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CHNG 1: M U........................................................................................................ 5
1.1. L do chn ti ................................................................................................ 5
1.2. Phm vi nghin cu............................................................................................ 5
CHNG II: C IM CA C PH V TNH HNH TN THT TRN TH
GII V VIT NAM........................................................................................................... 6
2.1. c im ca c ph. [3] [2] .............................................................................. 6
2.1.1 Cu to................................................................................... 8_Toc401529421
2.1.2 c im sinh ha ca c ph ................................................................... 12
2.1.3 c im sinh l v thc vt ca cy c ph ............................................ 15
2.1.4 Ma v....................................................................................................... 19
2.1.5 Tc dng ca c ph .................................................................................. 19
2.2 Tnh hnh sn xut v tn tht. ......................................................................... 19
2.2.1 Tnh hnh sn xut trn th gii [5] ........................................................... 19
2.2.2 Tnh hnh sn xut c ph trong nc [5] ................................................. 20
2.2.3 Tnh hnh tn tht c ph trong nc [6] .................................................. 21
2.2.4 Tnh hnh tn tht c ph trn th gii [7]................................................. 24
2.2.5 Tn tht do cng ngh sau thu hoch [4] .................................................. 24
2.2.6 Tn tht do thi tit [1] ............................................................................. 25
2.2.7 Tn tht do su bnh .................................................................................... 27
CHNG III: BIN PHP KHC PHC ( HN CH) TNH HNH TN THT
SAU THU HOCH CA C PH ................................................................................... 28
3.1 i vi thin thi tit [1] ................................................................................ 28
3.2 i vi cng ngh sau thu hoch v ch bin [2] ........................................... 29
3.3 i vi su bnh hi [2] ................................................................................... 30
3.3.1 Su hi: ......................................................................................................... 30
3.3.2 Bnh hi ....................................................................................................... 35
3.4 Cc phng pho bo qun c ph sau thu hoch [3] ..................................... 37
3.4.1 Bo qun c ph qu ti............................................................................. 37
3.4.2 Bo qun c ph thc kh v c ph nhn ................................................ 37
3.4.2 Bo qun c ph ht rang , v ph bt mn v c ph ha tan .................. 41
CHNG IV: BIN PHP CH BIN C PH SAU THU HOCH [3] ..................... 42
4.1 K thut sn xut c ph nhn ........................................................................ 42
4.2Gii thch quy trnh sn xut c ph nhn theo phng php ch bin t... ...... 43
4.2.1 Phn loi: ...................................................................................................... 43
DANH MC HNH
Hnh 2.1. Tri c ph Arabica v c ph nhn arabica .................................................... 6
Hnh 2.2. Tri c ph Robusta v c ph nhn Robusta .................................................. 7
Hnh 2.3. Cy c ph mt v c ph nhn mt .................................................................. 7
Hnh 2.4. Cu to qu c ph ........................................................................................... 9
Hnh 2.5 Cy c ph ch ................................................................................................ 18
Hnh 2.6: Sn ng v din tch trng c ph Vit Nam ............................................. 23
Hnh 3.1 Su c thn.................................................................................................... 31
Hnh 3.2 rp sp xanh (Coccus viridis Homoptera - Coccidae) ................................ 34
DANH MC BNG
Bng 2.1 T l cc phn cu to ca c ph 9
Bng 2.2 Thnh phn ha hc ca v qu. 10
Bng 2.3 Thnh phn ha hc ca lp nht...10
Bng 2.4 Thnh phn ha hc ca v tru. 11
Bng 2.5 Thnh phn ha hc c nhn.. 12
Bng 2.6 Sn ng c ph Vit Nam t ma v 2010/11 n ma v 2013/14...22
Bng 2.7 Sn ng c ph nin v 2000/2001 2005/2006 24
Bng 4.1 So snh phng php ch bin t v phng php h... 54
CHNG 1: M U
1.1.
L do chn ti
Phm vi nghin cu
- c im cu to, sinh l, sinh ha ca c ph.
- Tnh hnh sn xut v tn tht c ph trn th gii v Vit Nam.
- Bin php khc phc ( hn ch ) tn tht sau thu hoch ca c ph.
- Bin php ch bin c ph sau thu hoch .
2.1.1 Cu to
-Cy thuc dng bi, nhiu thn, cao 2-3m, tn l bn, cnh i xng, di, mm
mi, mnh d, khi mi mc c hng thng, sau vn di th r xung.
- L c ph ch mc i xng, hnh trng di, u nhn, ra qun, gn
sng,mu xanh m, bng, di 10-15cm, rng 4-6cm.
- Hoa c ph ch c mu trng, c mi thm ngt hi hc, mc chm li nch
l t 8 n 15 hoa . Cung hoa ngn, i hoa c 5 cnh nh trm ln pha trn ca non
so.
- Trng hoa hnh ng di, pha u n ra thnh 5 cnh hp. Nhy gm c 2 vi
c 2 u vn ra ngoi trng hoa. Non so s pht trin thnh qu.
- Qu hnh trng, di 10-18mm, rng 8-12mm.
- Thn c ph ch c v sn si, c ging phn cnh cao trng on thn ti
60-80cm.
- B r c ph ch kh pht trin. Gp t ti xp v c su ln th r cc
mc thng v su ti trn 1m. Cc r ph v r lng ht mc theo hng chch ngang
v tp trung ti 80-90% lp t mt c su
- Cu to qu cafe gm c nhng phn sau: cung tri, lp v qu, lp nht, lp
v tru , lp v la, nhn.
Cung tri: L phn bt u t ht c ph tip ni vi thn cy, nhnh
cy c ph
Lp v qu:lp v ngoi, mm, ngoi b c mu , v c cafe ch mm
hn cafe vi v mt
Di lp v mng l lp v tht gi l trung b v tht cafe mm, cha
nhiu cht ngt, d xay xt hn. V tht cafe mt cng v dy hn.
Ht cafe sau khi loi b cc cht v phi h gi l cafe thc, v bao bc
nhn l mt lp v cng nhiu cht x gi l v tru tc l ni b. V tru ca cafe
ch mng v d dp v hn v tru ca cafe vi v mt.
St nhn cafe cn mt lp v mng, mm gi l v la, chng c mu
sc v c tnh khc nhau ty theo loi cafe. V la cafe ch c mu trng bc rt
mng v d bong ra khi ht trong qu trnh ch bin. V la cafe c mu nu nht.
V la cafe mt mu vng nht bm st vo nhn cafe.
Trong cng nhn cafe. Lp t bo phn ngoi phn ca nhn cng c
nhng t bo nh, trong c cha nhng cht du. Pha trong c nhng t bo ln v
mm hn. Mt qu cafe thng c 1,2 hoc 3 nhn. Thng thng th ch 2 nhn.
Hnh 2.4. Cu to qu c ph
Bng 2.1 T l cc phn cu to ca c ph
Cc loi v v nhn
Cafe ch
Cafe vi
43 -45%
20 -23%
6 -7.5%
26 -30%
V qu
Lp nht
V tru
Nhn v v la
41 -42%
21 -22%
6-8%
26 -29%
(theo Hong Minh Trang , 1983)
0,58
Cafe vi
38,7%
45,8
ng khng
20,0
Xenlulose v
17,0
kh
tro
(theo Hong Minh Trang , 1983)
pH cu lp nht ty theo chn ca qu thng t 5,6-5,7, c i hi
6,4. Trong lp nht t bit c men pectaza phn gii pectin trong qu trnh ln
men.
Thnh phn ha hc ca v tru :Gm c xenlulose l ch yu. Sau y
l thnh phn ha hc ca v tru cafe ch n men sau 40 gi v ra sch.
10
0,96
3,3
27,0
0,2
11
14
15
Hnh 2.5 Cy c ph ch
18
2.1.4 Ma v
Vit Nam, v c ph c tnh bt u t thng 10 ca nm ny n ht thng
9 nm sau. V ma bt u thu hoch t thng 10 v thu hoch xong hong thng 12
hng nm. Thng th ti cc vng trng c ph chnh ca Vit Nam c h hu nhit
i gi ma v thi tit c chia thnh hai ma ma, nng r rt. Ma ma y bt
u t thng 4 v t thc vo thng 11, cn ma nng c tip ni t thng 11 n
thng 4 hng nm. Tuy nhin, c mt s nm th ma ma c th o di hoc t thc
sm hn v ma nng cng chu nh hng theo m x dch
2.1.5 Tc dng ca c ph
a nng sut bnh qun t trn 1 tn/ha. in hnh c Costa Rica Trung M vi
din tch c ph ch 85.000 ha nhng t nng sut bnh qun trn 1.400 g/ha.
Do s xut hin v gy tc hi ca bnh g st c ph ti nhiu nc Trung v
Nam M t nm 1970 tr i y gy thm nhng h hn v tn m cho ngh
trng c ph hu vc ny. C ph ch hin nay vn chim 70% sn ng ca th
gii. Din tch c ph ch c trng tp trung ch yu Trung v Nam M, mt s
nc ng Phi nh: Kenya, Cameroon, Ethiopie, Tanzania v mt phn chu
nh: Indonesia, n , Phi ippines.
Th trng c ph trn th gii trong nhng nm va qua thng chao o,
hng n nh nht v gi c. T chc c ph th gii (ICO) do hng cn gi c
hn ngch xut nhp hu, gi c tri ni trn th trng t do cho nn c nhng giai
on gi c ph xung thp cha tng c so vi vi chc nm tr i y. Tnh trng
ny dn n hu qu nhiu nc phi hy b bt din tch c ph, hoc hng tip
tc chm sc v inh doanh hng cn thy c hiu qu. Nm 1994 do nhng t
sng mui v sau hn hn din ra Brazi , v vy m cho sn ng c ph
ca nc ny gim xung gn 50%, do gp phn m cho gi c ph tng vt, c
i cho nhng ngi xut hu c ph tr th gii.
2.2.2 Tnh hnh sn xut c ph trong nc[5]
Cy c ph c a vo trng Vit Nam t nm 1857, trc ht mt s
nh th ti H Nam, Qung Bnh, Kontum Song mi ti u th hai mi tr i
th cy c ph mi c trng trn quy m tng i n ca cc ch n in ngi
Php ti Ph Qu Ngh An v sau c Lc v Lm ng, nhng tng din
tch khng qu vi ngn hecta.
Sau cch mng thng 8, din tch c ph min Bc c pht trin thm ti
mt s nng trng quc doanh v thi c din tch cao nht trn 10.000 HA
VO NM 1963 1964. min Nam trc ngy gii phng, vo nm 1975 din tch
c ph c hong 10.000 ha. Ti c Lc c hong 7.000 ha, Lm ng 1.700 ha v
ng Nai 1.100 ha.
C ph trng min Bc trong nhng nm trc y ch yu c ph ch
(Coffea arabica), nng sut thng t t 400 600 g/ha, c mt s in hnh thm
canh tt t trn 1 tn/ha. Hn ch n nht i vi vic trng c ph ch min Bc
tc hi ca su bnh. Su c thn ( y otrechus quadripes) v bnh g st c ph
(Hemi eia vastatrix), hai i tng su bnh hi nguy him nht. Do iu in sinh
thi hng ph hp, c bit c mt ma ng gi nh o di, v vy cy c ph
vi h c h nng pht trin min Bc, nhiu vng trng c ph vi sau phi
hy b v m hiu qu.
20
Din tch trng c ph mim Nam trc ngy gii phng ch yu ging c
ph vi (Canephora robusta), mt s din tch nh c ph ch c trng Lm
ng. Nng sut c ph vi trong thi ny thng t trn di 1 tn/ha, mt s
n in c quy m va v nh cng t nng sut t 2 3 tn/ha. Ngy nay trong
c ch qun mi, c p dng ng b cc tin b thut cho nn nng sut
tng n rt nhanh. Tnh n cui nm 1994, tng s din tch c ph nc ta c
hong 150.000 ha v sn ng v nm 1993/1994 t trn 150.000 tn.
V c ph nm 1994/1995 c t 180.000 tn. Nng sut bnh qun trn din
tch c ph inh doanh t trn 1,2 tn/ha, nhiu nng trng c quy m t 400
1500 ha t nng sut bnh qun t 2,5 3 tn/ha. nhiu vng in honh rng ti
vi trm hecta, nhiu ch h nhn hon, nhiu vn c ph t nhn t c nng
sut t 4 6 tn/ha, c bit c mt s in hnh t t 8 10 tn/ha. T mt vi nm
gn y cy c ph ch c pht trin m rng mt s tnh min ni pha Bc vi
tng din tch hong 7.000 ha bao gm: Sn La, Tuyn Quang, Bc Thi, Vnh Ph,
Lai Chu, Lng Sn, Ha Bnh, Yn Bi v.v
Do s dng ging mi c tn l Catimor nn hn ch c tc hi ca su
bnh, mt s in hnh cho nng sut t t 1 2 tn/ha. Ti Vin nghin cu c
ph t c trn 3 tn/ha. Theo ch trng ca Chnh ph v B Nng nghip mc
tiu pht trin c ph Vit Nam ti nm sau 2000 : C din tch trn 200.000 ha v
tng sn ng hng nm t 250.000 tn. C ph Vit Nam s mt mt hng nng
sn quan trng trn th trng th gii v em v ngun ngoi t xng ng trong nn
inh t quc dn
2.2.3 Tnh hnh tn tht c ph trong nc [6]
Din tch trng c ph nc ta ngy cng c m rng trong vi nm tr i
y. Theo B B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn (NN&PTNT), din tch trng c
ph tng 8% trong nm 2012 t mc 616.000 ha so vi 571.000 nm 2011.
Sn lng:
T chc USDA iu chnh sn ng c ph c tnh nc ta ma v 2012/13
n 1,49 triu tn, gim 4% so vi ma v trc do ng ma tri ma trong giai on
cy c ph n hoa ti bn hu vc trng c ph chnh Da La , Lm ng, Da
Nng v Gia Lai.
21
2011/12
2012/13(c
2013/14
tnh)
(d bo)
1.200
2011
1.560
tn)
Nng sut
2012
1
.450
2,18
2,44
(tn/ha)
2013
1.374
2,1
.497
2
,25
,32
Ngun: USDA
Ngy 21 thng 8 nm 2012, B NN&PTNT thng qua Quy hoch pht trin
ngnh c ph Vit Nam n nm 2020 v tm nhn n nm 2030. Theo , n nm
2020, tng din tch c ph c nc t 500.000 ha, sn ng c ph nhn t
1.112.910 tn, m rng cng sut ch bin n 125.000 tn, trong sn phm c ph
ha tan v c ph 3 trong 1 hong 50.000 tn, im ngch xut hu t 2,1-2,2 t USD.
nh hng n nm 2030: Tng din tch trng c ph c nc t 479.000 ha, sn
ng c ph nhn t 1.122.675 tn, tip tc m rng cng sut ch bin n 135.000
tn, trong sn phm c ph ha tan v c ph ha tan 3 trong 1 hong 60.000 tn,
im ngch xut hu t trn 2,2 t USD.
23
Ngun :USDA
Sn ng c ph th gii tng, gim tht thng mt phn do thi tit, mt
phn do canh tc, mt phn do ph thuc vo chu sinh trng ca cy c ph l hai
nm mt n (ngha l nm nay thu hoch cao th nm sau s gim) v.v... Cy c ph
ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, trong c yu t thi tit nn s bt n v sn ng l
iu d nhn thy. Do vy cc vn nh: sng gi, hn hn l mi lo ngi rt n v
s mt mt sn ng c ph. Thc t nhng nm qua khi c sng gi xy ra mt s
ni trn th gii nh Brazin chng hn, tuy mc nh nhng gy st gim sn
ng ng . V ma 2002/2003 tng sn ng ca quc gia ny hong 53,6 triu
bao n v ma 2003/2004 do nh hng sng gi nn sn ng st gim xung
cn hong 33,2 triu bao . Vo nm 2014 ,t hn hn honh hnh ti Brazil, quc
gia xut hu c ph hng u th gii, trong sut hn hai thng u nm nay lm sn
ng hai oi c ph ch c ca nc ny (arabica v robusta) trong nm nay c
gim 8,16% so vi v thu hoch trc, xung cn hong 45,1 triu bao (1 bao =
60kg). c bit, sn ng c ph arabica, chim ti 3/4 sn ng c ph ca Brazil,
gim 16,1%.
Nm ngoi, sng gi gy thit hi cho nhiu n in c ph ti bang
Parana ca Brazil. V t hn hn nm nay bi thm mt n mnh na ging vo
cy c ph ca Brazil.(Ngun: TTXVN)
2.2.5 Tn tht do cng ngh sau thu hoch [4]
Cng ngh i vi sn xut c ph nh cc phng tin phc v thu hi , sy
qu , sy nhn , xay xt sng lc tp cht ,phn loi , ng gi , bo qun v.vThu
hoch bng cch tut cnh dn n tnh trng sn phm a vo ch bin hng ng
u vi nhiu loi qu c chn khc nhau th khng c mt phng php ch bin
no c th to ra c sn phm c cht ng cao. Mt khc, trong ma thu hoch,
nu qu qu chn trn cy, tc chn nu, s cho c ph nhn c mu nu v nc
24
ung khi pha ra khi th nm c mi v khc l ca v thi, hng v hng thm ngon
tuyt nh. Bn cnh , nhng qu chn p do cy b thiu dinh dng, su bnh khin
nhn pht trin hng y , nc ung c v chua, ng gy xc kh chu, mi
khng hp dn v thiu hu v u uyn, quyn r. Qu su bnh l qu b mt c, b
bnh nm hng hay bnh kh qu, c nhn khng nguyn vn, cho cht ng nc
ung thp v b nh i trong cc tiu chun phn loi. Qu kh l nhng qu cn st
li trn cy hay b rng di t mt thi gian di, thng c ht mu en, cht ng
thp.
Thiu sn phi cng nguyn nhn chnh m gim cht ng c ph. Nng
dn c tp qun u gi trong bao sau khi thu hi t 5- 7 ngy rt ngn thi gian
phi. Vic u gi qu trong bao thc y qu trnh pht sinh nm mc, chuyn ha
mu sc ca nhn, lm gim cht ng, mi v mt cch ng . Ch sau mt ngy
u gi c ph, nhit trung bnh trong bao tng n 41,2C. Nhit ny rt thch
hp cho s pht trin ca nm mc v cc vi sinh vt khc c trong khi qu. n ngy
th ba, nhit trung bnh trong khi n n 45,6C, cht ng qu ti cng c
nhng chuyn bin xu, t l qu chn nu n n 10,5%, mc 24,8%.
2.2.6 Tn tht do thi tit [1]
Nc ta thuc vng kh hu nhit i c hai ma nng ma r rt . hi ma ma
ko di th s nh hng n vic thu hoch c ph v gy ra vic h hi dn n cht
ng c ph gim st do hng phi, sy kp thi. Phn ln nhng ngi trng c ph
l cc h c th vi nng c sn xut thp, t vn nn vic u t cho cng ngh sau
thu hoch gn nh cha c v th m khi thu hoch ti tit tt th cht ng c ph
cng tt, cn thi tit xu th cht ng c ph cng b nh hng theo. Bn cnh ,
cng c th khi thu hoch c ph va xong th nu gp ma cy c ph ra hoa v nu
ma o di s gy thi hoa, khng th phn c v dn n s mt ma cho nm
sau. Mt hc, hi ma h n sm d xy ra hn hn tc ng n vic ra hoa ca c
ph km v nu hng nc ti s gy cht cy hoc kh cnh dn n mt ma
v ma tip theo.
Bn cnh hin tng bin i kh hu c th tc ng rt r rt n sn xut
c ph trn nhiu mt nh cht ng, nng sut, dch bnh, ti nc v sn ng c
ph ton cu.
V cht lng: Khi nhit tng n, c ph chn nhanh hn dn n s gim
thp cht ng. Theo Tin s Peter Ba -er CABI, nu nhit tng n 300C vo
cui th k ny (mt s chuyn gia cn tin rng nhit c th tng n ti 500C). Cc
gii hn cao so vi mc nc bin cho vic sn xut c ph Arabica cht ng cao
s tng n vo hong 150ft (46m) mi thp nin, tc tng n 15ft mi nm. iu
25
cng c ngha nhng vng t hin nay cn l qu lnh khng trng c c ph,
c s tr thnh vng t thch hp. Tuy nhin nhiu nc, nhng vng t cao
nh th cng b hn ch v s cnh tranh ca nhiu loi cy trng khc, hoc l vn
th nhng khng thch hp, ch ma hng thch hp, khng c nc ti,
hng c c s htng.
Nng sut:Nhit tng n nh hng n nhiu mt ca s trao i cht ca
cy c ph nh s ra hoa, quang hp, h hp v tng hp vt cht, chng s nh hng
n nng sut c ph. Thm na, nhiu chin c thch nghi s tho lun tip phn
sau cng m gim sn ng.
Dch bnh:Nhit tng n s lm sinh si ny n mt s loi dch bnh cng
nh
cho php phn b n cc vng m trc y hng c. Nh mt c qu (CBB
Coffee berry borer - Hyp-pothenemus hampei) c coi l loi dch tc ng n sn
xut c ph nng n nht. Jaramillo v cng s (2009) d on t l tng trng qun
th loisu ny tng n 8,5% khi nhit tng n 100C. Ngi ta nghin cu nh
hng ca bin i kh hu ln tuyn trng hi c ph (meloidogyne incognita) v su
c l (leucoptera) tin hnh Brasil cho t lun l s ph hi ca cc loi dch
bnh ny, theo kch bn tng ai, tng n so vi iu kin kh hu bnh thng ph
bin t 1961 n 1990. Mt bo co tColombia cnh bo kh nng tng cc loi bnh
g st (hemileia vasta-trix) v nm hng c ph (corticium sa monico or). V nh th,
kt qul gi thnh sn xut c ph s tng ln do p dng cc bin php qun vn
cy cao hn.
Ti nc:Do nc tr nn khan him, ngi ta phi s dng nc rt cht ch,
c bin php kim tra nghim ngt. Trong cng trnh nghin cu Bin i kh hu v
nc ngi ta rt ra kt lun l nhiu vng bn kh hn nh Nam Phi v ng Bc
Bra-sil hu nh phi tri qua s gim ngun nc do bin i kh hu. Mt hc, ng
ma n v din bin tng ri ro v c 2 mt lt li v kh hn nhiu vng.
nhng vng khng tin ti nc, nhit cao c th m tng bc hi nc v lm
gim ng cha nc trong t. nhng vng nh th, c th i hi trng c ph
vi h thng ti t tin. Thm na, i sng ca cy c ph cng v s cng thng v
thiu nc ti m ngn li.
Sn lng c ph ton cu:Kt qu ca tt c s bin i v mi trng, c kh
nng din tch thch hp trng c ph cht ng cao s nh i. C th sn ng c
ph ton cu c chiu hng bin ng ln, do mt s gim ang n sn ng ca
mt nc sn xut c ph ch yu c th lm ht i sn ng c ph ton cu
26
27
28
3.3.2 Bnh hi
3.3.2.1 . Bnh g st (Hemileia vastatrex) :
- Bnh g st cn gi l nm da cam, v vt bnh c mu vng nh cam chn.
- Vt bnh xut hin nh mt chm nh hi vng, sau dn dn tr thnh vt hnh
trn mu vng xanh pha trn mt v mu vng ti pha di mt l.
38
Khng xp bao trc tip xung nn kho hoc nn nh, hoc st tng.
V nhit : cn kim tra nhit trong khi caf v xung quanh bng
nhit k thy ngn hoc nhit k in tr. Nu nhit khng kh trong khi caf cao
hn nhit khng kh xung quanh th cn phng hin tng bc nng c th xy
ra.
Chu k kim tra ty thuc trng thi ca khi caf v thi tit. V ma ng c
th 1 tun 1 ln, nhng v ma h thi gian c th rt ngn 4-5 ngy 1 ln.
Cu trc ca kho phi cch m, cch nhit tt, sn kho phi cch m tt
khng b m b ngm nc. Mi kn khng c nh sang lt vo, khng b ht ma,
nng.
m2
Kho thng.
Kho c gii : c thit b lin hon trong kho khi gu ti, thit b sy, bng
ti vn chuyn ht d dng ly sn phm ra ngoi.
3.4.2 Bo qun c ph ht rang , v ph bt mn v c ph ha tan
Cafe sau hi rang hi nguyn ht rt d ht m v do s c mt ca oxi trong
khng kh lm gim cht ng sn phm. Cho nn cc dng cafe sau khi rang xay cn
bo qun tht n. Thng thng bao gi bng 3 lp :
- Lp th nht : giy tinh khit hoc giy thic.
- Lp th hai : giy cch m (parafin)
- Lp th ba : hp cc tng hoc thng g
Cafe rang nghin thnh bt thng bo qun trong hp st ty trng c np hp
kn. Bn trong lt 1 ln giy thit. Cng c th cho vo lp giy tng t m bo cch
m tt. Thng thng trng ng ca cc gi l : 100g, 200g, 300g, 500g, 1kg. Khng
ng hp hoc gi ln cho ngi tiu th d dng v trnh phi bo qun lu sau
khi m gi.
Cafe ha tan rt d ht m to thnh dch st, qunh nn ng gi phi tht kn,
Thng ng vo thy tinh vi khi ng 50g, 100g, 200g hoc cng c th ng
gi tronh hp st ty trng trong c lt giy thic np y tht n, c m nhiu lp
giy thic cch m
Cng c th ng gi rt nh ch pha cho mt chn.
Nhn hiu ghi trn bao b c th dn trc tip hoc in ln giy dn vo hp, l
Kho tng bo qun cafe cn sch, kh (vi m tng i ca khong kh
khng qu 75%), cn thng gi tt v khng c cc sinh vt lm gy hng. Nhng
thng ng sn phm n trn cc gi cao cch tng cch mt sn kho mt khong
0,5-0,7m. Sn phm hng gn cc ng nc, mng dn nc hoc cc dng c
si nng.
Cn c quy nh thi hn bo qun cafe k t ngy bao gi ghi trn bao b.
Xe chuyn ch cn v sinh sch s, khng c mi v l, (mi thm hoc thi
nh : phn bn, tinh du hng iu). e cn c bt che bc d cn tin hnh ni
c mi che v thi tit tt.
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Phng php t
Phng php h
Hnh 4.2 My xt ti iu a
- Bc v nht: Sau khi bc v qu, lp v nht vn cn bm chung quanh ht c
ph, do cn phi bc lp v nht. Vic bc v nht phi m bo sao cho cht
ng ht khng b bin i, mu sc ca ht sau khi bc v nht phi t nhin v t l
ht b dp v hoc tch c v tru hng qu 6 %. tch v nht, ngi ta thng
dng cc phng php sau:
* Phng php n men: tn dng enzym sn c trong v tht, ch yu l
pectinaza. cht ng c ph tt hn, ngi ta tin hnh ln men ym kh (ln men
trong nc), trong qu trnh ln men, cc phn t lin kt trong v tht di tc dng
ca enzym s b phn ct thnh cc phn t t do, d dng tri theo nc ra. qu
trnh ln men tin hnh c thun li, cn ln men c ph qu va chn, b ln men
thng c th tch 3 6 m3, nhit ln men 35 420 C, thi gian t 10 18 gi ty
thuc vo tng loi c ph. Nc dng trong qu trnh ln men phi nc sinh hot,
hm ng st < 5 mg/ t, pH 6,9 7,2. Ngoi ra, qu trnh n men c u n,
nn o nguyn liu 2 3 ln trong mt chu k ln men.
* Phng php ha hc: thy phn pectin trong v tht qu c ph trong mi
trng kim, ngi ta thng s dng Na2CO3, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, nng 2 %, thi
gian 2 3 gi. Phng php ny rt ngn c thi gian so vi phng php trn
nhng tn ha cht v mi v ca sn phm khng tt.
Ngoi hai phng php trn, cn c phng php vi sinh vt, phng php c
hc..., c bit i vi phng php c hc, ngi ta s dng my xt ti in hon
Raoeng, n thc hin ng thi ba nhim v: bc v qu, bc v nht v ra c ph
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Hnh 4.4 L sy c ph
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a. Phn loi theo kch thc: S dng sng phn loi gm sng trn hoc sng
lc vi cc i sng c c l khc nhau, hnh dng cc l cng hc nhau, nu phn
loi theo chiu rng ht ngi ta dng i sng l trn hoc vung, nu phn loi theo
chiu dy ht ngi ta dng i sng l di...
b. Phn loi theo t trng:
Da vo s chuyn ng khc nhau ca cc ht c t trng khc nhau trong
lung khng kh chuyn ng ngc chiu vi khi ht, mc ch ca vic phn loi
theo t trng nhm loi b cc ht xu, ht lp km cht ng.
phn loi theo t trng, ngi ta thng dng hai loi thit b, loi nm
ngang v loi thng ng, sau y s cu to ca thit b phn loi kiu thng
ng (catador)
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loi. Phng php ny tn kh nhiu nhn cng v thi gian nhng c th gii quyt
c nhiu vn m my mc khng th gii quyt c.
4.2.10u trn, ng bao, bo qun:
C ph nhn c u trn theo mt t l nht nh m bo hiu qu kinh t
cho c s sn xut hoc m bo theo yu cu ca khch hng.
i vi c ph arabica v canephora ng thnh 2 p: mt lp polietilen
trong v mt lp bng ay gai ngoi, i vi c ph excelsa ch cn ng mt lp,
trng ng mi bao 50 kg hoc 70 kg.
Trong qu trnh bo qun c ph nhn cn ch nhng im sau:
- m c ph nhn a vo bo qun < 13 %,
- Hm ng tp cht < 0,5 %,
- Kho bo qun phi c cch m v cch nhit tt,
- Thi gian bo qun khng qu 5 thng.
4.3 Gii thch quy trnh sn xut c ph nhn theo phng php kh
- Khi thu hoch c ph ch c mt phn qu xanh v nhng qu ni sau giai
on ra,phn loi qu v tp cht,khng thch bin t ta p dng ch bin kh .
- Qu c ph phi h ngay sau hi thu hoch,lp v qu bn ngoi gm phn
tht,cha nhiu cht keo nht,lp v tru. Khi kh,lp v ngoi s rt cng v c mu
nu en
- Yu cu quan trng phi h nhit . Trong thc t, phi c ph cn
thi gian di, bi v hm ng nc trong v qu ti chim trung bnh t 60-70%, do
cn phi phi t 7-10 ngy trong iu kin nng tt. C mt im cn ch l lc
phi cn kim tra s ln men lp v to ra lp mc trng m tng v chua ca ht
4.3.1 Phi , sy
Phi kh t nhin
Qu c phi ngay sau thu hoch trn nhiu loi dng c hc nhau nh
phn,tn di ng,nn t, nn ximang, giy nha en. Qu c ph c tri thnh lp
dy 5-6cm v o 4 ln mi ngy trnh ng nc do ma hay sng. Thng
hng phi trn nn t v nh hng mi ht c ph
Din tch phi c tnh 40kg qu ti /m2. din tch phi c th tnh n m
mc, ht ny mm v hnh thnh ht en. din tch phi c th tnh bng s cy /20. V
d :100000 cy c ph/20=5000m2
Trong c phi qu h, thng lp bn ngoi cng v hm ng nc cn
12%th qu lc nghe ku
nhng vng ma nhiu, c th sy nhn to hi phi s b .
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Cc yu t cn ch
hi phi hn ch gim sn ng :
t lp mng khi qu cn rt m, tng dn b dy lp qu khi kh dn v
hng vt qu 5cm chiu cao
Khng ngp ma c phi, hn ch s ht sng m qu nhiu .
o nhiu ln trong ngy ty theo nng ban ngy, trnh lm v qu.
Khng tr vo kho hay tch v qu hi m trn 12%
Sy nhn to:
Sy nhn to c p dng nhiu cc n in ln, sy nhn to i hi k
thut tt, nu khng s lm gim cht ng ht, mi v ht do ng nc trong qu
qu nhiu .
Phi h t hp sy c th loi tr thit hi do m c phi, sy thng s
dng l sy ng dng nhit t
4.3.2 Tch v cng
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Quy trnh
u im
Nhc im
Phng php h
Khng xt ti (bc v qu, v tht),
khng tch nht ( ngm , ra) sau khi
thu hoch v phn loi
Tin hnh n gin
Tn dng c nguyn liu
Chi ph sn xut khng ln
Cht ng rt tt nu thc hin ng
cch
Ph thuc vo iu kin thi tit
Thi gian phi sy di
Nhim nhiu tp cht, vi sinh vt
Cht ng thp hn so vi ch bin
t
Tn din tch sn phi
Phng php t
c xt ti v tch nht
sau khi thu hoch v phn
loi
Tit kim din tch sn
phi, sy.
Thi gian ch bin tng
i ngn
To ra sn phm c cht
ng cao
u t cao, s dung nhiu
nc
Vn hnh dy chuyn cng
ngh phc tp
Do s dng nhiu nc nn
gy nhim mi trng
x nc thi v kh mi
rt phc tp
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thy tinh, po ime, giy thic ... tin hnh bao gi. Ngoi ra, c th ng gi chn
hng hoc ng gi vi cc cht h nh N2 , CO2...
4.5C ph ha tan
C ph nhn sau hi rang c a i xay m c ph bt pha phin hoc ch
bin thnh c ph ho tan.
Quy trnh sn xut c ph ho tan t bt c ph rang nh sau:
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