Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Andr Plumier
(ULg) : h.degee@ulg.ac.be
Abstract
Composite mega columns of tall buildings are currently designed with continuous built-up sections, welded in
the fabrication shop and spliced on the job site without any prequalified welding procedure. This leads to highly
restrained welds and splices which, under severe dynamic loadings, will likely crack before exhibiting any
ductile behavior. These tall buildings have not been submitted to severe earthquakes, but it will happen. The
1994 earthquake in Northridge, California, taught us that welding procedures, beam-to-column connections and
column splices have to be as simple as possible to properly and reliably work as anticipated.
Using multiple rolled sections encased into concrete is the solution for increasing the safety of tall buildings. It
leads to less welding, less fabrication works and reliable simple splices which have been used for decades in
high-rise projects.
AISC allows engineers to design composite sections built-up from two or more encased steel. But, it doesnt
explain how to perform and check the design. This paper offers a method to do it. The method is explained by
means of design examples covering combined axial compression, bending and shear.
Keywords
Composite columns, rolled sections, steel shapes, tall buildings, design method, mega-columns.
NOTATIONS
Aa = area of 1 steel profile.
Ac = area of concrete.
Ag = gross cross-sectional area of composite section.
As = total area of the steel profiles.
As1 = equivalent steel plate placed along the x-axis.
As2 = equivalent steel plate placed along the y-axis.
Asr = area of the continuous reinforcing bars.
Asri = cross-sectional area of reinforcing bar I.
Asrs = area of continuous reinforcing bars.
Avz = web area of the steel profile.
b = width of the steel profile.
h = height of the steel profile.
bs1 = width of As1 plate, mm.
bs2 = width of As2 plate, mm.
cx = concrete cover, on x direction.
cy = concrete cover, on y direction.
db = diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement.
dx = the distance between the two steel profiles HD 400x1299 (W14x16x873), on y - direction.
dy = the distance between the two steel profiles HD 400x1299 (W14x16x873), on x - direction.
dsx = the distance from the local centroid of the steel profile HD 400x1299 (W14x16x873) to the section neutral
axis, on x - direction.
dsy = the distance from the local centroid of the steel profile HD 400x1299 (W14x16x873) to the section neutral
axis, on y direction.
ds2x = the distance from the local centroid of As1 plate to the section neutral axis, on x - direction.
ds1y = the distance from the local centroid of As2 plate to the section neutral axis, on y - direction.
fc = compressive cylinder strength of concrete.
Fy = specified minimum yield stress of steel shape.
Fysr = yield stress of reinforcing steel.
Fu = specified minimum tensile strength of steel shape.
h1 = height of the concrete section.
h2 = width of the concrete section.
hs1 = height of As1 plate, mm.
hs2 = height of As2 plate, mm.
hnx = distance from centroidal axis (Y-Y) to neutral axis .
hny = distance from centroidal axis (X-X) to neutral axis .
Ic = moment of inertia of concrete.
Ir = moment of inertia of reinforcing steel.
Is = moment of inertia of steel shape.
Z cyn = y-axis plastic modulus of concrete section within the zone 2hn
Z r1yn = y-axis plastic modulus of As1 plates within the zone 2hn.
= steel contribution ratio.
Preface
Mega composite columns of tall buildings in Asia are typically designed with huge steel continuous caissons
built-up from heavy plates. They are welded together in the steel fabrication shop and spliced on the job site.
Internationally recognized welding codes such as AWS D1.1 (structural American welding code) and AWS
D1.8 (seismic welding code) or EN 1090-2:2008 (execution of steel structures) and EN 1011-2:2001
(recommendations for welding of metallic materials) impose the pre-qualification of the welding procedures of
such exotic joints, following strict welding sequences. Required preheating and interpass temperatures are
specified per the thickness of the steel (>32mm), its composition (CEV/grade), the type of electrode and the
level of restraint in the joint. Non-destructive tests (ultrasonic test, magnetic particle examination, radiographic
test) performed by certified inspectors are mandatory to guarantee sound welded connections and a safe
structure.
In practice, even when the welding codes are strictly followed, it is typical to have to repair up to 10% of the
welds in simple structures.
In the case of these huge caissons, the welding conditions are rather extreme. Heavy thick plates in typical grade
50 steel (ASTM A572Gr.50 or Q345) must be preheated at 110C in the steel fabrication shop as well as on the
job site prior and during the welding process. Any lack of preheating when welding these huge caissons induces
sensitive material conditions (hard and brittle zones) and high levels of restraint (post weld stresses) in all
directions starting in the steel fabrication shop and amplified on the job site after splicing two caissons together.
Applying adequate preheating during the whole welding process is difficult. How to preheat such joints at
110C? Correct welding takes days of work without interruption. Proper controlling and repair of all welds is so
expensive that this solution, when correctly executed, is not economical at all.
There is an economical and safer alternate to this configuration. AISC design codes allows designers to use
composite sections built-up from two or more encased steel shapes provided that the buckling of individual
shapes is prevented before the hardening of the concrete.
The Chinese Institute of Earthquake Engineering is also recommending the use of multiple jumbo H-shapes
rather than large continuous caissons. The welding procedures and the connection detailing of single rolled-Hsections are well described in the above mentioned codes. The use of correct beveling, the so-called "weldaccess-holes" associated to very precise welding sequences, including the removal of the backing bars and
appropriate grindings to clean-up the weld surface between passes minimize the amount of residual stresses after
splicing single rolled steel columns. W14x16 (HD400) rolled sections (jumbos) are today available up to 1299
kg/m (873 lbs/ft) with a flange thickness of 140 mm (5.5 in.) and W36 (HL920) are available up to 1377 kg/m
(925 lbs/ft). These sizes are not only available in classical grade 345 MPa (ASTM A992/Grade 345, Q345,
S355) which requires to be preheated for flange thicknesses above 32 mm (1.5 in.) but also in high tensile
modern steel produced by a quenching and self tempering process, namely ASTM A913 Grade 345 and 450, or
per ETA 10-156 (European Technical Approval) grades Histar 355 and Histar 460. Besides their higher yields,
the main advantages of these high performance steels are their weldability without preheating (above 0C and
with low hydrogen electrodes) as well as their outstanding toughness. (27J up to minus 50C). These high
performance steels are not only fully in compliance with American and European standards, they can also meet
the stringent requirements of the Chinese standards such as the 20% minimum elongation which is mandatory in
the Chinese seismic codes. These QST steels (ASTM A913) have already been successfully used in the
Shanghai World Financial Center.
In this paper, a method for the design of composite sections with multiple encased steel profiles is presented. It
make use of existing principles and calculations methods, but the fact is that the method as such does is not
presented up to now in books of structural design.
Introduction.
The design examples presented hereafter have as main references:
-
Occasionally, reference is made to EN 1994-1-1:2004 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete
structures, part 1-1, general rules and rules for buildings, European Committee for Standardization (CEN),
Brussels, Belgium.
For filled and encased composite members, either the shear strength of the steel section alone, the steel section
plus the reinforcing steel, or the reinforced concrete alone are permitted to be used in the calculation of available
shear strength.
The explanations and justifications of the design for shear resistance in the case of a composite column with 4
encased steel profiles are given within Examples I.X3 and I.X4.
Design for combined axial force and flexure may be accomplished using the plastic-distribution method.
Several different procedures for employing the plastic-distribution method are outlined in the AISC
Commentary to I5.
Each of these procedures is applied for composite steel-concrete sections concrete with 4 encased steel profiles
in Example I.X1. and Example I.X2.
To help in following these design examples, the interaction curves which will be used are presented separately
in Fig. I-1e and I-1f. The equations correspond to different points selected on the interaction curves.
Calculations concerning the slenderness effect are not presented, because they would not be different of those
shown in detail in AISC Design Examples V14.0-2011. For design cases which would be different of the
examples presented (for instance a section with 6 encased steel profiles, this presentation in Figures I-1e and I1f shows the way to develop the appropriate interaction equations.
In the plastic-distribution method, the N-M interaction curves are convex, because it is assumed that the
concrete has no tensile strength.
Fig.I-1. Axial force (P) bending moment (M) diagram for a composite cross section.
For a composite cross-section symmetrical about the axis of bending, Roik and Bergmann (1992) have proposed
a simple method to evaluate its M-N interaction diagram. This method is adopted in AISC Specifications. As
shown in Figure I-1, this method does not determine a continuous N-M interaction curve, but only a few key
points. The N-M curve is then constructed by joining these key points by straight lines.
When evaluating these key points, rigid-plastic material behavior is assumed. Thus, steel is assumed to have
reached yield in either tension or compression. Concrete is assumed to have reached its peak stress in
compression and its tensile strength is zero. For one equivalent rectangular stress block the peak stress in
compression is:
C - point with bending moment equal to the pure bending moment capacity
Stress distribution
As = 4 Aa
AC = h1 h2 As Asr
Aa = area of one steel profile
As = total area of the steel shape
C
PC = 0.85 Ac f'c
MC = M B
PD =
0.85 Ac f'c
2
1
M Dx = Z sx Fy + ( Z r1x + Z r2x ) Fysr + Z cx ( 0.85 f c' )
2
Zsx full x- axis plastic modulus of steel shape
Zr1x full x- axis plastic modulus of As1 plates
Zr2x full x- axis plastic modulus of As2 plates
Z r1x = 2 As1 d s1y
bs2 hs22
4
Z sx = 4 Aa d sy
Z r2x = 2
h1 h22
Z r1x Zr 2x Z sx
4
Fig. I -1e. Composite member with several encased steel profiles, X-X -axis anchor points.
Z cx =
PB = 0
Aa
h
where:
b* - the width of the equivalent steel rectangle bar
Aa area of one steel profile
b* =
h
For hnx between the two profiles hnx d sy :
2
PC
hnx =
2 h1 ( 0.85 f'c ) + 2 bs2 ( 2 Fyrs 0.85 f'c )
PC + 4 d sy b* ( 2 Fy 0.85 f'c )
2
hnx =
2 h1 ( 0.85 f'c ) + 4 b* ( 2 Fy 0.85 f'c ) + 2 bs 2 ( 2 Fyrs 0.85 f'c )
2
nx
b* ( 2 d sy h )
hnx =
PC As ( 2 Fy 0.85 f'c )
Z sxn = Z sx
Z cxn = h1 hnx2 Z r2xn Z sxn
Fig. I -1e. Composite member with several encased steel profiles, X-X -axis anchor points. (continued)
Stress distribution
As = 4 Aa
AC = h1 h2 As Asr
Aa = area of one steel profile
As = total area of the steel shape
C
PC = 0.85 Ac f'c
MC = M B
PD =
0.85 Ac f'c
2
1
M Dy = Z sy Fy + ( Z r1y + Z r2y ) Fysr + Z cy ( 0.85 f c' ) Zsy
2
full y- axis plastic modulus of steel shape
Zr1y full y- axis plastic modulus of As1 plates
Zr2y full y- axis plastic modulus of As2 plates
b d2
Z r1y = 2 s1 s1
4
Z r2y = 2 As2 d s2x
Z sy = 4 Aa d sx
h12 h2
Z r1y Zr 2y Z sy
4
Fig. I -1f. Composite member with several encased steel profiles, Y-Y -axis anchor points.
Z cy =
10
PB = 0
Aa
b
where:
h* - the height of the equivalent steel rectangle bar
Aa area of one steel profile
h* =
b
For hny between the two profiles hny d sx :
2
PC
hny =
2 h2 ( 0.85 f'c ) + 2 bs1 ( 2 Fyrs 0.85 f'c )
b
b
For hny between the two profiles d sx < hny d sx + :
2
2
PC + 4 d sx h* ( 2 Fy 0.85 f'c )
2
hny =
2 h2 ( 0.85 f'c ) + 4 h* ( 2 Fy 0.85 f'c ) + 2 bs1 ( 2 Fyrs 0.85 f'c )
h* ( 2 d sx b )
hny =
PC As ( 2 Fy 0.85 f'c )
11
Given:
Determine for the encased composite member illustrates in Fig. I.X1-1 the axial force (P) bending moment
(M) diagram.
12
From ArcelorMittal sections catalog, the geometric and material properties of one steel profile HD 400x1299
(W14x16x873) are:
Aa = 165000 mm2;
b = 476 mm;
h = 600 mm;
3
tw = 100 mm;
I HDx = 754600 10 mm
tf = 140 mm;
4
From Fig. I.X1-1, additional geometric properties of the composite section used for force allocation and load
transfer are calculated as follows:
h1 = 3072mm;
h2 = 3072mm;
dx = 2500 mm;
dy = 2500mm;
dsy = 950mm;
ds2x = 1450mm;
As = Aa = 4 165000mm 2 = 660000mm 2
i =1
kg
m3 ;
As Fy
Pn
660000mm2 450MPa
= 0.363
817207.653kN
where
h1 height of the concrete section, mm.
h2 width of the concrete section, mm.
cx concrete cover, on x direction, mm.
cy concrete cover, on y direction, mm.
dx the distance between the two steel profiles HD 400x1299 (W14x16x873), on y - direction, mm.
dy the distance between the two steel profiles HD 400x1299 (W14x16x873), on x - direction, mm.
dsx the distance from the local centroid of the steel profile HD 400x1299 (W14x16x873) to the
section neutral axis, on x - direction, mm.
13
dsy the distance from the local centroid of the steel profile HD 400x1299 (W14x16x873) to the
section neutral axis, on y direction, mm.
ds2x the distance from the local centroid of As1 plate to the section neutral axis, on x - direction, mm.
ds1y the distance from the local centroid of As2 plate to the section neutral axis, on y - direction, mm.
Solution:
A simplification of the composite section is made by replacing the reinforcement by equivalent steel plates, as
shown in Fig. I.X1-1. Horizontal plates include only reinforcement that belongs to the two main lines. One
horizontal plate, As1, replace 52 reinforcement rebars.
nx = 52
As1 = 52T40 = 52 1256.64mm2 = 65364mm 2
For hs1 = 3072mm (86mm +
d s1y =
100
mm) = 2800mm
2
hs1 2800mm
=
= 1400mm
2
2
Side plates includes besides the two lateral lines, the few additional rebars. The number of reinforcement which
corresponds to one lateral plate is 76.
ny = 30 + 30 + 3 2 + 5 2 = 76
As2 = 76T40 = 76 1256.64mm 2 = 95532mm 2
d s2x =
hs2 2900mm
=
= 1450mm
2
2
The moment of inertia of the reinforcing bars about the elastic neutral axis of the composite section, Isr, is
determined for the two equivalent plates As1 and As2, and is calculated as follows:
I sr1x =
I sr2x =
2
I srx = 2 I sr1x + 2 I sr2x + 2 As1 d s1y
=
14
where
Isx moment of inertia about x axis of the steel profiles, mm4.
The moment of inertia values for the concrete about both axes axis is determined as:
h1 h23 3072mm ( 3072mm )
=
= 7.421 1012 mm 4
12
12
3
Ig =
I cx = I g I srx I sx = 7.421 1012 mm4 3.9 1011 mm4 6.058 1011 mm4 = 6.426 1012 mm4
where
Icx moment of inertia about x axis of the concrete part, mm4.
Material and Detailing Limitations
Material limits are provided in AISC Specification Sections I1.1 (2) and I1.3 as follows:
(1) Concrete strength:
f'c = 50MPa
o. k.
Fy 525MPa
Fysr 525MPa
o. k.
Transverse reinforcement limitations are provided in AISC Specification Section I1.1 (3), I2.1a. (1), I2.1a. (2)
and ACI 318 as follows:
(1) Tie size and spacing limitations:
The AISC Specifications requires that either lateral ties or spirals be used for transverse reinforcement.
Where lateral ties are used, a minimum of either 10 mm (No. 3) bar placed at a maximum of 406 mm
(12 in.) on center, or a 13 mm (No. 4) bar or larger spaced at a maximum of 406 mm (16 in.) on center
shall be used.
14 mm lateral ties at 75 mm are provided.
o. k.
Note that AISC Specification Section I1.1 (1) specifically excludes the composite column provision of
ACI 318 Section 10.13, so it is unnecessary to meet the tie reinforcement provisions of ACI 318
Section 10.13.8. when designing composite columns using AISC Specifications Chapter I.
If spirals are used, the requirements of ACI 318 Sections 7.10 and 10.9.3 should be met according to
the User Note at the end of AISC Specification I2.1a.
15
o. k.
(3) Maximum tie spacing should not exceed 0.5 times the least column dimension:
h = 3072mm
smax = 0.5 min 1
= 1536mm
h2 = 3072mm
o. k.
o. k.
o. k.
o. k.
o. k.
o. k.
16
ACI 318 Section 7.6.3 requires a clear distance between bars of 1.5db or 38 mm (1.5in.).
1.5 db = 60mm
smin = max
= 60mm
38mm
o. k.
(6) Clear spacing between longitudinal bars and the steel core:
AISC Specification Section I2.1e requires a minimum clear spacing between the steel core and
longitudinal reinforcement of 1.5 reinforcing bar diameters, but not less than 38 mm (1.5 in.).
1.5 db = 60mm
smin = max
= 60mm
38mm
The distance from the steel core and the longitudinal bars is determined from Fig. IX1-1, on x direction
as follows:
s = 524mm
b
60mm 2 40mm = 146mm smin
2
o. k.
The distance from the steel core and the longitudinal bars is determined from Fig. IX1-1, on y direction
as follows:
s = 586mm
h
60mm 2 40mm = 100mm smin
2
o. k.
where
h height of HD 400x1299 (W14x16x873) steel profile, mm.
b width of HD 400x1299 (W14x16x873) steel profile, mm.
(7) Concrete cover for longitudinal reinforcement:
ACI 318 Section 7.7 provides concrete cover requirements for reinforcement. The cover requirements
for column ties and primary reinforcement are the same, and the tie cover was previously determined to
be acceptable, thus the longitudinal reinforcement cover is acceptable by inspection.
AISC Design Examples 2011 Part1, page I-96 indicates the following:
The interaction between axial forces and flexure in composite members is governed by AISC
Specification Section I5 which, for compact members permits the use of a strain compatibility method
or plastic stress distribution method, with the option to use the interaction equations of Section H1.1.
The strain compatibility method is a generalized approach that allows for the construction of an
interaction diagram based upon the same concepts used for reinforced concrete design. Application of
the strain compatibility method is required for irregular/nonsymmetrical sections.
Plastic stress distribution methods are discussed in AISC Specification Commentary Section I5 which
provides three acceptable procedures for filled members. Plastic stress distribution methods are
discussed in AISC Specification Commentary Section I5. The procedure involves the construction of a
piecewise-linear interaction curve using the plastic strength equations provided in Fig. I-1-1 located
17
within the front matter of the Chapter I Design Examples. The method is a reduction of the piecewiselinear interaction curve that allows for the use of less conservative interaction equations than those
presented in Chapter H.
Thereafter are provided approaches following two methods: a plastic stress distribution method and a finite
element analysis.
Step 1: Construct nominal strength interaction surface A, B, C, and D without length effects, using the equations
provided in Fig. I-1e for bending about the X-X axis:
Point A (pure axial compression): the available compressive strength is calculated as illustrated in Design
Example I.9.
0.85 Ac f'c
=
2
8.455 106 mm 2 ( 0.85 50MPa )
2
=179679.054kN
The applied moment, illustrated in Fig. I -1e, is resisted by the flexural strength of the composite section about
its X-X axis. The strength of the section in pure flexure is calculated using the equations of Fig. I-1e found in
the front matter of the Chapter I Design Examples for Point B. Note that the calculation of the flexural strength
at Point B first requires calculation of the flexural strength at Point D as follows:
32.933mm ( 2900mm )
bs2 hs22
=2
= 1.385 108 mm3
;
4
4
2
Z sr2x = 2
Z srx = Z sr1x + Z sr1x = 1.83 108 mm3 + 1.385 108 mm3 = 3.21 108 mm3
h12 h2
Z sr1x Z sr2x Z sx
4
2
( 3072mm ) 3072mm
=
1.83 108 mm3 1.385 108 mm3 6.27 108 mm3 ;
4
= 6.299 109 mm3
Z cx =
where
Zsr1x full x-axis plastic modulus of As1 plate, mm3.
18
Aa 165000mm
=
= 275mm
;
h
600mm
where
h the height of the HD 400x1299 steel profile
19
Fig. I.X1-2a. Subtracting the components of the stress distribution combination at point B and C considering
normal force only, when the a.n.is between the profiles.
h
Assumption 1: the neutral axis is placed between the steel profiles hnx d sy :
2
PC
= 1.108m
h
Check assumption hnx d sy :
2
hnx = 1108mm d sy
h
= 650mm assumption not. k.
2
h
h
Assumption 2: the neutral axis is placed within the steel profiles d sy <hnx d sy + :
2
2
20
Fig. I.X1-2b. Subtracting the components of the stress distribution combination at point B and C considering
normal force only, when the a.n.is within the profiles.
PC PB = PC = 0.85 Ac f'c = 359358.109kN
= 2 hnx h1 ( 0.85 f'c ) + 4 hnx d sy b* ( 2 Fy 0.85 f'c ) + 2 hnx bs2 ( 2 Fyrs 0.85 f'c )
2
PC + 4 d sy b* ( 2 Fy 0.85 f'c )
2
hnx =
2 h1 ( 0.85 f'c ) + 4 b* ( 2 Fy 0.85 f'c ) + 2 bs 2 ( 2 Fyrs 0.85 f'c )
600mm
359358.109kN + 4 950mm
275mm ( 2 450MPa 0.85 f'c )
2
=
2 3072mm ( 0.85 50MPa ) + 4 275mm ( 2 450MPa 0.85 f'c ) + 2 32.933mm ( 2 500MPa 0.85 f'c )
= 767mm
h
h
Check assumption d sy <hnx d sy + :
2
2
d sy
h
h
= 650mm < hnx = 767mm < d sy + = 1250mm assumption o. k.
2
2
2
nx
b* ( 2 d sy h )
=9.141 10 7 mm 3
Z cxn = h1 hnx2 Z sr2xn Z sxn
=1.687 10 9 mm 3
21
ASD
Allowable compressive strength:
C = 0.75
C = 2.00
PX" = C PX
PX" =
where X = A,B,C or D
where X = A,B,C or D
P
PA" = A
PA" = C PA
= 0.75 817207.65kN = 612905.739kN
PB" = C PB
817207.65kN
=
= 408603.826kN
2
P
PB = B
=
PC" = c PC
= 0.75 359358.109kN = 269518.582kN
PD" = c PD
= 0.75 179679.054kN = 134759.291kN
PX
PC" =
0kN
= 0kN
2
PC
359358.109kN
=
= 179679.055kN
2
P
PD" = D
179679.054kN
=
= 89839.53kN
2
22
B = 0.90
M X" = B M X
where X = A,B,C or D
b = 1.67
M
M X" = X
b
where X = A,B,C or D
M Ax" = B M Ax
M Ax" =
M Bx" = B M Bx
= 0.9 480546kNm = 432491kNm
M Bx" =
M Ax
b
0kNm
= 0kNm
1.67
M Bx
480546kNm
=
= 287752kNm
1.67
M Cx" =
M Cx" = B M Cx
= 0.9 480546kNm = 432491kNm
M Dx" = B M Dx
= 0.90 576734.208kNm = 519060.787kNm
M Dx" =
M Cx
480546kNm
= 287752kNm
1.67
M Dx
576734.208kNm
=
= 345349.825kNm
1.67
The design and allowable strength values are plotted in Fig. I.X1-3.
23
A numerical model using finite elements is considered with the purpose of comparison and validation of the
simplified method. The software package is FineLg, developed in collaboration between University of Lige
and Engineering office Greisch [FineLg Users Manual, V 9.2. 2011]. This numerical tool is continuously being
developed since the 70's and has been validated in a number of PhD theses and research reports. Specific
concrete beam elements have been developed by Ph. Boeraeve [Boeraeve P., 1991].
The chosen finite element is a 2D Bernoulli fiber element with 3 nodes and 7 degrees of freedom (DOF). The
total number of DOF corresponds to one rotational and two translational DOF for the nodes located at beam
element ends (nodes 1 and 3 in Fig. I.X1-4) and one relative longitudinal translational DOF for the node situated
at mid-length of the beam element (node 2 in Fig. I-X1-4). The relative translational DOF of the node at beam
mid-length has been proven necessary to take into account the strong variation of the centroid position along the
beam when the behaviour of the section is not symmetrical. Such a situation happens for instance in concrete
sections as soon as cracking occurs. The beam elements are able to simulate structures undergoing large
displacements but small deformations. They are developed following a co-rotational total description.
Fig. I.X1 -4. Strain Plane beam finite element with three nodes.
The model is built using an assembly of concrete (with appropriate reservations at the location of the steel
profiles) and steel fibre elements (see Fig. I.X1-6.b). In such fibre elements, only longitudinal strain and stresses
are explicitly modelled. The shear behaviour is supposed to remain elastic. Compatibility of longitudinal strains
is assumed at the interface between concrete and steel elements. This translates mathematically a perfectly rigid
longitudinal connection.
For both concrete and steel elements, internal forces in the elements are computed using a longitudinal and
transverse integration scheme. The integration along the beam length is performed using a classical Gauss
scheme with 4 integration points (see Fig. I.X1 -5.a). Nodal values are then extrapolated from this 4-point
scheme. At each longitudinal integration point (LIPi), a transverse integration is performed using a multilayer
scheme. The section is divided into a number of layers, in which the actual stress state is derived from the strain
state and assuming a uniaxial stress-strain relationship. In this case the cross-section is divided into 29 layers.
24
Fig. I.X1 -5. Integration scheme: a) longitudinal integration with 4-point Gauss scheme; b) transversal
integration with multilayer scheme
A parabola-rectangle constitutive law with tension stiffening is assumed for the concrete (EN 1992-1-1Eurocode 2, 2004), as shown in Fig. I.X1-6, and is analytically defined as follows:
c = f cc
ccu
c
2 ccu
c
c =
2 fc'
E
f ct = 0.3 f cc 3 = 4.072MPa .
where:
fcc = 50 MPa compressive strength of unconfined concrete (AISC I1.2b)
fct axial tensile strength of concrete;
(AISC I1.3);
25
For both steel and concrete materials, the mechanical properties considered in the numerical simulations are the
nominal values. They should thus compare to the simplified AISC approach also considering nominal values of
the material properties. This comparison is done in Fig. I-XI-11.
The numerical M-N interaction curve is derived from the behaviour of a cantilever column with arbitrary length
l, as shown in Fig. I.X1-8. The column is chosen long enough to ensure that shear effects can be neglected but
not too long to avoid stability problems and second-order (i.e. buckling) effects.
Accounting for the symmetry of the cross-section, only half of the section is represented, as shown in Fig. I.X19. Results of the FEM analysis are then simply doubled for final post-processing and comparison. The total
height of the composite column is equal to l = 45m. The zone close to the support is the main zone of interest
and needs an accurate meshing. In total there are 17 nodes, 7 elements with a length of 6m, and 1 element
placed close to the support having 3 m. This shorter element allows a better localization of the plastic hinge.
26
The column is initially loaded by a compressive axial force N. The compression force is kept constant while a
horizontal load is then increasingly applied until the bending resistance of the column is overcome (see Fig.
I.X1-10). The corresponding resisting moment in the plastic hinge is calculated by = H max l . The full curve
is then built by considering different values of the compression force N and by calculating the maximum
bending resistance M corresponding to each value of N.
Fig. I.X1-10. Example of pushover curves obtained with the numerical model for point C of the interaction
curve.
27
The following table summarizes the results obtained with the Simple method and the Finite Element model.
Point B
Point D
Point C
Point A
Nominal
LFRD
P
[kN] 0.75 P [kN]
0
0
179679
134759
359358
269518
817207
612905
P /2
ASD
[kN]
0
89839
179679
408603
Nominal
LFRD
ASD
Mx [kNm] 0.9 Mx [kNm] Mx/1.67 [kNm]
480546
432491
287752
576734
519060
345349
480546
432491
287752
0
0
0
FineLg
Mx
516060
604391
510177
0
Fig. I.X1-11. Comparison between the AISC - Plastic Distribution Method and the FEM method.
Conclusion
Design values of M-N interaction diagram have been obtained on the basis of a simple general methodology
proposed by AISC Specification and from which explicit expressions have been developed for the case of
composite sections with several encased steel profiles; these expressions have been presented in Figures I-1e
and I-1f.
The results of a study carried out with a more accurate FEM model confirm the validity of the results obtained
with the simple method in the case of composite sections with several encased steel profiles. Results obtained
with the simple AISC method using nominal values of the material properties and FEM results are compared on
Fig. I.XI-11. They are in excellent agreement for high compression level and the simple method is reasonably
accurate and safe-sided when bending becomes dominant. The simple method is thus felt sufficient to evaluate
design values of M-N interaction in the present context.
28
Given:
Determine for the encased composite member illustrated in Fig. IX1-1 the axial force (P) bending moment
(M) diagram.
29
From ArcelorMittal sections catalog, the geometric and material properties of one steel profile HD 400x1299
(W14x16x873) are:
Aa = 165000 mm2;
b = 476 mm;
h = 600 mm;
3
tw = 100 mm;
3
Zsx = 33250 cm ;
Zsy = 16670 cm ;
tf = 140 mm;
From Fig. I.X1-1, additional geometric properties of the composite section used for force allocation and load
transfer are calculated as follows:
h1 = 3072mm;
h2 = 3072mm;
dx = 2500 mm;
dy = 2500mm;
dsy = 950mm;
ds2x = 1450mm;
As = Aa = 4 165000mm 2 = 660000mm 2
i =1
kg
m3 ;
As Fy
Pn
660000mm2 450MPa
= 0.363
817207.653kN
where
h1 height of the concrete section, mm.
h2 width of the concrete section, mm.
cx concrete cover, on x direction, mm.
cy concrete cover, on y direction, mm.
dx the distance between the two steel profiles HD 400x1299 (W14x16x873), on y - direction, mm.
dy the distance between the two steel profiles HD 400x1299 (W14x16x873), on x - direction, mm.
30
dsx the distance from the local centroid of the steel profile HD 400x1299 (W14x16x873) to the
section neutral axis, on x - direction, mm.
dsy the distance from the local centroid of the steel profile HD 400x1299 (W14x16x873) to the
section neutral axis, on y direction, mm.
ds2x the distance from the local centroid of As1 plate to the section neutral axis, on x - direction, mm.
ds1y the distance from the local centroid of As2 plate to the section neutral axis, on y - direction, mm.
Solution:
A simplification of the composite section is made by replacing the reinforcement by equivalent steel plates, as
shown in Fig. I.X2-1. Horizontal plates include only reinforcement that belongs to the two main lines. One
horizontal plate, As1, replace 52 reinforcement rebars.
nx = 52
As1 = 52T40 = 52 1256.64mm2 = 65364mm 2
100
mm) = 2800mm
2
Side plates includes besides the two lateral lines, the few additional rebars. The number of reinforcement which
corresponds to one lateral plate is 76.
ny = 30 + 30 + 3 2 + 5 2 = 76
As2 = 76T40 = 76 1256.64mm 2 = 95532mm 2
The moment of inertia of the reinforcing bars about the elastic neutral axis of the composite section, Isr, is
determined for the two equivalent plates As1 and As2, and is calculated as follows:
I sr1y =
I sr2y =
2
I sry = +2 I sr1y + 2 I sr2y + 2 As2 d s2x
31
The moment of inertia values of the entire steel section about Y-Y axis is determined as:
I sy = 4 Aa d sx2 + 4 I HDy = 4 165000mm 2 (1012mm ) + 4 254400 104 mm 2 = 6.861 1011 mm 4
2
where
Isy moment of inertia about y axis of the steel profiles, mm.
The moment of inertia values for the concrete about both axes axis is determined as:
h2 h13 3072mm ( 3072mm )
=
= 7.421 1012 mm 4
12
12
3
Ig =
I cy = I g - I sry - I sy = 7.421 1012 mm4 4.87 1011 mm4 6.8611011 mm4 = 6.428 1012 mm4
where
Icy moment of inertia about y axis of the concrete part , mm4.
Material limits are provided in AISC Specification Sections I1.1 (2) and I1.3 as follows:
(1) Concrete strength:
f'c = 50MPa
o. k.
Fy 525MPa
Fysr 525MPa
o. k.
Transverse reinforcement limitations are provided in AISC Specification Section I1.1 (3), I2.1a. (1), I2.1a. (2)
and ACI 318 as follows:
(1) Tie size and spacing limitations:
The AISC Specifications requires that either lateral ties or spirals be used for transverse reinforcement.
Where lateral ties are used, a minimum of either 10 mm (No. 3) bar placed at a maximum of 406 mm
(12 in.) on center, or a 13 mm (No. 4) bar or larger spaced at a maximum of 406 mm (16 in.) on center
shall be used.
14 mm lateral ties at 75 mm are provided.
o. k.
Note that AISC Specification Section I1.1 (1) specifically excludes the composite column provision of
ACI 318 Section 10.13, so it is unnecessary to meet the tie reinforcement provisions of ACI 318
Section 10.13.8. when designing composite columns using AISC Specifications Chapter I.
If spirals are used, the requirements of ACI 318 Sections 7.10 and 10.9.3 should be met according to
the User Note at the end of AISC Specification I2.1a.
(2) Additional tie size limitation:
ACI 318 Section 7.10.5.1 requires that all nonprestressed bars shall be enclosed by lateral ties, at least
10 mm (No. 3) in size for longitudinal bars 32 mm (No. 10) or smaller, and at least 13 mm (No. 4) in
size for 36 mm (No. 11), 43 mm (No. 14), 57 mm (No. 18), and bundled longitudinal bars.
32
o. k.
(3) Maximum tie spacing should not exceed 0.5 times the least column dimension:
h = 3072mm
smax = 0.5 min 1
= 1536mm
h2 = 3072mm
o. k.
o. k.
o. k.
o. k.
o. k.
o. k.
33
1.5 db = 60mm
smin = max
= 60mm
38mm
o. k.
(6) Clear spacing between longitudinal bars and the steel core:
AISC Specification Section I2.1e requires a minimum clear spacing between the steel core and
longitudinal reinforcement of 1.5 reinforcing bar diameters, but not less than 38 mm (1.5 in.).
1.5 db = 60mm
smin = max
= 60mm
38mm
The distance from the steel core and the longitudinal bars is determined from Fig. I.X1-1, on x
direction as follows:
s = 524mm
b
60mm 2 40mm = 146mm smin
2
o. k.
The distance from the steel core and the longitudinal bars is determined from Fig. I.X2-1, on y
direction as follows:
s = 586mm
h
60mm 2 40mm = 100mm smin
2
o. k.
where
h height of HD 400x1299 (W14x16x873) steel profile, mm.
b width of HD 400x1299 (W14x16x873) steel profile, mm.
(7) Concrete cover for longitudinal reinforcement:
ACI 318 Section 7.7 provides concrete cover requirements for reinforcement. The cover requirements
for column ties and primary reinforcement are the same, and the tie cover was previously determined to
be acceptable, thus the longitudinal reinforcement cover is acceptable by inspection.
AISC Design Examples 2011 Part1, page I-104 indicates the following:
The interaction between axial forces and flexure in composite members is governed by AISC
Specification Section I5 which, for compact members permits the use of a strain compatibility method
or plastic stress distribution method, with the option to use the interaction equations of Section H1.1.
The strain compatibility method is a generalized approach that allows for the construction of an
interaction diagram based upon the same concepts used for reinforced concrete design. Application of
the strain compatibility method is required for irregular/nonsymmetrical sections.
Plastic stress distribution methods are discussed in AISC Specification Commentary Section I5 which
provides three acceptable procedures for filled members. Plastic stress distribution methods are
discussed in AISC Specification Commentary Section I5. The procedure involves the construction of a
piecewise-linear interaction curve using the plastic strength equations provided in Fig. I-1-1 located
within the front matter of the Chapter I Design Examples. The method is a reduction of the piecewise-
34
linear interaction curve that allows for the use of less conservative interaction equations than those
presented in Chapter H.
Thereafter are provided approaches following two methods: a plastic stress distribution method and a finite
element analysis.
Step 1: Construct nominal strength interaction surface A, B, C, and D without length effects, using the equations
provided in Fig. I-1f for bending about the Y-Y axis:
Point A (pure axial compression): the available compressive strength is calculated as illustrated in Design
Example I.9.
0.85 Ac f'c
=
2
8.455 106 mm 2 ( 0.85 50MPa )
2
=179679.054kN
The applied moment, illustrated in Fig. I-1f, is resisted by the flexural strength of the composite section about its
Y-Y axis. The strength of the section in pure flexure is calculated using the equations of Fig. I-1f found in the
front matter of the Chapter I Design Examples for Point B. Note that the calculation of the flexural strength at
Point B first requires calculation of the flexural strength at Point D as follows:
bs1 hs12 23.338mm ( 2800mm )
=
= 9.148 107 mm3
4
4
2
Z sr1y =
h1 h
Z r1y Z r2y Z sy
4
2
3072mm ( 3072mm )
=
9.148 107 mm3 2.769 108 mm3 6.679 108 mm3
4
= 6.211 109 mm3
Z cy =
2
2
where
Zsr1y full y-axis plastic modulus of As1 plate, mm3.
35
The stress distribution type C from Fig. I1f provides the same moment resistance as B, since the moment from
the stress resultants cancel each other. However, the resulting resistance to axial force is of the same magnitude
from the pure concrete part 0.85 f c' . This can be seen from adding up the stress distribution in B and C, with
regard to the equilibrium of forces, by example the resulting axial force. This follows because the resistance to
axial force in B is zero. Subtracting the stress distributions of B from that of C it results the value of hny.
In order to determine the position of the neutral axis, on Y-Y direction, the HD 400x1299 steel profile has been
considered as a rectangle bar (h* x b) with an equivalent area, as shown in Fig. I.X2-2a.
h*=
Aa 165000mm
=
= 346.639mm
;
b
476mm
where
b the width of the HD 400x1299 steel profile;
36
Fig. I.X2-2a. Subtracting the components of the stress distribution combination at point B and C considering
normal force only, when the a.n. is between the profiles.
PC
= 1.175m
b
Check assumption hny d sx :
2
hny = 1175mm d sx
b
= 774mm
2
assumption not. k.
h
h
Assumption 2: the neutral axis is placed within the steel profiles d sy <hnx d sy + :
2
2
37
Fig. I.X2-2b. Subtracting the components of the stress distribution combination at point B and C considering
normal force only, when the a.n. is within the profiles.
PC + 4 d sx h* ( 2 Fy 0.85 f'c )
2
hny =
2 h2 ( 0.85 f'c ) + 4 h* ( 2 Fy 0.85 f'c ) + 2 bs1 ( 2 Fyrs 0.85 f'c )
476mm
359358.109kN + 4 1012mm
346.639mm ( 2 450MPa 0.85 50MPa )
2
=
2 3072mm ( 0.85 50MPa ) + 4 346.639mm ( 2 450MPa 0.85 50MPa ) + 2 23.338mm ( 2 500MPa 0.85 50MPa )
= 856mm
h
h
Check assumption d sy <hnx d sy + :
2
2
d sx +
b
b
= 774mm < hny = 856mm d sx + = 1250mm assumption o. k.
2
2
h* ( 2 d sx b )
= 9.273 10 7 mm 3
Z cyn = h1 hny2 Z r1yn Z syn
=2.124 109 mm 3
38
Z sr1yn - y-axis plastic modulus of As1 plates within the zone 2hn,mm3.
ASD
Allowable compressive strength:
C = 0.75
C = 2.00
PX" = C PX
where X = A,B,C or D
PX
PX" =
where X = A,B,C or D
PA" = C PA
= 0.75 817207.65kN = 612905.739kN
PB" = C PB
= 0.75 0kN = 0kN
PA
PA" =
=
817207.65kN
= 408603.826kN
2
PB =
=
PC" = c PC
= 0.75 359358.109kN = 269518.582kN
PC" =
PB
c
0kN
= 0kN
2
PC
359358.109kN
=
= 179679.055kN
2
PD" = c PD
= 0.75 179679.054kN = 134759.291kN
PD" =
PD
179679.054kN
=
= 89839.53kN
2
39
B = 0.90
M X" = B M X
where X = A,B,C or D
b = 1.67
M
M X" = X
b
where X = A,B,C or D
M Ay" = B M Ay
M Ay" =
M Ay
0kNm
=
= 0kNm
1.67
M By" = B M By
= 0.9 512804kNm = 461524kNm
M By" =
=
M Cy" = B M Cy
= 0.9 512804kNm = 461524kNm
M Cy" =
=
M Dy" = B M Dy
= 0.9 616779.059kNm = 555101.153kNm
M Dy" =
=
M By
b
512804kNm
= 307068kNm
1.67
M Cy
b
512804kNm
= 307068kNm
1.67
M Dy
b
616779.059kNm
= 369328.778kNm
1.67
The design and allowable strength values are plotted in Fig. IX2-3.
40
Table of results obtained with Simple method and Finite Element model.
Point B
Point D
Point C
Point A
Nominal
LFRD
P
[kN] 0.75 P [kN]
0
0
179679
134759
359358
269518
817207
612905
P /2
ASD
[kN]
0
89839
179679
408603
Nominal
LFRD
My [kNm] 0.9 My [kNm] My/1.67
512804
461524
616780
555102
512804
461524
0
0
ASD
[kNm]
307068
369329
307068
0
FineLg
My
528385
622210
524608
0
Fig. I.X2-4. Comparison between the Plastic Distribution Method and the FEM method.
Conclusion
Design values of M-N interaction diagram have been obtained on the basis of a simple method presented in
AISC Specification and for which explicit expressions have been developed for the case of composite sections
with several encased steel profiles; these expressions are presented in Figures I-1e and I-1f.
The results of the finite element study made with more refined models confirm the validity of the results
obtained by that the simple method in the case of composite sections with several encased steel profiles
(compare nominal and FinelG in Table above).
The simple method can be kept to evaluate design values of M-N interaction for that case.
41
Given:
Determine if the composite member with 4 encased steel profiles illustrated in Figure I.X4-1 is adequate for the
axial forces, shears and moments given hereunder, that have been determined in accordance with the direct
analysis method of AISC 2010 Specification Chapter C for the control of ASCE(2010)ASCE/SEI 7-10 load
combinations:
Nu = 180000 kN
Vu,Y= 20000 kN
b= 476 mm
2
A = 165000 mm
tf = 140 mm
4
Iy = 754600. 10 mm
tw = 100 mm
4
Iz = 254400.10 mm
Solution:
According to AISC Specification Section I4.1, there are three acceptable options for determining the available
shear strength of an encased composite member:
42
Option 1- Available shear strength of the steel section alone in accordance with AISC Specification Chapter G.
Option 2- Available shear strength of the reinforced concrete portion alone per ACI 318.
Option 3- Available shear strength of the steel section in addition to the reinforcing steel ignoring the
contribution of the concrete.
Option 1 clearly is a gross underestimation for the section with 4 encased steel profiles, because it would consist
in disregarding the contribution to shear resistance of a net area Ac of concrete equal to Ac = 8,45 m2. Option 1 is
not developed.
Option 2 is envisaged hereunder. Its application however requires one adaptation for composite sections with
several encased steel profiles, in comparison to, for instance, the procedure presented in Design Example I.11.
The principle of the adaptation is explained hereunder. It requires separate calculation of shear strength of subsections composing the complete section. This is presented in detail.
Option 3 will not be used because it would be unsafe for composite sections with several encased steel profiles.
This is explained below.
Principle of the adaptation of Option 2 to sections with several encased steel profiles.
The problem to solve in sections with several encased profiles is that concrete and steel components
contributing to shear resistance are not working in parallel, like in the case of one central steel profile encased in
concrete: they are, for some part, working in series or chain. This is easier to understand if one subdivides the
column section into 5 smaller sections, each providing resistance to shear. They are respectively the sections of
width bc3 (2 sections), bs (2 sections) and bc4 (1 section), all with height hz .
They are named section bc3, section bc4 and section bs in the following.
The applied shear force Vu,Y will distribute itself into Vu,bc3 , Vu,bc4 and Vu,bs between sections bc3, bc4 and bs,
proportionally to the stiffness of those sections.
Then each section should provide strength greater than the applied shear force in that section.
Sections bc3 and bc4 are regular reinforced concrete sections and can be treated as such.
But section bs is a composite steel-concrete section having 2 reinforced concrete flanges, 2 inner steel profiles
(the HD sections) and 1 reinforced concrete web. Section bs is a chain of components in concrete and steel; its
strength should be calculated on the basis of the weakest link, which is concrete. This is why the check for
transverse shear is made on one section bs homogenized in concrete. All components of that section are taken
into account. This is valid because the steel profile has more strength than its equivalent concrete section, as
shown by the following comparison of pure shear resistance:
-
(Spec. Eq G2-1)
43
h/tw 2, 24
E
=> v = 1.00 and Cv = 1.0
Fy
(Spec. Eq G2-2)
tw=100 mm
E
= 47,2
Fy
where Vu,t,S2 is the transverse shear in the steel profile as calculated in the section Resistance to
transverse shear of the HD profile.
-
For a concrete section with same height and width of concrete equivalent to the steel profile, the shear
strength in case of pure shear applied to a section without transverse reinforcement is:
Vc = 2 fc bw d
ACI318-08 (11-3)
for fc=50MPa
A similar expression is defined, which takes into account longitudinal reinforcement with an upper
bound value:
Vc = 3,5 fc bw d
ACI318-08 (11-5)
for fc=50MPa
in this example].
Why Option 3 cannot be applied to sections with several encased steel profiles.
In option 3, the available shear strength would be found as the addition of the available shear strength of the
steel sections in addition to the available shear strength of the reinforcing steel, ignoring the contribution of the
concrete. In fact, this way to present things does not express clearly what is meant. The idea is that, due to
44
cracking, the contribution to shear resistance of concrete without transverse reinforcement Vc is equal to 0. In
such case, the shear resistance of reinforced concrete in shear can exist, due to transverse reinforcement and
equilibrium between inclined compression struts of concrete and tension in steel ties, the stirrups. In such
case, the available shear strength indicated in ACI318-08 is Vs , meaning that the total shear strength is only Vs
instead of being (Vc + Vs).
But Vs is limited to an upper bound value corresponding to crushing of concrete compression struts in the strut
and ties equilibrium recalled above. That limit is:
Vs = 8 fc bw d
ACI318-08 (11.4.7.9)
That expression expressed in international units, with the data of the section under consideration, becomes:
Vs = 0,676fc bw d = 4,78 bw d
for fc = 50MPa
[Note: it is remarkable that in option 3, the available shear strength is said to be the addition of the available
shear strength of the steel section to the available shear strength of the reinforcing steel, but the available shear
strength of the reinforcing steel is in fact a concrete strength].
However, in a section with several steel profiles, the applied shear force Vu,Y will distribute itself into Vu,bc3 ,
Vu,bc4 and Vu,bs between sections bc3, bc4 and bs, proportionally to the stiffness of those sections. Section bs
being made of components working in series or chain, the strength of the chain should be calculated on the
basis of its weakest link, which is concrete. So Option 3 has to be applied in the same way as Option 2 and
adding the shear strength of the steel profiles to a shear strength of the reinforcement would lead to an unsafe
design.
Distribution of transverse shear in the composite section.
45
The applied shear force Vu,Y is distributed between sections bc3, bc4 and bs proportionally to their stiffness:
Vu,bc3 = Vu,Y x (EIeff)bc3/EIeff
Vu,bc4 = Vu,Y x (EIeff)bc4/EIeff
Vu,bs = Vu,Y x (EIeff)bs/EIeff
The effective bending stiffness EIeff of the column is:
EIeff = Es Is + 0.5Esr Isr + C1Ec Ic
(Spec. Eq.I2-6)
(Spec. Eq.I2-7)
In the envisaged section, there are 4 steel profiles, each with a section A.
46
The total effective bending stiffness EIeff around the X axis is the sum of individual EIeff established for sections
bc3, bs and bc4 respectively.
(Spec. Eq.I2-6)
To calculate Isr, reinforcing bars are replaced in the calculations by 2 equivalent steel side plates. Figure I.X4-4.
Each plate has the same total area As,r,side as the 2 layers of side bars in lines plus 2x2 bars in the top and bottom
lines plus 2x4 inside bars.
The height hp of the plates is the distance between the extreme bars:
hp = 3072 2 x 86 = 2900mm
On each side:
-
the area of those bars and of each equivalent plate is: As,r,side = 72 x 1257= 90504 mm2
the thickness of the equivalent plate is: tp= As,r,side / hp = 90504 / 2900 = 31,20 mm
47
(Spec. Eq.I2-6)
To calculate Isr, reinforcing bars are replaced in the calculations by 2 equivalent (one top, one bottom) steel
plates. Each plate has the same total area As,r,bc4 as the 2 layers of bars in lines, either top or bottom side.
The area of those bars and of each equivalent plate is:
As,r,bc4 = 32T40 bars =32 x 1257= 40224 mm2
The distance between the center of the top and bottom plates is :
Y= 3072 2 x (86 + 100/2)= 2800 mm
Isr= As,r,bc4 x 2 x (Y/2)2 = 40224 x 2 x 14002 = 1,58.1011
Icg = bc4 x hy3/12 = 1548 x 30723/12 = 37,39.1011
The moment of inertia Isr corresponding to the fact that there is no concrete where there are rebars should be
deduced from Icg.
Ic = Icg - Isr=37,39.1011 1,58.1011 = 35,81. 1011
(EIeff )bc4 = 0.5 Esr Isr + C1Ec Ic = 0,5 x 200000 x 1,58.1011 + 0,245 x 38007 x 35,81.1011
(EIeff )bc4 = 4,91.1016 Nmm2
Section bs: EIeff = Es Is + 0.5 Esr Isr + C1Ec Ic
(Spec. Eq.I2-6)
bs = 476 mm
The distance between the centroid of the steel profiles is dy.
dy =2 x 950= 1900 mm
dy /2= 950 mm
Is=2 x A x (dy/2)2 + 2 x Iy = 2 x 165000 x 9502 + 2 x754600.104 = 3,1292.1011 mm4
Iy is the moment of inertia of the steel profile, strong axis.
EsIs=200000 x 3,1292.1011 = 6,258.1016 Nmm2
To calculate Isr, reinforcing bars are replaced in the calculations by 2 equivalent (one top, one bottom) steel
plates. Each plate has the same total area As,r,bs as the 2 layers of bars in lines, either top or bottom side above
the HD section, meaning 8 bars.
As,r,bs = 8x1257= 10056 mm2
The distance between the center of the top and bottom plates is:
Y= 3072 2 x (86 + 100/2)= 2800 mm
Isr= As,r,bs x 2 x (Y/2)2 = 10056 x 2 x 14002 = 3,94.1010
EsrIsr = 200000 x 3,94.1010 = 7,88.1015 N x mm
48
49
In a homogenized section in concrete (Figure I.X4.5.), the width of concrete equivalent to the width of steel
flanges is bs*:
bs*=bs x Es/Ec =476 x 200000/38007= 2505 mm
The width of concrete equivalent to the width of steel web is tw*:
tw*=tw x Es/Ec =100 x 200000/38007= 52,6 mm
The homogenized concrete section is presented at Figure I.X3-5.
The resultant longitudinal shear force on sections like CC1 and CC2 at Figure I.X3-5 is:
Vu,l = (Vu,bs x S) / Is*
S is the section modulus corresponding to the area limited by a sections CC1 and CC2.
Longitudinal shear is calculated at the interface between sections C1 and C2 and at the interface between
sections C2 and C, because these steel concrete interfaces are the surfaces where resistance to longitudinal shear
should be checked.
S1 is the section modulus for the section C1 ranging from edge to outer HD flange:
For the steel equivalent to concrete, width is bs*.
Height h1 is:
h1= 1536 950 600/2 =286 mm
The area is:
Area1= bs x h1= 476 x 286 = 136136 mm2
Distance to neutral axis: 950+300+286/2 = 1393 mm
Sc1 =136136 x 1393 = 189,6.106 mm3
The reinforcing bars have been replaced in the calculations by 1 equivalent steel plate (see above) of area As,r,bs :
As,r,bs = 8x1257= 10056 mm2
The equivalent area in concrete is: 10056 x 200000/38004 =52920 mm2
The distance between the center of that plate and the axis of symmetry is:
py = Y/2 = 1400 mm
Ssr = 52920 x 1400 = 74,1.106
S1= Sc1 + Ssr = 189,6.106 + 74,1.106 = 263,7.106 mm3
The resultant longitudinal shear force on section CC1 is:
Vu,l,CC1 = (Vu,bs x S1) / Ic* = (6688.103x 263,7.106)/ 2,05.1012 = 860 N/mm
On 1 m length of column: Vu,l,CC1 = 860 kN/m
Calculation of longitudinal shear force applied at section CC2.
50
The available shear strength of an individual steel headed stud anchor is determined in accordance with the
composite component provisions of AISC Specification Section I8.3 as directed by Section I6.3b.
Qnv =Fu Asa
Asa = (19) /4 = 283 mm per steel headed stud anchor diameter 19mm
2
Fu = 450 MPa
v = 0,65
v Qnv = 0,65 x 450 x 283 = 82777 kN = 82,8 kN
In Section CC1, the required number of anchors on the outer flange of the HD profile is:
nanchors= 860/82,8 = 10,3/m
Anchors are placed in pairs on the flange at 120mm longitudinal (vertical) spacing, meaning:
8,33 x 2 = 16,6 anchors/m.
The 120mm longitudinal (vertical) spacing is justified by spacing of main horizontal reinforcement.
Transverse spacing is 200mm.
In Section CC2, the required number of anchors on the inner flange of the HD profile is:
nanchors= 3551/82,8 = 42,9/m
Anchors are placed in groups of 5 on the flange at 120mm longitudinal (vertical) spacing, meaning:
8,33 x 5 = 41,7 anchors/m.
That value is considered acceptable due to presence of shear connections on lateral (=web) side of the section.
Transverse spacing is 90mm.
51
Outer side
Inner side
Steel Headed Stud Anchor Detailing Limitations of AISC Specification Sections I6.4a, I8.1 and I8.3
Steel headed stud anchor detailing limitations are reviewed in this section with reference to the anchor having a
shank diameter, dsa =19mm.
Anchors must be placed on at least two faces of the steel shape in a generally symmetric configuration.
That limitation applies at sections with one central encased steel profile. Here the anchors are placed
symmetrically with respect to the axis os symmetry of the complete section. There is no reason to have
a symmetric configuration for each individual steel profile.
Maximum anchor diameter: dsa 2.5t f
19 < 2.5 x140 = 355 mm.
=> o.k.
=> o.k.
=> o.k.
=> o.k.
52
=>o.k.
Clear cover above the top of the steel headed stud anchors:
Minimum clear cover over the top of the steel headed stud anchors is not explicitly specified for steel
anchors in composite components; however, in keeping with the intent of AISC Specification Section
I1.1 and following the cover requirements of ACI 318 Section 7.7. for concrete columns, a clear cover
of 38 mm is requested.
Clear cover above anchor = 286 -100 =186mm > 38mm
= > o.k.
Concrete Breakout
AISC Specification Section I8.3a states that in order to use Equation I8-3 for shear strength calculations,
concrete breakout strength in shear must not be an applicable limit state.
For the composite member being designed, no free edge exists in the direction of shear transfer along the length
of the column, and concrete breakout in this direction is not an applicable limit state. However, it is still
incumbent upon the engineer to review the possibility of concrete breakout through a side edge parallel to the
line of force. One method for explicitly performing this check is to analyze transverse reinforcing ties as anchor
reinforcement in accordance with AISC Specification Section I8.3a(1) : Where anchor reinforcement is
developed in accordance with Chapter 12 of ACI 318 on both sides of the concrete breakout surface for the steel
headed stud anchor, the minimum of the steel nominal shear strength from Equation I8-3 and the nominal
strength of the anchor reinforcement shall be used for the nominal shear strength, Qnv, of the steel headed stud
anchor.
The reinforcement present in the breakout surface are 2T20 (vertical spacing 120mm) and 6 T14 (vertical
spacing 240mm) for a total area : As = 2x 9,33 x 314 + 6x 9,33 x 154 = 5856 + 8620 = 14481mm2
Nominal strength of the anchor reinforcement:
0,65 x 500 x 14580 mm2 = 4706000N = 4706 kN > 3551 kN
=> ok.
Eurocode 4 provides a rule (clause 6.7.4.2(9)) which reflects more directly the state of equilibrium in the
vicinity of the connectors: the transverse reinforcement should be designed for the longitudinal shear that results
from the transmission of normal force from the parts of concrete directly connected by shear connectors into the
parts of the concrete without direct shear connection. The design and arrangement of transverse reinforcement
should be based on a truss model assuming an angle of 45 between concrete compression struts and the
member axis. Figure I.X3-7. Due to the 45 angle, the tie design force is equal to one half of the longitudinal
shear Vu,l,CC2.
For a longitudinal shear Vu,l,CC2 = 3551 kN/m, the design force for ties in the strut and tie model is thus:
As,tie fy Vu,l,CC2 /2= 3551/2 = 1775 kN
53
=> ok.
Fig. I.X3-8. Struts and ties model for the design of transverse reinforcement.
Checks of resistance to transverse shear of section bs following Option 2Available shear strength of the
reinforced concrete portion alone per ACI 318.
ACI318-08 (11-1)
ACI318-08 (11-2)
Vc is the nominal shear strength provided by concrete and Vs the nominal shear strength provided by shear
reinforcement.
In ACI318-08 , Vc should be computed by different expressions related to the type of factored actions applied to
the section. The more refined expressions have upper bound limitations:
-
shear Vu and flexure Mu and compression Nu: Eq.(11-5) completed by Eq(11-6) with limitation
expressed by Eq.(11.7).
A comparison of those various shear stress equations for members submitted to a combination of axial loads,
bending moment and shear, which is typically the case for the columns with HD profiles (see R11.2.2.2), is
presented in ACI318-08 Comments. It indicates that Eq.(11-4) is a correct safe side estimate of Vc. Figure I.X4-
54
8. Also, it obviates the determination of individual values of bending moment Mu and compression Nu attributed
to each zone bc3, bc4 and bs.
Nu
Vc = 2 1 +
2000 Ag
f 'c bw d
ACI318-08 (11-4)
for fc=50MPa
Sections bc3 are reinforced concrete sections. They are checked using ACI318-08 Eq.(11-4) for Vc.
bw = bc3= 286 mm
d = 0,8 hz = 0,8 x 3072mm = 2457 mm
Vc = 2,81 bw d = 1974 kN
ACI318-08 Eq.(11-4)
b s 50bw s
Av,min = 0,75 fc' w
f yr
f yr
55
b
Av
= 0,0623 fc' w
f yr
s
b
0, 007 w
f yr
Av
286
286
= 0, 0623 50
= 0, 25 0, 007
= 0, 004
500
s
500
This is realized with 1T14 bar close to column edge (external hoops) at step s =240mm
Av = 78,5mm2
Section bc4 is a reinforced concrete section. It is checked using ACI318-08 Eq.(11-4) for Vc.
bw = bc4= 1548 mm
d = 0,8 hz = 0,8 x 3072 = 2457 mm
Vc = 2,81 bw d= 10687 kN
ACI318-08 Eq.(11-4)
Vu,bs = 6688 kN
The area considered for shear resistance of the composite section of section bs is only the web of the complete
section bs presented at Figure I.X3-2. .
(Vc +Vs) Vu,bs
56
The shear force Vu,l per unit length in CC2 correspond to the maximum longitudinal shear stress in the HD
profile. The HD profile adequacy can be checked in shear under a shear force Vu,t,S2 calculated on the basis ofthat
safe side value Vu,l ,CC2 and on the fact that transverse and longitudinal shear stresses are equal at one point:
Vu,t,S2= Vu,l ,CC2 x h2= 3551 x 600= 2130600 N = 2131 kN
Vn = 0.6FyAwCv
v = 1.00 and Cv = 1.0 (see above)
h = 600 mm
tw=100 mm
Fig. I.X3-8. Definition of transverse reinforcement resulting from all requirements in Examples I.X3 and I.X4 .
57
Given:
Determine if the composite member with 4 encased steel profiles illustrated in Figure I.X4-1 is adequate for the
axial forces, shears and moments given hereunder, that have been determined in accordance with the direct
analysis method of AISC(2010) Specification Chapter C for the controlling ASCE(2010) ASCE/SEI 7-10 load
combinations:
Factored bending moment:
Nu = 180000 kN
Vu,X= 20000 kN
b= 476 mm
2
tf = 140 mm
4
Iy = 754600. 10 mm
tw = 100 mm
4
Ix = 254400.10 mm
Solution:
Example I.X4 studies the shear resistance of the same section as the one presented in Example I.X3. The line of
the developments presented here is similar to the one of Example I.X3. The differences are the direction of
shear, the orientation of the encased steel profiles and the way to provide resistance to longitudinal shear. The
introduction presented in Example I.X3 on available shear strength, principle of the adaptation of Option 2 to
58
sections with several encased steel profiles and why Option 3 cannot be applied to sections with several encased
steel profiles are not repeated here.
Distribution of transverse shear in the composite section.
The symbols and dimensions are defined at Figures I.X4-1, I.X4-2 and I.X4-3 .
The width bc1, hs and bc2 are:
bc1 = 286mm
hs = 600 mm
bc2 = 3072-2 x (286+600)=1300 mm
59
The applied shear force Vu,Z is distributed between sections bc1, bc2 and hs proportionally to their stiffness:
Vu,bc1 = Vu,X x (EIeff)bc1/EIeff
Vu,bc2 = Vu,X x (EIeff)bc2/EIeff
Vu,hs = Vu,ZX x (EIeff)hs/EIeff
The effective bending stiffness EIeff of the column is:
EIeff = Es Is + 0.5Esr Isr + C1Ec Ic
(Spec. Eq.I2-6)
(Spec. Eq.I2-7)
In the envisaged section, there are 4 steel profiles, each with a section A.
For a HD400x1299: A = 165000 mm2
Total section of 4 profiles: As = 4 A = 660000 mm2
There are 256 diameter 40mm reinforcing bars.
Asr = 256 x 1257 = 321792 mm2
Ac = Ag As Asr
Ac=3072 x 3072 660000 321792 = 8455392 mm2
C1 = 0,1 + 2[(660000/(8455392 + 660000)] = 0,245 0,3
The total effective bending stiffness EIeff around the X axis is the sum of individual EIeff established for sections
bc1, hs and bc2 respectively.
(Spec. Eq.I2-6)
To calculate Isr, reinforcing bars are replaced in the calculations by 2 equivalent steel side plates. Figure I.X4-4.
Each plate has the same total area As,r,side as the 2 layers of side bars in lines plus 2x2 bars in the top and bottom
lines plus 2x4 inside bars.
The height hp of the plates is the distance between the extreme bars:
hp = 3072 2 x 86 = 2900mm
On each side:
-
the area of those bars and of each equivalent plate is: As,r,side = 60 x 1257= 75420 mm2
the thickness of the equivalent plate is: tp= As,r,side / hp = 75420 / 2900 = 26 mm
60
(Spec. Eq.I2-6)
To calculate Isr, reinforcing bars are replaced in the calculations by 2 equivalent (one top, one bottom) steel
plates. Each plate has the same total area As,r,bc4 as the 2 layers of bars in lines, either top or bottom side.
The area of those bars and of each equivalent plate is:
As,r,bc2 = 32T40 bars =32 x 1257= 40224 mm2
The distance between the center of the top and bottom plates is :
X= 3072 2 x (86 + 100/2)= 2800 mm
Isr= As,r,bc2 x 2 x (X/2)2 = 40224 x 2 x 14002 = 1,58.1011 mm4
Icg = bc2 x hx3/12 = 1548 x 30723/12 = 37,39.1011 mm4
The moment of inertia Icsr corresponding to the fact that there is no concrete where there are rebars should be
deduced from Icg.
Ic = Icg - Isr=37,39.1011 1,58.1011 = 35,81. 1011 mm4
(EIeff )bc2 = 0.5 Esr Isr + C1Ec Ic = 0,5 x 200000 x 1,58.1011 + 0,245 x 38007 x 35,81.1011
(EIeff )bc2 = 4,91.1016 mm2
Section hs: EIeff = Es Is + 0.5 Esr Isr + C1Ec Ic
(Spec. Eq.I2-6)
hs = 600 mm
The distance between the centroids of the steel profiles is dx.
dx =2 x 1012= 2024 mm
dx/2 = 1012 mm
Is=2 x A x (dx/2)2 + 2 x Ix = 2 x 165000 x 10122 + 2 x 254400.104 = 3,43.1011 N mm2
61
62
The resultant longitudinal shear force on sections CC1 and CC2 at Figure I.X4-5 is:
Vu,l = (Vu,bs x S) / Ic*
S is the section modulus corresponding to the area limited by a sections CC1 and CC2.
Longitudinal shear is calculated at the interface between sections C1 and C2 and at the interface between
sections C2 and C, because these steel concrete interfaces are the surfaces where resistance to longitudinal
shear should be checked.
S1 is the section modulus for the section C1 ranging from edge to outer HD flange:
For the steel equivalent to concrete, width is bs*.
Height h1 is:
h1= bc3 =286 mm
The area is:
Area1= hs x h1= 600 x 286 = 171600 mm2
Distance to neutral axis: 950+476/2+286/2 = 1331 mm
Sc1 =171600 x 1331 = 228,4.106 mm3
The reinforcing bars have been replaced in the calculations by 1 equivalent steel plate (see above) of area As,r,bs :
As,r,bs = 8x1257= 10056 mm2
The equivalent area in concrete is: 10056 x 200000/38004 =52920 mm2
The distance between the center of that plate and the axis of symmetry is:
63
px = X/2 = 1400 mm
Ssr = 52920 x 1400 = 74,1.106
S1= Sc1 + Ssr = 228,4.106 + 74,1.106 = 302,4.106 mm3
The resultant longitudinal shear force on section CC1 is:
Vu,l,CC1 = (Vu,hs x S1) / Ic* = (6987.103x 302,4.106)/ 2,18.1012 = 969 N/mm
On 1 m length of column: Vu,l,CC1 = 969 kN/m
Calculation of longitudinal shear force applied at section CC2.
Eurocode 4 cl.6.3.3(3)
6
The available shear strength of an individual steel headed stud anchor is determined in accordance with the
composite component provisions of AISC Specification Section I8.3 as directed by Section I6.3b.
Qnv =Fu Asa
Asa = (19) /4 = 283 mm per steel headed stud anchor diameter 19mm
2
Fu = 450 MPa
v = 0,65
v Qnv = 0,65 x 450 x 283 = 82777 kN = 82,8 kN
In Section CC1, the required number of anchors on the web of the HD profile is:
nanchors= 969/82,8 = 11,7 = 12/m
Anchors are placed in pairs on the web with a longitudinal spacing = 150mm, 13,3 anchors/m.
Lateral spacing is 120 mm
In Section CC2, the required number of anchors on the web of the HD profile is:
nanchors= 3786/82,8 = 45,7/m
There are difficulties in placing the connectors in a single plane.
The connectors could be placed in 2 lines on the web and one line on each interior side of flanges, with a
longitudinal spacing = 90mm , for a total 44 anchors/m. Lateral spacing of web connectors would be 120 mm.
64
However, such a layout is not supported by experience; it creates a preferential failure plane AA-Figure IX4-6
and requires additional reinforcing hoops within the depth of the web.
Placing the connectors on the tip of the flanges, so that transverse tying bars can be effective raise another
problem: it is not possible to reach the required number of connectors/m, at least on the inner side, so that
additional hoops remain necessary.
Inner side
Outer side
Fig. I.X4-6. Headed studs for resistance to longitudinal shear. Potential shear failure surface AA (top).
Required additional hoops (bottom).
Steel Headed Stud Anchor Detailing Limitations of AISC Specification Sections I6.4a, I8.1 and I8.3
Steel headed stud anchor detailing limitations are reviewed in this section with reference to the anchor having a
shank diameter, dsa =19mm.
Anchors must be placed on at least two faces of the steel shape in a generally symmetric configuration.
That limitation applies at sections with one central encased steel profile. Here the anchors are placed
symmetrically with respect to the axis os symmetry of the complete section. There is no reason to have
a symmetric configuration for each individual steel profile.
Maximum anchor diameter: dsa 2.5t f
19 < 2.5 x140 = 355 mm.
=> o.k.
65
=> o.k.
=> o.k.
=> o.k.
=>o.k.
Clear cover above the top of the steel headed stud anchors:
Minimum clear cover over the top of the steel headed stud anchors is not explicitly specified for steel
anchors in composite components; however, in keeping with the intent of AISC Specification Section
I1.1. Following the cover requirements of ACI 318 Section 7.7. For concrete columns, a clear cover of
38 mm is requested.
Clear cover above anchor = 286 -100 =186mm > 38mm
= > o.k.
Concrete Breakout
AISC Specification Section I8.3a states that in order to use Equation I8-3 for shear strength calculations,
concrete breakout strength in shear must not be an applicable limit state.
Design checks relevant for concrete breakout are similar to those in Example I.X3, due to the symmetry of the
section.
Direct Bearing
One method of utilizing direct bearing as a load transfer mechanism is through the use of internal bearing plates
welded between the flanges of the encased W-shape as indicated in Figure I.X4-7. Where multiple sets of
bearing plates are used, it is recommended that the minimum spacing between plates be 2 times the width of the
66
plates so that concrete compression struts inclined at 45 can develop. That spacing also enhances
constructability and concrete consolidation.
Elevation view
Plan view
Fig. I.X4-7. The strut and tie equilibrium justifying direct bearing on stiffeners.
That expression expresses that a force is a pressure times an area and is the same in international units (N, mm),
Rn = 1,7 x 50 x 59922 = 5093370 N = 5093 kN
The required resistance to longitudinal shear can be achieved by few more loaded and thicker stiffeners and
welds or more numerous less loaded thinner stiffeners and welds.
The expressions governing the design are:
B Rn Vr
2a 2 wu ( 3b 2a )
3 Fy ( 6a + b )
67
tp
2a 2 wu ( 3b 2 a )
3 Fy ( 6a + b )
= 27,1 mm
The bearing plates should be connected to the encased steel member using welds designed in accordance with
AISC Specification Chapter J to develop the full strength of the plate. For fillet welds, a weld size of 5/8tp will
serve to develop the strength of S355 plate (see AISC Manual Part 10).
Direct Bearing. Additional check in the strut and tie equilibrium justifying direct bearing by stiffeners.
The direct bearing which is provided by stiffeners welded between the flanges of a steel section requires an
equilibrating strength brought in by horizontal ties. See FigureI.X4-7. The tie design force for 1 stiffener is
equal to the longitudinal shear force Vr supported by that stiffener. It should be provided by the horizontal ties
in form of stirrups passing around both of the encased steel profiles in the section hs. As this tie force is just the
expression of the tie force in a global strut and tie mechanism of the complete hs section, this force should not
be added to the general transverse shear force which is taken into account to define the transverse reinforcement
in section hs. But it should be checked that the strength of the transverse reinforcement in section hs is great
enough:
Av Fy Vr
As transverse reinforcement defined by the check for transverse shear on the complete section requires T20 with
spacing s=150mm (see further down),
Av holds for 1000/150 = 6,6 stirrups/m, meaning 13,3 T20 on 1 m, meaning :
Av = 13,3 x 314 = 4176 mm2
With S500 stirrups and =0,75
ACI318-08 (9.3.2.6)
The stirrups defined in the check for transverse shear on the complete section are OK as ties for the bearing
force on stiffeners placed on the outer side of the HD profiles.
For the longitudinal shear on the outer side of the HD sections:
68
Vr=775 kN /stiffener
Vr=775 kN/0,8 = 968 kN
as stiffeners are placed every 800mm
As transverse reinforcement defined by the check for transverse shear on the complete section requires T20 with
spacing s=120mm (see further down), Av holds for 8 stirrups, meaning 12 T20 on 1 m, meaning :
Av = 12 x 314 = 3770 mm2
With S500 stirrups and =0,75
ACI318-08 (9.3.2.6)
The stirrups defined in the check for transverse shear on the complete section are OK as ties for the bearing
force on stiffeners placed on the outer side of the HD profiles.
Checks of resistance to transverse shear following Option 2Available shear strength per ACI 318.
ACI318-08 (11-1)
ACI318-08 (11-2)
Vc is the nominal shear strength provided by concrete and Vs the nominal shear strength provided by shear
reinforcement.
In ACI318-08 , Vc should be computed by different expressions related to the type of factored actions applied to
the section. The more refined expressions have upper bound limitations:
-
shear Vu and flexure Mu and compression Nu: Eq.(11-5) completed by Eq(11-6) with limitation
expressed by Eq.(11.7).
A comparison of those various shear stress equations for members submitted to a combination of axial loads,
bending moment and shear, which is typically the case for the columns with HD profiles (see R11.2.2.2), is
presented in ACI318-08 Comments. It indicates that Eq.(11-4) is a correct safe side estimate of Vc. Figure I.X48. Also, it obviates the determination of individual values of bending moment Mu and compression Nu attributed
to each zone bc3, bc4 and bs.
69
Nu
Vc = 2 1 +
2000 Ag
f 'c bw d
ACI318-08 (11-4)
for fc = 50 MPa
Sections bc1 are reinforced concrete sections. They are checked using ACI318-08 Eq.(11-4) for Vc.
bw = bc1= 286 mm
d = 0,8 hz = 0,8 x 3072 = 2457 mm
Vc = 2,81 bw d = 1974 kN
ACI318-08 Eq.(11-4)
b s 50bw s
Av,min = 0,75 fc' w
f yr
f yr
b
Av
b
= 0,0623 fc' w 0, 007 w
f yr
s
f yr
Av
286
286
= 0, 0623 50
= 0, 25 0, 007 500 = 0, 004
s
500
70
This is realized for instance with 1T10 bar close to column edge (external hoops) at step s =300mm
Av = 78,5mm2
Section bc2 is a reinforced concrete section. It is checked using ACI318-08 Eq.(11-4) for Vc.
bw = bc2= 1300 mm
d = 0,8 hz = 0,8 x 3072 = 2457 mm
Vc = 2,81 bw d= 8975 kN
ACI318-08 Eq.(11-4)
Vu,hs = 6987 kN
The area considered for shear resistance of the composite section of section bs is only the web of the complete
section presented at Figure.
bw =600 mm
d = 0,8 x 3072 = 2457 mm
Vc = 2,81 bw d= 4142 kN
Vc =0,75 x 4142 = 3107 kN < Vu,t,S1= 6987 kN
The shear force Vu,l per unit length in CC2 correspond to the maximum shear stress in the HD profile. The HD
profile adequacy can be checked in shear under a shear force Vu,t,S2 based on that safe side value:
71
h = 476 mm
t= 2 x tf =2 x 140 = 280 mm
Fig. I.X4-9. Definition of transverse reinforcement resulting from all requirements in Examples I.X3 and I.X4 .
72
References
EN 1994-1-1 Eurocode 4 (2004), Design of composite steel and concrete structures, Part 1.1 General
Rules for buildings, European Committee for Standardizations, Brussels.
ENV 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2 (1994), Design of concrete structures, Part 1.1 General Rules for buildings,
Provisory Version, European Committee for Standardizations, Brussels.
EN 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2 (2004), Design of concrete structures, Part 1.1 General Rules for buildings,
European Committee for Standardizations, Brussels.
FineLg Users Manual, V 9.2. ,(2011) Greish Info Departament ArGEnCo ULg.
FINELG Users Manual (1999), Non linear finite element analysis software. Version 8.2.
Boeraeve P. (1991), Contribution lanalyse statique non linaire des structures mixtes planes formes de
pouters, avec prise en compte des effets diffrs et des phases de construction, Doctoral thesis , University
of Lige.
A 913/A 913M 11, (2011) Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Shapes of Structural
Quality, Produced by Quenching and Self-Tempering Process (QST), ASTM;
ETA 10/0156, (2010) Long products made of HISTAR 355/355L and HISTAR 460/460L, DIBT;
AISC (2011), Design Examples V14, with particular reference to Chapter I: Design of composite
members; AISC, Chicago, Illinois.
ACI (2008), Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary, ACI 318-08.
ArcelorMittal Long Carbon Europe (2008), Sections and Merchant Bars Sales Progrmame, available
in PDF format or in paper format upon request at www.arcelormittal.com/sections.
Plumier A., Doneux C., Castiglioni C., Brescianini J., Crespi A., DellAnna S., Lazzarotto L., Calado L.,
Ferreira J., Feligioni S., Bursi O., Ferrario F., Sommavilla M., Vayas I., Thanopoulos P., Demarco T.
(2006), Two innovations for earthquake-resistant design: the INERD project Science Research
Development EUR 22044 EN.
73
A. Plumier, T. Bogdan, H. Dege, (2012), Design of composite mega-column with several encased Jumbo
profiles, Internal report for ArcelorMittal LCE, Plumiecs & Ulg.
A.Plumier, T. Bogdan, H. Dege, (2012), Design example of a rectangular composite mega-column with 4
encased Jumbo profiles, Internal report for ArcelorMittal LCE, Plumiecs & ULg. (downloadable on
http://www.arcelormittal.com/sections).
ASCE (2010), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI 7-10, American
Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.
Biography
Andr Plumier is a professor at the University of Liege (Belgium), with specialties in steel and composite
steel-concrete structures and seismic design. He has led many research projects in these fields. Mr. Plumier was
the inventor of the reduced beam sections concept. He is a consultant in projects in seismic areas and has been
full member of the ECCS TC13 seismic design of steel structures committee since its creation.
Herv Dege is research associate at the Belgian Foundation for Research and invited Professor at the
Universities of Liege and Ghent (Belgium). His main research field is structural mechanics and its application in
earthquake engineering for steel, composite steel-concrete and masonry structures. He is active in various
research programs and standardization committees at European level and acts regularly as consultant for
building companies and design offices for stability and seismic questions.
Teodora Bogdan is a research engineer at the University of Liege (Belgium). She prepared a PhD thesis in the
field of composite steel-concrete structures at Technical University of Cluj-Napoca (Romania) and obtained her
PhD degree in 2011. She is now working at University of Liege (Belgium).
Jean-Claude (JC) Gerardy is senior project sales manager of ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections
(Luxembourg). He is in charge of promoting and selling steel sections and HISTAR steels (high strength steels)
in large projects worldwide. He has been based many years in the USA, Asia, Near East and Africa for
ArcelorMittal.