Topic 1-Stress Strain

Chapter Objectives
9 Understand the concepts of normal and shear stress

9 Analyze and design of members subjected on axial load
or shear
1
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS

Will the total shear force over the anchor length be equal to
the total tensile force tensile A in the bar?
P
=
A
2
NORMAL SHEAR STRESS

Fz
z = lim
A0 A
Fx
zx = lim
A0 A
Fy
zy = lim
A0 A
3
EXAMPLE 1
The bar in Fig. 116a has a constant width of 35 mm and a
thickness of 10 mm. Determine the maximum average
normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the loading
shown.
4
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
By inspection, different sections have different internal forces.
Graphically,
Graphically the normal force diagram is as shown
shown.
5
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
By inspection, the largest loading is in region BC,
PBC = 30 kN
Since the cross-sectional area of the bar is constant, the largest

average normal stress is
BC
( )
PBC
30 103
=
=
= 85.7 MPa (Ans)
A (0.035)(0.01)
6
DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTION
For normal force requirement

A=
allow
F shear
For
h
fforce requirement
i
t
A=
allow
7
Single vs
vs. Double Shear
Single shear
Double shear
8
Beer FP, Johnston ER, Jr., DeWolf J.T, Mazurek DF. Mechanics of Materials, 5th Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 2009.
EXAMPLE 2
The rigid bar AB shown in Fig. 129a is supported by a steel
rod AC having a diameter of 20 mm and an aluminum block
having a cross sectional area of 1800mm2. The 18-mmdiameter pins at A and C are subjected to single shear. If the
failure stress for the steel and aluminum ( ) = 680 MPa is and
( ) = 70 MPa respectively,
i l and
d the
h ffailure
il
shear
h
stress ffor each
h
pin is = 900 MPa , determine the largest load P that can be
applied to the bar. Apply a factor of safety of FS=2.
FS 2.
st
fail
al fail
fail
9
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
The allowable stresses are
( st )allow =
( st ) fail
680
= 340 MPa
F .S .
2
( al ) fail 70
( al )allow =
=
= 35 MPa
F .S .
2
ffail 900
allow =
=
= 450 MPa
F .S .
2
Th
There
are three
th
unknowns
k
and
d we apply
l the
th equations
ti
off equilibrium,
ilib i
+ M B = 0;
+ M A = 0;
P(1.25) FAC (2 ) = 0
(1)
FB (2 ) P(0.75) = 0
(2)
10
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
We will now determine each value of P that creates the allowable stress
in the rod
rod, block
block, and pins
pins, respectively
respectively.
For rod AC,, FAC = ( st )allow ( AAC ) = 340(106 ) (0.01)2 = 106.8 kN
Using Eq. 1, P =
For block B, FB = ( al )allow AB = 35(106 )[1800(10 6 )] = 63.0 kN
Using Eq. 2, P =
(106
06.8)(2)
= 171 kN
1.25
(63.0)(2) = 168 kN
0.75
11
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
For pin A or C, V = FAC = allow A = 450(106 ) (0.009)2 = 114.5 kN
Using Eq
Eq. 1
1, P =
When P reaches its smallest value (168 kN), it develops the allowable
normal stress in the aluminium block. Hence,
(114.5)(2) = 183 kN
1.25
P = 168 kN (Ans)
12
Chapter Objectives
9
9
Understand the concept of normal and shear strain

Apply the concept to determine the strains for various
types of problems
13
NORMAL STRAIN
avg
s 's
=
s
s ' s
= lim
B A along n
s
s ' (1 + )s
14
SHEAR STRAIN
nt =
lim '
B A along n
C A along t
15
CARTESIAN STRAIN
The approximate
Th
i t lengths
l
th off the
th sides
id
of the parallelepiped are
(1 + )y (1 + )z
(1 + x )x
The approximate angles between sides, again originally

defined by the sides x, y and z are
xy
yz
xz
Notice that the normal strains cause a change in volume

of rectangular element, whereas the shear strain cause a
change in shape
16
CARTESIAN STRAIN (cont)
17
EXAMPLE 3
The slender rod creates a normal strain in the rod of = 40(10 )z
where z is in meters. Determine (a) displacement of end B
d tto the
due
th ttemperature
t
increase,
i
and
d (b) th
the average normall
strain in the rod.
3
18
1/ 2
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
Part (a)
Since the normal strain is reported at each point along the rod
rod, it has a
deformed length of
( ) ]
dz ' = 1 + 40 10 3 z1/ 2 dz
The sum along the axis yields the deformed length of the rod is
[1 + 40(10 )z ]dz = 0.20239 m
0.2
z' =
1/ 2
The displacement of the end of the rod is therefore
B = 0.20239 0.2 = 0.00239m = 2.39mm (Ans)
19
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
Part (b)
Assumes
A
the
th rod
dh
has an original
i i l llength
th off 200 mm and
d a change
h
iin
length of 2.39 mm. Hence,
avg
s 's 2.39
=
= 0.0119 mm/mm ((Ans))
=
s
200
20
EXAMPLE 4
Due to a loading, the plate is deformed into the dashed shape
shown in Fig. 26a. Determine (a) the average normal strain
along
l
th
the side
id AB,
AB and
d (b) the
th average shear
h
strain
t i iin th
the plate
l t
at A relative to the and y axes.
21
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
Part (a)
Line AB,
AB coincident with the y axis,
axis becomes line after deformation
deformation, thus
the length of this line is
AB' =
= 248.018 mm
The average normal strain for AB is therefore
( AB )avg
(250 2)2 + 32
AB ' AB 248
248.018
018 250
=
=
= 7.93 (103 ) mm/mm (Ans)
AB
250
The negative sign indicates the strain causes a contraction of AB.
22
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
Part (b)
As noted,
noted the once 90
90 angle BAC between the sides of the plate
plate,
referenced from the x, y axes, changes to due to the displacement of B
to B.
Since
Thus,
xy = 2 ' then xy is the angle shown in the figure.
3
= 0.121 rad (Ans)
250 2
xy = tan 1
23
Chapter Objectives
9
Understand how to measure the stress and strain

g experiments
p
through
Correlate the behavior of some engineering materials

to the stress-strain diagram.
24
TENSION AND COMPRESSION TEST
25
STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM
Note
N
t th
the critical
iti l status
t t ffor strength
t
th specification
ifi ti
proportional limit
elastic
l ti lilimit
it
yield stress
ultimate
lti t stress
t
fracture stress
26
STRENGTH PARAMETERS
M d l off elasticity
Modulus
l ti it (H
(Hookes
k L
Law))
= E
Modulus of Resistance
1
1 pl
ur = pl pl =
2
2 E
2
Modulus of Toughness
It measures the enter area
under the stress-strain
stress strain diagram
27
EXAMPLE 5
The stressstrain diagram for an aluminum alloy that is used
for making aircraft parts is shown in Fig. 319. If a specimen
off this
thi material
t i l iis stressed
t
d tto 600 MP
MPa, d
determine
t
i th
the
permanent strain that remains in the specimen when the load
is released
released. Also
Also, find the modulus of resilience both before
and after the load application.
28
EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solutions
When the specimen is subjected to the load, the strain is approximately

0.023 mm/mm.
The slope of line OA is the modulus of elasticity,
E=
450
= 75.0 GPa
0.006
From triangle CBD,
( )
( )
BD 600 106
=
= 75.0 109
E=
CD
CD
CD = 0.008 mm/mm
29
EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solutions
This strain represents the amount of recovered elastic strain.
The permanent strain is
OC = 0.023 0.008 = 0.0150 mm/mm (Ans)
Computing the modulus of resilience,
(ur )initial = 1 pl pl = 1 (450)(0.006) = 1.35 MJ/m3
(Ans)
2
2
(ur ) final = 1 pl pl = 1 (600)(0.008) = 2.40 MJ/m3 (Ans)
2
2
Note that the SI system of units is measured in joules, where 1 J = 1 N

m.
30
POISSONs RATIO
v=
lat
long
31
EXAMPLE 6
A bar made of A-36 steel has the dimensions shown in Fig.
322. If an axial force of P = 80kN is applied to the bar,
d t
determine
i th
the change
h
iin itits llength
th and
d th
the change
h
iin th
the
dimensions of its cross section after applying the load. The
material behaves elastically.
elastically
32
EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
Solutions
The normal stress in the bar is
( )
( )
P
80 103
z = =
= 16.0 106 Pa
A (0.1)(0.05)
From the table for A-36 steel, Est = 200 GPa
( )
( )
16.0 106
6
z =
=
=
80
10
mm/mm
6
Est 200 10
The axial elongation of the bar is therefore
z = z Lz = [80(106 )(1.5)] = 120m (Ans)

33
EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
Solutions
The contraction strains in both the x and y directions are
x = y = vst z = 0.32[80(10 6 )] = 25.6 m/m
The changes in the dimensions of the cross section are

x = x Lx = [25.6(10 6 )(0.1)] = 2.56m (Ans)
y = y Ly = [25.6(10 6 )(0. 05)] = 1.28m (Ans)
34
SHEAR STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
Strength
St
th parameter
t G Shear
Sh
modulus
d l off elasticity
l ti it or th
the
modules of rigidity
G is related to the modulus of elasticity E and Poissons
Poisson s
ratio v.
= G
E
G=
2(1 + v )
35
EXAMPLE 7
A specimen of titanium alloy is tested in torsion and the
shear stress strain diagram is shown in Fig. 325a.
D t
Determine
i th
the shear
h
modulus
d l G,
G the
th proportional
ti
l lilimit,
it and
d
the ultimate shear stress. Also, determine the maximum
distance d that the top of a block of this material,
material shown in
Fig. 325b, could be displaced horizontally if the material
p by
y a shear force V.
behaves elasticallyy when acted upon
What is the magnitude of V necessary to cause this
displacement?
36
EXAMPLE 7 (cont)
Solutions
By inspection, the graph ceases to be linear at point A. Thus, the

proportional limit is
pl = 360 MPa (Ans)
This value represents the maximum shear stress, point B. Thus the
ultimate stress is
u = 504 MPa (Ans)
Since the angle

g is small,, the top
p of
the will be displaced horizontally by
tan (0.008 rad ) 0.008 =
d
d = 0.4 mm
50 mm
37
EXAMPLE 7 (cont)
Solutions
The shear force V needed to cause the displacement is
avg
V
= ;
A
V
360 MPa =
V = 2700 kN (Ans)
(75)(100)
38
Chapter Objectives (Section 4.2 ~ 4.5)

9
9
9
9
Determine the elastic deformation of axially loaded

member
Apply the principle of superposition for total effect of
different loading cases
Deal with compatibility conditions
Use force method of analysis.
39
ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY

LOADED MEMBER
P( x )
d
and =
=
A( x )
dx
Provided these quantities do not exceed the proportional

limit,, we can relate them using
g Hookes Law,, i.e. = E
P( x )
d
= E
A( x )
dx
P( x )dx
d =
A( x )E
P( x )dx
=
A( x )E
0
L
40
EXAMPLE 8
The assembly shown in Fig. 47a consists of an aluminum
tube AB having a cross-sectional area of 400 mm2. A steel
rod having
g a diameter of 10 mm is attached to a rigid
g collar
and passes through the tube. If a tensile load of 80 kN is
applied to the rod, determine the displacement of the end C
of the
o
t e rod.
od Take
a e Est = 200
00 G
GPa,
a, Eal = 70
0G
GPa.
a
41
EXAMPLE 8 (cont.)
Solutions
Find the displacement of end C with respect to end B.

C / B
[ ( )]
[ ( )]
PL
+ 80 103 (0.6)
=
=
= +0.003056 m
AE (0.005) 200 109
Displacement of end B with respect to the fixed end A,
[ ( )]
[ ( )][ ( )]
PL
80 103 (0.4)
B =
=
= 0.001143 = 0.001143 m
6
9
AE 400 10 70 10
Since both displacements are to the right,
C = C + C / B = 0.0042 m = 4.20 mm
42
PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
It can be
b used
d to
t simply
i l problems
bl
h
having
i complicated
li t d
loadings. This is done by dividing the loading into
components then algebraically adding the results
components,
results.
It is applicable provided the material obeys Hookes

Hooke s Law
and the deformation is small.
If P = P1 + P2 and d d1 d2, then the deflection at

location x is sum of two cases,, x = x1 + x2
43
COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS
When th
Wh
the fforce equilibrium
ilib i
condition
diti alone
l
cannott
determine the solution, the structural member is called
statically indeterminate.
indeterminate
In this case,
case compatibility conditions at the constraint
locations shall be used to obtain the solution. For example,
the stresses and elongations
g
in the 3 steel wires are
different, but their displacement at the common joint A must
be the same.
44
EXAMPLE 9
The bolt is made of 2014-T6 aluminum alloy and is tightened
so it compresses a cylindrical tube made of Am 1004-T61
magnesium
i
alloy.
ll
Th
The ttube
b h
has an outer
t radius
di off 10 mm,
and both the inner radius of the tube and the radius of the bolt
are 5 mm
mm. The washers at the top and bottom of the tube are
considered to be rigid and have a negligible thickness. Initially
g
slightly;
g y then, using
g a wrench, the
the nut is hand-tightened
nut is further tightened one-half turn. If the bolt has 25
threads per mm, determine the stress in the bolt.
45
EXAMPLE 9 (cont.)
Solutions
Equilibrium requires
+ Fy = 0;
Fb Ft = 0
(1)
Wh the
When
th nutt is
i tightened
ti ht
d on the
th bolt,
b lt the
th tube
t b will
ill shorten.
h t
(+ )
t = 0.5 b
46
EXAMPLE 9 (cont.)
Solutions
Taking the 2 modulus of elasticity,

Ft (60)
Fb (60)
0
.
5
=
102 52 45 103
52 75 103
5Ft = 125 (1125) 9 Fb
][ ( )]
[ ][ ( )]
(2)
Solving Eqs. 1 and 2 simultaneously, we get
Fb = Ft = 31556 = 31.56 kN
The stresses in the bolt and tube are therefore
b =
Fb 31556
=
= 401.8 N/mm2 = 401.8 MPa (Ans)
Ab
(5)
s =
Ft
31556
2
=
=
133
.
9
N/mm
= 133.9 MPa (Ans)
2
2
At 10 5
47
FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS
It is
i also
l possible
ibl to
t solve
l statically
t ti ll iindeterminate
d t
i t problem
bl
by writing the compatibility equation using the superposition
of the forces acting on the free body diagram
diagram.
48
EXAMPLE 10
The A-36 steel rod shown in Fig. 417a has a diameter of 10
mm. It is fixed to the wall at A, and before it is loaded there is
a gap between
b t
th
the wallll att B and
d th
the rod
d off 0
0.2
2 mm.
Determine the reactions at A and Neglect the size of the
collar at C.
C Take Est = 200GPa
200GPa.
49
EXAMPLE 10 (cont.)
Solutions
Using the principle of superposition,
()
+
F
From
Eq.
E 4-2,
42
(1)
0.0002 = P B
[ ( )]
[ ( )]
PLAC
20 103 (0.4)
P =
=
= 0.5093 10 3
2
9
AE
(0.005) 200 10
FL
FB (1.2)
9
B = B AB =
=
76
.
3944
10
FB
2
9
AE
(0.005) 200 10
[ ( )]
Substituting into Eq. 1, we get
( )
0.0002 = 0.5093 10 3 76.3944 10 9 FB
( )
FB = 4.05 103 = 4.05 kN (Ans)

50
EXAMPLE 10 (cont.)
Solutions
From the free-body diagram,
(+ ) Fx = 0
FA + 20 4.05 = 0
FA = 16.0 kN (Ans)
51
Chapter Objectives (Section 4.6 ~ 4.9)

9
9
9
Deal with thermal stress problems

Deal with stress concentration problems
Deal with inelastic deformation problems
52
THERMAL STRESS
Ordinarily, the expansion or contraction T is linearly

related to the temperature increase or decrease T that
occurs.
T = TL
= linear coefficient of thermal expansion, property of the material
T = algebraic change in temperature of the member

L = original length of the member
T = algebraic change in length of the member
If the change in temperature varies throughout the length of

the member, i.e. T = T (x), or if varies along the length,
then
T = T dx
53
EXAMPLE 11
The rigid bar is fixed to the top of the three posts made of A36 steel and 2014-T6 aluminum. The posts each have a
g of 250 mm when no load is applied
pp
to the bar,, and the
length
temperature is T1 = 20C. Determine the force supported
by each post if the bar is subjected to a uniform distributed
load
oad o
of 150
50 kN/m
/ and
a d tthe
e te
temperature
pe atu e is
s raised
a sed to T2 =
80C.
54
EXAMPLE 11 (cont.)
Solutions
From the free-body diagram we have
+ Fy = 0;
(1)
The top of each post is displaced by an equal amount and hence,
(+ )
( )
2 Fst + Fal 90 103 = 0
st = al
(2)
Final p
position of the top
p of each p
post is equal
q
to its displacement
p
caused
by the temperature increase and internal axial compressive force.
(+ )
(+ )
st = ( st )T + ( st )F
al = ( al )T + ( al )F
55
EXAMPLE 11 (cont.)
Solutions
Applying Eq. 2 gives

( st )T + ( st )F = ( st )T + ( al )F
With reference from the material properties, we have
[ ( )]
12 10 6 (80 20)(0.25) +
Fst (0.25)
Fal (0.25)
6
(
)(
)
=
+
23
10
80
20
0
.
25
(0.02)2 200 109
(0.03)2 73.1 109
[ ( )]
[ ( )]
( )
Fst = 1.216 Fal 165.9 103
[ ( )]
(3)
Solving Eqs. 1 and 3 simultaneously yields

Fst = 16.4 kN and Fal = 123 kN (Ans)
56
STRESS CONCENTRATION
The stress concentration factor K is a ratio of the

maximum stress to the average stress acting at the
smallest cross section; i.e.
K=
max
avg
57
STRESS CONCENTRATION (cont.)
K is independent of the material properties

K depends
p
only
y on the specimens
p
g
geometry
y and the type
yp
of discontinuity
58

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Chapter Objectives

9 Understand the concepts of normal and shear stress

AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS

NORMAL SHEAR STRESS

By inspection, different sections have different internal forces.

By inspection, the largest loading is in region BC,

Since the cross-sectional area of the bar is constant, the largest

DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTION

For normal force requirement

The allowable stresses are

For rod AC,, FAC = ( st )allow ( AAC ) = 340(106 ) (0.01)2 = 106.8 kN

For block B, FB = ( al )allow AB = 35(106 )[1800(10 6 )] = 63.0 kN

For pin A or C, V = FAC = allow A = 450(106 ) (0.009)2 = 114.5 kN

Understand the concept of normal and shear strain

The approximate angles between sides, again originally

Notice that the normal strains cause a change in volume

CARTESIAN STRAIN (cont)

[1 + 40(10 )z ]dz = 0.20239 m

The displacement of the end of the rod is therefore

B = 0.20239 0.2 = 0.00239m = 2.39mm (Ans)

The average normal strain for AB is therefore

The negative sign indicates the strain causes a contraction of AB.

xy = 2 ' then xy is the angle shown in the figure.

Understand how to measure the stress and strain

Correlate the behavior of some engineering materials

TENSION AND COMPRESSION TEST

STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM

When the specimen is subjected to the load, the strain is approximately

The slope of line OA is the modulus of elasticity,

From triangle CBD,

This strain represents the amount of recovered elastic strain.

The permanent strain is

OC = 0.023 0.008 = 0.0150 mm/mm (Ans)

Computing the modulus of resilience,

(ur )initial = 1 pl pl = 1 (450)(0.006) = 1.35 MJ/m3

Note that the SI system of units is measured in joules, where 1 J = 1 N

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

The normal stress in the bar is

From the table for A-36 steel, Est = 200 GPa

The axial elongation of the bar is therefore

z = z Lz = [80(106 )(1.5)] = 120m (Ans)

The contraction strains in both the x and y directions are

x = y = vst z = 0.32[80(10 6 )] = 25.6 m/m

The changes in the dimensions of the cross section are

y = y Ly = [25.6(10 6 )(0. 05)] = 1.28m (Ans)

SHEAR STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM

By inspection, the graph ceases to be linear at point A. Thus, the

pl = 360 MPa (Ans)

u = 504 MPa (Ans)

Since the angle

The shear force V needed to cause the displacement is

Chapter Objectives (Section 4.2 ~ 4.5)

Determine the elastic deformation of axially loaded

ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY

Provided these quantities do not exceed the proportional

Find the displacement of end C with respect to end B.

Displacement of end B with respect to the fixed end A,

Since both displacements are to the right,

It is applicable provided the material obeys Hookes

If P = P1 + P2 and d d1 d2, then the deflection at

Taking the 2 modulus of elasticity,

Solving Eqs. 1 and 2 simultaneously, we get

The stresses in the bolt and tube are therefore

FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS