Energy Harvesting and Systems

Feasibility Study for Small Scaling Flywheel-Energy-Storage

Systems (FESS) in Energy Harvesting Systems

Energy Harvesting and Systems

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Journal:

Manuscript ID:
Manuscript Type:
Classifications:

Research article
Microbatteries, Hybrid energy storage, Microstructure design
Flywheel energy storage, kinetic energy, Batterie

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Keywords:

EHS.2013.0010.R1

Abstract:

Feasibility Study for Small Scaling Flywheel_edit_2014.docx

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Energy Harvesting and Systems

Page 1 of 9

Reviewer: 1
Comments to the Author
This paper contains "back of the envelope" downscaling performance predictions
of a conceptual flywheel energy storage system. Figs 3, 4, and 5 are too
small to be legible. The paper is too short (3 pages total). The abstract is
more of an introduction than an abstract. On the whole, the manuscript reads
a bit like a brainstorming session and rough feasibility check as compared to
an archival journal article. Furthermore, it appears to be a reprint of an
article from the IWPMA and EHW Digest (as evident by the left sidebars).
For
these reasons, I recommend rejection.
My comment: Please check again, I somehow thought that only 3 pages are
required.

Reviewer: 2

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Comments to the Author

Article considers miniature FESS are possible with new high-strength, low
density materials, but for specific application and configurations. This is
good, and instructive, but the brevity of the article leaves out many details.

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My comment: Please check again, I somehow thought that only 3 pages are
required.

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The definition of "correction factor" is unclear. This appears to be a means

of comparing designs that have been modeled for higher rotational speed
operation than the referenced baseline prototype, but its application is not
explained.

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My comment: I explained the correction factor again in the document. It is

based on an already build and tested micro-flywheel-energy-storage-system to
estimate motor losses.

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The results shown in Figures 3-5 are the results of models? The model used is
not explained. Figure 3 appears to come from equation 2. Figure 4 can be
computed from equation 2 substuted into equation 1. How is Figure 5 derived?
The statement is made that losses are computed from equations 3 and 4, but no
direct results included.

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Energy Harvesting and Systems

My comment: a detailed description of the calculations was done.

Your conclusion admits that a Power vs size comparison would be useful, but
that since a scaling equation for the ironless air-coil generator has not been
developed, the calculation was not performed. But the generator concept is
cited in the abstract as the novelty that makes miniature FESS feasible. Can
the improvement in power due to reduction in losses be compared qualitatively
without the scaling?
My comment: I added some more information about the mentioned Halbach array
motor. Also power density and efficiency of available micro motors are
presented. Since there is very few information about Halbach array motors I
was not able to find out a reliable value for power improvement.

Energy Harvesting and Systems

Energy Harvesting and Systems

Feasibility Study for Small Scaling Flywheel-Energy-Storage

Systems (FESS) in Energy Harvesting Systems
Abstract:
Two concepts of scaled micro-FESS are examined in this study. A flat design in disc shape as a flywheel rotor and a thin ring
shape (outer diameter equal to height) were examined regarding material selection, energy content, losses due to air friction and
motor loss. For the disc shape isotropic materials like titanium, aluminum, steel and wolfram showed to be suitable as a flywheel
rotor. Wound fiber reinforced composite plastics (T1000-, T300-carbon fibers and carbon nano tubes CNT) were investigated in
a flywheel in ring shape. It was shown that isotropic materials exceed material properties and reach highest energy densities in
shape of a Laval disc with rim. A micro-FESS with wolfram flywheel would reach the highest half-time-periods due to its high
density and thus, it is the favored material to design a flat disc shapes micro-FESS with low standby losses. Fiber reinforced
plastic flywheels in ring shape reach highest energy densities from 150Wh/kg (T300) up to 2600 Wh/kg (CNT) but higher
standby-losses. A scaling of the rotors was done within this study and showed that air friction is influenced by the shape of the
examined flywheel rotors and the material. A linear correlation of down scaling and air friction losses was shown. As a
motor/generator type, an ironless aircoil Halbach array motor was suggested. Motor losses due to eddy currents in the stator coil
were estimated. Losses correlated in square with downscaling. Wolfram and CNT showed the lowest standby losses due to eddy
currents.

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Keywords: micro-FESS, flywheel, micro energy storage, Energy Harvester

Introduction

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FESSs are finding an increasing number of practical

applications. There are several instances where they were
used for short-time energy storage, e.g. Kinetic Energy
Recovery System KERS in Formula 1 cars, the metro
system stra in Hanover, or for uninterruptable power
supply (UPS) in computer-systems in cases of emergency
(htt). Miniatures FESS that are applicable in energy
harvester systems, with a diameter of 35 mm, have been
realized in (S. Y. Yoo, 2008 in COEX). Due to the
downscaling of manufacturing methods, FESSs could be
realized to an even smaller dimension. Presently, high
specific strength materials, e.g. high tensile stress carbon
fibers as T1000, increased the energy density of
flywheels up to 100 Wh/kg (including housing). Due to its
enormously high specific strength, prospective materials
like Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT) could increase the energy
density to about 2500 Wh/kg (without housing, 900 Wh/kg
including housing) and thus compete with a new generation
of
(nanoporous
carbon)
electric
double-layer
supercapacitors (EDLC) that have been developed as a
prototype with an energy density of 300 Wh/kg

advantage concerning lifecycles, efficiency, dis/-charge

time and power density. Fig. 1 shows the power density vs.
energy density of different storage devices.

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Fig. 1: Ragon chart

of existing power
sources (Ghoniem,
2011)

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A future application of FESS might be the power supply of

sensor actor networks in trains and especially in airplanes.
EADS and a researchers group of turbine manufacture Rolls
Royce are looking for a new energy source to supply the
plenty of sensor in airplanes, specifically in the turbine.
Since the wires that are used to connect the sensors to the
power source, the weight and the volume of the wires were
problematic. Energy harvesters should be used instead to
supply wireless sensors. For a constant power supply of
these sensors, a battery is required in location where
harvester cannot provide a constant power. A lifespan of
more than 30 years and high reliability of the harvesterbattery-system has highest priority. Since FESS achieve
almost infinite lifetime and reach the energy density of lion
batteries and a similar power density as super caps, they
would be very suitable for this application.

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(without housing) (HU, 2007). Chemical batteries (ZincAir-Battery) have reached an energy density of 450 Wh/kg.
However, since they are not rechargeable, available
efficient rechargeable batteries as Lithium-Ion-Batteries
reach an energy density of up to 200 Wh/kg. Furthermore
contactless electro-dynamic bearings for flywheels have
been developed (H. Bleuler, 2005) that operate at high
rotational velocity and replace roller bearings to reduce
bearing friction and extend the FESS lifetime. In
comparison to chemical batteries FESSs have a great

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Page 2 of 9

FESS physical relations

There are two types of FESS rotors that can be taken into
account for a high specific energy density: a flat disc rotor

Energy Harvesting and Systems

Page 3 of 9

out of isotropic material (shape 1) and a cylindrical design

with fiber reinforced plastics that show orthotropic
properties (shape 2).

Thin rings out of orthotropic material like fiber composites

show two main advantages in comparison to disc shaped
isotropic materials:

Shape 1: Lava disc with rim

1. The maximum stress occurs in circumferential direction,

which is in fiber direction of the composite materials. Since
carbon fibers show an enormous strength in fiber direction,
they are an optimal material to take the circumferential
stress.

The equation to determine energy content
 of a

flywheel is :


 



with

(1):

 



2. The momentum of inertia grows differently (4) in

comparison to the mass
(5) concerning
the radii ratio ri/ra

(1)

  


(2)

where m represents the mass of the flywheel, r the radius,

and the angular velocity, assuming a solid flywheel disc.

For isotropic materials the energy density is limited by the

maximum radial strength in the rotor. The best stress
distribution can be achieved with a Laval shape see Table 1.

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1
 . /   0   1
(4)
2
1
   1 3 /  0  1
2
5/
45
55
5
565
5557


2 455555565555557


   2 /      1 3

(5)

So that a high radii ratio causes an increasing energy

density as can be seen in Figure 1:

The energy density (energy-to-mass-ratio

as

) can be written

For the further stress calculation shape 1 is assumed to be a

solid ring. Thus the values for the stress distribution, the
energy density and therefore the rotational velocity for a
Laval disc with rim shape are multiplied with a correction
factor for the of  
Shape 2: thin rim

.

.

! "#$ %&' (

#) " "#$

*  1.32.

Figure 1: energy density depending on radii ratio ri/ra

If CNT will be produced economically, they could
theoretically increase energy density of a FESS up to 2900
Wh/kg due to an experimental gained tensile strength of
around 30 GPa (Yu, 2000). For further calculations of
shape 2 a radii ratio ri/ra of 0.9 was set. That allows us to
use a simple equation for the limiting circumferential stress
for thin rims (Feldhusen, 2001):

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(3)


With shape factor  and maximum stress  . Table 1
shows different shapes with related shape factor. An
optimal design for a flywheel made of metal would be a
Laval disc with rim since the shape factor is   0.8 
0.95. This shape combines a high energy density and high
energy content due to the momentum of inertia that the rim
at the outer diameter causes.

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Table 1: Shape factor  of possible fylwheel shapes

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Energy Harvesting and Systems

9    

With
:   for thin rings the energy density
calculates to
;<=


( > ?>


(6)

(7)

Scaling of two flywheel concepts

To see how downscaling affects the energy content and the
rotational velocity two concepts are set; a ring and a disc
geometry. (See Figure 2)

Energy Harvesting and Systems

Energy Harvesting and Systems

Scaled parameters:
Ring:
A  1.5  30 
3(B  A
A  0.9 A
Disc:
.(B  ."#$
(B  "#$

C)  D10 3(B /    1 G)  1.9  37 

E

H"#$  0.1C)

vacuum: 1*10-4 mbar

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Figure 2: schematic shape 1-ring and shape 2-disc

The specific energy densities are shown in Table 2. As can
be seen the energy density of the isotropic material is
highest at disc shape due to the increase of the shape factor
K. The orthotropic materials show higher absolute energy
densitys since the strain to density ratio is higher. Energy
densities for composite materials in disc shapes are not
examined. The radial stress would be dominating in this
shape and only be taken by the resin that shows very low
strength.
Energy density
IJ K,M
O
density
[Wh/kg]
Material
3
N [kg/ m ] P
[MPa]
ring
disc
30000
1400
2693
CNT
3040
1500
254
T1000
1860
1500
156
T300
Titanium
1100
4430
32.3
70.65
TiAl6V4
Steel
1400
7430
24.5
53.6
1.7108
Aluminum
400
2700
19.3
42.1
AW-7075
1920
19300
12.9
28.3
Wolfram
Table 2: energy densities of different flywheel materials at
disc and ring shape (Torayca) (Torayca)

Figure 3: resulting rot. velocity n of flywheel vs. diameter

With eq. (1):


 
 (1)


the energy content of the flywheel mass is calculated at

maximum rototational velocity (see Figure 4). The highest
energy content can be achieved with CNT in a ring shape.
Since the volume between ring and disc shape is the same,
these CNTs also show the best energy content-to-volume
ratio.Wolfram shows the second highest energy content but
only at disc shape. Steel at disc shape and the T1000
composite ring show equivalent energy contents. The least
favourable material are titanium and aluminum when it
comes to energy density regarding the volume since these
materials are to light to reach adecuate values.

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Page 4 of 9

Figure 3 shows the maximum resulting rotational velocity

of the different flywheel materials at the different shapes.
Since the composite materials are lighter with higher
strength the rotational velocity is generally higher than for
metal flywheels. Due to the better stress distribution the
metals show higher rot. vel. with disc shape.

Energy Harvesting and Systems

Page 5 of 9

TUa  _\  b  c  Ad

 D

f

D

e

[\  c
gh

 Ad

(12)

This leads to the total gas friction losses with the rotational
velocity to
i\#  _\  .

(13)

with an area of circle as

j

"#$

(l

&m(

'

2 R
(14)
2 )

e

 Ad  j j  AkA3


 223 )

(15)

The gas friction losses i\# for a solid disc is

e o

i\#,"#$  D
p

qh

[\  ) n / ) 0 231 (16)

and for thin ring

e o

i\#,"#$  D

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Figure 4: Energy content disc shape (top) and ring shape

(bottom)

[ 
 pq h \

W

(9)
4
molecules per time unit hit a specific rotor surface, whereas
z

Z
[\

(10)
. ]^ _
is equal to the density of molecules at pressure [\ .  the
average molecule velocity derivates from the Maxwell
equation:
W 

(11)

Thus, the transferred angular momentum of inertia due to

molecule impacts is

) u

Figure 4 shows the half-time-period vB# due to gas friction

i\# that can be written as
vB#  ln/21


i\#

(18)

and demonstrates the timeperiod for the rotor to lose half of

its kinetic energy content. Flywheels of disc shapes show
1.8 times longer half-time-periods than ring shapes, due to
is bigger surface. The air friction has also high effects on
materials with lower density since they spin faster. Since air
friction increases proportional to the 4th degree of the
flywheel radius i\# ~ R, the energy content increases
proportional to the 5th degree
 ~ z . Hence, the halftime-period increases linear with a bigger rotor radius. The
rotational velocity has no influence on vB# , since i\# and

 both increase with square velocity. The density is a
specific value for each material and only influences the
energy content. For this reason, the half-time-periods vB#
for heavy materials increase by the factor of the density
relation. Thus, vB# for wolfram rotors is 2.6 times higher

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UT
UUU     with molecule mass  (8)
on average

23/ n 0 n 1 (17)

M: molar mass
C\ : molar gas constant
T: temperature
p: pressure
h: flywheel height

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When a molecule hits the spinning rotor it transfers it

momentum:

with r  Zs  and C\  Zs ]^  8,3145

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Air friction
Smaller flywheels have a worse relation between mass
(correlating to stored energy) and surface (correlated to gas
friction), and hence, the gas friction effect increases. The
gas friction (Pgas) can be calculated (Kolk, 1997) assuming
molecule to housing impacts only and no molecule to
molecule impacts that would cause a viscose fluid. Since a
micro-FESS would run in a highly evacuated vacuum with
a rest pressure of at least 1 10QR mbar the assumption of
molecule to housing impacts would be valid up to a
flywheel to housing distance of 1m.

8]^ _
  `
2

e

 Ad  j j  AkA 

and the lateral area as

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Energy Harvesting and Systems

than vB# for steel rotors due to

Energy Harvesting and Systems

{|}~lf
{~

 2.6.

Energy Harvesting and Systems

Air coil motors are free from hysteresis iron losses but eddy
current losses occur in the copper windings. The eddy
currents are mainly related to the rotational velocity, the
mass of the copper winding and the diameter of the copper
wire (See
(19)) (Wrede, 1998):
im"" 

R

   . (19)

: electrical conductivity
: angular velocity
: magnet poles
b: copper wire diameter
: magnetic flux density
V: copper volume

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Figure 5: Energy content disc shape (top) and ring shape

(bottom)

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Motor/Generator types for micro-FESS

Although there are plenty of different motor/generator types
used in FESS applications, only a few can be considered as
feasible and efficient for Micro-FESS. Separately exited
motor/generator is ineligible since a separate power source
for the excitation would be required.

The Halbach array bundles the flux and thus consists of

minimum possible magnet poles  2. In (Bernard T.
Merritt, 1994) it was shown that a 2-pole Halbach array air
coil motor/generator reaches a discharging efficiency of
more than 98% for a 23kW motor. Wires and magnets
could be scaled down to reaches similar efficiency but the
air gap between rotor and coils could be scaled in the same
way since manufacturing reaches a limit in tolerance. Thus,
the motor efficiency highly depends on the smallest
realizable air gap. A smaller disc motor with 5.15 kW max.
power reaches 95% efficiency and a power density of 8100
W/kg (200). Faulhaber DC micro motors (A 
10 ; 3  16 ) show efficiencies about 69 % and
energy densities of 91 W/kg without Halbach array but iron
less (Faulhaber, 27th of Mar. 2013). This demonstrates that
small scaled motors loose efficiency and power density.
As rotational velocity increases in small FESSs it is
necessary to wires with small diameters to reduce eddy
current losses. As shown in (Kratt, 2010), insulated gold
wires of 25 m diameter viable for stator coil have been
wound as spools (see Figure 7).

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Hence, permanent magnet excited motor/generator concepts

would be suitable as they dont need an external power
supply and can easily be controlled. This motor type
normally contains iron in the stator winding to lead the
magnetic flux towards the permanent magnets and thus
increase the efficiency. Nevertheless, it is problematic that
that the iron cause hysteric losses and thereby decreases the
efficiency of the Micro-FESS. Studies have shown that
ironless air coil stators in combination with a magnetic
Halbach array can reach equal and higher efficiencies
because the assembly of the magnet concentrates the
magnetic field into one direction. Thus, no iron core is
needed to lead the magnetic flux through the stator coil.

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Page 6 of 9

Top view

Plain view

Figure 7: micro spool with 25 m thin insolated gold wire

wound to a SU-8 photoresist-cylinder. Cylinder diameter
and height:1 mm and 650 m (Kratt, 2010)

Figure 6: Magnetic flux in a Halbach Array(left); aircoil

motor with Halbach array scheme (right) (Bernard T.
Merritt, 1994)

This wire could be used to build an air spool that is located

in the inside of the ring rotor with shape 2. The permanent
magnets would be placed at the inside of the flywheel rotor
as a Halbach array for excitation.
The same type of motor could be realized with a flat shape
as a motor for the shape 1 Laval rotor. A research group in
Korea developed a flat micro motor with a sputtered gold

Energy Harvesting and Systems

Page 7 of 9

spool that was already used to operate a flywheel mass (Jieun Yi, 2007).

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Figure 8: top: stator with 5 windings and contacts. The
height and width of the gold conducting wire is 50 m and
100 m; bottom: concept of flat motor (a), resulting
Lorentz force (b) und and resulting torque on the rotor
magnets (c)

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This motor with its four pole pairs accelerated a 63.2 gram
flywheel to a speed of 52,000 rpm at a voltage of 12 V and
a power of 8 W. The energy stored in this micro-FESS was
337 Joule (93.6 mWh).
Motor losses

 25 m wire diameter

 0.3 _: magnetic flux density

With  

l~

fl

 and . 


.
 ()&)(,"#$



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 44 10  electrical conductivity for gold

 depend on the flywheel material and the flywheel size
 2 magnet poles for a Halbach array

.
 ()&)(,"#$

As can be seen in Figure 9, the half-time-period due to eddy

current losses vm"" increases quadratically with bigger
flywheel dimensions due to the radius relation im"" ~ n
and
 ~ z . Thus, the minimum size of the flywheel
depends on the required half-time-period of the battery.
Wolfram and CNT show the longest half time period vm"" .
Aluminum can be considered as the least favorable material
when it comes to motor losses.

On

An estimation of the motor losses im"" in regard to eq.

(19) was done in MATLAB. Following
parameters were set:

.

torque, maximum voltage, time to accelerate the flywheel,

power and rotational velocity of the flywheel. Therefore a
general ratio of coil volume to flywheel volume was taken
from the actual design from (Ji-eun Yi, 2007).
Due to the aluminum construction of the rotor, the
maximum rotational velocity for an aluminum rotor was set
as 1. To keep the voltage constant, the number of windings
of the coils reduces with increasing rotational velocities.
Hence, flywheels with higher rpms need lees copper to
operate due to less number windings. This is why, the
correction factor calculates as a ratio of max. velocity of the
aluminum rotor to the maximum velocity of the other
materials. To get equal values for disc and rim shapes, the
correction factor for the ring was multiplied with the ratio
of momentum of inertia from aluminum to the other
materials.
Table 3 shows the values that were set as a correction factor
for the different flywheel materials.
Wolfram:
1.22
Aluminum:
1
Stahl:
0.887
Titan:
0.77
T300:
0.54
T1000:
0.42
CNT:
0.13
Table 3: correction factor 

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Energy Harvesting and Systems

t<f

t<

As the conductor a gold wire was chosen as shown in

Figure 7. A Halbach array with  2 magnet poles was
assumed to have a magnetic flux density  0.3 _. The
flux density at the surface of a neodymium magnet is about
0.3 T. Hence, the magnetic flux in the coil would be less.
Nevertheless, this value should be taken into account for a
conservative calculation. The volume of the coil is hard to
calculate since it depends on too many parameters like

Figure 9: Half-time-period due to eddy current losses for

different flywheel materials
Bearings
Depending on the size, the speed and the place of the microFESS different bearing types can be considered. Active
magnetic bearings combined with permanent magnets can
support a flywheel rotor in moving environment with
shocks and vibrations. This bearing type causes no friction
but needs an external power supply and a controller unit to

Energy Harvesting and Systems

Energy Harvesting and Systems

operate. This can be problematic with wireless sensor actor

networks.
Passive bearings as electro-dynamic bearings can be used as
introduced in (Jan Sandtner, 2004) to avoid external
controller and power unit. These magnetic bearings, using
magnets rotating between copper wire coils, generate eddy
currents at a certain rotational velocity. Thus, a reactive
magnetic force lifts and stabilizes the flywheel without any
additional controlling device. Losses are only generated
when rotor is displaced in case of external shocks or
vibrations. In combination with permanent magnets, an
efficient, long-living and high speed micro-FESS could be
installed in applications with few vibrations and shocks. An
illustration where a 1.3 kg rotor levitates at frequencies
from 4,800 rpm onwards, with 0.8 W lifting power, is given
in (Jan Sandtner, 2004). Since the electro dynamic bearing
starts working at a certain speed, touchdown bearings that
only operate on low speeds, like ceramic roller bearings or
jewel bearings, can be operationalized.
For speeds up to 500,000 rpm miniature ceramic roller
bearings can be applied to support the rotor in environments
with vibration and shocks.
Due to the variety of bearings and the different environment
influences on the bearing efficiency, no bearing loss
calculation was estimated. However, it can be said that
roller bearings would be efficient for low speed microFESS with high density materials since friction increases
cubical with the speed i() m( m(B ~n . The higher the
speed and the lower the material density the more efficient
are electro dynamic bearings since they just generate power
due to the lift force once and at rotor displacements.

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of 10 mm show less efficiency (69%) and less power

densities (90 W/kg).
Outlook
If techniques are developed to produce carbon nanotubes in
a cost efficient manner and in larger filaments, they will
increase energy density by a factor of 10 compared to actual
FESSs. High life expectation, fast charge and discharge
and cheap mass production could help FESSs to be used as
energy storage devices of the future, like in cases of power
backup, fast acting energy harvesting applications and
mobile applications for wireless sensor actor networks.
References

M.-F. Yu et al. Tensile Loading of Ropes of Single Wall

Carbon Nanotubes and their Mechanical Properties
[Artikel] // The American Physical Society. - USA : [s.n.],
2000. - 84. - S. 5552-5555. - 24.
Bernard T. Merritt Robert F. Post, Gary R. Dreifuerst,
Donald A. Bender Halbach Array Motor/Generators - A
Novel Generalized Electric Machine [Buch]. - Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory, USA : Department of
Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 1994.
Faulhaber DC-Micromotor Series 0816...SR. - 27th of
Mar. 2013.
Feldhusen K.-H. Grote and J. DUBBEL-Taschenbuch fr
den Maschinenbau [Buchabschnitt]. - 2001. - Bd. 23.
Ghoniem Ahmed F. Needs, resources and climate change:
Clean and efficient conversion technologies [Artikel] //
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Rm. 3342, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States : Progress in
Energy and Combustion Science, 10. Februar 2011. - Bd.
37. - S. 15-51.

ew

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Using thin gold wires as motor coils eddy current losses can
be reduced to a tolerable amount. The efficiency decreases
with smaller dimensions of the flywheel. Realized Halbach
array at kW size motors have shown efficiencies of more
than 90 % and specific power densities of more than 8000
W/kg. Commercially available small motors with diameter

H. Bleuler J. Sandtner, Y.-J. Regamey and F. Barrot

Passive Magnetic Bearing for Flywheels [Artikel]. - 2005.

ly

Conclusion
Two types of flywheel shapes for Micro-FESS have been
investigated concerning energy density, material selection,
energy content, air friction and Motor losses of a BLDC
motor/generator. It was shown that isotropic materials as
metals could be designed as flat disc in Laval shape with
outer rim. Due to the high density wolfram shows the best
results when it comes to minimize standby-losses and if
high energy content to volume ratio is required. Titanium
shows the best mass related energy density ratio of the
examined metals. Fiber reinforces plastics reach high
weight specific energy densities since an optimal ring
design can be selected. Energy densities of 2 to 3 times
higher than Titanium can be achieved with standard carbon
fibers like T300 and T1000. Future application that use a
wound CNT ring as a flywheel shows up to 10 times higher
energy content than T1000 carbon fibers but requires an
ultra-high vacuum environment for an efficient run.

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http://www.itadministrator.de/themen/netzwerkinfrastruktur/fachartikel/1
23069.html [Online].
HU Yong-Sheng Porous Carbon Electrode With
Conductive Polymer Coating [Patent] : WO/2007/137794 /
bers. GUO Yu-Guo und FAN Lizhen. - Mnchen, 2007.
Jan Sandtner Hannes Bleuler Electrodynamic Passive
Magnetic Bearing with Planar Halbach Arrays [Artikel] //
Ninth International Symposium on Magnetic Bearings. - 36. Aug. 2004.
Ji-eun Yi Kang Won Lee, Bongsu Kim Micro Flywheel
Energy Storage System with Axial Flux Machine
[Artikel] // IEEE. - Zrich : IEEE, 4-7. Sept. 2007. - S. 1-6.
Kolk Micheal Ein Schwungrad-Energiespeicher mit
permanentmagnetischer Lagerung [Bericht]. - Jlich :
Forschungszentrum Jlich, 1997.

Energy Harvesting and Systems

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Page 9 of 9

Kratt Kai Microcoils manufactured with a wire bonder

[Buch]. - Freiburg : Albert-Ludwigs-Universitt Freiburg,
2010.
LaunchPoint
Technologies
Inc.
[Online]. LAUNCHPOINT,
200. http://www.launchpnt.com/portfolio/transportation/halbachelectric-motor/.
S. Y. Yoo H.C. Lee Optimal Design of Micro Flywheel
Energy Storage System [Artikel] // International Conference
on Control, Automation and Systems. - Seoul, Korea :
[s.n.], Oct. 2008 in COEX. - S. 14-1.
Torayca T1000 Data Sheet.
Torayca T300 Data Sheet.
Wrede Christoph Schwungmassen-Energiespeicher mit
integrierten Funktionselementen [Buch]. - Braunschweig :
[s.n.], 1998. - Diss..

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Energy Harvesting and Systems