hnh cho cy c ph cy c ph pht trin hp
hn, bt tiu hao dinh dng v nc hn, cho hiu qu cao hn. Vn ti nc cho
cy c ph cng cn c quan tm. V ngi ta cng quan tm vic nghin cu v
cng ngh di truyn pht trin nhng ging c ph c kh nng chu hn tt hn.

28

3.2i vi cng ngh sau thu hoch v ch bin [2]


Mt trong nhng gii php ti u cho vn gim tn tht sau thu hoch y
mnh c gii ha trong sn xut nng nghip, c bit l cc khu thu hoch, bo
qun, phi sy, ch bin v tiu th. V vy, vic u t mua sm my mc thit b
phc v sn xut ca nng dn cn c mt chnh sch ph hp khuyn khch cc
thnh phn kinh t tham gia. Trong , n v chnh sch gim TTSTH cho nng
sn ra i c xem hng m cho vn ny, to ng lc cho nng dn tng gia
sn xut.
Cc khu cn u t nh sau :
- i vi khu thu hi cn c nhng my mc phn loi mu sc , trng ng ,
kch c nhm hi a vo s ch sau ny c s ng nht .
Thu hoch c ph chn tri chn trn cnh m hi, v tri chn mi c cht ng
thm ngt v do pht trin ng mc nn c trng ng cao
Khng thu hi nhng qu c ph cn xanh cn non cha cht ng
Phi hi tng qu , khng hi chn lm nh hng n cy v nng sut ma sau
Khi thu hi phi bo v cc n hoa nht l c ph mt
Cn gi v sinh hi thu hi . hng ln rc , cnh , t m nhim bn khi
ht.
Sau khi thu hi xong phi vn chuyn ngay v ni ch bin hng ng qu
lu lm cho c ph nu , bc nng .
Th nhng, hi hi tri th no cng n mt s t tri xanh (gi) v tri cn non.
Nu t l tri xanh v tri non trong mi ln thu hoch ch khong 5% tr li th ta c
th yn tm phi sy v ch bin. Ngc li, nu t l tri xanh v non vt qua mc 5
n 10% th tt nht nn la ra phi sy ring.
- Khu phi , sy :
Phi: hu phi mt trong nhng khu c chi phi thp hn so vi sy rt
nhiu nn gi thnh h nht v c th s dng c mi tng lp ao ng trong xac
hi v vn u t i thp hn rt nhiu . Tuy nhin n ph thuc rt nhiu vo yu t
thi tit nn mang tnh b ng cao . Vic xy dng h thng sn phi cn phi va
m bo v sinh , va m bo rt ngn thi gian phi .Ngha sn phi cn c v tr
sch s , thong ng , m bo thu nhn nh sng vi mc ti a ( hng b che chn )
Sy: sy l khu bo m gi c cht ng c ph hn phi v ch ng hot
ng trong cc tnh hung bin ng ca thi tit . m bo cht ng c ph
khng b gim st th cn phi u t phng tin sy hin i , trnh c s c chy
ht hoc gy ra s c ht c ph sau khi sy c mi l , m bo cng sut nhm trnh
h ng hng ho gy ra mc hoc n men hay en , xanh mc , thi v.v
29

- Khu xay xt : m bo bc v trnh c hin tng trc v la trong ht c


ph , trnh dp v hay bin dng ht nhng cng cn bc v vi t l bc ht cao
nht .i vi loi my xay xt bc qu ti trong trng hp ch bin t th cn phi
trnh xt v v thc v lp v ny gi cho nhn m bo c mu sc t nhin v
m bo cht ng tt hn
- Phn loi : h thng my phn loi phi lp t lin hon t sng phn loi
theo kch c , sng phn loi theo trng ng , my phn loi theo mu sc , my nh
bng , my o trn , my phn chia s ng v bao b , bao gi v.v phi ng b
nhm m bo tnh khp kn , m bo quy cch phm cht v tnh nng sut cao
- ng gi : vic ng gi cn phi ci tin hnh theo hng cng nghip v t
ng ha nhm rt ngn thi gian gia cng ch bin v m bo tnh ng nht v
trng ng.
- Bo qun : do mt hng c ph d ht m nhng cng nhanh chng thot hi
nc nn nu mi trng t nhin tc ng qu mc th cht ng c ph s b
gim st nhanh chng . Chnh v vy , kho bo qun cn xy dng thong mt , trnh
c mi trng c m cao , song cng trnh c s nng nng , phng trnh chy
, n v.v
- Vn chuyn : phng tin chuyn ch hoc trung chuyn phi m bo tiu
chun nhm bo v bao b , bao gi , s ng , cht ng v p ng c thi gian
ca hnh trnh
3.3 i vi su bnh hi [2]
3.3.1 Su hi:
3.3.1.1 Su c thn (Xylotrechus quadripes)
Loi su ny ch ph hoi cafe ch, pht trin quanh nm
- Trng thnh l con xn tc, thn di 17-18mm, ru u thng, c nhiu t ;
ng ngc vo vng xm. Khi cnh cng ca xn tc chm li th trn cnh c cc vch
hnh ch nhn trn nn en ; trn mnh ng ngc c hnh ch U nm p mu vng.
- Trng hnh bu dc, mt u to, di 1,2mm.
- Su non mu trng ng, hng c chn, cc t thn rt r, ngang ngc rng
hn bng ; hm rng cng khe, mu nu sm. Khi gn lt nhng th phn ngc hp li
bng phn bng, nhng trn mu vng sm.
- Ty thuc vo thi tit, trng pht trin t 15 n 30 ngy ; su non t 2 n 4
thng, nhng pht trin hn 30 ngy.
- Mi nm ch yu c 2 la su, c khi 3 la : la 1 bt u t thng 4, xn tc
bt u trng vo thn cy cafe ch v ti thng 10-11 th v ha v trng thnh li
30

trng, tc l bt u la th 2 ; cng c hi a th 2 bt u t thng 7-8 v l th


3 t thng 10,11.
- Su trng thnh (xn tc) trng vo vt nt trn v cy cafe. Sau khi n,
su non lp v thnh ng vng, sang tui 2 th c su vo phn g v tip tc
pht trin trong cho n khi lt nhng, to thnh cc ng quanh co i n hoc i
xung ; c ti u, su non dng phn bt ng c ti .
- Khi gn lt nhng, su c mt st v cy v lt nhng ti , sau v ha v
c mt l trn qua v chui ra ngoi.
- Nhng cy b su c thn thng c mu vng a, c u ho nh vo cc
gi nng to ; sau mc hi tng n th cy vng hn v ho r ; nhiu cy cm cnh
lay, c th lm cy gy ngang thn.
- Con xn tc a trng vo cy tha cnh, t ; gp cy c tn l rm rp th
xn tc kh tip cn vi thn, nn t c kh nng gy hi.

Hnh 3.1 Su c thn


Phng v cha bnh :
- phng ta cn chm sc tt, bn phn cy pht trin nhiu cnh l, bao
ph, che chn cho thn cy.
- Nn trng cc ging thp cy, nhiu cnh, rm rp nh Catimor, Catyra,
Catuay Ging Catimor c th trng dy 5.000-6.000 cy/ha, cng mt bin php
chng su c thn hiu qu nht hin nay.
- Vi cc ging thn cao, tha cnh, t nh Bourbon, Typica th dng phn
b+ t st v Lidanpho theo t l 10+5+1 v pha 10 phn nc, trn u thnh th
nho v dng on thn cy tre bnh t, p dp thnh chi qut u v kn thn
cy. Mt nm m 2 n trnh xn tc trng.
- Khi c cy b hi nng th nh v t dit su, hn ch ly lan.
3.3.1.2. Su gm v (Dihaminus cervinus) :
31

Su gm v cng thuc h xn tc, c nhiu im tng ng nh oi c thn


Xylotrechus quadripes. Tuy vy, n c nhng nt c th ring.
- V cy k ch, hin nay mi tm thy cy cafe ch, cha pht hin cc cy
trng khc.
- Cc ging cafe ch tha cnh, t , on thn cao v trng tri nh Bourbon,
Typica b hi nhiu v nng hon so vi cc ging nh Catimor, Catura, Catuay
cc ging thp cy, rm cnh, thn c che chn.
- Con trng thnh xn tc, c ch thc trung bnh, di trn di 20mm, b
ngang 5-7mm. Trn cnh c hoa vn dng cc vch mu vng trn nn xm. Ru hnh
si ch, c t, chiu di va phi.
- Xn tc xut hin l t v khng tp trung vo cc gi nht nh.
- trng vo v thn cy, ni c cc he nt.
- Su non sau n, gm vo v v bt u t tui 2 th sinh sng phn tip gip
v v g. Su non gm ti u th mt v pha ngoi ni cm n n .
- Trong qu trnh sinh sng ca su non nh vy, cc mch dn ca v v g
thn b ct ngang, lm cho s vn chuyn nc v cht dinh dng b tr ngi, tn l b
vng v ho.
- Khi su gm thnh vng trn khp kn quanh thn cy th cy b vng a v
cht. Qu trnh ny din ra chm v ko di, v su non pht trin t tui 1 n tui 5
i hi 4-5 thng.
- Sau khi pht trin y , su non tm mt ni di v lt nhng, v t
ha thnh xn tc bay ra, giao phi v trng.
Bin php phng tr :
- i vi su gm v ny c th p dng nh i vi su c thn Xylotrechus
quadripes.
- Cn ch theo di vn cafe pht hin sm v kp thi phng tr.
- Nn trng cc ging thp cy, xt cnh, rm nh Catimor, Catuna hn
ch tc hi ca su. Theo kinh nghim th trong iu kin cho php th nn trng dy,
mt ti 5.000 cy/ha, cng c tc dng ngn nga.
3.3.1.3 Su (Zeuzera coffeae) :
Su ny cn gi l su hng, v mnh su c mu hng.
- Trng thnh oi bm, mu cnh trng c nhiu chm xanh bic, thn di
20-35mm, si cnh di 30-54mm.
- Bm ci c ru u dng si ch, trn cnh c chm trn, to, mu xanh.
Bm c c ru u hnh rng c gc, c phn ngn l hnh si ch ; trn cnh c
nhiu chm nh, mu xanh.
32

- Trng hnh ht xoi, 1 u to, di 1mm.


- Su non mu hng hoc da cam, trn mnh c cc lng cng, tha, hi
di. Pha ng ca t ngc v t cui thn c mnh sng cng, mu nu en.
- Khi ln y sc, su non di 30-50mm. Nhng di 15-35mm, b ngang 37mm. nh u nh ra pha trc, trng ta ci m. Pha ng ca mi t bng c 2
mu nu song song vi ngn t.
- Bm ci trng trn v cnh, v thn cy cafe vo u ma h. V tr
trng thng l khe gia n, hoa, qu non, nch l.
- Sau khi n, su non c vo cnh non lm cho cc pha trn l c b ho ri
cht kh. Cng ln su non cng c su v gia thn hoc cnh v m thnh 1 ng
ng thng, rng gia phn g v su n xung pha di ri lt nhng.
- Qu trnh sinh sng, su non to 1 l trn ngang thn hoc cnh n ra phn
dng mn ca ra ngoi.
Bin php phng tr :
Dit su ch yu bng cch ct cnh b su dit su non v su pht
sinh l t v ri rc. Nu mt su nhiu th sau khi ct cnh nn chm bn b sung
cho cafe.
3.3.1.4. Rp sp hi qu, l (Pseudococcus sp.) :
- Rp ci trng thnh thn mm, hnh bu van, di 4mm, ngang 2mm, trn
mnh c lp sp xp nh bng mu trng, khng thm nc, xung quanh ra thn c
cc tua sp, trng di, ring i tua cui thn bao gi cng di hn cc tua hc.
- Rp c trng thnh c i cnh mng, thn thon di 2-3mm, ru u c
nhiu t, trn ru u c cc chn c nhiu long cng. Trn u c 2 mt p to, en.
Cui thn c 2 tua cong hnh gng km.
- Trng hnh bu dc, dnh vi nhau v c ph mt lp xp sp mu trng.
- Rp non mi n hnh van, cha c sp v mu hng, chn kh pht trin, v
vy, rp non b kh nhanh nhn.
- T thng 4, rp bt u trng trong bc sp. Rp non mi n, sau vi gi
tm ni sinh sng, ri t li thnh rp.
- rp thng tp trung cung chm qu, cung l.
- Tc hi ca rp r nht trong cc thng h thu, cc b phn b hi ho nh, a
vng v rng.
- Ma ng, rp t pht trin v nhng con ci trng thnh tr n trong cc k
l, bp hoa hoc mt di l gi, nh lp sp ph trn mnh, nn rp chng c lnh.
Bin php phng tr.
33

- Cn tin hnh sm, v khi rp c p sp trn mnh th cc dung dch thuc


su kh thm vo.
- Cui v xun khi trng rp n v rp non b i th phun thuc nh Supracid
E
25 pha 0,1%.
- Ct ta cnh hp to thng thong v t m t cho vn cafe.
3.3.1.5 . Rp sp hi gc, r (Pseudococcous mercaptor) :
- Loi ny tng t nh oi hi qu v , tuy ch thc nh hn.
- Rp sp hi gc sng v sinh sn trong t, bm vo v r v to thnh mt lp
t keo bao bc xung quanh r. Nh lp t eo ny m nc khng thm vo rp.
- Cy cafe b hi b r, nn vn ho, nng sut sinh trng gim r rt, nhng
qu trnh din bin chm v phi qua 1-2 v mi ho vng v cht.
- Cn theo di nhng cy cafe b ho hi vng, bng cch bi t quan st b
r, nu thy chm c rp lp tc phi kim tra tt c nhng cy nghi ng v tin hnh
x l tng cy mt.
Bin php phng tr
- Bi t xung quanh gc thnh hnh phu, ng knh 25-30cm v sau 15-20cm
cho l r rp.
- Dng dung dch Supracid 25E pha 0,2% v ti vo gc, ty theo cy cafe ln
hay nh m ti t 1-2 t n 3-4 lt dung dch thuc. Sau vi ngy mi lp t li.

Hnh 3.2rp sp xanh (Coccus viridis Homoptera - Coccidae)

Hnh 3.3.Rp sp phn (Pseudococcus mercaptor Homoptera Pseudococcidae)


34

3.3.2 Bnh hi
3.3.2.1 . Bnh g st (Hemileia vastatrex) :
- Bnh g st cn gi l nm da cam, v vt bnh c mu vng nh cam chn.
- Vt bnh xut hin nh mt chm nh hi vng, sau dn dn tr thnh vt hnh
trn mu vng xanh pha trn mt v mu vng ti pha di mt l.

mt di l, trn vt bnh dn dn xut hin cc bt vng ti,


cc bo t ca nm.

S ng bo t trn mi vt bnh vi ng knh 6-8mm, c ti hng t


ci. Nh khi ng khng l nh vy, nm ly lan rt nhanh.
- C th thy vt bnh trn cy cafe ch quanh nm nhng min Bc th bnh
g st c 2 thi im l v Xun thng 3-4 v v Thu thng 9-10.
- Bo t bnh g st c th bay theo gi, dnh bm theo cn trng, chim, ngi
v dng c chm sc ri ri vo cc cy he, khi gp m th ny mm v gy
bnh.
- Nm a thch h hu m v m, nhit bnh qun 20-240C v m 85% tr
n nn ni c cy bng mt qu rm mt th bnh thng nng hn.
- Trong s cc ging cafe ch hin nay nc ta, ging Catimor t ra t b
nhim bnh g st hn c.

Hnh 3.4 Bnh g st


Bin php phng tr :
- Trc ht cn m rng trng ging hng nh Catimor, Catuay.
- Chm sc y v bn NPK+ phn chung cn i.
- Thuc c hiu tr g st Ti t pha 0,05% (nm phn vn), Bayleton pha
0,1% (mt phn nghn). Thuc Boc tuy vn c tc dng ngn nga bnh, nhng t
s dng v vic pha ch hng n gin. Phun mt di l cafe.
- Thi gian phun thuc thch hp l cui thng 3 u thng 4 v cui thng 9
u thng 10. Tuy nhin, cn ch theo di pht hin.
35

- i vi cc cafe b nhim nng, cn ch tng cng chm sc nh bn phn,


gi m hoc ti (v ma ng) cy mau phc hi khi b rng l.
3.3.2.2. Bnh nm hng (Cortisium salmoni-color) :
- Pht sinh v gy hi trn ch phn cnh v an n cnh c bn.
- Vt bnh c mu pht hng, c u mt nhn, sau c mu hng cng r v
trn c mt lp bt rt mn, mt khi ng khng l bo t ca nm.
- Bo t nm rt nh v d dng bay theo gi.
- Vt bnh pht trin theo chiu di dc cnh v dn dn bc ht chu vi cnh, lc
, phn cnh pha trn vt bnh b vng, ho v l rng, cnh cht kh.
- Nm pht trin thun li ni qu rm rp, m t v c thi tit nng.
min Bc, nm gy bnh mnh vo ma h.
Bin php phng tr:
- Kt hp ct cc cnh bnh t vi vic chm sc nh bn v ct ta hp l
cc cnh v hiu.
- Dit sch c di, m vn cy thng thong, khng b ngp ng nc.
- Phun thuc Va idacin tr nm, hoc c th phun thuc Bayleton pha 0,1%
ln cc than cnh caf v cc cy k ch khc gn vn caf phng tr.
3.3.2.3. Bnh kh cnh kh qu (Collectotri-chumcoffeicola):
- Bnh ny gy hi kh ph bin trn caf ch.
- Triu chng ca bnh l hu ht cc cnh trn ngn cy (k c mt s cnh
mang qu) ho vng ri dn dn rng l, cnh kh, qu non ho v kh nu trn cnh,
ht lp.
- Bnh pht sinh trn cc cy caf ch bt u cho thu hoch (t khi bi la qu
du tin). Bnh pht trin mnh cc vn caf m chm sc v t xu

Hnh 3.5 Bnh kh cnh kh qu


Bin php phng tr:
- Cn thm canh ngay t u cho vn caf, thc hin y cc quy trnh k
thut nh chn t, pH, o h bn lt, bn thc, lm c.
36

- Nu bnh pht trin nhiu th phun thuc Bayleton 0,1% vo ma h thu.


3.4Cc phng pho bo qun c ph sau thu hoch [3]
3.4.1 Bo qun c ph qu ti
Sau khi thu hoch, caf vn cn tip tc chn, v h hp mnh. Nhng sau mt
thi gian bo qun th cng h hp gim xung, ny mm v nng ng ny
mm tng n. Qu trnh chin sau thu hoch l qu trnh tng hp sinh ha phc tp
trong cc t bo m ca ht caf, l qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht hu c phn t thp
n cc cht hu c phn t cao, v thng km theo s thot nc:
2C6H12O6 C12H22O11 +H2O
Nu m ca khi qu thp th ng nc ny thot ra nh hng t n cht
ng qu. Nu m khi qu cao th vic ng nc trn b mt qu lm cho vi sinh
vt hot ng mnh m gy h hng khi ngyn liu. Mt khc trong khi bo qun s
h hp ca cc cu t sng lm cho khi qu thot nhit gy hin tng bc nng
nguyn nhn ch yu, ngoi ra s bc nng cn do cc yu t tc ng them vo na
nh: hot ng ca vi sinh vt, ca cc loi nm mc v.v Bi vy hn ch cc qu
trnh bc nng lm hng nguyn liu th trong qu trnh bo qun cn ch t khu
u tin, hu thu hoch, vn chuyn. Thu hoch nhng qu ng tm chn,
khng thu hoch qu xanh, caf rng gc nht ring. Qu ti phi c vn
chyn ngay v xng sau thu hoch. Trnh gip nt, phi nng hoc qu bn.
Nguyn liu hng nn nn t. Dng c thu hoch vn chuyn phi sch s.Xe
vn chuyn cng phi sch s, caf khng ng trong 24 gi v lu khi ngyn liu
b nu, thi.
Yu cu ni bo qun nguyn liu ti:Ni bo qun phi c mi che, thong,
sch, nn phi c lt gch hoc xi mng hoc lm bng sp, sn bng tre na an.
Khng ng qu nhiu, ri lp khng qu dy, ti a 40cm. Thi gian t khi thu
hoch n khi ch bin khng qu 36 gi ti a vi caf ch (Arabica) v 48 gi i
vi caf vi (Robu-sta) v caf mt (Chari). Trong qu trnh bo qun phi kim tra
lun , cn o trn khi khi qu nng so vi nhit mi trng.
3.4.2 Bo qun c ph thc kh v c ph nhn
Cafe thc h v cafe nhn sau qu trnh phi v ch bin cn c mang i bo
qun. Qu trnh phi sy khng lm cht cc t bo trong ht c cho nn cafe thc
h cng nh cafe nhn n vn l nhng c th sng v hot sng bnh thng ca ht
vn tip din. Nu bo qun khng tt th nhng hot sng c th tng mnh n
mc ph hy c nhng t bo trong ht lm ht b hng hoc mt kh nng pht
trin sau ny.
37

3.4.2.1.Bo qun cafe thc kh


Cafe thc kh sau hi phi sy n m gii hn, hn ch c pht trin ca
vi sinh vt, cc cht dinh dng trong ht cafe trng thi n nh. Cn thit phi c
bo qun iu kin thch hp lm ht cafe hng thay i trc hi mang i xay xt.
Bo qun cafe thc kh d dng hn cafe nhn v nhn n cn c bao bc bi
hai lp v, bo v nhn khi b nh hng ca trng b gip cho nhn khi b say st.
Khi phi sy th nhit hay m tch t lp v ngoi t nh hng n nhn bn
trong. Qu trnh bo qun cafe thc h cng yu cu kho tng, nhit , m, iu
kin v sinh, thng gi cng nh hi bo qun cafe nhn. Nhng cafe thc cha phi l
thnh phn nn hng i hi bao b bo qun. Cafe thc bo qun trong ho thng
t do theo chiu quy nh.
Bo qun cafe thc lm ging th phi rt thn trng bo m c ny
mm ca ht, nht l phi thong trnh s h hp ym h sinh ra ru lm cho phi b
u c b ung mm. Thng thng cafe thc lm ging th ch nn phi m hng
nn sy, v qu trnh sy tc rt nc nhanh s lm phn hy mt s cht dinh
dng trong phi.
Cc phng php bo qun cafe thc kh.

Bo qun thong tch cc : c s ca phng php ny i dng


hng ca khi ht cafe m qut khng kh kh vo mt khi ht nhiu ln vi mc ch
gim c nhit v m ca khi ht, ch qut hi m tng i ca khng kh
ngoi tri thp v nhit ca hng h cng thp hn nhit ca khi ht

Bo qun kn : l bo qun khng c mt ca oxy c qu trnh h hp


hiu kh ca cc cu t sng hu nh chm dt hong ton v n chuyn sang h hp
ym kh. Hot ng ca vi sinh vt ngng tr. Phng php ny i hi phi c kho
tht n. Ngi ta c th cho CO2 vo khi ht cafe.
Ngoi ra c th bo qun bng ha cht nhng cng hn ch i vi nhng sn
phm thc phm.
3.4.2.2.Bo qun cafe nhn
Do c tnh l hc cng nh sinh ca cafe nhn thay i nhanh hn cafe thc,
qu trnh bt li xy ra nhanh hn, bn khi bo qun m hn cafe thc v p v
tru v v la b bc i, nhn cafe tip xc trc tip vi mi trng xung quanh vi
sinh vt xm nhp d dng v vy phng php bo qun v ch kim tra cht ng
cafe nhn cn khe kht hn cafe thc. Hin nay chng ta thng dng 2 phng php
sau bo qun cafe nhn.

38

+ Bo qun trong bao b xp vo kho : y phng php ph bin nht c


p dng nhiu nc sau khi ch bin. Trong sn xut, sau khi phn loi theo ng
tiu chun quy nh, cafe nhn c ng thnh bao ngay trong xng. Bao c th
dng l bao vi, bao gai, bao ay p v ngoi, cn lp v trong l polietilen.
+ Quy cch ca cafe nhn : bao gi, ghi nhn, bo qun, vn chuyn theo ng
quy nh ca Nh nc : TCBN-1279-72.
Khi bo qun cn ch mt im s sau :

m ca cafe nhn a vo bo qun phi t 10-12 %

Tp cht trong cafe nhn cng t cng tt.

Kho tt ng quy cch ca kho bo qun.

Khng xp bao trc tip xung nn kho hoc nn nh, hoc st tng.

Cn o v tr bao sau 2-3 tun 1 ln trnh hin tng nn cht. Nu


hng o th phi sp ln gi g, hoc gi st ri chng ln nhau.

Xp bao theo phng php di y :


Ty theo tnh trng bao b v ho m quy nh s lp bao c th c.
Thng t 4-12 lp. m cafe cao th s lp phi gim. Nu bo qun trn cc gi g
th chiu cao bo qun c t 6-10m.
+ Bo qun trong cc xilo :
Mun tit kim bao b v bo qun thi gian u hn ngi ta bo qun trong
cc kho bng ton, bng g ghp hoc bng b tng, c nh hoc u ng u c c.
u im ca phng php ny ngoi vic tit kim bao b v tng thi gian bo
qun, cn tit kim c th tch ho, trnh c hin tng nn cht lm gim ri
ca khi ht caf nhn.
+ Kim tra cht lng caf nhn trong bo qun:
Caf nhn kh bo qun hn caf thc v vy trong qu trnh bo qun cn c
ch kim tra cht ng cht ch v thng xuyn theo di cc ch s sau: nhit ,
m, axit, mu sc, mi v v mc nhim trng ca caf nhn.

V nhit : cn kim tra nhit trong khi caf v xung quanh bng
nhit k thy ngn hoc nhit k in tr. Nu nhit khng kh trong khi caf cao
hn nhit khng kh xung quanh th cn phng hin tng bc nng c th xy
ra.
Chu k kim tra ty thuc trng thi ca khi caf v thi tit. V ma ng c
th 1 tun 1 ln, nhng v ma h thi gian c th rt ngn 4-5 ngy 1 ln.

axit cng ch l s quan trng c trng cht ng caf trong bo


qun. Nu axit tng, chng t c s phn hy cht bo, hoc cc qu trnh phn hy
hc nh phn hy gluxit di tc dng ca vi khun n men chua Chu kim tra
39

cng ph thuc vo thi tit. Ma ng s ln kim tra t hn ma h. Thng thng l


t nht 2 tun 1 ln kim tra.

Thng xuyn kim tra m ca caf v mc nhim trng. Vi thi


tit v m ca nc ta t nht kim tra thy phn 1 tun 1 ln theo phng php
nhanh trong phng th nghim. Khi ly mu kim tra m , cn kim tra lun mu sc,
mi v caf.
Lun kim tra v gim st xung quanh kho ngoi bao xem c hin tng trng
b pht trin xn kp thi c bin php x thch ng.
3.4.2.3Kho bo qun caf nhn hoc caf thc kh:
a.
Yu cu k thut ca kho
Mun bo qun caf c u nhng cht ng sn phm khng b gim, khng
nhng cn c nhng ch bo qun thch hp vi iu kin ca nc ta. Khi xy
dng kho cn ch cc yu cu sau y:

Da theo ng caf cn bo qun m thit k dung ng ho m


bo ch bo qun c tt.

Cu trc ca kho phi cch m, cch nhit tt, sn kho phi cch m tt
khng b m b ngm nc. Mi kn khng c nh sang lt vo, khng b ht ma,
nng.

Cu trc n gin nhng in c, trnh iu kin cho trng b pht trin


v n no, ng thi tin li cho dit trng. Trnh lm kho tm trnh ha hon.
b.
Tnh ton dung lng kho:
Ty theo sc cha v mc u ho hi ti a m tnh ton dung ng kho.
Thng dung c s hnh hc tnh, nhng cng c th dung cng thc sau y
tnh kho:
S=

m2

S: din tch kho m2


Q: sc cha ca kho=tn kho ln nht trong nm= tn
H: chiu cao sn phm: thng bnh qun 2m.
: Dung trng ca sn phm = t/m3
1,15: tnh them din tch thao tc: 15%
: ca caf thc ho thng = 0.4t/m3
: ca caf nhn = 0.6-0.7 t/m3
c.
Cc loi kho
Ty theo tnh cht bo qun, mc c gii v vn chuyn khi xut nhp kho
hoc kim tra sn phmm ngi ta ra lm 2 loi kho :
40


Kho thng.

Kho c gii : c thit b lin hon trong kho khi gu ti, thit b sy, bng
ti vn chuyn ht d dng ly sn phm ra ngoi.
3.4.2 Bo qun c ph ht rang , v ph bt mn v c ph ha tan
Cafe sau hi rang hi nguyn ht rt d ht m v do s c mt ca oxi trong
khng kh lm gim cht ng sn phm. Cho nn cc dng cafe sau khi rang xay cn
bo qun tht n. Thng thng bao gi bng 3 lp :
- Lp th nht : giy tinh khit hoc giy thic.
- Lp th hai : giy cch m (parafin)
- Lp th ba : hp cc tng hoc thng g
Cafe rang nghin thnh bt thng bo qun trong hp st ty trng c np hp
kn. Bn trong lt 1 ln giy thit. Cng c th cho vo lp giy tng t m bo cch
m tt. Thng thng trng ng ca cc gi l : 100g, 200g, 300g, 500g, 1kg. Khng
ng hp hoc gi ln cho ngi tiu th d dng v trnh phi bo qun lu sau
khi m gi.
Cafe ha tan rt d ht m to thnh dch st, qunh nn ng gi phi tht kn,
Thng ng vo thy tinh vi khi ng 50g, 100g, 200g hoc cng c th ng
gi tronh hp st ty trng trong c lt giy thic np y tht n, c m nhiu lp
giy thic cch m
Cng c th ng gi rt nh ch pha cho mt chn.
Nhn hiu ghi trn bao b c th dn trc tip hoc in ln giy dn vo hp, l
Kho tng bo qun cafe cn sch, kh (vi m tng i ca khong kh
khng qu 75%), cn thng gi tt v khng c cc sinh vt lm gy hng. Nhng
thng ng sn phm n trn cc gi cao cch tng cch mt sn kho mt khong
0,5-0,7m. Sn phm hng gn cc ng nc, mng dn nc hoc cc dng c
si nng.
Cn c quy nh thi hn bo qun cafe k t ngy bao gi ghi trn bao b.
Xe chuyn ch cn v sinh sch s, khng c mi v l, (mi thm hoc thi
nh : phn bn, tinh du hng iu). e cn c bt che bc d cn tin hnh ni
c mi che v thi tit tt.

41

CHNG IV: BIN PHP CH BIN C PH SAU


THU HOCH [3]
4.1 K thut sn xut c ph nhn
sn xut c ph nhn, ngi ta s dng hai phng php sau:
- S ch theo phng php kh: C ph c thu hi theo kiu tut cnh, gm
qu chn, qu cha chn v c qu qu chn. C ph sau khi thu hi xong s c em
i phi hay sy kh, xt v thc v nh bng. Qu trnh s ch c ph theo phng
php h phng php n gin nht, thch hp vi c ph Vi (Robusta). Tuy
nhin, do cht ng ca khi qu thu hi hng ng u, dn n sn phm ch
bin theo phng php ny thng c cht ng khng cao v khng n nh.
- S ch theo phng php t: C ph phi c thu hi theo kiu nht qu,
m bo chn ng u, hng c ln cc ht xanh hoc qu qu chn. Sau khi
thu hi xong, nguyn liu c a vo b phn loi cng sm cng tt hn ch ti
a s hao ht v khi ng. B phn loi hot ng theo phng php thy ng. Tip
theo c ph c qua thit b tch nht. C th thc hin qu trnh n men gip vic
tch lp v nht bn ngoi c d dng hn. Sau bn thnh phm c a sang
h thng ra v tin hnh sy h c c c ph thc. Cui cng, c ph thc s
c xt v, nh bng, phn oi v bao gi thnh ht c ph thng phm. Qu trnh
s ch theo phng php t s gip sn phm c ph c cht ng cao hn so vi
phng php h. c bit l n h tr cho qu trnh to hng trong qu trnh rang
cng nh gim bt v ng ca c ph. Nhc im ca phng php t i hi c
nhiu thit b v phi c ngun nc sch. Ngoi ra, cn phi quan tm n vn x
mi trng v phng php ny s pht sinh nhiu nc thi. Phng php ny thch
hp sn xut c ph cht ng cao nh c ph ch (Arabica).

42

Phng php t

Phng php h

S quy trnh phng php ch bin t v kh


4.2 Gii thch quy trnh sn xut c ph nhn theo phng php ch bin t
4.2.1 Phn loi:
Mc ch:tch cc cht tp cht ln trong nguyn liu, m cho ch thc
nguyn liu ng u, to iu kin cho vic bc v c trit , m bo cht ng
ca sn phm. Vic phn loi thng c thc hin theo hai bc sau:
a. Phn loi theo kch thc: thc hin trn sng phn loi, thng s dng sng
phng c 2 3 i sng, ch thc l sng tng dn t di ln. Yu cu ca vic
phn loi theo ch thc l phi m bo loi ht tp cht ln, trong tp cht khng
c ln nguyn liu.
b. Phn loi theo t trng: ngi ta s dng nc tin hnh phn loi theo t
trng, i vi c ph chn ng mc c t trng 1, c ph cn xanh, non
43

c > 1, c ph qu chn v tp cht nh c < 1. Chnh v th m ngi ta a


khi qu c ph vo nc phn loi, c ph chn ng mc s ng, c ph xanh
v tp cht nng s chm, ngc li c ph chn v tp cht nh s ni. B xi phng c
cu to nh sau:

Hnh 4.1 Nguyn tc lm vic ca b xiphng


Thng t l nc/nguyn liu khong 3/1, trong qu trnh lm vic cn phi
m bo nguyn liu chn ng mc qua ng xiphng vo my xt ti tht u n v
lin tc nhng ng nc tiu tn l t nht. Chu k lm v sinh b xiphng khng qu
12 gi. Ngoi ra b xiphng cn c tc dng lm cho nguyn liu ngm nc, to iu
kin thun li cho vic bc v qu, tuy nhin, nu ko di thi gian ngm th s phn
loi s tr nn km hiu qu.
4.2.2 Bc v qu, v tht (xt ti):
a. Mc ch: thnh phn ch yu ca lp v qu nc, gluxit v protein, cc
cht ny khng tham gia vo qu trnh hnh thnh cht ng sn phm m cn gy kh
hn nh thi ra, lm ko di thi gian phi sy. Do v qu cn phi loi b.
Ngoi ra, lp v tht, thnh phn ch yu pectin, cng hng c i cho cc qu trnh
ch bin tip theo nn cng cn phi loi b.
b. Phng php bc v qu, v tht:
- bc v qu, ngi ta thng dng phng php c hc, cc my xt kiu
Gosdon, Hamburg, Raoeng thng hay c s dng. i vi my xt a iu
Hamburg, cc a c b tr g trn mt tng hiu qu bc v. Gia a v m iu
chnh c khe h, ch thc ca cc khe h ph thuc vo tng loi c ph, thng th
0,5 0,8 mm. Khe h cng nh th hiu sut bc cao nhng t l dp nt cng cao. Sau
y s ca my bc v kiu a:
44

Hnh 4.2 My xt ti iu a
- Bc v nht: Sau khi bc v qu, lp v nht vn cn bm chung quanh ht c
ph, do cn phi bc lp v nht. Vic bc v nht phi m bo sao cho cht
ng ht khng b bin i, mu sc ca ht sau khi bc v nht phi t nhin v t l
ht b dp v hoc tch c v tru hng qu 6 %. tch v nht, ngi ta thng
dng cc phng php sau:
* Phng php n men: tn dng enzym sn c trong v tht, ch yu l
pectinaza. cht ng c ph tt hn, ngi ta tin hnh ln men ym kh (ln men
trong nc), trong qu trnh ln men, cc phn t lin kt trong v tht di tc dng
ca enzym s b phn ct thnh cc phn t t do, d dng tri theo nc ra. qu
trnh ln men tin hnh c thun li, cn ln men c ph qu va chn, b ln men
thng c th tch 3 6 m3, nhit ln men 35 420 C, thi gian t 10 18 gi ty
thuc vo tng loi c ph. Nc dng trong qu trnh ln men phi nc sinh hot,
hm ng st < 5 mg/ t, pH 6,9 7,2. Ngoi ra, qu trnh n men c u n,
nn o nguyn liu 2 3 ln trong mt chu k ln men.
* Phng php ha hc: thy phn pectin trong v tht qu c ph trong mi
trng kim, ngi ta thng s dng Na2CO3, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, nng 2 %, thi
gian 2 3 gi. Phng php ny rt ngn c thi gian so vi phng php trn
nhng tn ha cht v mi v ca sn phm khng tt.
Ngoi hai phng php trn, cn c phng php vi sinh vt, phng php c
hc..., c bit i vi phng php c hc, ngi ta s dng my xt ti in hon
Raoeng, n thc hin ng thi ba nhim v: bc v qu, bc v nht v ra c ph
45

thc, do s dng my xt ti in hon Raoeng s cho php rt ngn c thi gian


sn xut. S ca my xt ti Raoeng nh sau:

Hnh 4.3 My xt ti Raoeng


My gm mt trc rng hnh tr, trn b mt c nhng ng gn ni chia lm
ba on r rt, on u tin lm nhim v a qu c ph vo v tr bc v, on gia
lm nhim v x rch lp v ngoi ng thi ch xt lp v tht, on cui lm nhim
v tip tc ch xt lp v tht v gt c ph thc ra ngoi.
4.2.3 Ngm, (ln men):
Qu trnh ny c thc hin vi vic bc v qu, v tht. Tuy nhin, nu s
dng my xt ti Raoeng, c th loi b c qu trnh ny.
4.2.4 Ra:
a. Mc ch: Loi b nhng phm vt to thnh trong qu trnh ln men, loi b
cc vt ca lp v nht, y cng on quan trng v nu cn cc phm vt k trn
bm vo ht c ph , khng nhng chng lm cho mu sc ca ht, mi v ca ht b
nh hng m cn ko di thi gian phi sy na.
tin hnh ra, c th dng phng php c h hoc th cng. Nu ra th
cng, tin hnh trong b nc, thay nc 2 3 ln cho mi m ra, 15 pht khuy o
mt ln. Ra c h tin hnh trong thit b ra thng quay, c phun nc.
b. Nhng yu t nh hng n qu trnh ra:
- Qu trnh ln men nh hng rt ln n qu trnh ra, nu qu trnh ln men
tt, tc l lp v nht c phn hy hon ton th s thun li cho qu trnh ra v
ngc li.
- Tc khuy cng nh hng n qu trnh ra, nu tc khuy nh, ma st
gia cnh khuy v nguyn liu t, hiu qu ra hng cao; ngc li, nu tc khuy
46

qu ln s gy dp nt nguyn liu v lp v tru s bong ra, t , hi phi sy,


clorofin s b oxy ha v ht c ph thc s c mu xu, thng th tc cnh khuy
khong 50 100 vng/pht.
- T l nc/nguyn liu trong qu trnh ra khong 0,9 1,2. Nu t l ny ln
qu s ko di thi gian ra v qu trnh ra s khng hon ton.
4.2.5 Lm ro, phi sy:
Lm ro:
a. Mc ch: lm mt phn nc t do ht c ph sau khi ra, nu khng lm
ro m em sy ngay s sinh ra hin tng "luc" nguyn liu to ra mt mng cng
bn ngoi ht c ph lm ko di thi gian sy v sy hng u lm nh hng n
cht ng thnh phm.
Lm ro c th rt ngn thi gian phi sy, m ca nguyn liu c th gim
t 7 10 % sau cng on ny.
b. Cc phng php lm ro:
- Lm ro nc trn sn phi: yu cu sn c nghing 10 120 nc thot
d dng, trn sn lm ro c th v ph thnh tng ng nh, b dy lp ht khong
10 20 cm, thi gian lm ro khong 2 4 gi.
- Lm ro trn i: ch thc l i phi ph hp vi tng loi c ph ht
khng lt qua i c. Li c t trn gi cch mt t 0,5 0,8 m d thot
nc v cch m t, chiu dy lp ht trn i t 12 15 cm.
- Lm ro bng phng php i tm: dng my i tm c tc 1000 1500
vng/pht. Phng php ny rt ngn c thi gian lm ro v cn lm cho qu trnh
ra c hon chnh hn do c li tm ko cc cht cn st li trn ht trong qu trnh
ra.
Phi:
a. Mc ch: phi nhm h m xung cn 10 12 % thc hin nhng qu
trnh ch bin tip theo.
b. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh phi:
- Nhit ca khng kh: ph thuc hon ton vo thi tit, kh nng bc m
tng n hi thi tit tt.
- m ca khng kh thp s tng nhanh qu trnh bc m trong nguyn liu,
do s rt ngn thi gian phi.
c. Cc phng php phi v yu cu k thut:
- Phi trn ip: lip lm bng tn c l, hoc an bng tre, ch thc 1*2 (m),
khong cch cc lip 20 40 cm, lip di cng cch mt t 0,8 1 m.
47

- Phi trn sn: sn phi c th sn xi mng, sn gch. V ma h, nhit


sn phi c th t 40 500 C. Mt c ph ri trn sn 10 15 g/m2, sn phi c
dc 1 2 % d thot nc. Trong qu trnh phi cn o trn, c 1 1,5 gi o
trn mt ln, nn dng cc dng c o trn bng g hoc nha trnh tn thng
ht. Cng v tra, c th tng chiu dy lp ht ln 3 4 cm v sang ngy th hai,
thi im nng nhiu c th tng chiu dy lp ht n 4 6 cm. nhng ngy phi
cui cng, do hm ng nc t do bay i phn ln, ch cn li nc lin kt. Do
, trong nhng ngy ny cn phi sn tht kh mi tin hnh phi, chiu dy lp
ht khong 3 4 cm v c 1 gi o trn mt ln.
Phng php ny ph thuc hon ton vo thi tit v cht ng ca ht khng
ng u. Do , ch ph hp vi cc c s sn xut nh, ngun nng ng nhn to
hng c iu kin thc hin.
4.2.6 Sy
Do nhc im ca qu trnh phi nn ngi ta tin hnh sy, v ht c ph c
cu to c bit, tc chuyn m t trong ra ngoi rt chm nn ngi ta thng sy
ht c ph bng phng php bn in tc.
a. nh hng ca qu trnh sy n cht lng ht c ph:
- nhit cao, protein ca ht c ph b bin tnh v keo t li.
- Cht bo trong ht b phn gii nhit cao, do m hm ng axit bo
trong ht tng n.
- Tinh bt trong ht to thnh dextrin di nh hng ca nhit .
- nhit cao, cc loi men trong ht b nh ch hot ng, vitamin b tn
tht nhiu.
b. Thit b sy c ph v yu cu k thut:
- Sy th cng: l sy th cng c cu to nh sau:

Hnh 4.4 L sy c ph

48

Lp i th nht cch nn 1 1,5 m, cc ng truyn nhit c b tr dc theo


nn. Loi l sy ny tn kh nhiu nhn cng, nng sut b.
- Sy bng my sy: ph bin nht l my sy thng quay v thp sy, sau y
s ca my sy thng quay:

Hnh 4.5 My sy thng quay nm ngang


B phn chnh l mt thng hnh tr nm ngang, trn thng c b tr cc ca
cho nguyn liu ra vo. Chnh gia thng l mt trc rng lm nhim v dn tc nhn
sy, trn trc rng c gn cc ng truyn nhit. Thng c chia m 4 ngn theo chiu
dc, trong mi ngn c cc cnh o trn c ph khi thng quay. Thi gian sy trn
my sy thng quay ph thuc vo m ban u ca c ph, nu m ban u ca
c ph c gi tr t 20 40 % th thi gian sy t 16 36 gi. L sy thng quay c
nhiu u im nh: t tn nhn cng, nng sut ln, cht ng c ph tt.
4.2.7 Bc v thc (xt kh):
Ht c ph c bao bc bi mt lp v tru tng i dy v chc chn, thnh
phn ch yu l xenlulo, khng c ch cho qu trnh tiu ha ca c th v cng hng
c ch cho s hnh thnh cht ng sn phm, do cn phi loi chng ra.
Yu cu ht c ph sau khi xt kh phi gi c nguyn ht, ng ht nt, v
cng t cng tt, do cn phi iu chnh hiu sut xt < 100 %.
Cc thit b xt h c thit k da trn cc tc ng c hc ln nguyn liu
nh p, x v ma st, hai loi my xt kh thng dng nht l my xt kh Engelber
v Hanxa, sau y s cu to ca thit b xt kh Engelber:

49

Hnh 4.6 My xt kh kiu Engelber


4.2.8 Bc v la (nh bng):
Cng nh p v thc, lp v la khng c gi tr cho ngi tiu dng nn cn
phi bc v la cho ht c ph c bng, tng gi tr cm quan v trnh VSV xm
nhp.
Yu cu sau hi nh bng ht c ph, nhit ca khi c ph khng qu 550
C, t l ht nt v khng qu 1 %. T l v la trong c ph nhn phi t 90 % (i vi
arabica), 80 % (i vi canephora) v 70 % (i vi exce sa), qui nh rng ht c 1/2
din tch bc v la tr n c xem l ht sch.
Thit b nh bng thng c hai loi, kiu 1 trc Smout v 2 trc kiu Okrassa,
sau y s ca my nh bng kiu Smout:

Hnh 4.7 My nh bng mt trc Smout


4.2.9 Phn loi:
C ph sau hi nh bng mt hn hp gm: c ph tt, c ph xu, v tru,
v la, c ph vn...do cn phi phn loi m bo c yu cu ca khch hng
v tiu chun ca nh my. Trong sn xut c ph nhn, ngi ta thng phi phn loi
theo ba phng php:
50

a. Phn loi theo kch thc: S dng sng phn loi gm sng trn hoc sng
lc vi cc i sng c c l khc nhau, hnh dng cc l cng hc nhau, nu phn
loi theo chiu rng ht ngi ta dng i sng l trn hoc vung, nu phn loi theo
chiu dy ht ngi ta dng i sng l di...
b. Phn loi theo t trng:
Da vo s chuyn ng khc nhau ca cc ht c t trng khc nhau trong
lung khng kh chuyn ng ngc chiu vi khi ht, mc ch ca vic phn loi
theo t trng nhm loi b cc ht xu, ht lp km cht ng.
phn loi theo t trng, ngi ta thng dng hai loi thit b, loi nm
ngang v loi thng ng, sau y s cu to ca thit b phn loi kiu thng
ng (catador)

Hnh 4.8 Sng Catador kp


Cn ch iu chnh tc khng kh ngn I un un n hn tc khng
kh ngn II. Vi loi thit b ny, c th thu c 3 loi sn phm khc nhau.
c. Phn loi theo mu sc: Phn loi theo ch thc v t trng ch loi b c
tp cht, tng ng u ca khi ht nhng cha th to c cho khi ht ng
nht v mu sc c, do , tng cng cht ng ca khi ht hn na, ngi ta
tin hnh phn loi theo mu sc. Phn loi theo mu sc c th tin hnh bng th
cng hoc bng nhng thit b in t.
Phn loi bng th cng c th thc hin trn cc bng chuyn chy vi tc
chm v dng li theo chu k cng nhn ngi hai bn bng chuyn tin hnh phn

51

loi. Phng php ny tn kh nhiu nhn cng v thi gian nhng c th gii quyt
c nhiu vn m my mc khng th gii quyt c.
4.2.10u trn, ng bao, bo qun:
C ph nhn c u trn theo mt t l nht nh m bo hiu qu kinh t
cho c s sn xut hoc m bo theo yu cu ca khch hng.
i vi c ph arabica v canephora ng thnh 2 p: mt lp polietilen
trong v mt lp bng ay gai ngoi, i vi c ph excelsa ch cn ng mt lp,
trng ng mi bao 50 kg hoc 70 kg.
Trong qu trnh bo qun c ph nhn cn ch nhng im sau:
- m c ph nhn a vo bo qun < 13 %,
- Hm ng tp cht < 0,5 %,
- Kho bo qun phi c cch m v cch nhit tt,
- Thi gian bo qun khng qu 5 thng.
4.3 Gii thch quy trnh sn xut c ph nhn theo phng php kh
- Khi thu hoch c ph ch c mt phn qu xanh v nhng qu ni sau giai
on ra,phn loi qu v tp cht,khng thch bin t ta p dng ch bin kh .
- Qu c ph phi h ngay sau hi thu hoch,lp v qu bn ngoi gm phn
tht,cha nhiu cht keo nht,lp v tru. Khi kh,lp v ngoi s rt cng v c mu
nu en
- Yu cu quan trng phi h nhit . Trong thc t, phi c ph cn
thi gian di, bi v hm ng nc trong v qu ti chim trung bnh t 60-70%, do
cn phi phi t 7-10 ngy trong iu kin nng tt. C mt im cn ch l lc
phi cn kim tra s ln men lp v to ra lp mc trng m tng v chua ca ht
4.3.1 Phi , sy

Phi kh t nhin
Qu c phi ngay sau thu hoch trn nhiu loi dng c hc nhau nh
phn,tn di ng,nn t, nn ximang, giy nha en. Qu c ph c tri thnh lp
dy 5-6cm v o 4 ln mi ngy trnh ng nc do ma hay sng. Thng
hng phi trn nn t v nh hng mi ht c ph
Din tch phi c tnh 40kg qu ti /m2. din tch phi c th tnh n m
mc, ht ny mm v hnh thnh ht en. din tch phi c th tnh bng s cy /20. V
d :100000 cy c ph/20=5000m2
Trong c phi qu h, thng lp bn ngoi cng v hm ng nc cn
12%th qu lc nghe ku
nhng vng ma nhiu, c th sy nhn to hi phi s b .
52

Cc yu t cn ch
hi phi hn ch gim sn ng :
t lp mng khi qu cn rt m, tng dn b dy lp qu khi kh dn v
hng vt qu 5cm chiu cao
Khng ngp ma c phi, hn ch s ht sng m qu nhiu .
o nhiu ln trong ngy ty theo nng ban ngy, trnh lm v qu.
Khng tr vo kho hay tch v qu hi m trn 12%

Sy nhn to:
Sy nhn to c p dng nhiu cc n in ln, sy nhn to i hi k
thut tt, nu khng s lm gim cht ng ht, mi v ht do ng nc trong qu
qu nhiu .
Phi h t hp sy c th loi tr thit hi do m c phi, sy thng s
dng l sy ng dng nhit t
4.3.2 Tch v cng

Phng php th cng l dng cch gi nt v qu, tuy nhin cch ny


thng lm nt ht hay ht b.

Phng php ph bin l dng my tc v qu, my xay v cng gm


mt trc quay ngang c nhng i dao ct do mt my ko vi tc 400-500 vng
/pht. ng trc quay gia c bao bng lp v ngoi. Qu c ph h c cho vo
mt ci phu xung ng ,chy qua trc xay v cc i dao c nh ct mnh nhiu
ln lm lp v b ra.
Lp v cng c chuyn qua ng nh my qut gi thi ra ngoi, trong khi ht
c thu qua mt ng chy vo di my.
Trong lc xay lp v cng c s ni hi t qu h ,do cn thit k mt lp
chn ht khng b rt ra ngoi v loi qu kh b thng, lp hay do mt c qu gy
hi so vi qu kh tt .
Sau khi xay v sng v qu tru ,ht c ph c chn lc, nht sn, la ht
phn c, ng bao nh phng php ch bin t.

53

Quy trnh

u im

Nhc im

Phng php h
Khng xt ti (bc v qu, v tht),
khng tch nht ( ngm , ra) sau khi
thu hoch v phn loi
Tin hnh n gin
Tn dng c nguyn liu
Chi ph sn xut khng ln
Cht ng rt tt nu thc hin ng
cch
Ph thuc vo iu kin thi tit
Thi gian phi sy di
Nhim nhiu tp cht, vi sinh vt
Cht ng thp hn so vi ch bin
t
Tn din tch sn phi

Phng php t
c xt ti v tch nht
sau khi thu hoch v phn
loi
Tit kim din tch sn
phi, sy.
Thi gian ch bin tng
i ngn
To ra sn phm c cht
ng cao
u t cao, s dung nhiu
nc
Vn hnh dy chuyn cng
ngh phc tp
Do s dng nhiu nc nn
gy nhim mi trng
x nc thi v kh mi
rt phc tp

Bng 4.1 So snh phng php ch bin kh v t


* c nhiu nghin cu nhm tr i cu hi ti sao v m th no axit v
nguyn cht hnh thnh trong qu trnh ch bin t tt hn so vi c ph c ch
bin h. Nghin cu gn y cho rng qu trnh n men t n hng hnh thnh
axit hng v m do thi gian c ph thc t c ngm trong b n men hoc b
cha trc hi em i sy.
Thi gian ln men trong iu kin m v m kch thch qu trnh ti cu trc
sinh ho hc ca ht, dn n s pht trin axit v mang li hng v.
4.4Sn xut c ph rang c ph bt mn
4.4.1 Phn loi theo k ch thc:
C ph nhn trong qu trnh bo qun s b gy nt, do cn phi phn oi
theo ch thc qu trnh rang c d dng v u n hn. Thng thng ngi ta
dng h thng sng c gm 2 3 i sng phn oi.

54

4.4.2 l nguyn liu:


Trong qu trnh bo qun, c ph nhn hp th nhiu mi v , c bit mi
mc, do , cn phi x nguyn iu. Cc phng php x nguyn iu nh sau:
- l b ng nc: ch p dng i vi nhng oi c ph nguyn iu c cht
ng cao (trong thi gian bo qun hng c mc). Ngi ta tin hnh ngm nguyn
iu trong nc 5 pht, nc s ngm vo cc mao qun ca ht v ha tan cc mi v
, sau vt ra ro.
- l b ng dung mi hu c: s dng cho nhng oi nguyn iu m cht
ng hn. Dung mi thng dng ru eti ic 20 % V, thi gian x 5 10 pht, sau
vt ra ro.
4.4.3Rang:
y giai on quan trng nht v hng thm to thnh trong qu trnh ny.
cc c s sn xut nh, ngi ta tin hnh rang trong nhng thit b rang hnh cu hoc
hnh tr, ng c ph cho vo < 2/5 th tch thit b, trn thn thit b c b tr ca
np v tho nguyn iu v cc thot m. cc c s sn xut n hn, ngi ta
thng s dng oi thit b rang iu ng c s cu to nh sau:

Hnh 4.9 Nguyn tc rang c ph

55

Nhit rang thng hng ch trong hong 200 24000C. Qu trnh ny


gm ba giai on:
- nhit < 5000C ta thy bc ra nhiu hi trng, ch yu hi nc v hi
dung mi, th tch ht hng bin i. Cui giai on ny ta thy ngng sinh h, y
du hiu chuyn sang giai on sau.
- Khi nhit tng n 15000C th trong ht xy ra qu trnh tch h nn th tch
ca ht tng n t ngt, c ny ta nghe thy nhng ting n, ht chuyn sang mu
en nhng cha bng. Trong giai on ny ta thy h mu xanh thot ra, ch yu
acrolein.
- Khi nhit n 22000C, gi nhit ny trong vng 10 15 pht, c ny
th tch ht hng bin i na, s sinh h rt yu t hoc ngng hn, ht chuyn sang
mu en bng.
Trong qu trnh rang, tng cht ng sn phm, ngi ta cho cht bo (du
thc vt, b..) vo giai on cui ca qu trnh rang, cht bo s gi i cc cht thm
trn b mt ca ht.
Ht c ph rang t yu cu c mt ngoi en bng, bn trong c mu cnh gin,
mi thm nh (tt hn mi thm mnh v hi pha s t c mi), v ng cht.
4.4.4 Lm ngui:
Qu trnh m ngui c th thc hin trong thit b rang iu ng, dng hng
h m ngui , mt s c s sn xut ngi ta c th phun m hoc phun ru
m ngui nhm mc ch to ra m bo qun (< 13 %) v hi rang m ch cn
0,5 1 %. Ngoi ra vic phun ru cn c tc dng to ra phn ng ester ha c mi
thm.
C mt s ni dng dung dch ng, t 2 % phun vo c ph rang
nhm mc ch m ngui v bc ht c ph mt p mng mng hi mt hng
thm.
to ra c ph rang nguyn ht thng phm, c th phi trn cc oi c ph
i vi nhau p ng c hu v ca hch hng.
to ra sn phm c ph rang xay, c ph rang nguyn ht c em i xay
nh, bt c ph xay phi t sng 1,6 mm (90 %) nhng phi c gi i trn sng
0,95 mm. Bt c ph xay c ch thc > 1,6 mm c em i xay i m bo yu
cu trn.
C ph rang (c bit c ph rang xay) rt d b mt hng thm, hp ph mi
v d b oxy ha nn cn phi bao gi tht cn thn. C th dng cc oi bao b nh

56

thy tinh, po ime, giy thic ... tin hnh bao gi. Ngoi ra, c th ng gi chn
hng hoc ng gi vi cc cht h nh N2 , CO2...
4.5C ph ha tan
C ph nhn sau hi rang c a i xay m c ph bt pha phin hoc ch
bin thnh c ph ho tan.
Quy trnh sn xut c ph ho tan t bt c ph rang nh sau:

S quy trnh sn xut c ph ho tan


4.6 Gii th ch quy trnh sn xut c ph ha tan
4.6.1 Tuyn chn nguyn liu c ph nhn:
C ph nhn (c ph ht sng) phi nguyn iu tt th sn phm cui cng, c
ph ha tan, mi c cht ng cao
4.6.2 Rang, xay c ph:
C ph nhn cht ng cao c tuyn chn v rang theo cng ngh tin tin
c hng v tt nht, nht trnh tht thot hng trong qu trnh rang. Sau , ht
c ph rang c xay thnh c ph bt. Bt c ph dng sn xut c ph ho tan cn
xay ch c ht n.
4.6.3 Trch ly:
Mc ch cng ngh: khai thc
57

Qu trnh trch ly nhm mc ch hi thc cc cht ha tan v cc cht to


hng trong c ph rang. Trong quy trnh cng ngh sn xut c ph ha tan, trch ly l
mt trong nhng cng on quan trng nht, nh hng quyt nh n hiu sut ca
ton b quy trnh cng ngh sn xut.
Cc bin i ca nguyn liu
Vt l v ha l:
Qu trnh trch ly c bn cht l mt qu trnh ha , trong xy ra hin tng
khuch tn ca vt cht. C th l c 2 dng chuyn ng chnh: khuch tn ca nc
t ngoi vo ht v s khuch tn ca cc cht ha tan t nguyn liu vo dung mi.
Tc ca qu trnh khuch tn ph thuc vo cc iu kin k thut ca qu trnh
trch ly. S khuch tn ni trn dn n nhng bin i v mt vt l ca hai pha rn v
lng trong hn hp:
- Pha rn cc ht bt c ph: thnh phn to cu trc ca ht c ph nghin ch
yu l cellulose v hemicellulose. Sau khi rang xay, ht bt c ph c cu trc cng,
gin, hng nn c ( m ca ht c ph sau rang xay nh hn 5%). Khi cho vo
nc trch ly, ht bt c ph s ht m, tr nn dai, mm v nn c. hin tng
ny s m tng tr lc, lm gim nng sut ca qu trnh lc.
- Pha lng dch trch ly c ph: t trng v nht ca dch trch ly c ph s
tng n do nng cht kh trong dch trch tng n theo thi gian. Nng cht kh
cng cao th t trng v nht ca dch trch c ph cng tng. Cn ch hin tng
ny v trong qu trnh trch ly nhiu bc, cc bc trch ly cui cng c nht ca dch
trch y cao hn so vi cc bc trch y u tin, do , tc lc s gim.
Bin i ha l khc cn c ch l hin tng bay hi nc lm cun theo
cc hp cht d bay hi (c bit l cc hp cht to hng). Do , trong qu trnh
trch ly, cn m bo kn ca thit b hn ch hin tng bay hi ni trn, dn
n s lm gim hm ng hng trong bt c ph ha tan.
Ha hc
- Trong qu trnh trch ly, nng cht kh trong dch trch s dn tng n theo
thi gian. Thnh phn v nng cc cht trong dch trch s dn t n gi tr cn
bng. thng thng, hiu sut trch ly cc cht c trong c ph rang xay nhu sau: 100%
CGA, 90% cc cht khong, 85-100% alkaloid v chlorogenic, 40-100% cht bay hi,
15-20% protein, 20-25% menanoidin, 1,5% du coffee. Nng cht kh trong dch
trch cui cng c th t n 20-25% (w/w), ty thuc vo iu in v phng php
thc hin qu trnh trch ly. Mt iu cn u trch y nhit cao s lm tn tht
cc cu t hng, ng thi s din ra cc phn ng to mu.
58

- Trong qu trnh trch y, di tc dng ca nhit , trong mi trng nc, cc


hp cht cao phn t c th b thy phn, c bit l cc polysaccharide khng b phn
hy trong qu trnh rang nh ce u ose v hemice u ose. Chnh bin i ny gp phn
lm cho cu trc ht bt c ph tr nn mm hn. Nhit cng cao th bin i ny
din ra cng mnh.

Phng php thc hin v thit b


- Phng php trch y gin on: trong phng php ny, c ph c cho vo
cc tan cha nc vi t l ph hp. Cc tank cha c cu to dng thn tr, y
cn, c v o. Hn hp c ph v nc c gia nhit bng hi nc. Sau hi thi
gian trch ly, dch trch c tho ra o y. nng cao hiu qu ca qu trnh trch ly,
hin nay, ngi ta s dng h thong trch ly nhiu bc. Nhit trch ly trong khong
90-100oC, thi gian trch ly trong 1 bnh xp x 45 pht. Phng php ny c u dim
l cu to thit b n gin, d vn hnh, gi c li r nhng tn thi gian v hiu sut
thp.
- Phng php trch y in tc: phng php ny s dng thit b trch ly dng
trc vis. Cu to ca thit b gm mt trc vis, trc vis ny s lm c ph di chuyn
trong bung trch y. Nc nng (thng l 100oC) s di chuyn theo chiu ngc li.
Khi c ph v nc tip xc vi nhau, qu trnh trch ly s din ra. Hin nay c nhiu
thit k cho dng thit bj ny. Mt trong s thit b tr ly Hilebrandt.
- Kt hp 2 phng php: u tin c ph c trch theo phng php trch y
gin on, sau s c a di trch y tip trong thit b trch ly lin tc. u im
ca phng php ny nng cao hiu qu trch ly so vi phng php trch y gin
on.

Cc thng s cng ngh


- Nguyn liu: ch thc ca bt c ph cng ln th tc qu trnh trch ly
cng nh. Thng thng, ch thc nguyn liu c ph trong qu trnh trch ly khong
400 - 1200m. cu trc ca ht c ph cng xp th hiu qu trch ly cng cao. Cu trc
ca ht c ph ch yu da vo thnh phn ha hc v qu trnh rang.
- Nhit : nhit trong qu trnh trch ly ca dung mi cng cao th tc
khuch tn cc cht ha tan vo nc cng cao, tc trch ly cng nhanh. Ngoi ra,
khi nhit tng, ha tan ca mt s thnh phn c trong nguyn liu c ph s
tng, do hiu sut trch ly cc cht nay cng tng. Kt qa ng cht kh trch
c cng tng n. Trong c s sn xut quy m nh, thng thng th qu trnh trch
y c thc hin nhit l 1000C. cn i vi cc cng ty sn xut vi nng sut
ln, nhit d qu trnh trch ly c th n n 180oC, v nhit cng cao th yu cu
v vn u t thit b s cng cao.
59

- T l dung mi trch so vi nguyn liu c ph: cng 1 ng nguyn liu, ng


dung mi cng nhiu th tc qu trnh cng nhanh, cc cht ha tan cng c trch
ly trit . Tuy nhin, hi ng dung mi s dng cng nhiu, nng cht kh trong
dung dch s cng thp, chi ph cho qu trnh c c v sy tng n. Thng thng, t
l nc: c ph dao ng t 1: 2 n 1: 10, ty theo phng php trch y thc hin.
- Thi gian trch ly: thi gian trch ly cng di th hiu sut trch y cng tng. n
mt thi im no , qu trnh trch y t trng thi cn bng, hiu sut trch ly s
hng tng na. Thi gian trch ly ph thuc vo nhit ca qu trnh trch ly v t l
dung mi/ nc.
4.6.4 C c:
Mc ch: hai thc
Sau khi trch ly xong, nng cht kh ha tan trong dch trch c ph thng
thp. Hin nay, nng cht kh trong dch trch cao nht c th t c khong 25
30% (w/w). Khi nng cht kh cn thp nh th vic thc hin qu trnh sy thu
hi sn phm s khng mang li hiu qu kinh t cao. Do , dch trch cn phi c
c c n nng cht h cao hn qu trnh sy c thc hin d dng hn.
Nh vy, mc ch ca qu trnh c c l nng cao nng cht kh c trong dch
trch nhm tng hiu qu kinh t ca qu trnh sy.
Cc bin i ca nguyn liu
Trong qu trnh c c cn quan tm n mt s bin i chnh sau y:
- S tng nht ca dch trch: trong qu trnh c c, nng cht kh ca dch
trch s tng n, do nht ca dch trch cng tng theo.
- Hin tng bay hi ca cc cu t d bay hi: trong qu trnh c c, di tc
dng ca nhit cng vi s bay hi nc, cc cht d bay hi (c bit l cc cu t
to hng) cng s b bay hi, gy hin tng tn tht hng, m gim cng
hng ca sn phm. hn ch vic tn tht hng, ngi ta thc hin qu trnh tch
hng trc hi c c.
- S thay i nng cht kh: nng cht kh trong dch trch c ph s tng n
sau khi dch trch c c c. Nng cht kh thch hp cho qu trnh sy dch trch
c ph l 40 42% (w/w).
Phng php thc hin
Hin nay c nhiu phng php hc nhau c c dch trch c ph. Trong
c 3 phng php c s dng kh ph bin:
- Phng php c c bc hi: phng php ny s dng nhit thc hin qu
trnh c c. Cn u qu trnh c c ny thng thc hin iu kin chn
60

hng tng hiu qu qu trnh c c, ng thi hn ch cc bin i ca nhng cu


t trong dch trch c ph do tch ng ca nhit .
- Phng php c c kt tinh: trong phng php ny, dch trch c ph c
lm lnh nhanh n 20C. Sau dung dch c lm lnh chm n nhit -40C. Khi
, nc s kt tinh. Tc lm lnh cng chm, tinh th to thnh cng to, qu trnh
tch cc tinh th cng thun li. Dch trch c ph c lm lnh nhanh bng thit b
trao i nhit dng bn mng n nhit khong 20C, dch c ph sau khi lm lnh
c a vo thit b kt tinh. Ti y, dch c ph c h nhit dn xung - 40C
v duy tr nhit ny cho n khi qu trnh kt tinh hon thnh. Sau tinh th
c th c tch ra bng phng php c hoc ly tm.
- Phng php c c bng membrane: trong phng php ny dch trch c ph
c phn ring bng membrane vi dng retentate dng dich trch c ph c c v
dng permeate l dng thi b. Thng thng, trong c c c ph hai k thut
membrane thng c ng dng l k thut lc nano v k thut thm thu ngc.
u im ca phng php c c bng membrane l cht ng cm quan ca dch
trch khng nh hng ng , chi ph vn hnh thp. Tuy nhin, chi ph u t thit
b membrane kh cao v nng cht kh cui cng ca dch c c thng thp hn
cc phng php hc. Do , membrane thng c s dng nh qu trnh tin c
c, sau c th thc hin tip qu trnh c c chn hng hay c c kt tinh
4.6.5 Sy kh :
Qu trnh sy dch c ph c c (c nng cht kh 40 42%) nhm tch
nc thu hi sn phm c dng bt. Sn phm c ph ha tan thng c m t 2
5% (w/w). Phng php sy thng c s dng trong sn xut c ph ha tan l
sy thng hoa v sy phun.

61

Hnh 4.10 S h thng sy phun


1. Bung sy 2. Caloriphe. 3. Thng cha nguyn liu cn sy. 4. Bm nguyn
liu. 5. C cu phun mu. 6. Cyclon thu hi sn phm t kh thot ra. 7. Cyclon vn
chuyn sn phm.8. H thng qut ht v mng lc.
Phng php sy h thng c dng phng php sy phun: C th dng
my sy phun sng hoc my sy phun to ht p c cao sy h dch c ph.
Cc bin i ca nguyn liu
Trong qu trnh sy, ty theo phng php sy m c nhng bin i khc nhau.
Tuy nhin, cc bin i din ra trong qu trnh sy dch c ph c c thng khng
ng , ch yu l s bay hi ca m. Trong qu trnh sy phun, qu trnh bay hi
nc din ra vi tc rt nhanh v din tch b mt bc hi ln. Tc ca qu trnh
bay hi nc theo phng php sy thng hoa s chm hn.
Ngoi s bay hi m, trong qu trnh sy phun cn c s bay hi ca cc cu t
d bay hi, c bit l cc cu t to hng. y nguyn nhn m gim gi tr cm
quan ca c ph trong qu trnh sy phun. Thng thng, m bo cht ng hng
v ca c ph ha tan, cc cu t hng s c tch ra t trc. Sau khi sy xong,
hng c ph s c tm li vo bt c ph. Nu s dng phng php sy thng hoa,
hin tng tn tht hng s c hn ch.

Hnh 4.11 C cu phun bng h ng

62

Hnh 4.12 C cu phun p lc


4.6.6 Phi trn
Mc ch cng ngh: hon thin
Qu trnh phi trn nhm mc ch b sung cc nguyn liu ph nh ng, sa
bt, cc loi bt em vo bt c ph ci thin gi tr cm quan ca sn phm.
Phng php thc hin
Qu trnh phi trn c th thc hin bng thit b trn thng quay hoc thit b
trn trc vt. Qu trnh tm hng iu (cc loi hng c ngun gc t c ph hoc c
ngun gc khc) cng c th c thc hin sau khi phi trn cc nguyn liu ph.
Thng thng giai on ny ch phi trn cc hng tan trong du m thi. Cn cc
loi hng tan trong nc th c phi trn trong qu trnh to ht, trc giai on
sy hon thin.
4.6.7 Bao gi
Mc ch cng ngh: hon thin
i vi c ph ha tan cn ch hin tng ht m ca c ph bt thnh phm.
Khi m t ti 7 8% th bt c ph c th kt dnh li vi nhau. Do bt c
ph cn nhanh chng bao gi sau qua trnh phi trn.
Phng php thc hin
C ph ha tan thng c bao gi bng cc vt liu plastic, bn trong c trng
mt lp nhm mng. Qu trnh bao gi c th c thc hin trn cc thit b hot
ng theo nguyn tc lin tc v t ng ha.

63

Vi c ph c m 4 5%, nu bo qun nhit thng, ng O2 ca kh


trong bao b 21% (v/v) th thi gian bo qun ko di ti 2 nm.

64

CHNG V: KT LUN V NGH


5.1 Kt lun
C ph l mt loi nng sn c bit v quan trng i vi nc ta , phm cht
ca n chu nh hng ca mi giai on trong quy trnh k thut sn xut , k t khi
trng trt n khi ch bin bo qun m iu c quan tm y giai on sau thu
hoch ca c ph . Mun gim tn thtcng nh m bo c cht ng c ph cc
qu trnh sau thu hoch cn c gim st v thc hin ng yu cu ,k thut
5.2 ngh
Pht hin v un nn kp thi nhng sai st trong qu trnh sau thu hoch
Nng cao trnh k thut ca cng nhn , lm cho h nm bt c nhng
thao tc v yu cu ch yu
u t hoa hc k thut cng nh trang thit b hin i cn thit tng sut
v m bo cht ng c ph
Tip thu v p dng cc k thut ch bin hin i , k thut ch bin mi nhm
pht trin sn phm cng nh gp phn cho kinh t nc nh .

65

TI LIU THAM KHO


1.
on Triu Nhn -Hip hi c ph ca cao Vit Nam, 12/2011, C ph Vit Nam
chuyn 9: Bin i kh hu v ngnh C ph Vit Nam, NXB Agroinfo
2.
KS Chu Th Thm Phan Th Li Nguyn Vn T ,2005 , Hng dn trng
cy trong trang tri c ph , Nh xut bn Lao ng
3.
Hong Minh Trang, 1983 , K thut ch bin c ph , Nh xut bn Nng
Nghip
Website:
4.
CiCi_ Cng ty C Ph TRUNG TN,C ph cht lng cao bt u t khu
thu hoch- bo qun v sau thu hoch,
http://www.dalatcoffee.com.vn/viewproduct/2748_ca-phe-chat-luong-cao-bat-dau-tukhau-thu-hoach-bao-quan-sau-thu-hoach.htm
5.
Nguyn Hng, 02/10/2014, Mt vi nt chung v sn xut c ph Vit Nam
v trn th gii, http://www.caphevietnam.com/mot-vai-net-chung-ve-san-xuat-ca-pheo-viet-nam-va-tren-the-gioi-179/
6.
VIETRADE , 31 Thng 3 2013, Sn lng c ph Vit Nam ma v 2013/14,
http://www.vietrade.gov.vn/ca-phe/3548-sn-lng-ca-phe-mua-v-mua-v-201314.html
7.
Theo DVO/WSJ, 10/10/2014, Gi c ph arabica ln cao nht 32 thng do lo
ngi hn hn Brazil, http://gafin.vn/2014101010419562p39c47/Gia-ca-phe-arabicalen-cao-nhat-32-thang-do-lo-ngai-han-han-o-Brazil.htm

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