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1. Problem Definition
Span Data
Girder Concrete
fc = 6.0 KSI
fci = 4.5 KSI
w c = 0.150 KCF
Deck Concrete
=
=
=
=
=
fc = 4.0 KSI
4
6
9.00 FT
48.00 FT
51.00 FT
w c = 0.150 KCF
Prestressing Steel
Type:
Deck Thickness
Actual
Structural
=
=
9.00 IN
8.00 IN
Pull: 75%
H = 75% (Relative Humidity)
Time to Release = 18 HRS
Girder Type
Dead Load
Future Wearing Surface
Barrier Weight
f y = 60 KSI
= 0.025 KSF
= 0.418 KLF
Es
Live Load
HL-93 - Design Truck + Design Lane Loads
29,000 KSI
Figure 1:
Cross Section of Bridge With Six PCI BT-72 Bulb Tee Girders at 9-0 Spacing
2. Analysis
2.1 Section Properties
2.1.1 Bare Girder:
The LRFD Specs allow the inclusion of transformed strand in the section properties for a
prestressed member (Article 5.9.1.4). For simplicity, the contribution of the strand to the
section properties is neglected in this example.
Properties of PCI BT-72:
A = 767.0 IN
= 545,894 IN
= 72.00 IN
yb = 36.60 IN
yt = 35.40 IN
Sb =
Figure 2:
Note: Any thickening of the slab over the top flange of the girder (i.e., a haunch or build-up)
will be neglected in the computation of the section properties of the composite section.
However, if they are detailed in the plans, they should be included as additional dead load.
Effective deck width:
(LRFD 4.6.2.6.1)
7-3
= 315 IN
= 117 IN
= 108 IN
(Controls)
Transformed deck width = (n) (effective width) = (0.8165) (108 IN) = 88.182 IN
n = = = = 0.8165
Component
Area
yb
A yb
A (yb 2
ybc)
Io
Ic
Girder
767.00
36.60
28,072
273,111
545,894
819,005
Effective Deck
705.45
76.00
53,614
297,334
3,762
301,096
Total
1,472.50
81,686
1,120,101
(LRFD 5.8.2.3)
= 41.95 - 0.799 x
(LRFD 4.6.2.2.1)
(LRFD 4.6.2.2.1)
To use the simplified live load distribution factor formulae, the following
conditions must be met:
O.K.
O.K.
Curvature < 4
(Nb = 6)
O.K.
3.0 FT O.K.
O.K.
(Curvature = 0 )
Bridge Type: k
3.5 S 16
S = 9.00 FT
O.K.
4.5 ts 12.0
ts = 8.00 IN
O.K.
20 L < 240
L = 105 FT
O.K.
Nb 4
Nb = 6
O.K.
Kg = n (I + A eg )
(LRFD 4.6.2.2.1-1)
n = = = = 1.2247
O.K.
7-6
Figure 3:
At Midspan:
Design Truck will govern over Design Tandem for this span.
Mtruck = 18L - 280
= 882.0 K-FT
MLL+I = DF [Mlane + 1.33 (Mtruck)] = (0.7423) [882.0 + (1.33) (1,610.0)] = 2,244.2 K-FT
At 6.06FT from Centerline of Bearing (Critical Section for Shear - see Section 3.2.1.1 below):
Mtruck =
Mtruck = [(32 KIP) (98.947 FT) + (32 KIP) (84.947 FT) + (8 KIP) (70.947 FT)] (6.053 FT) / 105 FT
Mtruck = 372.0 K-FT
Mlane = = (0.64 KLF) (6.053 FT) (105 FT - 6.053 FT) / 2 = 191.7 K-FT
MLL+I,Vmax = DF [Mlane + 1.33 (Mtruck)] = (0.7423) [191.7 + (1.33) (372.0)] = 509.6 K-FT
Vtruck = Mtruck / x = 372.0 K-FT / 6.053 FT = 61.46 KIP
Vlane = = 0.64 KLF (105 FT / 2 - 6.053 FT) = 29.73 KIP
VLL+I = DF [Vlane + 1.33 Vtruck] = (0.8839) [29.73 + (1.33) (61.46)] = 98.5 KIP
2.3 Load Combinations and Load Factors
2.3.1 Applicable Limit States
Service I
Service III
2.3.2 Service I
This load combination is the general combination for Service Limit State stress checks and
applies to all conditions other than Service III.
All load factors are equal to 1.0 for this problem.
For moment at midspan:
Acting on the non-composite girder, MSLnc:
7-7
compression stress limit of 0.4 f c for the load combination specified in LRFD 5.9.4.2.1.
2.3.5 Strength I
This load combination is the general combination for Strength Limit State design. Since the
structure is simply supported, the maximum values for the load factors are used because
they produce the greatest effect (see LRFD Table 3.4.1-2).
No distinction is made between moments and shears applied to the non-composite or
composite sections for strength computations. The factored loads are applied to the
composite section.
The following load factors apply:
Dead Load - Component and Attachments
Dead Load - Wearing Surface and Utilities
Vehicular Live Load and Impact
1.25
1.50
1.75
DC
DW
LL and IM
7-9
103.4
1,111
1,122
Girder
V (KIP)
M (K-FT)
M (K-FT)
Girder
37.1
239.3
1,101.1
Deck (Structural)
41.8
269.5
1,240.3
Additional Non-Composite
5.2
33.7
155.0
84.1
542.5
2,496.4
Barriers
6.5
41.7
192.0
9.3
59.9
275.6
98.5
509.6
2,244.2
SUBTOTAL - Service I
114.3
611.2
2,711.8
---
---
2,263
299.7
1,712
7,701
SUBTOTAL
Acting on Composite Girder:
TOTAL - Strength I
7-10
3. Design
3.1 Flexural Design
3.1.1 Strand Patterns at End of Girder and at Midspan
A trial-and-error procedure is used to determine the strand pattern. For simplicity, the trial
designs that were performed to arrive at the strand patterns shown below are not included as
part of this design example.
The section at midspan is considered first. Generally, strands are added to the section in
pairs, filling the available strand locations from the bottom, until the stress limits and strength
requirements at midspan are satisfied.
The end pattern is then determined by draping strands as required to satisfy the stress limits
at the end of the girder at release. Other methods, which are not considered in this example,
could also be used to control stresses at the end of the girder.
Draped Strands
No. of
Strands
2
2
2
2
Dist. from
Bottom
68 IN
66 IN
64 IN
62 IN
Straight Strands
No. of Dist. from
Strands
Bottom
2
8 IN
6
6 IN
10
4 IN
10
2 IN
Figure 4:
7-11
At End of Girder:
c.g. @ end = [(10 strands)(2 IN) + (10)(4 IN) +(6)(6 IN) + (2)(8 IN) + (2)(62 IN) + (2)(64
IN) + (2)(66 IN) +(2)(68 IN)] / 36 strands = 17.56 IN
eccentricity @ end = eend = yb - c.g. @ end = 36.60 - 17.56 = 19.04 IN
At Transfer Length from End of Member (2.5 FT):
(LRFD 5.8.2.3)
C. G. of Straight Strands:
c.g. straight = [(10 strands)(2 IN) + (10)(4 IN) +(6)(6 IN) + (2)(8 IN)] / 28 strands = 4.00 IN
eccentricity of straight strands = estr = yb - c.g. straight = 36.60 - 4.00 = 32.60 IN
Area of Straight Prestressing Strands:
2
(assumed)
(LRFD 5.9.5.2.3a)
= 2.558 KSI
(LRFD 5.4.4.2)
7-12
Eci =
= = 4,067 KSI
(LRFD 5.4.2.4-1)
= 17.93 KSI
Shrinkage:
(LRFD 5.9.5.4.2-1)
H = 75%
= 5.75 KSI
Creep:
(LRFD 5.9.5.4.3-1)
fcdp = Change in prestress due to all dead loads except self-weight
4
(LRFD T5.4.4.1-1)
fpi fp ES fp R1
7-13
7-14
3.1.3.3 Prestress Loss and Effective Prestress after All Losses (Final)
Compute final prestress loss
f pT = f pES + f pSR + f pCR + f pR2
(LRFD 5.9.5.1-1)
Add effect of live load to effective prestress, f pe. This is the approach used in the Std
Specifications, but the LRFD is not clear on this.
Change in stress in bottom row of strands:
f pe + f s = 154.68 + 6.24 = 160.92 KSI < 0.8 f py = (0.8) (243 KSI) = 194.4 KSI
3.1.4 Midspan
3.1.4.1 Concrete Stresses Due to Loads
Sign convention for stresses:
(+) = Compression
(-) = Tension
f b = x 12 = - 0.903 KSI
f b = x 12 = - 0.886 KSI
f b = x 12 = - 0.998 KSI
= 3.498 KSI
7-15
O.K.
Top:
f t = = = - 0.801 KSI
After all Losses (Final)
Bottom:
fb = =
Top:
ft =
= 2.960 KSI
1 e
Pe CL = = - 0.678 KSI
S t
A
3.1.4.3 Concrete Stresses at Service Limit State - Before Losses (At Release)
Note: Stresses at depression point will be more critical at release.
Service I:
Bottom of Girder (Compressive Stress):
fb = 3.498 - 0.903 = 2.595 KSI
Check limiting stress:
(LRFD 5.9.4.1.1)
O.K.
(LRFD 5.9.4.2.1)
O.K.
3.1.4.4 Concrete Stresses at Service Limit States - After All Losses (Final)
Service III (Tensile Stress in Bottom of Girder):
fb = 2.960 -0.886 - 0.998 - 0.125 - 0.278 - 1.067 = - 0.394 KSI
Check limiting stress:
- 0.394 KSI > = = - 0.465 KSI
(LRFD 5.9.4.2.2b)
O.K.
(LRFD 5.9.4.2.1)
Compressive stress due to the sum of effective prestress and permanent loads:
f t = - 0.678 + 0.857 + 0.965 + 0.121 + 0.083 = 1.348 KSI
Check limiting stress:
1.348 KSI < = 0.45 6.00 KSI = 2.70 KSI O.K.
Compressive stress due to the sum of effective prestress, permanent loads and transient
loads (full service load):
f t = - 0.678 + 0.857 + 0.965 + 0.121 + 0.083 + 0.397 = 1.745 KSI
Check limiting stress:
1.745 KSI < = 0.60(1.0)(6.00) = 3.60 KSI O.K
where w = 1.0 for top flange of girder with composite deck because span/thickness ratio of
flange must be less than 15. See LRFD 5.7.4.7.2.
7-16
Compressive stress due to live load and one-half the sum of effective prestress and
permanent loads:
f t = 0.397 + 0.5(1.348) = 1.071 KSI
Check limiting stress:
1.071 KSI < = = 2.40 KSI O.K
Compressive stress due to the sum of effective prestress and permanent loads:
f t = 0.100 KSI
Check limiting stress:
0.100 KSI < = = 1.80 KSI
(LRFD 5.9.4.2.1)
O.K.
Compressive stress due to the sum of effective prestress, permanent loads and transient
loads (full service load):
f t = 0.100 + 0.482 = 0.582 KSI
Check limiting stress:
0.582 KSI < = 0.60 4.00 KSI = 2.40 KSI
O.K
Compressive stress due to live load and one-half the sum of effective prestress and
permanent loads:
f t = 0.482 + 0.5(0.100) = 0.532 KSI
Check limiting stress:
0.532 KSI < = = 1.60 KSI
O.K
(LRFD 5.7.3.1.1-4)
(LRFD 5.7.3.1.1-2)
(LRFD 5.7.2.2)
7-17
(LRFD 5.5.4.2)
Mr = Mn = 8,986 K-FT
Compare factored moment resistance, Mr to required moment, Mu:
Mr = 8,986 K-FT > Mu = 7,701 K-FT
O.K.
O.K.
(LRFD 5.7.3.3.2)
= 0.588 KSI
(LRFD 5.4.2.6)
compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress forces only (after
losses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is caused by
externally applied loads
= f b after losses (see Section 3.1.4.2) = 2.926 KSI
=
=
=
=
0.K.
7-18
7-19
3.1.5.3 Check Concrete Stresses at Service Limit State - Before Losses (At Release)
Service I:
Bottom of Girder (Compressive Stress):
f b = 2.646 - 0.083 = 2.563 KSI
Check stress limit:
2.563 KSI < =
(LRFD 5.9.4.1.1)
= 2.70 KSI
O.K.
(LRFD 5.9.4.1.2)
(same as at Midspan)
3.1.6.3 Check Concrete Stresses at Service Limit State - Before Losses (At Release)
Service I:
Bottom of Girder (Compressive Stress):
f b = 3.498 - 0.894 = 2.604 KSI
Check stress limit in concrete:
2.604 KSI < = = 2.70 KSI O.K.
Top of Girder (Tensile Stress):
f t = - 0.801 + 0.865 = 0.064 KSI
Check stress limit, without bonded auxiliary reinforcement
0.064 KSI > - = - = - 0.201 KSI - 0.200 KSI O.K.
7-20
(LRFD 5.9.4.1.1)
(LRFD 5.9.4.1.2)
(LRFD 5.8.3.2)
0.5 dv cot or
dv
Compute dv:
dv = Effective shear depth
= Distance between resultants of tensile and compressive forces
The depth of the compression block, a, was computed in determining the moment
capacity of the section (see Section 3.1.4.5).
= (72.0 + 8.0 -15.73) - (3.97/2) = 62.28 IN
But dv need not be taken less than the greater of:
(LRFD 5.8.2.7)
GOVERNS
dv = 62.28 IN
Note: dv will govern for > 26.6.
Therefore the critical section for shear is:
0.50 FT + 66.78 IN / 12 = 6.06 FT from centerline of support.
At the critical section for shear, Vu = 299.7 KIP
3.2.1.2 Component of Shear Resistance from Prestress, V p
Pf = 852 KIP
Angle of center of gravity of strand profile with respect to horizontal, :
-1
7-21
(LRFD 5.8.3.2)
Vr = Vn
(LRFD 5.8.2.1-2)
(LRFD 5.5.4.2.1)
(LRFD 5.8.3.3-1)
(LRFD 5.8.3.3-2)
Vn max = (0.25) (6.00 KSI) (6.00 IN) (62.28 IN) + 19.6 KIP = 580.1 KIP
Vn max = (0.90) (580.1) = 522.1 KIP > Vu = 299.7 KIP
O.K.
(LRFD 5.8.3.4.2-1)
= = 0.140
Begin iterations using the previously assumed value for .
Trial 1: Assume = 25 (previously assumed and used to determine location of critical section for
shear).
0.002
(LRFD 5.8.3.4.2-2)
(LRFD C5.8.3.4.2)
Aps =
area of prestressing steel on flexural tension side of the member, i.e., the
straight strands
Aps =
4.284 IN
0.002
= - 0.00073
Because x is negative, use Eq. 5.8.3.4.2-3:
(LRFD 5.8.3.4.2-3)
Ac = Area of concrete on flexural tension side
= Area of girder below h/2 = 80.00/2 = 40.00 IN
= (26)(6) + (4.5)(26+6)/2 + (29.5)(6) = 405 IN
= - 0.00004 = -0.04x10-3
From Table 5.8.3.4.2-1, with x = -0.04x10-3 and = 0.140, find = 25.0 and = 2.72.
7-22
This is the same value as was assumed, so convergence has been achieved.
With these values, the concrete contribution, Vc, can now be computed.
= 78.7 KIP
3.2.1.5 Required Shear Reinforcement, Vs
Required Vs = Vu / - Vc Vp = 299.7 / 0.9 78.7 19.6 = 234.7 KIP
Assuming vertical stirrups,
(LRFD C5.8.3.3-1)
2
= 0.351 IN /FT
Check minimum transverse reinforcement:
(LRFD 5.8.2.5)
2
O.K.
(LRFD 5.8.2.7-2)
Vu = 299.7 KIP > 0.1 fc bv dv = (0.1) (6.00) (6.00) (62.28) = 224.2 KIP
Therefore, maximum stirrup spacing is 12 IN.
2
(LRFD C5.8.4.1-1)
The definition for de given for this equation is the same as dv. Therefore use dv
as computed above.
Vh = Vu / dv = 299.7 / 62.28 = 4.82 KIPS/IN
Since Vh Vn and = 0.9,
7-23
O.K.
Pc
(LRFD 5.8.4.2)
= 0
Solve for the required Avf:
2
(Controls)
Use 2 # 4 @ 12 IN (Av provd = 0.40 IN /FT Say OK Note that this limit depends directly on the width
of the interface more steel required for a wider interface)
3.3 Longitudinal Reinforcement Requirement
In this example, the longitudinal reinforcement requirement will be checked at
the critical section for shear. The Specifications require that this requirement
must be satisfied at each section of the girder. Therefore, in a full design,
other sections along the length of the girder would also have to be checked.
3.3.1 Required Longitudinal Force
Required Longitudinal Force:
Treqd =
(LRFD 5.8.3.5-1)
(LRFD 5.8.3.5)
7-24
where:
Vs = shear resistance provided by transverse reinforcement, not to exceed V u / .
=
(LRFD C5.8.3.3-1)
= = 267.1 KIP
Vu / = 299.7 KIP / 0.9 = 333.0 KIP, so use computed quantity for V s.
Treqd = = (333.0 133.6 19.6) cot (25)
= (179.8) (2.14) = 385.6 KIP
3.3.2 Available Longitudinal Force
The force to resist Treqd must be supplied by the reinforcement on the flexural tension side of
the member. In this case, the available reinforcement consists of the straight strands. The
available force that can be provided by these strands at the critical section for shear must be
determined considering the lack of full development due to the proximity to the end of the
girder.
The location at which T must be provided is where the failure crack assumed for this analysis,
which radiates from inside face of the support, crosses the centroid of the straight strands.
The angle determined above during shear design at this location is used here. The inside
face of the support is 12 IN from the end of the girder.
Figure 5:
The total effective prestress force for the straight strands is:
Pes = Aps fpe = 4.284 IN2 (154.68 KSI) = 662.6 KIP
The distance from the bottom of the girder to the centroid of these strands is:
This location is within the transfer length l t , so the available stress is less than the effective
prestress force for the straight strands. The available prestress force, Tavail, at x is therefore
computed assuming a linear variation in stress from the end of the girder to the transfer
length. The transfer length, l t , is 60 db or 30 IN.
(LRFD 5.11.4.1.)
7-25
(LRFD 5.10.10.1-1)
where:
2
2
2
7-26