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Orthographic Projections
Lecture 3

Introduction - Projections

One is often interested in conveying the general appearance of an object or to

depict the object so that its dimensions can be easily derived

To do this one represents the object on a two-dimensional display surface

These methods of representation as well as the representations themselves are

called as projections

The projections are produced by mapping every point on the object onto a plane

The type of mapping of a point onto to plane determines the type of projection

The type of the projection required is influenced by the purpose of the

representation

Planar Geometric Projections and Viewing Transformations, 1978, I. Carlbom and J. Paciorek,
Computing Surveys, 10(4), 465-502

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Types of Projections
Projection

Planar Geometric Projection

Map Projection
Perspective
One Point

Two Point

Parallel

Three Point
Cavalier

Oblique

Orthographic

Cabinet
Multiview

Axonometric
(single view)
Isometric

Dimetric

Trimetric
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Multiview Orthographic Projections

Planar Geometric Projection: This is obtained by passing straight lines called

projectors through each point of the object and then finding the image formed by
the intersection of these projectors with the plane of projection

Parallel Projection: The projectors are parallel to each other

Orthographic Projection: The projectors are perpendicular to the projection

plane

Multiview Projection: More than one view of the object are shown

Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

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Orthographic Projection
Projectors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection
Two reference or principal
planes of projection
V.P. vertical (frontal) plane
H.P. horizontal plane
Projection on V.P. front view
or elevation
Projection on H.P. top view
or plan
Intersection of the V.P. and the
H.P. is called the reference line
and is denoted by xy

Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al5

Methods of Orthographic Projections

First Angle Projection

Third Angle Projection

Basic Four Quadrants

Only the 1st and the 3rd quadrants are opened out
Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

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First Angle Projection

Object is assumed to be situated

in the first quadrant
Object lies between the observer
and the plane of projection
The top view comes below the
front view
Each projection shows the view
of the surface which is remote
from the plane on which it is
projected
The view of the of the object as
observed from the left-side is
drawn to the right side of the
front view and vice versa

Recommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards (B.I.S)

Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

Third Angle Projection

Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

Object is assumed to be situated

in the third quadrant
Plane of projection lies between
the observer and the object
The top view comes above the
front view
Each projection shows the view
of the surface which is nearest
to the plane on which it is
projected
The view of the of the object as
observed from a particular side is
drawn to the same side of the
front view

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Symbols for Method of Projections

On any drawing it essential to indicate the method of projection adopted

Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

Six Views of an Object

In some cases two views (front and top) may not be sufficient to describe the object
completely
Need to use additional views (right hand side view, left hand side view, bottom view
and back view)
Method: Assume that the object is enclosed in a square box and carry out the
projections on the faces of the box using either first angle or third angle method

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Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

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Multiview Orthographic Projections

Uses: Machine drawing, architectural drawings
Advantages: Can measure distances and angles directly from the drawing
Disadvantages: Needs two or more moves to convey the necessary information
Does not give a realistic view of the object

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Dimensioning

Size is shown by dimensions which show linear distances, diameters, radii, angles
Need to show only those dimensions which convey the information in the best
possible way

Placing of Dimensions
Aligned System
Unidirectional System

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Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

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Rules for Dimensioning

Dimensioning should be done completely

Each dimension should be given only once

Dimensions should be placed outside the views

Mutual crossing of the dimension lines should be avoided

Dimensioning of hidden lines should be avoided

Dimension lines should not cross any other lines of the drawing

An outline or a center line should not be used as a dimension line

A zero is should always precede the decimal when the dimension is less than
one, i.e. write 0.5 instead of .5.

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Dimensioning

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Ref: Engineering Drawing by Boundy Aw

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Dimensioning

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Ref: Engineering Drawing by Boundy Aw

Dimensioning of Some Common Features

Dimensioning of Radii

Dimensioning of Circles

Dimension figure should be preceded

by
Holes should be dimensioned in the view
in which they appear as circles
Hole center should be located by center
lines

Dimension figure should be preceded

by R
Arcs of circles should be dimensioned
by respective radii
Dimension line of the radius should
pass through the center of the arc

Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

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Types of Lines (Refer to pg. 35 of the textbook for details)

Outline/Object lines (thick)

Hidden lines (thin)

(dash space dash space .)

Dimension lines (thin)

Leader lines (thin)

Center lines (thin)

(long dash space short dash space long dash ....)

Extension lines (thin)

Section lines (thin)

(inclined at 450)
Break lines (thick)
Cutting plane lines (thick)

Each line has a definite meaning

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Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

Precedence of Lines
Coincident lines may exist in the same view. In such a case, use the following
order to establish the precedence

Visible object lines

Hidden lines

Center line or cutting plane lines

Break lines

Dimension and extension lines

Crosshatch/section line

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Problem 1
Draw the front view, top view and the left hand side view of the object using the
first angle method of projection

Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

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Problem 1 - Solution

Important to indicate the

projection method used. Has
to be there in all your drawings
Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

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Problem 2
Draw the front view, top view and the right hand side view of the object using the
M
first angle method of projection

The direction of viewing for the

front view is denoted by an arrow

Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

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Problem 3
Draw the front view, top view and the right hand side view of the object using the
third angle method of projection
M

N
The direction of viewing for the
front view is denoted by an arrow

Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

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Problem 4
Draw the front view, top view and the left hand side view of the object using the
first angle method of projection
M

N
The direction of viewing for the
front view is denoted by an arrow
Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

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Problem 4
Draw the front view, top view and the left hand side view of the object
using the first angle method of projection

X
The direction of viewing for the
front view is denoted by an arrow

A
Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

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Problem 4 - Solution
M

N
Important to indicate the
projection method used. Has
to be there in all your drawings
Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

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Scales

May not be always possible to produce full scale drawing i.e. 1:1

They are therefore drawn smaller or larger

When drawings are drawn smaller than the actual size of the objects, the scale
used is said to be a reducing scale, e.g 1:2

When drawings are drawn larger than the actual size of the objects, the scale used
is said to be a enlarging scale, e.g 2:1

One way of representating the scale is by the use of representative fraction (R.F)

 
 

.  =

 
 
 

E.g. If 1 cm on the drawing represents 1 m of the of the object/distance then

1 
1 
1

.  =
=
=
100  100
1 
and the scale is written as SCALE 1:100
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END

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