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CHAPTER

12

SUMMARY

Density and pressure: Density is mass per unit volume.


If a mass m of homogeneous material has volume V, its
density r is the ratio m>V. Specic gravity is the ratio of
the density of a material to the density of water. (See
Example 12.1.)
Pressure is normal force per unit area. Pascals law
states that pressure applied to an enclosed uid is transmitted undiminished to every portion of the uid.
Absolute pressure is the total pressure in a uid; gauge
pressure is the difference between absolute pressure and
atmospheric pressure. The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa): 1 Pa = 1 N>m2. (See Example 12.2.)
Pressures in a uid at rest: The pressure difference
between points 1 and 2 in a static uid of uniform density r (an incompressible uid) is proportional to the
difference between the elevations y1 and y2 . If the pressure at the surface of an incompressible liquid at rest is
p0 , then the pressure at a depth h is greater by an
amount rgh. (See Examples 12.3 and 12.4.)

m
V
dF
p =
dA
r =

(12.1)
(12.2)

dF

392

dF

dA

Equal normal forces exerted on


both sides by surrounding fluid

p2 - p1 = - rg1y2 - y12
(pressure in a uid
of uniform density)

(12.5)

p = p0 + rgh
(pressure in a uid
of uniform density)

(12.6)

Fluid, density r
p2 5 p0

Buoyancy: Archimedess principle states that when a


body is immersed in a uid, the uid exerts an upward
buoyant force on the body equal to the weight of the
uid that the body displaces. (See Example 12.5.)

Fluid ow: An ideal uid is incompressible and has no


viscosity (no internal friction). A ow line is the path of
a uid particle; a streamline is a curve tangent at each
point to the velocity vector at that point. A ow tube is a
tube bounded at its sides by ow lines. In laminar ow,
layers of uid slide smoothly past each other. In turbulent ow, there is great disorder and a constantly changing ow pattern.
Conservation of mass in an incompressible uid is
expressed by the continuity equation, which relates the
ow speeds v1 and v2 for two cross sections A1 and A2
in a ow tube. The product Av equals the volume ow
rate, dV>dt, the rate at which volume crosses a section
of the tube. (See Example 12.6.)
Bernoullis equation relates the pressure p, ow speed
v, and elevation y for any two points, assuming steady
ow in an ideal uid. (See Examples 12.712.10.)

Small area dA within fluid at rest

2
y2 2 y1 5 h
p1 5 p
y2
1 y1

dF'

B
wbody

A1 v1 = A2 v2
(continuity equation,
incompressible uid)

(12.10)

cg

Fluid element
replaced with
solid body of
the same size
and shape

v2
d p2A2
c
dV
A2
ds2

dV
= Av
dt
(volume ow rate)

(12.11)

p1 + rgy1 + 12 rv12 = p2 + rgy2 + 12 rv22


(Bernoullis equation)

(12.17)

Flow
v1 b
y2
a
dV
A
p1A1 1
ds1
y1

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