You are on page 1of 14

HYDRAULICS DEPARTMENT

NAME: SAMSON, Mark Aris C.


SUBJECT/SECTION: CE140-0P/B2

COURSE/YEAR: CE-3
STUDENT NO.: 200948005

GROUP NO.: 05

SEAT NO.: _________

FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE


TITLE

Date Performed:
Date Submitted:

August 13, 2012


August 23, 2012

GRADE
Submitted to:
Engr. John Paul Carreon
INSTRUCTOR

HYDRAULICS DEPARTMENT
Name: SAMSON, Mark Aris C.
Subject & Section: CE140-0P/B2

Date Performed: August 13, 2012


Date Submitted: August 23, 2012

EXPERIMENT NO. 5
FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the coefficient of discharge, velocity and contraction of a small
orifice.

EQUIPMENT:
Hydraulics Bench
Flow through an Orifice Apparatus
Stopwatch
Water inlet

Difuser
Manometer

Constant head
overflow
Orifice
Tapping
Pitot tube

To sump tank

To volumetric tank

DERIVATION:
From the application of Bernoulli's Equation (conservation of mechanical energy
for a steady, incompressible, frictionless flow):
The ideal orifice outflow velocity at the jet vena contracta (narrowest diameter) is
Vi =
where h is the height of fluid above the orifice.
The actual velocity is
V= Cv
Cv is the coefficient of velocity, which allows for the effects of viscosity and,
therefore Cv < 1
For the pitot tube hc=

hence

CV =

,ie. V=

The actual flow rate of the jet is defined as:


Qt = Acv
where Ac is the cross-sectional area of the vena contracta, given by:
Ac =CcAo

where
Ao is the orifice area and Cc is the coefficient of contraction and, therefore,
Cc < 1
Hence

Qt =CcAoCv
The product CcCv is called the discharge coefficient, Cd, so finally
Qt = CdAO
If Cd is assumed to be constant, then a graph of Qt plotted against will be
linear and the slope, S= CdA0

PROCEDURE:
(EQUIPMENT SET-UP)
1. Position the apparatus across the channel on top of the hydraulic bench
and level it using adjustable feet and the spirit level on the base. Connect
the flexible inlet pipe to the hydraulic bench snap connector in the top
channel. Place the end of the overflow tube directly into the hydraulics
bench overflow (located in the side wall of the volumetric tank), and adjust
the inlet pipe to the approximate level of head required for the experiment.
2. Remove the orifice plate from the recess in the cylinder base; by releasing
the two screws (take care not to lose t e O ring seal). Check the orifice
profile.
3. Replace the required orifice. The sharp-edged orifice (if used) should be
installed with the sharp edge uppermost.
4. Turn on the pup and open the bench valve gradually. As the water level
rises in the reservoir towards the top of the overflow tube, adjust the
bench valve to give a water level of 2 to 3 mm above the overflow level,
with the end of the inlet tube fully submerged. This will ensure a constant
head and produce a steady flow through the orifice.
(TAKING A SET OF RESULTS)
In the first part of the experiment, adjust the overflow pipe and inlet pipe
as described above, to obtain a constant head height.
DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
To measure Cd, the discharge is obtained by collection of a known
quantity of water from the orifice in the volumetric tank, and recording the
value of the head ho on the orifice.

DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF VELOCITY


To measure Cv, the Pitot tube is inserted into the emerging jet close to the
underside of the tank, and the values of the Pitot head h c and head ho on
the orifice are noted.

DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF CONTRACTION (SHARPEDGED ORIGICE)


This should be done using the sharp-edged orifice, as there is likely to be
insufficient contraction to obtain a reliable value for the other orifices.
1. Measure Cc, it is necessary to find the diameter of the jet at the
vena contrata. This is done by utilizing the fine wire attached to the
head of the Pitot tube, the plane of the wire being normal to the
direction of the transverse tube. The wire is brought to each edge of
the jet in turn, just below the tank, and the position of the tube as
read on the lead screws and graduated nut read in each case. The
difference of the readings represents the diameter of the jet.
2. Te second part of the experiment the inflow to the tank is reduced
to lower the level in the tank in stages, the discharge from the
orifice being measured at each stage. Care should be taken to
allow the level to settle to a steady value after the inflow to the tank
has been changed, and it is advisable to read this level several
times while the discharge is being collected and to record the mean
value over the timed interval. About eight different flow rates should
be sufficient to establish the relationship between discharge and
head on the orifice.
APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLE:
1. Is it justifiable to assume that Cd is a constant over the range of steady
flows tested?
2. Why are the Cd values significantly less than 1.00?
3. Comparing Cd values for the steady and the falling head tests, which value
is likely to be more reliable?

SAMPLE COMPUTATION:

Theoretical Flow Rate (

Volume collected= .0005m3


Time = 17.3 s

Coefficient of Velocity, (Cv):


Pitot head= 0.275 m
Orifice head = 0. 365 m

Coefficient of Contraction (CC):


Vena contrata diameter= 0.0111 m
Orifice diameter = 0.01349 m

Coefficient of Discharge (Cd/k):

Percentage Difference:
|

ILLUSTRATION:

Water inlet

Difuser
Manometer

Constant head
overflow
Orifice
Tapping
Pitot tube

To sump tank

To volumetric tank

QUESTION AND ANSWER:

1. Is it justifiable to assume that Cd is a constant over the range of steady


flows tested?
Co-efficient of discharge is a property of the orifice, and not the
fluid. It depends on the orifice pattern and the pressure difference
on both sides. Besides, it is a factor introduced because ideal fluids
don't exist, ie, they are always viscous to an extent and perfectly
laminar flow cannot be achieved. Thus, I'm guessing coefficient of
discharge can be assumed same even when you turn the inlet
valve to vary the flow rate.
2. Why are the Cd values significantly less than 1.00?
Cd is the ratio of the actual discharge to the ideal discharge,
assuming unit coefficients of contraction and velocity, equal to the
product of these coefficients

3. Comparing Cd values for the steady and the falling head tests, which value
is likely to be more reliable?
Steady flow is recommended for coarse-grained soils. Steady total
head drop is measured across gauge length L, as water flows
through a sample of cross-section area A while falling head tests is
Recommended for fine-grained soils. Total head h in standpipe of
area a is allowed to fall; heads h1 and h2 are measured at times
t1 and t2. Hydraulic gradient varies with time.

ANALYSIS:

In this experiment the group initially assessed the diameters, orifice and
vena contranta, and the pressure heads of orifice and pitot head. This
data are significant in the computation of Coefficient of discharge, velocity
and contraction. To assess for the vena contrata which is defined as the
portion after the orifice wherein the streamlines are parallel and has
uniform velocity and pressure. The heads (orifice and Pitot) are indicated
in the manometer. It can be evaluated easily by taking the measures at
eye-level to prevent erroneous data.
The diameters will be used to calculate the coefficient of contraction (C c)
which is the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the first vena contracta to
the area of the discharge opening. Cc can be use to solve the actual area
of the jet which is the vena contrata. Another important element in this
experiment is the Coefficient of Velocity, which is obtained by taking the
ratio of the square-root of the pitot head and the orifice head. The shape
of the orifice is sharp to minimize frictional losses by minimizing the
contact between the orifice and the fluid, the only contact is the very edge
of the opening. Coefficient of discharge (Cd) is the product of the Cv and
Cc.

CONCLUSION:

To be able to compute for the coefficient of discharge it is necessary find


out first the coefficient of contraction and coefficient of velocity. This is
done by taking the necessary data: diameter of the orifice and vena
contrata for coefficient of contraction, orifice and Pitot head for coefficient
of velocity. Cv and Cc are both ratio, while Cd is the product of Cv and Cc.
Cc can also be a factor to solve for the actual area of the jet or the cross
sectional area of the vena contrata. In this experiment the edge of the
orifice is sharpened so that the flow is frictionless, because in this
experiment we assume that the friction does not affect the flow of the fluid.
The part that needs particular attention in this experiment is taking the
diameter of the vena contrata and the manometer reading. To get an
accurate result in getting the diameter of the vena contrata, it is
recommended that the one maneuvering the knob which controls the head
of the Pitot tube should pay particular attention on the movement of the
fine wire to get an accurate result. Another is the manometer must be read
at eye level.

APPLICATION:

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the flow through circular orifice by using computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) with various turbulence modeling. Effects of orifice diameter
ratios (d/D = 0.5, 0.6, and 0.8) on flow field characteristics is extensively
investigated. To study the influence of turbulence model on the predicted results,
the standard k- turbulence model was employed to compare with the Reynolds
Stress Model, RSM. From calculation results, it can be found that the calculated
solutions are in good agreement with experimental data [1] which the RSM leads
to perform better that those found that the standard k- turbulence model.
Moreover, influence of the orifice diameter ratio on physical flow is also reported.
INTRODUCTION:
Uncertainty in orifice metering accuracy is estimated to account for mischarges
on order of 250 million Dollars annually in the natural gas industry. Consequently,
attempts are now being made to improve the accuracy of existing orifice metering
facilities. Most prior efforts toward this end have concentrated on determination
of discharge coefficients [1]. The orifice meter is a device commonly used for
measuring fluid flow in industrial processes such as metering flow in the natural
gas industry. The popularity of the orifice meter can be attributed primarily to its
simplicity, relatively low cost and little maintenance requirements in comparison
with other fluid meters. The orifice plate becomes the essential part of a fluid flow
meter when installed in a pipe such that the fluid stream must negotiate the
constriction. By far the most common orifice plate installation is that of the
concentric round orifice plate. In this type of arrangement the orifice is round and
the plate is mounted between pipe flanges. The plate is positioned perpendicular
to a fully developed pipe flow while at the same time the circular orifice is
concentric with respect to the (circular) pipe interior. Other types of orifice plate
exist, such as square orifices, series and non-concentric. Also, the inner edge of
the orifice is machined in one of several different ways. Some orifice plates are
square edged while others are rounded and beveled. This study is concerned
with the concentric, round, beveled orifice plate. Most of the work thus far on
orifice meters has focused almost entirely on the determination of discharge
coefficients. There have been a handful of attempts to study in detail the flow
field in the vicinity of the orifice plate. It is believed that knowledge concerning
details of the orifice flow field will lead the way to improvements in metering
accuracy [1]. These improvements could come via improved determination and
prediction of discharge coefficients. This research paper deals with the simulation
of turbulent flow through an orifice plate with a view to increasing the knowledge
of orifice meter flow. The mathematical model including the k- turbulence model
and the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM), and other computational details is

described. Comparisons of the calculated gas axial velocity with 3D LDV


measured data [1] are made to evaluate the turbulence models used. Finally,
influence of orifice diameter ratio is also studies.

REFERENCES:
Ridluan, Artit. Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Flow through a Circular
Orifice. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering.
Mahanakorn University of Technology

You might also like