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SOC 361
Final Exam Package
SBU
Fall 2014
Arjomand

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Oct 22
Ferdinand Tonnies
Sir Henry Maine he was a colonial administrator in India. He was also scholar of ancient
Indian law. Wrote Patient Law. In it he wrote if you look at Indian ancient law, the basis of it is all
based on status or relations of different people according to their status. Status is male/female.
How much male/female children should get. All these things have to do with status of people.
From Status to Contract
Gemeinshaft and Gesellshaft
In reading: community and (modern) society
Gemeinshaft:
1) Old
2) Natural will
a. People organized social life spontaneously/naturally; community was old form of
society. Dominated by religion, family, religious groups, intimate relations btwn
people, bound together my belief and language; predominantly rural and village
like.
3) Deep permanent ties because its natural
4) Personal, primordial (primary)
5) Living organism
6) Common will, concord
7) Common property
8) Bounded (5 and 8 both have moral boundaries)
Gesellshaft:
1) New
2) Rational will
a. New form of life, highly individualistic, careers, less family/more profession,
company and enterprises.
b. Gesellshaft means society.
3) Shallow, superficial
4) impersonal, secondary
5) Modern society is the opposite, result of contract, therefore it is mechanical and artificial.
Same way as corporation is a person in legal terms.
6) Individual wills and diversity
7) Private property
8) Boundless

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Oct 27
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
1893 wrote his own book
Disagreed on two points, more important one to see today. Modern society is artificial.
Traditional society is good. He was upbeat about modern society, that old society that left
behind some major problems and were better off living in modern society. One is
primitive/traditional society, the other is modern society. Main how modern society came
about.
First book of modern society was called division of labor in society; he thought that is what
gives birth to modern society. In that society, the division of labor not only happens in economy
but generally. It is the division of labor that gives rise to modern society.
2 sources of social life:
9) Conscience (something moral; but it also means consciousness, the way we know
things and understand it)
10) Collective
Unlike Comte, Durkheim was interested in division of labor as it was a feature of modern
society. Bc of division of labor, diff people in society become interdependent on each other. No
single person or association is self-sufficient.
Law is a manifestation of collective consciousness having different moral values. Something
observable and concrete in the world. Laws of primitive society and laws of modern society.
2 types of law differentiating collectiveness and solidarity
What is a criminal act, what is a crime? Crime is something that shocks the collective culture.
Criminal law really punishes norms of collective consciousness, forced by society and
consciousness of society. People who share those values hate those other values, when
violated they react and punish those who break/violate them. He thought this type of penal law
is typical of older types of societies and must indicate strong collective consciousness.
I.
Law:
9) Repressive
10) Restitute law (restores the damage done by one person to another. Contract and
commercial laws are most important aspects of it in that if you break your contract,
damages against you)
II.
Solidarity
1) Mechanical
III.
Basis of
1) Likeness
IV.
Soc. Structure
1) Segmental

Restitute law comes into being with division of labor.

Organic society as a whole becomes capable of growth and movement. Inverse ratio between
mechanical solidarity and individual personality.

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Individualism becomes a key value in modern collective consciousness. Chooses the term
organic for solidarity.

Nov 3
Durkheim: Suicide
Picks a topic on suicide, a very individualistic/private/individual matter
Durkheim thinks if he can give a sociological explanation, then he will have proven his point. It
was a strategic choice for a subject matter for him and he can have an impact.
He starts knocking
Most people think it as insanity or temporary insanity; he said suicide is often explained by
alcoholism and other individual matters. Same with psychological explanation
People explain it in terms of depression. Depression could be a cause but not a deep cause.
Not a sociological cause. He may be pushing his point.
He dismisses psychological explanations to it. And then apply own rules of psychological
methods to it. Explaining social facts by other social facts. Suicide rates are a social fact.
2 kinds of categories:
11) Crossed sectional: at any 1 moment in time
a. How different rates of suicide vary
b. Religious groups, country, gender, material status, number of children, etc.
12) Diachronic: through time
Looking at different types of societies where people belong.
11) Political society is a nation
12) Looking at the extent of influence that each of the society has over the individual:
strength of the social norms by which each group regulates behavior of the individual
trying to explain suicide rates
Social integration
Classifies suicide rates according to the 3 types of society
Stronger attachment to the group lower the rate of suicide (someone who goes to church
[synagogue or mosque] regularly is less likely to commit suicide]
Most people who commit suicide are single
Rallies and protest (in times of excitement and revolution): suicides go down b/c people identify
more with people and nation
Suicide as egoistic b/c individual is too weak; excessive individualistic

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If social integration is negative or too weak, then egoistic suicide. Then he goes on to see extent
of suicide into societies.
He says divorce is a disturbance of a domestic and religious society
He also looks at churches or different religious groups.
He says Protestants have guilty conscious but Catholics can always go to priest and confess
He looks at suicide rates and sees Protestants rates are significantly higher than those of
Catholics; divorce rates are also higher directly related to suicide rates.
He looks at people with education
Successful, tons of money, but still high rates of suicide
Normative regulation
SOCIAL INTEGRATION / NORMATIVE REGULATION:
2) Egoistic (-)
3) Anomic (-)
4) Altruistic I (+)
5) Altruistic II (+)

Nov 5
Language
Ideas that are treated as sacred
Religion is important in integration and solidarity for society. Lots of functional equivalence;
Rousseaus idea of civic religion.

Nov 10
Kant (1804)
Talked about Domain of Nature (ex: law of gravity/axioms); Domain of Freedom (human action)
Ethics of Morality different than Laws of Nature (physics)
Practical Philosophy
Germany movement of back to Kant led by Wilhelm Dilthey (died 1911). He said Kant was
hero who discovered freedom subject and added human beings are free subjects and the
expression of this freedom subjectivity is the creation of meaning. This term is important, says
that the human world is the world on meaning. Life is given shape, experience is given shape all
through meaning. What we need to do is understand meaning.

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Therefore, he launched this movement called Methods Debate where German thinkers started
fighting the French. The British looked at economic laws,
Understanding:
13) Verstehn
14) Hermeneutics
People select problems for their discussions for their value relevance, according to their
significance.

Nov 12
Protestant Ethic & Spirit of Capitalism
Ethos
Luther: calling

Nov 19
Types of
Social Action:
Traditional
Rational
Religions Sphere
Magic + ritual
Rational pursuit of salvation
Economic Sphere/Domain
Labor is (?) band of friendship
Capitalist organization of free labor + maximization of profit

Nov 24
Rationalization, rash movement from traditional to rational actions
Types of Social Action: Traditional, Rational
Meaning of action in the political sphere/how can the power of people be made sense of
Weber: Legitimacy. He thinks that people have to consider power legitimate for it to be made
permanent and have stability.
Types of Legitimacy: Tradition, Rational

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Power + Legitimacy = Authority or Domination

Holding gun to head and say to give $50 as example of Power
Administration Structure:
Patrimonialism
Old systems authorities are always personal
Nature of Authority:
Personal/differences

Dec 1
Final is Tuesday 12/9/14
Zimmel
15) Collective individualism psychology
16) Social Darwinism psychology
Chicago School: W.I. Thomas (1863 1947) 4 wishes. Robert Park

Zimmel school action

Symbolic interaction
Cant have self without outside of society
Glass/mirror looking self-idea
Primary groups
George Herbert meet
I as a source of subject. I and me as the 2 sources of self

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