Professional Documents
Culture Documents
polygonal
PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS:
Egyptian Tombs:
Mastaba- stairway, halfshrunk, elaborate structure
(statue chamber) sarcophagus
Pyramid- square in plan, oriented in cardinal sides
chapel
elevated causeway (passageway)
types:
step (zoser)
slope
blunt (seneferu)
Rock-cut- mountain side tombs
elements: passages
sepultural chamber
Egyptian Temples:
Plan
Walls
sculptured monstrers
brick vaults internally
brickwork
scroll, twin horse capital
Palaces:
Palace King Minos, Knossos
Helenic Period- religious structures
Comparative Analysis: (Greek Temples)
Simple & balance, symmetrical
Rectangular
Principal buildings:
Temples:
elements: front portico
crepidoma- stylobate, steriobate
pronaos
naos
epinaos/ posticum w/ or w/o opisthodomos
peroma- space bet the naos wall and columns
Number of columns:
Henostyle
Dinostyle
Tristyle
Tetrastyle
Pentastyle
Hexastyle
Hectastyle
Octostyle
Ennastyle
Decastyle
Dodestyle
Arrangement of Columns:
Antis, Amphi-antis
Prostyle, Amphi-prostyle
Peripteral, Pseudo-peropteral
Edipteral, Pseudo-dipteral
Comparative analysis:
Wall- solidly constructed of blocks or stones, use of dowels or clamps
Openings- doors, windows & colonnade are square headed
Roof- w/ sloping rafters covered w/ thin marble slab to permit light
- lacunaria (coffer)
Column- principal external feature
Orders Introduced by Greeks:
Doric Order
Ionic order
Corinthian Order
Parts:
Entablature- cornice
frieze
architrade
Column- capital
shaft
base
Proportion of Greek Orders
Doric Order- favored by Greeks
Column- 4-6 D
Tablature- height of order
Ionic Order
Column- 9D
Tablature- 1/5 height of order
Corinthian Order
Column- 10D
Propelea- gateway
Pinacotheca- paintings
Glyptotheca- sculptures
Parthenon- largest
- geatest example of greek architecture
- archt. Ictinus
- master sculptor- Callicrates
- Doric temple
- naos- made of gold and ivory
- holds the statue of Athena
Theater of Dionysius
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Character:
Vastness & magnificence
Olstentation & ornateness
Material: pozzolana & lime
System: columnar, trabaeted & arcuated
Comparative analysis:
Plan- assymetrical due to complexity of needs of romans
Walls- made of stone & concrete
Types:Opus quadratum
Opus incertum
Opus reticulatum
Opus testaceum
Opus mixtum
- introduction of buttresses
Types:Niche/ hemicycle- retaining wall, detached
Spur buttress- attached to wall
Pinnacle- similar to spur but more pronounced
Tablature- 2 1/2D
Mouldings- heavily decorated
Ornament- mosaic- floor, wall ceiling (Tesserrae)
types: opusteselatum- square for ceilings
opusectile- tesserae cut into shapes for wall
opuspilatum- inchevron for floor
- mural paintings
- accantus scroll- most popular
Principal buildings:
Forum- a central open shape used as a meeting place, market or rendevous for political demonstration.
Forum Romanum- oldest & most important
Forum of Trajan- largest forum
Rectangular Temples
Temple of Venus, Rome- Appolodorus of Damascus
Pantheon Rome ( Sta. Maria Rotunda)- Agripa (corinthian temple)
2.
3.
Palaces
Palaces of Emeperors, Rome- by emeperor Agustus
Palace of Diocletian, Spalato- largest
Roman Houses
Villa- country house
Insula- tenement house for workers
Domus- private house
elements:
1.
prothyrum
2.
3.
4.
5.
cubicula- bedrooms
6.
7.
8.
Etruscan Period
Introduced radiating arch
Tuscan column/ similar to Greek Doric w/ base
Atrium in domestic planning
quadripartite
2.
sexpartite
Column:
Cathedral
Baptistery
FRENCH ROMANESQUE
Southern France- Muslim influence due to pointed arch
Northern Italy- flanking towers
Madeleine Vezelay- earliest form of cross-pointed vault in France
Abbaye-Aux Homes, Caen Order- prototype of Gothic
GERMAN ROMANESQUE
East & west apse
Worms Cathedral- emperor Charlemagne
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
France- style ogivale
- lofty & aspiry quality
- structural honesty
- economy in use of material
System: Arcuated w/ Pointed Arches
Material: stone
Principal building: Cathedral- Latin Cross (west oriented)
Plan- asymmetrical
Walls- rubble masonry, buttress to support walls
2.
3.
Principal Buildings:
Cathedrals
Notre Dame, Paris- oldest Gothic Cathedral
cable
Ball flower
Tablet flower
Embatled sandwich
Classification of English Gothic Mouldings:
1.
bowtel- of a circle
2.
3.
4.
5.
keel moulding
6.
scroll
7.
casement
8.
Types of Trusses:
1.
tie beam
2.
trusted rafter
3.
hammer beam
4.
collar beam
5.
aisle roof
Principal Buildings:
Cathedrals
1st div- Cathedral of the Old Foundation- served by secular clergy
York Cathedral- largest cathedral among English cathedral
Salisbury Cathedral- English gothic caharcteristic
2nd div- Cathedral of the Monastic Foundation- served by monks or regular clergy
Cantherbury Cathedral- 1st Norman church
Winchester Cathedral- longest gothic cathedral in Europe
3rd div- Cathedrals of the New Foundation- served by bishops
presence of 2 chapels- lady chapel- Virgin Mary
- chantry chapel- patrons are burried
Monastery
Westminster Abbey- largest Benedictine Founation
Triple group of monastery
Coronation church & burial place for Eng kings
Royal Palace- parliament & Big Ben
Westminster Church- highest
Castles
Tower of London- builder Bishop Gundolf for William I
Manor House
Hampton Court Palace- archt Cardinal Wolsey
University
University of Oxford
Cambridge University
Largest Church:
St. Peters Cathedral
Civic Cathedral
William Cathedral
Colon Cathedral
St. Pauls, London
2.
pediment
segmented
scrolled
open
swan neck
broken
Rococo
Comparative analysis:
Plans- symmetrical
Walls- often constructed w/ ashlar masonry, bricks for Germany
Exterior wall- rustification- dado height 1.20m
Doors & windows- semi circula head w/ greek entablature
Roof- semi- circular vaults
- dome or drum w/ semi circular windows
Columns- classic orders
Mouldings- roman mouldings
Ornaments- fresco paintings
Exterior color effect- sgrafitto (colored plaster)
Countries that adapted Rennaisance:
ITALY- birth place of renaissance
Florence- birthplace, typical form
Rome- typical
Venice- receded frontage, contextualization w/ environment
Brunelleschi- most famous architect in Italy
Dome of Florence Cathedral- gothic & renaissance
Palazzo Pitti- largest except for Vatican
Alberti- author of first architecture book after invention of printing
De re Aedificatoria
Church of Santa Andrea, Mantua- prototype of later renaissance
Bramante- first Roman architect of renaissance time
Pazzo Della Cancellaria
Vatican Palace, Rome
Raphael- cousin, pupil of baramnte & one of the greatest painters
Vatical Loggie
VignolaVilla of Pope Julius, Rome
Palazzo Farnese, Caprarola- most maginificent of Roman palaces
Gesu Church, Rome- prototype of Jesuit Church in baroque style
Michael AngeloMedici Mausoleum- wealthiest family in Italy
Capitol, Rome- mos successful civil work
Longhena-
Roman
Renaissance
Renaissance
Renaissance
Byzantine
FRENCH RENAISSANCE
Chateau de Bury (typical French chateau)
Chateau de Blois (spiral shell staircase)- Leonardo da Vinci
Principal Buildings:
Palaces
Palais de Louvre (historical artifacts)- Pierre Lescot
Palais de Tuilleries- Philbert de Larme
(residence of French rulers till 1879)
Palais de Versailles (for Louis xiv)- Le Vau
Churches
Church of the Sorbonne- Le Mercier
Dome of the Invalides (niche of Napoleon Boniparte)
Chimneystacks
Bay & oriel window
Topiary work- landscaping sculpture
Elements:
Great hall
Grand staircase
Long Gallery (upper floor)- most striking feature
Solar (withdrawing room)- warmest room
Architects:
Inigo Jones- deciple of Italian Renaissance
characterized by the use of bricks
Banqueting House, White Hall
Queen,s House, Grenwich
Sir Christopher Wren- deciple of French renaissance
St Pauls Cathedral- greatest masterpiece, model English
53 London churches
Grenwich Observatory & hospital
Fountain court & garden faade of Hampton Palace
REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE- 19TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURE
Marked by Battle of Style- conflict between GOTHIC & CLASSIC
Arts & Craft Movement- alliance of artists & factories, paved way to
Art Nouveau- organic & dynamic forms
curving designs
whiplash line
Victorian Architecture- Britain revival architecture
BRITAIN
1830-1850 EARLY VICTORIAN
Greek Revival & Graeco Roman
Ex. Railway Buildings
Personalities
Awn Pugin
S. Joseph Paxton- Crystal Palace
S. W. Chambers- Somerset House
S. John Soane- Bank of England
1850-1875 HIGH VICTORIAN
Gothic Revival
Renaissance Revival
Personalities
S.G. Scott- Liver Pool Cathedral
S. Charles Barry- Westminter Palace
1875-1901 LATE VICTORIAN
Romanesque, Byzantine
Baroque, Flemish, Renaissance
CENTRAL EUROPE
1830-1848 JULY MONARCHY
Neo Renaissance
Ex. Vignon, Madeleine Paris
Chalgrin- Arc de Triomphe
Brandenburg Gate
ENGLAND
Queen Anne Style- popularized by Norman Shaw
applied on domestic houses
EARLY 20TH CENTURY
BRITAIN
Art Nouveau- Charles Rennie Mckintosh
Ritz Hotel- first building made of reinforced concrete & glass after war
- Mewes & Davies
Schools- Ecole Des Beaux-Arts- Architectural Design
Ecole de polytechnique- Engineering
Art Nouveau
France- Le Modern Style
Germany- Jugensdstil, Bandwurmstil, Tapeworm
Austria- Sezessione
2.
3.
Principal buildings:
Pai- Lou- Chinese gateway (3 openings)
Pagoda/ Tais- houses relic of Buddha
Temples- contains statue of Buddha
Elements:
Temple proper
Dagoba
Bell tower
Pagoda
Library
Monks dwelling
House- generally one storey
Emperor- 9 bays
Prince- 7 bays
Mandarin- 5 bays
Ordinary citizens- 3 bays
Great Wall of China- built by emperor- Si- Huang- Ti
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
The Gussho System- based on rigidity of the triangle
Features:
Roof construction:
1.
2.
3.