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1) Give or research the complete details of CSR evolution from the period 1800 down to

year 2000 highlighting the issues like mazimization of profits, philanthropy, regulation
and theories of responsibility.
Evolution of CSR
Throughout history corporations have been able to generate an abundance of wealth for its
stockholders. Since the inception of the first modern corporation the idea of giving back to
society has been an issue. Corporate Social Responsibility began as a form of paternalistic
philanthrophy in the early 18th century and by the early 20th century has develped into
necessary year round contributions. It is virtuall impossible to speak of the development of the
modern CSR movement and not discuss the development of the corporation, because the
development of the corporation was instrumental in the development of the modern CSR
movement.
18TH century
Corporate Social Responsibility began as a form of paternalistic philanthropy in the early 18th
century. Profit Maximization is the traditional standard in extreme capitalist systems which is
also called the profit ethic. During the 18th century the industrial revolution called for
accelerated economic development. It requires more machines, more tools and greater
production to maximize the earnings of the business.
Stephen Girard is a philanthrophist in the 1 8th century. Stephen Girard amassed enormous
wealth as a merchant and banker; if his wealth is viewed as a percentage of GDP, he was one of
the five richest men in American history. That fortune was dedicated to an extensive program
of philanthropy. Girard was the patron of a variety of charitable causes in his adopted home of
Philadelphia, most notably offering comfort to the sick, at real personal risk, during the citys
yellow fever outbreaks.
In the 18th century the United States Supreme Court established a protective regulation for
corporation as a fictitious being .This new ruling not only allowed corporations to be protected
under the Constitution but also limited states from enforcing restrictions on firms that did not
act in the public good.
Companies in the 18th century had voiced a strong commitment to corporate social
responsibility. The laissez-faire frameworkwith its assumption that honesty, integrity, and
value for the money are part of ordinary business practicehas proven impotent to halt or
slow the scandals. And CSR hasnt done much better. Many of its corporate have found
themselves enmeshed in scandals.

19th century
Maximizing corporate profit, as an idea, seems straightforward, simple and obvious. In the late
19th century, the economic philosopher W. H. Mallock stressed that the maximization of profits
rested on the proper exploitation of knowledge. Maximization of corporate profits means in
this case that the most entrepreneurial, innovative and inventive segment of society has used
labor and resources to create wealth.
One of the captains of industry of 19th century America, Andrew Carnegie helped build the
formidable American steel industry. Later in his life, Carnegie sold his steel business and
systematically gave his collected fortune away to cultural, educational and scientific institutions
for "the improvement of mankind."
In 19th century John Rockefeller engage in CSR through charitable giving and corporate
foundations. The philosophy here is one of giving back or, as the famous philanthropist John D.
Rockefeller said, Get rich then get generous. He systematically gave away $550 million over
his lifetime.
Early populist have shown themselves to be against most policies in favor of CSR, health care
reform, or those dealing with climate change. There needs to be some grassroots consciousness
raising efforts in order to help the broader population better understand full breadth of CSR
and the issues related to sustainable development.
In the 19th century an energetic "corporate social responsibility" (CSR) movement has emerged.
The progressive reforms although the movement has been much more noticeable in Europe, it
has begun to attract attention in the United States as well. "CSR" is premised on the notion that
the responsibility of a corporation extends beyond providing financial returns to its
shareholders.
Social regulation in the 19th century involve roles among corporate stakeholders that works to
collectively pressure corporations that are changing. Shareholders and investors themselves,
through social regulation are exerting pressure on corporations to behave responsibly. The
extension of social regulations in corporations include an element of ethical investment into
their corporate agendas generates socially embedded issues.

In the 19th century many individuals believed in and practiced a philosophy that came to be
called "Social Darwinism," which, in simple form, is the idea that the principles of natural
selection and survival of the fittest are applicable to business and social policy. This type of
philosophy justified cutthroat, even brutal, competitive strategies and did not allow for much
concern about the impact of the successful corporation on employees, the community, or the
larger society. Thus, although many of the great tycoons of the late nineteenth century were
among the greatest philanthropists of all time, their giving was done as individuals, not as
representatives of their companies.
The concept of trusteeship balance service originates when the capitalists wanted to act as
trustees (not owners) of their property and conduct themselves in a socially responsible way.
During the 19th century land mark rulings and new labor laws created the need for collective
bargaining between managers and employees. Out of this the first trade unions developd and
the pushed for progressive legislation corporate regulation of standard business practices.
These actions were the catalyst for the modern CSR movement. As corporation were granted
moe autonomy, more rights, and less liabilitythe need for corporate governance was greater
than ever.

20th century
The currrent wave of CSR may uniquely motivate the profit maximization in the present.
According to some authors CSR is not a free lunch and may entail significant extra costs for the
firm. The motivation from CSR starts from the reaction of prot maximizing rms to the entry of
non prot competitors in the market. Today, the concept of Corporate Social Responsibilities
(CSR) draws much more public attention. Social responsibility goes beyond profit making and
social obligation. CSR is a business intention focusing on minimizing the harmful effects and
maximizing the benefit for the society.
Nowadays, corporate foundations provide support to nonprofits through direct-giving
programs, private foundations, and/or public charities. Corporate giving, regardless of its form,
is closely tied to the corporation's business interests. Thus, their programs often are designed
to benefit employees, their families, or communities where the company conducts business.
The CSR in the 20th century was expanding rapidly, gaining legitimacy as a development actor
and seeking new areas of engagement. The rise of civil regulation, involving myriad forms of
confrontation and collaboration between civil society organisations (CSOs) and business,
reected broader changes that were occurring in global governance, where rule making and
implementation, and the exercise of power, have become more diffused and multi-layered.
At present CSR become an important part of the world and now it goes globally. Corporations
all over the world take responsibility for contributing while not becoming a barrier to
sustainable social, environmental and economic development.

2) What is the very significance of impact of the personalities like Girard, Carnegie and
Rockefelerr in the development of CSR.
Stephen Girard has been called the father of philanthropy. Girard's humanitarianism became
apparent early in his career. During the French Revolution he had provided valuable assistance
to French refugees, and when a yellow fever epidemic hit Philadelphia in 1793, he not only
helped care for the sick but also worked to clean up the conditions that had created the
epidemic. Girard's will clearly indicated his philanthropy: the bulk of his estate, over $6 million,
went to the city of Philadelphia in the form of a trust fund to be used for educating poor, white
orphan boys. As a result, Girard College was founded.
Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919), came to America from Scotland, founded the U.S. steel
industry, and coined the phrase "corporate responsibility." In his view, industrialists had an
obligation of stewardship in which the rich hold money in trust for the rest of society, and were
responsible to use wealth to improve social welfare. Andrew Carnegie gave $350 million over
his lifetime to causes that would elevate the culture of a society.
Charitable giving and corporate foundations are a common way companies engage in CSR. The
philosophy here is one of giving back or, as the famous philanthropist John D. Rockefeller said,
Get rich then get generous. John D. Rockefeller systematically gave away $550 million over
his lifetime. John D. Rockefeller the founder of Standard Oil Company started to distribute
dimes to children on the street on the advice from a public relation expert. He thought that this
gesture would help to counteract his bad reputation of being a ruthless monopolist who
eliminated his competition in the oil industry. John Rockefeller was implementing an example
of Corporate Social Responsibility.

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