2010/11/29

LECTURE 6: SAMPLING AND

RECONSTRUCTION SIGNALS

L
Lecturer:
H
Hsien-I
i
I Lin
Li
Email: sofin@ntut.edu.tw
Office: Complex Eng. Bldg. 604-1
Phone: ext 4324

2010/11/29

BASIC IDEA

F=B

A/D

Fs2B
X (t)
Xa(t)

Sample

b/D

Xa(t)

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DISCRETE-TIME PROCESSING OF
CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS

pestfilte
r
(1) Select the bandwidth of a signal.
(2) Decide the Fs sampling rate Speed B=3k transition 300-400Hz
Fs=8K
(3) Choose a prefilter (1) ensure that the signal to be sampled limited to the
desired frequency range
(4) A/D
A/D, D/A
3
(2) remove noises
(5) Digital signal processing

2010/11/29

IDEAL SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION OF

CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS
purpose

X(F)
( )

D.T.F.T
1
2

x()e

Xa((F)) C.T.F.T

jn

X
( A) ( B)

F
f
Fs

1
Fs

x ( f )e

Fs
2
F
s
2

j 2 fn

F
F'
Fs

X ( F )e

j 2

F
n
Fs

df

X a ( F )e

x( f )e j 2fn df ( A)
1
2
1

dF

Fs
2
F
s
2

(k

Fs
2
F
s
2

1
) Fs
2
1
( k ) Fs
2

j 2 FnT

2 FnT

X a ( F )e

2 Fn

dF
j2

j 2

X a ( F kF s ) e

F
n
Fs

j 2

X a ( F kF s ) e
k

F
T
Fs

F
n
Fs

j2

2 fn

F
F

( F )e

( F )e

F
Fs

x a ( nT )

( 2f )

1
2

2 Ft

x ( n ) x a ( nT )

1
2
1

x(n)

dF

(B)

dF

dF
F kF s
n
Fs

j 2 nF
Fs

dF

dF

(D)
4

2010/11/29

IDEAL SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION

CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS (CONTD)
X ( F ) Fs
X ( f ) Fs

( F kFs )

X [( f k )F ]

X (F ) Fs X a( F )
0
X (F )

x ( n)e

jn

Fs

x ( n )e

j 2

F
n
Fs

x ( n )e

Fs
2

otherwise

j 2

F
n
Fs

Since
a

(F )

Fs
2
F
s
2

xa (t )

X a ( F )e j 2Ft dF

2010/11/29

B Fs / 2
2 B Fs

B
Aliasing

-Fs

-B

Fs
6

2010/11/29

xa(t)
-B

x(n)

-Fs

Fs
Fs=1/2T
Fs2
B
X(F)

Fs=1/4T
7

2010/11/29

IDEAL SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION

CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS (CONTD)
1
xa (t )
Fs

1
xa (t )
Fs

Fs
2
F
s
2

F
j 2 n

Fs
j 2Ft
dF
x ( n)e
e

Fs
2
F
s
2

x ( n)

j 2F ( t

n
)
Fs

X ( F ) F s X a( F )
0

Fs
2

otherwise

dF

sin(( )(t nT )
T
xa (nT )

n
( )(t nT )
T

Ideal
interpolation
formal
8

2010/11/29

g (t )

sin(
(

)t
9

)t

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CTFT
C.T.F.T
X a (F )

F
-B

aliasing
10

10

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TIME DOMAIN AND

FREQUENCY DOMAIN
C.T

X a (F )

X (F )

x(n) xa (nT )

D.T
11

11

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SAMPLING THEOREM

A bandlimited continuous-time signal,

g , with highest
g
frequency (bandwidth) B hertz, can be uniquely
recovered from its samples provided that the sampling
rate
Fs>=2B samples per second

Nyquist rate

f = F/Fs

Fs
Fs
F
2
2

1
1
f
2
2
12

12

2010/11/29

Xa(F)

EXAMPLE

X(F)

Fs

xa (t ) cos 2F0t

1 j 2F0t
e
e j 2F0t
2

Fs
F
B s
2
2

-Fs -Fs/2-F0

Fs-F0Fs/2

Fs F0

xa (t ) cos 2 ( Fs F0 )t

Fs
F0 Fs
2

Fs
2

Fs F0

3Fs
2

Fs

F0Fs/2 Fs
Fs-F0 Fs+F0

xa (t ) cos 2 ( F0 Fs )t

F13
s
2

13

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EXAMPLE (CONTD)

-2Fs/3

-Fs

-Fs/2 -F0

F0 F /2Fs-F0 Fs Fs+F 2Fs/3

s
0

Fs
F0
2
14

14

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EXAMPLE

xa (t ) e

A t

X a (F )

2A
A2 (2F ) 2

,A>0

A 1
A=1

X (F )

x ( n )e

j n

AT n

x (nT )e

jn

e jn

ATn jn

e
n 0

ATn jn

1 a2

,A0
2
1 2a cos 2 ( F / Fs ) a

15

15

2010/11/29

x a (t )

T=1/3 sec

x(n)

3Hz
-Fs -Fs/2 Fs/2 Fs

Fs=3Hz

X(F)

T=1 sec
Fs>2B

T=1/3 or 1 sec

F ),
) | F | Fs / 2
TX ((F

X a (F )
otherwise
0,

x a (t )

Fs=1Hz

16

16

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ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

Sample-and-hold
p
xa(t)

S/H

bits S/H
necessary
A/D

buffer

A/D We quantize the sampled-valued to a finite number of

A/D:
levels and present each level by a number of bits.
S/H: Continuously sample the input signal and hold the signal
as content value. It allows A/D to operate slowly.

S H

11 5V
10
01 1.25
00 0V

2 bits
17

The input may not change during one-half of quantization step

for an A/D to convert it. Thus, S/H is crucial in high-resolution conversions that have large bandwidth.

17

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QUANTIZATION AND CODING

Quantization: basic task is to convert a C.T signal of an input
amplitude to a discrete set off digital code words.

x(n) xa (nT)

t nT

I k x k x ( n ) x kH

k 1,2,, L

x3 x2

Output of the
quantizer

IK

Quantizer
step size

Usually,
y, the quantization
q
is uniform in DSP,,
unless special applications such as speech
processing.
Full-scale range (FSR) for bipolar signals
Full-scale (FS) for unipolar signals
18

Dynamic range 8

18

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MID-TREAD V.S. MID-RISE

Q[x]

Q[x]

midrise
If zero is assigned a quantization
level. Quantizer is midtread type.
midtread
If zero is assigned to a decision
level, midrise type.

19

19

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QUANTIZATION ERRORS
1. eq((n)) is oniform distribuited
x(n)

Quantize
r

Xq(n)

eq
2
2

2. eq(n) is stationary white noise

eq(n) and eq(m) uncorrelated m=n

x(n)

Xq(n)

3. eq(n) is uncorrected with x(n)

4 eq(n) is zero mean and stationary
4.

eq(n)
1

e
20

20

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SQNR (SIGNAL EQUALIZATION NOISE RATIO )

Px
SQNR 10 log10
Pn
Px x

TP

Pn

2
e

TP

Px is the signal power and

P is
Pn
i the
h power off the
h quantization
i i noise
i

x2 =E[x2]-(E[x])2)

A2
2
( A cos 0t ) dt
2

e p(e)de

power

2
e de
12

2A
2b

x
Px
SQNR 10 log10 2 20 log10
e
Pn
2

6.02b 1.76 (dB)

21

21

2010/11/29

DIGITAL TO ANALOG00CONVERTER
Sample
Sample-and-hold
and hold

01

Zero order

11

DSP

x a (t )

S/H

10
0
h(t)
1

h(t)
2

First order

1
T

2T

22

T 2T

22