Chng 3

O NHIEM MOI TRNG va CAC

PHNG PHAP BAO VE MOI TRNG

Bin son: L QU C

I-KHAI NIEM

1. Mot so nh ngha:

O nhiem moi trng

Suy thoai moi trng
X ly moi trng
Bao ve moi trng

Bin son: L QU C

I-KHAI NIEM
1. Mot so nh ngha:
Moi trng la tap hp cac vat the, hoan canh, cac thanh
phan cua the gii vat chat bao quanh, co kha nang tac ong
en s ton tai va phat trien cua moi sinh vat.
Noi ti moi trng ngi ta thng ngh ngay ti moi quan he
cua cac yeu to xung quanh tac ong en i song cua sinh
vat ma trong o con ngi la chu yeu.
Bat c mot vat the, mot s kien nao cung eu ton tai va phat
trien trong mot moi trng nhat nh.
Theo luat bao ve moi trng cua nc ta cong bo ngay
10/01/1994 th moi trng c nh ngha nh sau:

Moi trng bao gom cac yeu to t nhien va cac yeu to

nhan tao quan he mat thiet vi nhau, bao quanh con ngi,
co anh hng en ti i song, san xuat, s ton tai, phat trien
cua con ngi va thien nhien.
Bin son: L QU C

I-KHAI NIEM

1. Mot so nh ngha.
Con ngi va moi trng co moi quan he tng tac bao
gom tng ca the va cac cong ong con ngi.
Con ngi khong ton tai nh mot sinh vat bnh thng ma la
sinh vat biet t duy, con ngi nhan thc c moi trng
ong thi cung biet tac ong ngc lai cac yeu to moi
trng, con ngi va co y ngha sinh hoc va co y ngha
xa hoi hoc.
O nhiem la hien tng do hoat ong cua con ngi lam
thay oi cac yeu to sinh thai va lam cho yeu to sinh thai o
vt khoi gii han can bang cho phep cua chung.

Bin son: L QU C

I-KHAI NIEM

1. Mot so nh ngha.
O nhiem moi trng lam thay oi tnh chat cua moi trng,
thay oi trc tiep hoac gian tiep cac thanh phan va ac tnh
ly - hoa hoc - sinh hoc v.v bat ky thanh phan nao cua moi
trng vt qua gii han cho phep.
Suy thoai moi trng la s lam thay oi chat lng, so lng
cua thanh phan moi trng gay anh hng khong tot en s
song noi chung trong o co i song cua con ngi.
S co moi trng la cac tai bien hoac rui ro xay ra trong qua
trnh hoat ong cua con ngi, hoac nhng bien oi bat
thng cua thien nhien, gay suy thoai moi trng nghiem
trong.
X ly moi trng la a cac yeu to sinh thai tr ve gii han
sinh thai cua cac quan the ma chung co.
Bin son: L QU C

I-KHAI NIEM
1. Mot so nh ngha.
Bao ve moi trng la bao ve o trong sach cua khong kh,
nc, at, cac nguon thc pham hoac la cac hoat ong chong
lai nhng g gay tac hai en trang thai the chat va tinh than
cua con ngi hoac giam en mc cho phep s gay o nhiem
e tra lai s can bang von co cua moi trng.
Khoa hoc moi trng la nhng nghien cu chung ve moi
trng vi moi quan he tng tac gia con ngi va moi
trng trong o con ngi va la mot thc the sinh hoc va la
mot con ngi xa hoi hoc.

Chnh khoa hoc ve moi trng a tm ra nhng cai mi,

cai ung ve the gii t nhien cung nh cac tac ong cua con
ngi len moi trng nham nang cao nhan thc, nang cao
chat lng cuoc song cua con ngi ong thi giai quyet moi
quan he gia con ngi va moi trng trong o con ngi v
tr trung tam.
Bin son: L QU C

I-KHAI NIEM

2. Tac ong cua moi trng ti con ngi

Chung ta a biet moi trng song nhat la moi trng lao

ong co anh hng trc tiep ti qua trnh lao ong va sc
khoe cua con ngi lao ong.
Cac thanh phan cua moi trng song luon luon chuyen hoa
trong t nhien theo mot chu trnh va thng th dang can
bang, chnh v vay no am bao cho s song tren trai at ton
tai va phat trien on nh.
mot luc nao o khi chu trnh chuyen hoa b mat can bang
th se xay ra cac s co ve moi trng, tac ong manh me
en con ngi va sinh vat tren pham vi nao o.
Bin son: L QU C

I-KHAI NIEM

3. Cac tac ong en moi trng.

a- T/ong cua con ngi en moi trng.

Khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien ba bai.

S dung hoa chat tuy tien.
S dung nhien lieu khong hp ly.
Cong nghe nhan tao tien tien.

Bin son: L QU C

I-KHAI NIEM

3. Cac tac ong en moi trng.

b- Tac ong do o th hoa:

Toc o o th hoa, gia tang dan so, s banh trng cua o th

ti nong thon, s tang trng cua cong nghiep a tao ra
nhieu hoat ong tac hai en moi trng.
Cac tac ong nay tuy theo quy mo, c cau cua o th, pham vi
lanh tho va so dan ma co khi khong kiem soat c. No anh
hng xau trc tiep en i song kinh te xa hoi.
Cung chnh v vay can phai anh gia tac ong moi trng,
phan tch tac ong co li, co hai t o e xuat cac phng an
x ly e va phat trien kinh te xa hoi va bao ve c moi
trng.
Bin son: L QU C

II- O NHIEM KHONG KH VA

BAO VE MOI TRNG KHONG KH

1. nh ngha o nhiem khong kh.

O nhiem khong kh la cac o nhiem do cac chat co san trong t

nhien hoac do hanh ong cua con ngi lam phat sinh ra cac
chat o nhiem trong khong kh

2. Cac chat gay o nhiem khong kh:

Bui.
Cac chat dang kh- hi- khoi.
Cac ion, va cac chat nguy hai khac.
3. Cac nguon tao ra chat gay o nhiem.
O nhiem do qua trnh san xuat.
O nhiem do giao thong van tai.
O nhiem do sinhBin
hoason:
t cuaLcon
QUng
C i.

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II- O NHIEM KHONG KH VA

BAO VE MOI TRNG KHONG KH

4. Cac bien phap phong chong o nhiem khong kh:

e bao ve tot moi trng khong kh khong b o nhiem ta can

phai co cac bien phap tong hp hu hieu bang cach ket hp
cac bien phap sau ay:
a- Bien phap quy hoach.
b- Bien phap cach li ve sinh, lam giam o nhiem.
c- Bien phap ky thuat cong nghe.
d- Bien phap lam sach kh thai.
e- Bien phap sinh thai hoc.
f- Bien phap quan ly.

Bin son: L QU C

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III- O NHIEM NC VA
BAO VE NGUON NC.

1. nh ngha
O nhiem nc la tat ca cac hien tng lam nhiem ban moi
trng nc do cac tac nhan co san trong t nhien hoac hanh
ong cua con ngi lam phat sinh khi nong o cua chung vt
qua gii han cho phep.
Nc co kha nang t lam sach thong qua qua trnh bien oi ly
hoa hoc, sinh hoc hoac qua qua trnh trao oi chat.
Khi lng chat thai a vao nc qua nhieu va vt qua kha
nang gii han cua qua trnh t lam sach th moi trng nc b
o nhiem.
Co the nhan biet nc b o nhiem bang cam giac nh: nc co
mui kho chu, mau uc, v khong bnh thng, san lng thuy
hai san giam, co vang m
Bin son: L QU C

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III- O NHIEM NC VA
BAO VE NGUON NC.

2. Cac chat gay o nhiem nc.

Cac chat gay o nhiem nc ton tai dang vo c, hu c va
vi sinh vat.
Nc co the b o nhiem bi cac yeu to t nhien nh t nc
thuy trieu, t mo muoi co san trong long at.
Hien nay nc b o nhiem phan ln la do con ngi tao nen
nh nc thai trong sinh hoat, dch vu, che bien hai san,
thc pham va nhieu nganh cong nghiep khac gom:
Cac chat hu c tong hp.
Cac chat dang vo c.
Rac va cac loai vi sinh vat gay benh.
Bin son: L QU C

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III- O NHIEM NC VA
BAO VE NGUON NC.
3. Nguon goc gay o nhiem nc.
Trong ieu kien dan so ngay cang tang, nhu cau cua con
ngi ngay cang cao, khoa hoc ky thuat tien bo vt bac.
San xuat trong moi lnh vc gia tang nhanh chong ca ve so
lng va chat lng a lam thay oi chu trnh t nhien trong
thuy quyen, lam thay oi s can bang nc, cac nguon
nc b o nhiem ngay cang nang, cu the qua cac hoat
ong sau:

Sinh hoat cua con ngi.

S/xuat lien quan en cong nghiep.
S/xuat lien quan en nong nghiep.
Cac hoat ong thuy li, thuy ien.
Nuoi trong thuy hai san va cac hoat ong khac.
Bin son: L QU C

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III- O NHIEM NC VA
BAO VE NGUON NC.

4. Cac bien phap bao ve nguon nc.

a- Kiem tra ve sinh khi xa nc thai vao nguon nc mat:
Nham muc ch han che lng chat ban thai vao moi trng e
am bao an toan ve mat ve sinh cho viec s dung nguon nc.
Tieu chuan o c quy nh theo TIEU CHUAN VIET NAM
5942- 1995

(bang 3-9 trang 148)

Khi nc thai co cha nhieu chat oc hai th nong o cua tng
chat c xac nh theo cong thc:

C1/T1+C2/T2+C3/T3+Cn/Tn 1
C1,C2: nong o tng chat oc tm thay trong nc
T1,T2: nong o toi a cho phep cua tng chat oc.
Bin son: L QU C

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III- O NHIEM NC VA
BAO VE NGUON NC.

4. Cac bien phap bao ve nguon nc.

b- Giam sat chat lng nguon nc.
Nham muc ch anh gia tnh trang chat lng nc, d bao mc
o o nhiem nguon nc t o co bien phap bao ve nguon nc
hieu qua.
Noi dung c ban cua mot he thong giam sat chat lng nc
trong he thong giam sat moi trng toan cau la:
anh gia cac tac ong vao nguon nc do hoat ong cua con
ngi va nhu cau s dung nc cho cac muc ch khac nhau.
Xac nh chat lng nc t nhien.
Giam sat nguon goc va s di chuyen cua chat ban va oc hai.
Xac nh xu hng Bin
thayson:
oL
i cha
t lng nc pham vi v mo16.
QU C

III- O NHIEM NC VA
BAO VE NGUON NC.

4. Cac bien phap bao ve nguon nc.

c- S ly nc thai sinh hoat va cong nghiep.

Nham loai bo hoac han che cac chat thai gay o nhiem co
trong nc thai e khi thai ra song ho khong lam nhiem
ban nguon nc. Cac phng phap x ly nc thai se e
cap chng 4 cua giao trnh nay.

Bin son: L QU C

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III- O NHIEM NC VA
BAO VE NGUON NC.

4. Cac bien phap bao ve nguon nc.

d- Cap nc tuan hoan va s dung lai nc thai.

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Bin son: L QU C

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III- O NHIEM NC VA
BAO VE NGUON NC.

4. Cac bien phap bao ve nguon nc.

e- Phat huy qua trnh t lam sach nguon nc.
Qua trnh t lam sach nguon nc la qua trnh t phuc hoi trang
thai chat lng nc ban au nh qua trnh ly - hoa hoc, sinh
hoc, thuy ong hoc v.v co nhieu bien phap nham tang cng,
phat huy qua trnh t lam sach nguon nc nh:
Thiet ke cac mieng xa ac biet e tang cng s khuech tan
nc thai.
Bo tr them nc sach t cac nguon ti nham pha loang nc
thai.
Cung cap them oxy va co tac dung tang cng qua trnh t
lam sach va nang cao nang suat sinh hoc va hieu qua s
dung nguon nc.
Nuoi trong thc vat co kha nang chuyen hoa, hap thu chat ban.
Bin son: L QU C

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III- O NHIEM NC VA
BAO VE NGUON NC.

4. Cac bien phap bao ve nguon nc.

f- S dung nguon nc hp ly.

Nguon nc sach tren hanh tinh c dung cho cac hoat

ong kinh te - xa hoi cua con ngi va dung e pha loang
lam sach nc thai do vay can phai ieu phoi khoi lng va
chat lng nc tieu thu mot cach hp ly nh:
Dung nc thai e ti ruong hoac nuoi trong thuy san.
Bao ve tr lng nguon nc trong qua trnh khai thac.
Khai thac nc t cac mien cc va lam ngot nc bien

Bin son: L QU C

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IV- AT VA O NHIEM MOI TRNG AT

1. nh ngha

O nhiem at la tat ca cac hien tng lam nhiem ban moi

trng at do cac tac nhan gay o nhiem, khi nong o cua
chung vt qua gii han cho phep nhat la chat thai ran cua
cac nganh cong nghiep.

Bin son: L QU C

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IV- AT VA O NHIEM MOI TRNG AT

2. Cac chat gay o nhiem at.

a- Cac chat dang kh:
Khi ot nhien lieu CO chuyen thanh CO2 tao thanh sinh khoi
nh nam va vi sinh vat at, neu trong nhien lieu co cha S se
tao ra kh SO2 chuyen thanh S04-- trong at.
Cac chat co nguon goc t N0x trong kh quyen chuyen hoa
thanh N02 nh co ma N02 chuyen vao at hap thu N0 va
N02 c oxy hoa tao thanh cac N03 trong at.
Bui ch va kem thoat ra khu vc gan mo quang, t cac
phng tien giao thong tham vao at .
Thuoc bao ve thc vat, phan bon, thuoc tr sau, diet nam
moc theo nc ngam vao at hoac ri xuong mat at, tham
vao at chung phan ng vi cac chat khac tao thanh hp chat
gay hai cho ong thc vat, vi sinh vat.
Bin son: L QU C

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IV- AT VA O NHIEM MOI TRNG AT

2. Cac chat gay o nhiem at.

b- Chat thai ran va rac thai.
Hang ngay con ngi thong qua cac hoat ong cua mnh a
thai vao t nhien mot lng chat thai ran rat ln.
Ch rieng viet nam moi ngay a co hn 20.000 tan rac cac
loai trong o ch rieng Tp.Ho Ch Minh a co khoang 3.000
tan.
Nhc iem ln nhat hien nay la cha co quy hoach lau dai
ve x ly, nen rac oc hai nguy hiem de lay nhiem benh cha
c tach biet e co bien phap x ly thch hp do vay chung
tao nen cac nguon gay o nhiem tram trong cho at (so lieu
2001).
Bin son: L QU C

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IV- AT VA O NHIEM MOI TRNG AT

2. Cac chat gay o nhiem at.

c- Thuoc bao ve thc vat va phan bon.
Viec s dung thuoc bao ve thc vat va phan bon ba bai a lam
thay oi thanh phan va tnh chat cua at, cung nh giam chat
dinh dng cua at, lam cho at thoai hoa, chai xau, bac mau
v.v dan en khong the canh tac c.

Bin son: L QU C

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IV- AT VA O NHIEM MOI TRNG AT

2. Cac chat gay o nhiem at.

d- O nhiem vi sinh vat moi trng at.
Do viec san xuat, chan nuoi khong hp ve sinh, dung phan
chuong cha qua x ly e bon cay, vv a lam phat sinh cac
tac nhan sinh hoc nh cac khuan l, thng han, giun san v.v
e- O nhiem do dau trong at.
Trong qua trnh khai thac, s dung, dau theo ma lan tran tren
mat nc va tham vao at gay tac hai nghiem trong en moi
trng nh: lam giam ty le nay mam cua cay coi, lam cham s
phat trien cua thc vat, lam thay oi s van chuyen chat dinh
dng trong at
Bin son: L QU C

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IV- AT VA O NHIEM MOI TRNG AT

3. Nguon goc gay o nhiem moi trng at.

a- Do cac hoat ong cong nghiep.
Cac hoat ong trong cong nghiep a thai vao moi trng at
mot lng chat thai, kh thai ang ke thong qua cac ong khoi,
bai rac, cong thoat nc v.v chung rat a dang ve thanh phan
va kch thc, khong tap trung, a nguon goc, cac chat thai nay
ri xuong at, chung trc tiep lam thay oi thanh phan cua at,
thay oi o pH, thay oi qua trnh nitrt hoa ong thi gian tiep
gay ra hien tng ma axit, lam chua at, km ham hoac tieu
huy s phat trien cua tham thc vat.
Chat thai do cac hoat ong trong cong nghiep co the la: chat
thai vo c, chat thai kho phan huy, chat thai de chay hoac chat
thai co tac ong tong hp manh co ong v phong xa.
Bin son: L QU C

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IV- AT VA O NHIEM MOI TRNG AT

3. Nguon goc gay o nhiem moi trng at.

b- Do cac hoat ong trong nong nghiep.

Do che o canh tac, trong cay lng thc, cay cong nghiep
ngan ngay theo phng thc lac hau, ot pha rng ba bai
vv a lam cho at b bac mau, lu lut xay ra a lam cho at
b xoi mon, phu sa b cuon troi
Viec xay dng he thong ti tieu khong khoa hoc ong
bang a lam thoai hoa moi trng at tao ra vung at phen,
lp at hu c mau m b gat bo, at b phi ra.
S dung cac loai phan bon khong ung, qua lieu lng a
lam cho nen at chua phen di boc len, cac chat hoa
hoc co the con nam lai trong at.
Bin son: L QU C

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IV- AT VA O NHIEM MOI TRNG AT

3. Nguon goc gay o nhiem moi trng at.

c- Do sinh hoat cua con ngi.

Hang ngay con ngi a xa ra mot lng rat ln chat
thai sinh hoat nhieu dang khac nhau nh: dang thc
pham, vat lieu, thc vat, ong vat, bao b, phan, cac benh
pham trong benh vien v.v sau o bang nhieu con ng
nh van chuyen, he thong thoat nc chung se tap trung
va ton tai trong at. Moi trng at b o nhiem do vi khuan
gay benh, cac chat oc hai, cac tap chat ran vo c va cac
chat thai ben vng.

Bin son: L QU C

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IV- AT VA O NHIEM MOI TRNG AT

4. Cac bien phap bao ve moi trng at.

a- S ly chat thai cong nghiep.
Tuy theo mc o gay nhiem ban va oc hai oi vi con ngi
va t nhien ma co the x ly bang cac bien phap khac nhau nh:
S dung lai chat thai cong nghiep:
Chon cat va kh oc: cac chat oc hai.
ot chat thai:
Khi ot chung cac loai chat thai vi nhau, can chu y en kha
nang bat la, s nong chay, nhiet o chay v.v e ot triet e
va tranh kha nang gay no.

Bin son: L QU C

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IV- AT VA O NHIEM MOI TRNG AT

4. Cac bien phap bao ve moi trng at.

b- X ly chat thai sinh hoat.
Viec x ly chat thai sinh hoat c thc hien bang cach:
X ly trong cac nha may che bien rac: thng th cac chat
hu c c oxy hoa hieu kh nong va san pham cuoi cung
cua nha may la phan bon hu c hoac nhien lieu sinh hoc.
U hieu kh tai cac bai rac tap trung: thi gian u co the keo
dai, tai ay rac thai sinh hoat c x ly tap trung cung vi
bun va can nc thai cua thanh pho sau o a ve nha may
che bien rac. ay la phng phap n gian nhng lai phu
thuoc vao ieu kien kh hau va can dien tch at s dung
ln.
Bai chon lap rac: ay la phng phap thong dung nhat
Bin
QU
nhng phai ap
ngson:
cacLie
u C
kien ve sinh moi trng. 30

IV- AT VA O NHIEM MOI TRNG AT

4. Cac bien phap bao ve moi trng at.

c- Chong xoi mon at.
Xoi mon la hien tng ma lp at mat mau m b mat do
anh hng gio vung kh hau kho va nc chay vung kh
hau am nhat la at oi troc, doc va ma nhieu. e chong
xoi mon ngi ta dung cac bien phap sau:
Giam o doc va chieu dai sn doc: lam ruong bac thang,
ao mng, ap b, xay dng ap, xay dng he thong ti
tieu, trong cay v.v
Trong rng va phu xanh oi troc nham che phu kn mat
at, cu the la: gieo trong hoac lam luong trong cay ngang
theo sn doc, gia trong cay cong nghiep ngan ngay.
ac biet chu trong gi rng au nguon va chom oi.
Bin son: L QU C

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