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= 12039N/m
= 120000x0.000128 = 15.38N
5. A block of wood floats in water with 40mm projecting above the water surface. When placed in
glycerin of sp gr 1.35, the block projects 70mm above the surface of that liquid. Determine the sp gr of
wood.
Solution:
A = Area of block
h = Height of block
S = sp gr of block
Weight of wooden block (W) =
Weight of water displaced (WW)
Weight of glycerin displaced (WG)
Here, W = WW = WG
Equating a and b
Sx9810xAh= 9810xA(h-0.04)
(a)
= 9810xA(h-0.04) (b)
= 1.35x9810(h-0.07) (c)
Equating b and c
9810A(h-0.04) = 1.35x9810A (h-0.07)
h = 0.155m
=0.74
6. A rectangular open box, 7.6m by 3m in plan and 3.7m deep, weighs 350KN and is launched in fresh
water. (a) How deep will it sink? (b)If the water is 3.7m deep, what weight of stone placed in the box will
cause it to rest on the bottom?
Solution:
a) Depth of immersion (h) = ?
Weight of block = Weight of water displaced
350000 = 9810x7.6x3xh
h = 1.56m
b) Weight of block and stone = Weight of water displaced
= 0.0306m3
Volume of stone (V) = 0.306m3
= 16340N/m3
= 1.66
8. A metallic body floats at the interface of mercury of specific gravity 13.6 and water in such a way that
30% of its volume is submerged in mercury and 70% in water. Find the density of the metallic body.
Solution:
Volume of metallic body = V
= 4780 kg/m3
9. A wooden block 4mx1mx0.5m is floating in water. Its specific gravity is 0.76. Find the volume of the
concrete of specific gravity 2.5, that may be placed on the block which will immerse the (a) block
completely in water and (b) block and concrete completely in water.
Solution:
a) Immersion of the block completely in water
Total weight of block and concrete = Weight of water displaced
= 0.192m3
b) Immersion of the block and concrete completely in water
Total weight of block and concrete = Weight of water displaced
[
= 0.32m3
10. Determine the specific weight and volume of an object that weighs 10N in water and 12N in oil of
specific gravity 0.8.
Solution:
Weight of object = W
Volume of object = V
Weight of object Weight in water = Buoyant force due to water
(a)
Weight of object Weight in oil = Buoyant force due to oil
(b)
Solving a and b,
V = 0.001019 m3
W = 10 + 9810x0.001019 = 19.996N
= 19623 N/m3
11. To what depth will a 2.4m diameter log 5m long and sp gr 0.4 sink in fresh water?
O
A
D
C
Solution:
Radius (r) = 1.2m
Depth of floatation = DC = ?
DB = 1.2Cos, DO =1.2Sin
Weight of log = Weight of water displaced
[
M
G
B
= 0.556m
BG = 0.5-0.3 = 0.2m
GM = MB-BG = 0.556-0.2 = 0.356m
14. A solid cylinder of diameter 3m has a height of 2m. Find the meta-centric height of cylinder when it
is floating in water with its axis vertical. The specific gravity of cylinder is 0.7.
Solution:
h = depth of immersion
Weight of body = Weight of water displaced
M
G
B
h = 1.4m
Position of center of buoyancy (OB) = 1.4/2 = 0.7m
Position of cg (OG) = 2/2 = 1m
BG = 1-0.7 = 0.3m
= 0.4017m
GM = MB-BG = 0.4017-0.3 = 0.1017m
15. A solid wood cylinder has a diameter of 0.6m and a height of 1.2m. The sp.gr. of the wood is 0.6. If
the cylinder is placed vertically in oil of sp.gr. 0.85, would it be stable?
Solution:
h = depth of immersion
Weight of body = Weight of oil displaced
G
B
h = 0.847m
0
= 0.0265m
GM = MB-BG = 0.0265-0.1765 = -0.15m
As metacentric height GM is negative, the body is unstable.
16. A body of size 3mx2mx2m floats in water. Find the limit of weight of the body for stable equilibrium.
Solution:
S = Sp gr of plastic
h = depth of immersion
Weight of body = Weight of water displaced
h =2S
Position of center of buoyancy (OB) = 2S/2 = S
Position of cg (OG) = 2/2 = 1m
BG = OG-OB =1-S
M
G
B
GM = MB-BG =
For stable equilibrium, GM > 0
S2-S+0.166>0
Values of S are 0.21 and 0.79
Lower limit of Weight =
Upper limit of weight =
17. A wooden cylinder of specific gravity 0.6 and circular in cross-section is required to float in oil of
specific gravity 0.8. Calculate the ratio of length to diameter for the cylinder so that it will just float
upright in water.
Solution:
Length of cylinder = L
Diameter of cylinder = D
h = depth of immersion
Weight of body = Weight of oil displaced
h = 0.75L
Position of center of buoyancy (OB) = 0.75L/2 = 0.375L
Position of cg (OG) = L/2 = 0.5L
BG = OG-OB =0.5L-0.375L = 0.125L
GM = MB-BG =
For stable equilibrium, GM > 0
D2-1.5L2>0
L2/D2 <0.667
L/D<0.8167
M
G
B
18. A solid cone of specific gravity 0.7 floats in water with its apex downwards. Determine the least apex
angle of the cone for equilibrium.
Solution:
D = Dia. Of cone
d =Dia. Of cone at water surface
h = Depth of immersion
H = Height of cone
2 = Apex angle
R = Radius of cone
r = radius of cone at water surface
D
d
M
G
B
h = 0.8879H
OG =
= 0.75H
OB =
= 0.75x0.8879H = 0.6659H
GM = MB-BG =
For stable equilibrium GM>0
H
h
19. A cylindrical buoy 1.8m in diameter, 1.2m high and weighing 10.5 KN floats in salt water of density
1025 kg/m3. Its CG is 0.45m from the bottom. If a load of 3KN is placed on the top, find the maximum
height of the CG of this load above the bottom if the buoy is to remain in stable equilibrium.
Solution:
G = CG of buoy
G1 = CG of load 3KN
G = Combined CG of load and buoy
h = depth of immersion
B = CB
OG =0.45m
OG1=?
Finding depth of immersion (h)
Weight of load and buoy = Weight of water displaced
G1
M
G
1.2m
G
B
h
O
h = 0.53m
OB = 0.53/2 = 0.265m
= 0.38m
BG = OG-OB = OG-0.265
GM = MB-BG = 0.38- OG+0.265 = 0.645-OG
For stable equilibrium, GM>0
0.645-OG>0
OG < 0.645m
Taking moments about O,
3x103xOG1 + 10.5x103x0.45 = (3x103+10.5x103)x0.645
OG1 = 1.3275m
20. A plate of metal 1.1mx1.1mx2mm is to be lifted up with a velocity of 0.1m/s through an infinitely
extending gap 20mm wide containing an oil of sp. gr. 0.9 and viscosity 2.1NS/m2. Find the force required
to lift the plate assuming the plate to remain midway in the gap. Assume the weight of the plate to be
30N.
9mm
9mm
Fv1
Fv3
W
2mm
Solution:
Velocity of plate (u) = 0.1m/s
Sp. gr. of oil = 0.9
Sp. wt. of oil ( ) = 0.9x9810 = 8829N/m3
Viscosity of oil ( ) = 2.1NS/m2
Clearance on both sides (dy1 = dy2 = dy) = 9mm = 0.009m
Weight of plate = 30N
Force required to lift the plat (F) = ?
Upthrust on the plate = xvol. of plate = 8829x1.1x1.1x2/1000 = 21.37N
Viscous force on the plate = Viscous force on left + Viscous force on right
= 1 A + 2 A = (1 + 2) A
(
= 56.47N
Total force required to lift the plate = Weight-Upthrust + Viscous force = 30-21.37+56.47 = 65.1N
21. A block of wood of rectangular cross-section of sides a and b, and of length L has relative density of
S. If the block is to float in water with its longest axis horizontal and the length a vertical, show that for
stable equilibrium
Solution:
b
M
G
y = Sa
,
Metacentric height
For stable equilibrium, GM>0
22. Consider a homogeneous right circular cylinder of length L, radius R, and specific gravity S, floating in
water (S = 1) with its axis vertical. Show that the body is stable is
Solution:
Length of cylinder = L
Radius of cylinder = R
Specific gravity of cylinder = S
h = depth of immersion
Weight of cylinder = Weight of water displaced
h = SL
M
G
B
GM = MB-BG =
For stable equilibrium, GM
23. If a solid conical buoy of height H and relative density S floats in water with axis vertical and apex
upwards, show that the height above the water surface of the conical buoy is equal to
.
Solution:
R = Radius of cone
r =Radius of cone at water surface
y = Height above the water surface
H = Height of cone
R
r
y
(a)
From similar triangles,
(b)
From a and b
24. A cone of base radius R and height H floats in water with the vertex downwards. If is the semivertex angle of the cone and h is the depth of immersion, show that for stable equilibrium
.
Solution:
D = Dia. Of cone
d =Dia. Of cone at water surface
h = Depth of immersion
H = Height of cone
2 = Apex angle
R = Radius of cone
r = radius of cone at water surface
D
d
M
G
B
H
h
OG =
OB =
BG =
GM =
For stable equilibrium, GM>0
25. A cone of base diameter d and height H floats in water with the axis vertical and vertex downwards.
If the sp gr of the cone material is S, show that for stable equilibrium
If S = 0.7, what would be the minimum value of R/H for stable equilibrium?
Solution:
d = Dia. Of cone
d1 =Dia. Of cone at water surface
y = Depth of immersion
H = Height of cone
2 = Apex angle
R = Radius of cone
r = radius of cone at water surface
d
d1
M
G
B
(a)
From similar triangles,
H
y
(b)
From a and b
(c)
OG =
OB =
(
BG =
(
GM =
For stable equilibrium, GM>0
Numerical
+
+
Minimum value of
= 0.355
26. A cylindrical buoy 1.25m in diameter and 1.8m high has a mass of 770kg. Show that it will not float
with its axis vertical in sea water of density 1025 kg/m3. If one end of vertical chain is fastened to the
base, find the pull required just to keep the buoy vertical. The CG of the buoy is 0.9m from its base.
Solution:
a) h = depth of immersion
Weight of body (W) = mg = 770x9,81 = 7553.7N
Weight of body = Weight of water displaced
G
B
h = 0.612m
O
= 0.16m
GM = MB-BG = 0.16-0.594 = -0.434m
As metacentric height GM is negative, the body is unstable and it will not float with its axis vertical.
b) T =pull in chain
Net upthrust (R) = T+W =(T+7553.7)
Finding new depth of immersion (h)
Net upthrust = Weight of water displaced
h = 0.00008R
OB = 0.00008R/2 = 0.00004(T+7553.7)
OG = 0.9m
G = new CG due to T and W (lowered due to T)
G
G
B
BG = OG-OB =
GM = MB-BG =
=
For stable equilibrium, GM>0
T>4254.8N
27. A hollow cylinder of external radius R and internal radius r, height h and sp. gr. S floats in a liquid of
sp. gr. S0. Show that for its stable equilibrium
Solution:
Height of cylinder = h
Specific gravity of liquid = S0
Specific gravity of cylinder = S
h = depth of immersion
Weight of cylinder = Weight of liquid displaced
M
G
B
GM = MB-BG =
28, The wooden beam shown in the figure is 200mmx200mm and 4m long. It is hinged at A and remains
in equilibrium at with the horizontal. Find the inclination . Sp. gr. of wood = 0.6.
A
1m
4m
Water
FB
Solution:
Length of beam immersed under water = y
Weight of beam (W) =
= 0.6x9810x(0.2x0.2x4) = 941.76N
W acts at a distance of 2m from A.
Buoyant force on the beam (FB) = Weight of water displaced =
= 9810x(0.2x0.2xy) = 392.4y
FB acts at a C.