Full Documentation MTX+ MAJ 260210

Documents
MT.X+, the natural nano alternative

to preventing mycotoxicosis
in animal feeding
Strictly confidential - Internal use only - Do not diffuse - All information only for export outside Europe.
OLMIX PRESENTATION
OLMIX IBRICA: Subsidiary of the OLMIX group for Spain, Portugal and
Latin America
OLMIX GROUP:
French multinational company
Origin human cosmetic
Specialists in clays and their treatment
Industrial utilization of the equipment for the products of animal
hygiene and care (MISTRAL) and other products for farming.
ENERGY
NATURAL ALTERNATIVES
TEAM
INTERNATIONAL
Maria Angeles Rodrguez - 14 de marzo de 2008

HISTORY
2001: Dptment. I+D, Herv Demais, Scient Director
2004: Eureka Project of the EEC for improving capacities of clays
PROJECT COFINANCED BY THE

EUROPEAN UNION
Take part:
CNRS (MEANS)
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
EUROPEAN FUND
CEVA (ALGAE)
MULHOUSE UNIVERSITY (CLAYS)
OLMIX
2005: New material: AMADITE , hybrid between clay and algae
seaweeds
CLAYS
Types:
1:1, T:O, 7 , Caoln type:
Superficie
desarrollada:
20 a 40 m2 / gramo
Espacio
Interlaminar
(0,3 a 0,5 )
Unidad estructural
(d001 : 7,6 a 7,8 )
Electronic imbalance between layers

A very strong union is created
Not expansible
Interlayer surface not accessible: they cannot adsorb anything
Capa octadrica
Capa 1 : 1
Capa tetradrica
2:1, T:O:T, 10 , Montmorillonite-Bentonite type:

Estructure electrically stable
Substitution phenomenon: Al y Si ions
Electronic descompensation of the structure
Compensation cations between layers
The union between layers is weak and very reactive
Expansibles
Limited accesses to the interlayer surface (0,3-0,4 Nm)
Catin de
compensacin
(Na, Ca, K, Mg)
Espacio
Interlaminar
2,5 a 7
d001= 12 a 17
Ttrahedral layer
Octahedral layer
Ttrahedral layer
Capa 2 : 1

IDEA
Access to 100% of the reactive surface

How? Inserting pillars
Which? Alginates, algae polysaccharides
Why? Small, rigid and polar structures
Pillar inserted clays

(P.I .L.C)
d001=
20 a 50

HOW?
Process 100% ecologic
Patented process and idea
We multiply by 10 the interlayer
space
REACTIVE SURFACE 100%
ACCESSIBLE

WHAT FOR?
The nanomaterials transfer THEIR properties to the materials that contain them.
Plastic Industry: reinforce mechanical characteristics and gas barrier effect.
Painting Industry: Increases the resistence to inflammability and

scratching
Cosmetic Industry: UVA protection and anti aging lotions

Other areas in development 3 INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
Animal Nutrition: Fight against mycotoxins
STRUGGLE AGAINST MYCOTOXINS

- Known mycotoxins:
i. Evident or clinical effects (High concentrations in RM and feed)
ii. Not evident o sub clinical effects: they depress the immune system, for the synergic
effect of several mycotoxins though there are in low concentrations REBEL
OPPORTUNIST PATHOLOGIES
- Unknwon mycotoxins: we do not know which are not if they are but they can
interact with the known ones, even to low doses
- Positioning concerning this problem:
i. Clinical symptons: TOO LATE, managing, hygiene, RM substitution....
ii. Medium symptoms (identified or assumed problem but without serious consequences) :
managing + toxin binder
iii. Bottom problem, the symptoms are the rebel pathologies: to use a technical additive to
improve the production.
- Our toxin binder is a technical, not technological additive, to improve the

performance.
- In a nearby future the toxin binder will be an habitual component of the feed like
nowadays the premix could be:
i. Medicine Law
ii. Antibiotic prohibition
iii. Food safety
iv. New coming legislation
CURRENT OPTIONS
- Clays, diatomaceus earth, yeast cellular walls, detoxifying enzymes and
combinations of the previous ones
- Real performance only when an evident mycotoxicosis problem exists or
when the levels of mycotoxins are so high any action reduces the
symptoms.
- Dosing: normally high doses are recommended, between 2 and 5Kg/Tm
of feed, though the client is reducing the incorporation for which the same
results are obtained with half a kilo than with two. It is used as cleansers
of conscience.
-
Range of products:
i. Technical: Mycosorb, Mycofix, Mycoaid..... 5000/Tm
ii. Banal: the rest..... 1000/Tm

MT.X+ (AMADITE INSIDE)

-
Active ingredient: Amadite
i.
Compared with a well micronized clay, which has from 20 to 40 m2/gr of
product, Amadite has from 800 to 1000 m2/gr
ii. Its structure in three dimensions allows the binding inside the nanoparticle
Advantages:
i. Higher binding for the highest surface of action
ii. Wider spectrum of action, for the widest interlayer space
iii. Higher effect on the immune system
Expected results: Evident better performance

We no longer make an ACT OF FAITH, now we have an ACTIONREACTION

10
Mycotoxins and
mycotoxicosis in animal
nutrition
THE MYCOTOXIN SYSTEM
FAO: Food and Agriculture

Organization
(Organisation des Nations unies
pour lalimentation et
lagriculture)
25% to 30% of the annual

world grain production
contaminated with
mycotoxins!
THE MYCOTOXIN SYSTEM : FROM FIELD TO FORK
Human food
Detoxification
Animal feed
Soil
contamination
Crop
contamination
Harvest
Handling & Storage

conditions
Feed & Food Storage

conditions
AN
INTERNATIONAL
INTEREST
A NEW INTERNATIONAL AWARENESS
May be considered in terms of three interacting

subsystems:
Metabolism & toxicology;
Health & productivity;
Wealth.
After exposure (by ingestion, inhalation or skin contact),
the toxicity of a mycotoxin is determined by a sequence
of events (metabolism) involving the administration,
absorption, transformation, pharmacokinetics, molecular
interactions, distribution, and excretion of the toxin and
its metabolites.
In turn, the toxicity of a mycotoxin will be manifested by
its effect on the health and productivity of crops, humans
and animals.
These effects will influence the production of wealth associated

with human endeavour and agricultural and livestock products.
INTRODUCTION TO MYCOTOXINS
General information
Mycotoxin
Greek word for fungus : Mykes

+
Latin word for poison : toxicum
Any potential toxic substance produced by

moulds metabolism
Recognised disease in man for centuries : Rye ergot alcaloids

produced by Claviceps purpurea (Central Europe)
First recognition in animals in 1960 in UK ( First Aflatoxicosis

outbreak in poultry)
Since then more than 200 mycotoxins discovered mostly in the

recent years
Mycotoxins are a high potential threat to human and
animal health through the ingestion of food or feed
prepared from infected commodities
MOULDS & MYCOTOXINS
WHAT ARE MOULDS?
Moulds : generic term to describe microscopic fungi
Monera - bacteria and blue-green algae.
Protista - one-celled organisms like algae (except blue green),

the amoeba, also seaweed and kelp.
Fungi - (over 60.000 species known today) a classification of

organisms including mold, yeast, mildew, mushrooms, and
lichens. A single species is called a fungus. The terms
"fungus," "mold," and "yeast" are often used interchangeably.
Plantae - plants.
Animalia - animals.
The Five Kingdoms of Life
Based on the new 1978 classification
system
FUNGI IN THE ECOLOGICAL CHAIN
Ecologically this kingdom is important as decomposers

and recyclers of nutrients
Economical importance of fungi
Food : mushrooms
Baking
Brewing : beer and wine fermentations
Cheese : Bleu, Roquefort cheese, Camembert
Antibiotics: the first of the wonder drugs, penicillin,
was isolated from the fungus Penicillium
Crop parasites : doing several million dollars per
year of damage
10
MOULDS SPECIFICITY
Moulds are fungi :
Fungi are neither plant nor animal, but have some characteristics of
each. They cannot move about like an animal Fungi are almost
entirely multicellular (with yeast, Saccharomyces cerviseae, being a
prominent unicellular fungus),
Eucaryots : They have a true nucleus in their cells and are able to
sexually reproduce . (They can also reproduce by spores similar to
some of the more primitive plants).
Heterotrophic:, have no chlorophyll as do plants, and cannot

manufacture their own energy (Symbiotics : Lichens)
But Moulds are:
Saprophytes : Must consume organic matter (from dead organisms)
Parasites : In some cases (from alive organisms)
11
WHAT ARE MOULDS?
Mycelium
Sporocyst
Hyphae
12
WHAT ARE MOULDS?
Bread + Water
Day 1
Day 5
Sporocyst
Sporocyst
Bread
Spore
Mycelium
Mycelium
Mycelium: mass of hyphae

constituting the body (thallus)
of a fungus
13
MOULDS GROWTH FACTORS
Fungus spore
Organic Matter
The substrate
External
factors
T
Humidity
Oxygen
pH
Pests
Spore load
Stress
Primary
Metabolites:
Fungus growth
Enzymes
Proteins
Alcohols
Fungal cells
Secondary metabolites:
MYCOTOXINS
Sclerotium rolfsii
Corn
Rice
14
The Substrate
Any organic substrate becomes after a few days a

target for mould growth and mycotoxin production
The major commodities affected are :

Cereals
Nuts,
Dried fruits,
Coffee
Oil seeds
Dried peas and beans
Cocoa, spices, fruits, .
15
The External factors

The interactions within granular ecosystems will support the growth of a
succession of micro-organisms, including toxigenic moulds, as the nutrient
availability and microenvironment changes with time.
It is well recognised that the main factors which

influence the production of mycotoxins are water
activity and temperature, but also oxygenation, pH
conditions and pests.
However, given the complexity of the ecosystems supporting the production

of mycotoxins, the conditions under which toxigenic moulds produce
mycotoxins are still poorly defined; and have recently been
comprehensively reviewed (ICMSF, 1996).
16
Water : Aw, the most critical factor
The active part of moisture content (Aw) provides better information than the total
moisture content regarding the micro-biological, chemical and enzymatic stability of
perishable products such as foods and seeds.
Water activity (Aw) or Equilibrium Relative Humidity (ERH %) measures the vapor
pressure generated by the moisture present in the product.
Aw = p / ps and ERH % = 100 x Aw,

p: partial pressure of water vapor at the surface of the product
ps : saturation pressure, or the partial pressure of water vapor above pure water at the product temperature
Water activity reflects the active part of moisture content or the part which, under normal
circumstances, can be exchanged between the product and its environment.
In grains, moulds utilise intergranular water vapour, the concentration of which is determined
by the state of the equilibrium between free water within the grain (the grain moisture
content) and water in the vapour phase immediately surrounding the granular particle.
17
Water : Aw, the most critical factor
In the field, grains are predominantly contaminated by those moulds requiring high
water activities (at least 0.88) for growth, whereas stored grains will support moulds
which grow at lower moisture levels.
Range (Aw)
Classification
Examples
0.65 - 0.80
Xerophilic
Xerotolerant
Some Aspergillus and Penicillium
0.80 - 0.90
Mesophilic
Alternaria, Epicoccum,
Cladosporium, Aspergillus, etc.
>0.90
Hydrophilic
Fusarium, Rhizopus, Stachybotrys
Typical water activities which are necessary for

mould growth range from 0.70 to 0.99
The relationnship between water activity and the propensity for mould to grow increases
with temperature. Maize, for example, can be relatively safely stored for one year at a
moisture level of 15 per cent and a temperature of 15C. However, the same maize stored at
30C will be substantially damaged by moulds within three months.
18
Temperature
Moulds can grow over a wide range of temperatures but, in general, the
rate of mould growth will decrease with decreasing temperature
Maximum
Minimum
Optimum
Examples
THERMOPHILIC
50 C
20 C
35-40 C
Some Aspergillus
and Penicillium
MESOPHILIC
< 50 C
> 0 C
15-30 C
Aspergillus,
Fusarium,
Penicillium .
THERMOTOLERANT
50 C
> 0 C
15-40 C
Fusarium,
Penicillium
PSYCHROPHILIC
20 C
< 0 C
0-17
Fusarium
Snow mold
Fusarium nivale
19
Oxygenation :
Mould growth is also regulated by the proportions of

oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the intergranular atmosphere.
Many moulds will grow at
very low oxygen
concentrations.
A halving of linear growth
will only be achieved if the
oxygen content is reduced
to less than 0.14 per cent.
Open silo for grains
Interactions between the

gases and the prevailing
water activity also
influence mould growth.
Vacuum silo for inerted grains

Bunker silo for silage
20
10
Insects and mites (arthropods)
Physical damage and nutrient losses are caused by their activity, and also
their complex interaction with moulds and mycotoxins. The metabolic
activity of insects and mites causes an increase in both the moisture
content and temperature of the infested grain.
Cucujide
(Cryptolestes ferrugineus)
Arthropods also act as carriers of mould spores and their faecal material can
be utilised as a food source by moulds. Furthermore, moulds can provide
food for insects and mites but, in some case, may also act as pathogens.
Pyrale
(Plodia interpunctella)
Tribolium
Another important factor that can affect mould growth is the proportion of broken kernels in a consignment
of grain. Broken kernels, caused by general handling and/or insect damage, are predisposed to mould
invasion of the exposed endosperm.
21
Fungal spore load
Mold spore count per gram
Feeding risks and cautions
(based on a 90% dry matter content of the material)

Under 500 000
Safe - Good quality feedstuff
1/2 to 1 million
Relatively safe
1 to 2 million
Discount energy (X 0,95)

Feed with caution
2 to 3 million
Closely observe animals and performance
Discount
energy (X 0,95)
Light Microscope Image of
Aspergillus Spores
3 to 5 million
Closely observe animals and performance
Discount
energy (X 0,90)
Over 5 million
Discontinue feeding
In that table, risks refer primarily to effects of mold per se without regard to
possible mycotoxin content.
Never forget that harmful mycotoxins may be present, even where there is little
or not obvious mold content
22
11
FUNGAL GROWTH AND MYCOTOXIN PRODUCTION
Mycotoxins are non-volatile secondary metabolites, some of which may

present a potential health risk to humans. Typically produced by conidial
fungi, mycotoxins represent over 1,000 different chemical compounds that
may or may not contain nitrogenous components
MYCOTOXIN :
Definition
Mycotoxins are substances produced from fungal secondary metabolic process

All changing factors leading to a reduction of the existing
fungal population will induce a fungal reaction
responsible of the mycotoxin production
(toxicogenesis)
The stress factors leading to Mycotoxins production are various and
very dependant on the fungus strain i.e :
Increase of the T
Decrease of the T
Increase of the Aw
Decrease of the Aw
Competition
The Stress factors
Most tested species of fungi have specific optimum temperatures

and moisture content for mycotoxin production
23
Like fungal growth rates, mycotoxin production is influenced by

both ambient temperature and moisture content
The Stress factors

0.6
0.4
FUNGAL
GROWTH (mm /
day)
OTA (mg)
0.2
Influence of water activity and temperature on the growth of Penicillium

viridicatum and production of OTA (from A. Leszkowicz)
24
12
Like fungal growth rates, mycotoxin production is influenced by

both ambient temperature and moisture content
The Stress factors
40
0,98
30
0,96
20
0,94
10
0,92
0,9
0
5
10
15
25
30
35
40
0,88
Influence of water activity and temperature on production of Fumonisin B1

by F. proliferatum (from A. Leszkowicz)
25
Mycotoxin production is also influenced by chemical conditions
The Stress factors
pH
biomass (g / l)
FB1 (g / g)
2,2
11,7 2,7
9,4 4,5
2,6
11,1 1,1
33,3 10,2
3,0
12,0 2,6
261,6 338, 1
3,7
13,8 1,4
436,7 118,0
4,2
16,7 1,6
432,3 66,9
5,6
24,4 2,0
16,9 9,2
Influence of pH on growth of F. proliferatum an Fumonisin B1 production

(from A. Leszkowicz)
26
13
TOXICOGENESIS
Thermal stress :
The Stress factors
Stachybotrys, or at least the strains that produce

trichothecenes, have been shown to significantly increase
the quantity of mycotoxins produced when the temperature
is cycled. Changing the temperature from 21C (70F) to 4C
(40F) and back to 21C (70F) may increase mycotoxin
quantity by a factor of up to 1,000
Competition with Other Species :

Several species of Penicillium have been shown to increase mycotoxin
production, and in some instances to change the mycotoxin produced, in
response to adjacent colonies of other species.
In the same species, Toxicogenesis capability is very different

from one strain to another
The absence of mould doesnt guarantee the absence of toxin
27
MYCOTOXINS ORIGINS
1 mycotoxin
Toxin family
Aflatoxins
Zearalenone
1 or many different fungal species

Mycotoxins
B1, B2 G1, G2,(M1,

M2)
Mould species
Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nominus
Zearalenone
Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum,F. oxysporum, F.

roseum, F. moniliforme, F. avenaceum, F. equiseti,, F. nivale
Nivalenol
Fusarium moniliforme, F equiseti, F oxysporum, F.

culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, F. nivale
Deoxynivalenol
Fusarium moniliforme, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F.

roseum, F. nivale
Diacetoxyscirpenol
Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti
T1 toxin
Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. culmorum, F solani, F.

avenaceum, F. roseum, F. nivale
T2 toxin
Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. culmorum, F. solani, F.

avenaceum, F. roseum, F. nivale
Thricothecenes
HT2 toxin
Fusarium moniliforme, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. nivale
28
14
MYCOTOXINS ORIGINS
1 or many different fungal species
1 mycotoxin
Toxin family
Mycotoxins
Mould species
Fusaric acid
Fusaric acid
Fusarium moniliforme, Gibberella fujikuroi
Fumonisins
Fumonisin B1
Fusarium moniliforme, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F.

nivale
Ochratoxins
Ochratoxin A
Ochratoxin B
Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium viridictum
Citrinin
A. carneus, A. terreus, Penicillium citrinum, P. hirsutum,

P. verrucosum
Gliotoxin
Alternaria, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium
Patulin
Aspergillus clavatus, Penicillium expansum, Botrytis, P.

roqueforti, P. claviforme, P. griseofulvum
LSD
Claviceps purpurea
Citrinin
Gliotoxin
Patulin
Ergot Alcalods
Sporidesmine
Cyclopiazonic
acid
Sporidesmine
Pthomyces chartarum (ray-grass)
Cyclopiazonic
acid
Aspergillus versicolor
29
MOULDS MYCOTOXINS PRODUCTION & SUBSTRATE
1 fungal species
Mould
Aspergillus
Mycotoxins
1 or many different mycotoxins

Substrate
Aflatoxins,Sterigmatocy Corn, Peanuts, Cotton seeds , rice , beans,

stine, Ochratoxin A
ham, sausage, Milk & byproducts
Ochratoxine A,Citrinine,
Penicillium Patuline, Penitrem A,
Fruit, Fruit juice, wheat, rice, cheese, Walnut
Cyclopianonic acid
Trichothecens, (DON,
NIV, T-2 Toxin, DAS,
),Zearalenone,
Fumonisins Fusarin,
Moniliformin
Wheat, corn, barley, rye, oats, walnut
Claviceps
Ergot alcalods
Wheat & byproducts, rye
Alternaria
Alternariol, Tenuazonic Fruits, vegetables and byproducts from

acid,
apple and tomatoe
Fusarium
30
15
MYCOTOXICOSIS DIAGNOSIS
Mycotoxin intoxications are not dramatically obvious

In any case, the diagnosis of mycotoxicosis is very difficult.
This is due in part to the time lapse between exposure to the toxin,
development of symptoms in the animal, and the observation of
concrete clinical signs
Early detection signs of mycotoxicoses include moldy feed and feed
refusal, however, aflatoxins are often present in feeds that appear to be
normal
It is important to pay close attention to changes in the feeding regimen
such as the opening of a new feed bunker or change in the feed supplier
Testing for mycotoxins should be considered when signs of potential
effects on performance and health exist and cant be readily explained
31
DIAGNOSIS - MYCOTOXIN SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
When to test
This is particularly important when moldy feeds are

being fed or when marked changes in production or
health have occurred among a relatively large
proportion of animals
Field samples should always include feed, biopsy

specimens and necropsy material as supportive
evidence
Direct evidence of mycotoxicosis include the isolation and
proper identification of a specific mycotoxin in both the
feed and tissue or body fluid from the affected animal.
32
16
MYCOTOXIN SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

Sampling and analysis taken together represent an
extremely demanding challenge
General information
Fungi tend to develop in isolated pockets in
stored commodities ("hot spots).
This results in very uneven distribution within
a consignment
One of the main problems with "hot spots" is that after they are consumed by
the animal there is no evidence of their existence and therefore proper
diagnosis is further hindered..
Its very important to take representative
samples.
The mycotoxins content is rarely related
to the amount of mold seen
33
Sampling procedure
Take 12 to 20 stream samples from an entire
delivery
or 12 to 20 deep-probe samples from a bin or bags
Include probes from the edges of bins where mold
is more likely to occur
Mix the sub-samples well

Take a 1kg sample from the mix and
place it in a double thickness of
either paper or cotton bag.
Store in a dry and cool place before
mailing.
Take or ship to a laboratory for arrival
on Tuesday through Thursday.
34
17
Analysis
Mycotoxins are toxic in very low concentrations

So Mycotoxin analysis requires very sensitive and reliable methods
Failure to achieve a satisfactory performance can

lead to unacceptable consignments being
accepted or satisfactory loads being
unnecessarily rejected
Types of tests
Quick tests
Quick test are more qualitative than
quantitative
Include immunoassays (Elisa tests) and thin
layer chromatography (TLC)
Used for first screening
Confirmatory tests
Quantitative tests
Run with HPLC or GC (Gas Chromatography).
A basic group for testing should include
aflatoxin, zearalenone, DON, T-2 and DAS + if
possible HT-2 and ochratoxin.
Positives in the basic group may indicate the
possible presence of other non-tested
mycotoxins.
35
THE GAPS!
y Availability of universal multi-mycotoxin analyses still
unlikely in near future.
y No routine method available for masked mycotoxins
y Large variability associated with the overall mycotoxin
test procedure (high sampling error!)
y Methods only available for already known mycotoxins
36
18
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MYCOTOXINS
Level
Molecular
General effect
Specific effects
Interaction with
ADN breaking: Citrinine, Ochratoxin A
macromolecules
ADN modification : Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin A
Effect on enzymatic
Inhibition of carboxypyruvate kinase : Ochratoxine A,

Inhibition of carboxylases : Moniliformine & Patuline
reactions
Sub cellular
Interactions with
Cellular
organites
Disturbance of oxydative phosphorylation in the mitochondries

: Aflatoxins, Secalonic acid, Lutoskyrine
Effect on the cellular
Inhibition of nucleic acids and proteins synthesys :

Ochratoxine A, Aflatoxins, Citrinine
metabolism
Liver toxicity : Aflatoxins

Tissular or organic
Organism
Kidney toxicity
:Ochratoxine A
impairement
Hormonal disturbance
Reproduction disturbance : Zearalenone
37
MAJOR TOXICOSIS EXPERIMENTAL EFFECTS
EFFECT
Hepatoxic
Nephrotoxic
MYCOTOXINS
Aflatoxins, Sterigmatocystine
Ochratoxin, Citrinine
Neurotoxic
Citreoviridine, Rye Ergot Alcaloids
Cardiotoxic
Citreoviridine, penicillic acid
Diabetogen
Terrique Acid
Immunotoxic
Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin, Trichothecenes
Tremorigen
Trichothecenes
strogenic
Zearalenone
Teratogen
Cancerogen
Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin
Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin, Sterigmatocystine
38
19
MAJOR TOXICOSIS CLINICAL EFFECTS ON ANIMALS
Mycotoxicosis
Species
Main symptoms
Ergotism
Chicken, calf, sheep
Gangrene, nervous troubles,

reproduction troubles
Facial eczema
(sporidesmine toxicosis)
Calf, sheep
Photosensibilization, Bile duct adenoma
DAS Toxicosis
Pig
Digestive track necrosis, hemorrhages,
Vomitoxicosis
T2- Toxicosis
Pig
Pig, calf, poultry
Enteritis, vomiting,
Dermal necrosis, gastroenteritis
Aflatoxicosis
Poultry, pig, calf, dog
Hepatitis, hemorrhages, death
Stachybotrytis
Horse
Dermal necrosis, gastroenteritis

depression of hematopoietic system
Fusariose
Leukoencephalatis
Pig, horse
Pulmonary edema
Motor incoordination
F2 Toxicosis
(Zearalenon)
Pig
Oestrogenism
Ochratoxicosis
Pig, turkey, poultry
Nephropathy
39
EFFET BIOLOGIQUE DES MYCOTOXICOSES (4/6)

Ochratoxins (>100g/kg of feed*)
Fumonisins (>500 g/kg of feed*)
Renal lesions / Dehydration
Trichothecenes (>200g/kg of feed*)
Higher sensitivity to pathogens
Decrease of feed intake and growth
Higher feed conversion ratio
Gastro intestinal disturbances

High FCR / Dermal lesions
Pulmonary oedema
Liver toxicity / Increased FCR
Aflatoxins (>40g/kg of feed*)

Zearalenone (>250g/kg of feed*)
Increased sensitivity to pathogens
Poor fertility / High culling rate
Limited growth
Reduced sperm quality and quantity
Abortion / Agalactia
Reduced litter size / Abortion
Increase of the unproductive time of the sow
40
20

Weaken kidneys and liver
Higher water consumption
Feed intake reduction
Embryo mortality
Longer calving-calving interval
Lower fertility
Cystic ovaries / Anoestrus

Pulmonary oedema
Liver toxicity
Reduced milk production

Decrease of feed consumption and growth
Decrease in milk production

Lower milk production
41

Lower kidney and liver activity
Dehydration
Poor shell quality
Limited growth

Decreased lungs activity
Reduced feed intake
Limited growth

Limited growth
Legs problems
Poor fertility / Lower hatchability
Decrease in egg production

High feed conversion ratio
Dermal lesions
Poor shell quality
Limited egg production

Poor fertility
Reproduction troubles
Poor growth of the progeny
42
21
MYCOTOXINES: EFFET ASSOCIATIF et SYNERGETIQUE
Cumulative effect of moderate levels of trichothecenes demonstrated.

Certain metabolites are more toxic than the mother-toxin.
Synergistic effect of low concentrations of different mycotoxins on
biological functions (especially, the immune system) : no pathological
evidence but alteration of the production potential generating heavy
economical losses.
Many toxins are still undiscovered.
Negative results from an analysis does not mean there is no mycotoxin
trouble. Indeed, it is impossible to analyse all the consignment and every
mycotoxins are not known.
WHICH BEHAVIOUR TO ADOPT?

43
COMMENT RESOUDRE LE PROBLEME MYCOTOXINES?
# Adapt good agricultural practices.

# Use of fungal treatment.
# Remove the contaminated commodities, or incorporate them
at low dosage in the final ration.
# Incorporate daily a mycotoxins inactivator with a wide
spectrum of efficacy either in preventive or curative way, with
reliability demonstrated at low dosage.
To avoid mycotoxins being the limiting factor of your farming

performances, a daily prevention is needed!!!
44
22
MYCOTOXINS : FROM FIELD TO FORK
Fungal contamination
(Aspergillus, Penicillium,
Fusarium..)
Fungal development
For Safe
Food
Mycotoxins production
Human
food
Detoxification
Cultural
prevention
Soil
contamination
Crop
contamination
Harvesting
conditions
Ventilation
Humidity
Temperature
Insects
Harvest
Handling & Storage

conditions
Animal
feed
Ventilation
Humidity
Temperature
Insects
Feed & Food Storage

conditions
45
23
The New Mycotoxins Inactivator

The Nano-Alternative
WHY MT.X+ ?
ECONOMICAL PERFORMANCE OF THE FARM

Optimal technical performance
- Good performances from the feed
- Good reproduction performance
- Good level of productivity & production quality (meat, milk, eggs)
An optimal
intake
No organs dysfunctions (digestion,

reproduction, metabolism, immunity)
No toxic residues
(toxins) in the tissues
MYCOTOXINS
WHY MT.X+ ?
Mycotoxins : the invisible threat

Mycotoxins act in an insidious way within the animal to:
Modify nutrient quality, absorption and metabolism

Alter hormonal functions (endocrine and neuroendocrine)
Depress the immune function and response
At high contamination level, it is expressed as specific pathologies

(mortality), but nowadays, it is clearly demonstrated that even at low
dosage, mycotoxins act:
Lowering feed consumption

Increasing feed conversion ratio
Lowering disease resistance
Increasing reproductive problems
WHY MT.X+ ?
An insidious action but measurable effects

Significant negative effects on
production and reproduction
Animal health troubles
(veterinary expenses)
Possible transfer of toxins to
animal products (milk, eggs,
meat, offers)
Food
productivity
Production
costs
Loss of
money
Food
Quality
(down-graded
production,
seizure)
All levels of mycotoxins should be considered problematic, since even low contamination
level commonly found in feeds can negatively impact animal productivity
WHY MT.X+ ?
HOW TO REDUCE
MYCOTOXIN NEGATIVE IMPACTS?
MYCOTOXIN INACTIVATION
ADSORPTION
MYCOTOXINS BINDERS
The adsorption or binding of mycotoxins

Adsorption : capability of a solid substance to attract to its surfaces
molecules with which they are in contact.
Adsorption is a consequence of the proprieties of surface energy.
The exact nature of the bonding depends on the details of the species
involved (van der Waals, ionic or covalent bonding)
Mycotoxin adsorption
Some substances or materials are able to chemically interact with
mycotoxins and restrict their absorption in the digestive tract of the
animals.
Those products are commonly called mycotoxin binder but they often,
each of them, a limited spectrum of adsorption.
MYCOTOXINS BINDERS
Toxin binder
Incorporation of the toxin binder in the contaminated feed
Ingestion
Mycotoxins
adsorption
Excretion
MT.X+
+
mycotoxins
Contaminated feeds
Feces
Mycotoxins are fixed on the mycotoxins binder during ingestion

They pass through the digestive tract without being absorbed. Excreted in feces
Harmful effects of mycotoxins are strongly decreased

Less mycotoxins residues are transferred to the animal products
(eggs, milk, meat)
THE IDEAL MYCOTOXINS BINDER

The ideal mycotoxins binder should have the following features:
1. To have the capacity to bind a wide spectrum of mycotoxins.
2. To have a low cost or a high return on investment.
3. To have a low incorporation rate in the feed.
4. To be rapidly and uniformly dispersed in the feed during the

mixing time.
5. To be stable during feed manufacturing process (especially pelleting
and extrusion) and during storage (stability to the heat and
oxidation).
THE IDEAL MYCOTOXINS BINDER

The ideal mycotoxins binder should have the following features:
6. To have a low binding affinity with vitamins, minerals, drugs

and other nutrients.
7. To be non-toxic.
8. To have a good stability according to the conditions of

conservation (hygrometry, pH, temperature).
9. To be biodegradable or, at least, non toxic for the environment

while its excretion.
10. To be stable during a long duration transport and/or storage.
MT.X+ : THE HOW & WHY
Mycotoxins Binder, what is it ?

Some material have a natural ability to adsorb mycotoxins on their surface
Mineral materials :
Clays (some Montmorillonites)
Diatomites
Activated carbon
Organic materials :
Cholestiramine (quaternary ammonium chloride anion-exchange resin)
Synthetic polymers: PVPP (Polyvinyl Polypyrolidone)
WHY ?
SURFACE
POROSITY
IONIC EXCHANGE CAPACITY
ELECTRONICAL REACTIVITY
10
MT.X + FORMULATION:
The choice of 4 natural materials with
high adsorption capacity
A mix of 100% Natural organic and Inorganic adsorbents
Montmorillonite
Diatomaceous earth
Yeast cell walls (M.O.S)
Seaweeds extracts (Marine Polysaccharides)
11
The intrinsic potential of the natural materials can be

increased through:
9A rigorous selection (purity, concentration of the active
constituents, )
9 Specific activations through innovative patented processes
9 Optimized associations (The Synergistic Effects)
THE CHALLENGE OF MT.X+:

How to increase:
1) Adsorption capacity
2) Adsorption spectrum
SURFACE
POROSITY
CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY
ELECTRONICAL REACTIVITY
12
MT.X +: THE CHOICE OF CLAYS
THE CHOICE OF CLAYS:

MONTMORILLONITE TYPE
WHY?
13
WHY THE MONTMORILLONITES ?
Natural piling-up of crystalline layers

with nanometric thickness
PLENTIFUL AND CHEAP PRODUCT
EXCEPTIONAL ASPECT RATIO
14
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF MONTMORILLONITE
Compensation Cation
(Na, Ca, K, Mg)
Interlayer
Space
2,5 7
d001= 12 to 17
Ttrahedral layer
Octahedral layer
Layer 2 : 1
Ttrahedral layer
In the octahedral layer : Al 3+ substituted by Fe 3+ Mg 2+ or Fe 2+ Cr 3+ Li + Ti
4+
Ni 2+ Co 2+ Zn 2+
15
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF MONTMORILLONITE
The layer : 1
nanometer
Interlayer space
:0.25
nanometer
Silicon sheet :
Tetrahedral
Aluminium sheet :
Octahedral
Silicon sheet :
Tetrahedral
16
CONSEQUENCES ON THE STRUCTURE OF CLAYS
Ionic exchange capacity (Cationic or anionic exchange):

Ionic exchange with :
Other ions (heavy metal, salts)
Other organic molecules (mycotoxins small size)
2,5 7
An enormous reactive interface area : up to 800m2 / g !!!!
BUT UNACCESSIBLE by the big molecules

17
CONSEQUENCES ON THE STRUCTURE OF CLAYS
ACCESS TO BIG MOLECULES..

MYCOTOXINS OF BIG SIZE
How to open the structure?

By using the proprieties of ionic exchange
Ionic exchange with:
Others ionic molecules (alkyl ammonium) ..
Others organic molecules (polysaccharides)
The birth of modified clays
18
HOWMT.X+
TO OPEN
THE STRUCTURE?
THE
INNOVATION
The intercalation of clays
INTERCALATION:
The process whereby the introduction of an external
compound between the layers, a short polymer chain,
allows increasing the interlayer space and thus giving
access to the internal surfaces.
19
CLAY ACTIVATION: THE P.I.L.C REVOLUTION

The first Pillar InterLayer Clay : The Houdry Process - 1931/1938
INTERCALATED
CLAY
Space between
layers increased
Eugene Houdry: The

wizard of catalysis
70 years after the discovery of the properties of activated clays

clays (Pillar Inter
Layered Clay) to convert petroleum fractions to gasoline, the same
same fundamental
principles are still the basis for manufacturing gasoline worldwide.
worldwide.
But a chemical process and a chemical material.

20
10
THE MT.X+ INNOVATION
The non-chemical intercalation or how to increase the space

between the layers with a natural material.
A
revolutionary
A natural agent
SEAWEEDS
process
21
The layers intercalation with a seaweed extract
Space between layer

multiplied by 10!
INTERCALATED CLAY
22
11

Untreated Montmorillonite
Figure 1 : Montmorillonite before modification

TEM image
Intercalated Amadite
Figure 2 : Amadite
TEM image
23
WHY THE CLAYS ?
THE ASPECT RATIO
The developed surface by structural unit
MACROMETRIC
1 CM
SCALE
PER GRAM
24
12
WHY THE CLAYS ?
THE ASPECT RATIO
MICROMETRIC
20 m
SCALE
PER GRAM
Magnification
x 10 000
25
THE ASPECT RATIO
NANOMETRIC
800 m
SCALE
PER GRAM
Magnification
x 10 000 000
26
13
The layers
intercalation with a
seaweed extract
AMADEITE
Inter.
A nanostructured
natural material
27
CLAY
ACTIVATION:
THE P.I.L.C REVOLUTION
THE
MT.X+
INNOVATION
Removal of the limiting factor
Opening of the interlayer spaces allowing the entrance of the big size mycotoxins in the
structure and their binding by adsorption on the internal surfaces.
A wide spectrum of adsorption
NO
YES
28
14
MT.X+: COMPOSITION
A single formulation mix of organic and

inorganic natural adsorbents
Activated Montmorillonite Amadite
Montmorillonite
Diatomaceous earth
Yeast cell walls (M.O.S)
Seaweeds extracts (Marine Polysaccharides)
29
MODE OF ACTION
Amadite
Intercalated Montmorillonite with high

interlayer space
Big size Mycotoxins
40
Target: Specific adsorption of big size mycotoxins especially Fumonisines,

Trichothecenes and zearalenone through cationic exchange
30
15
Montmorillonite
The best natural material adsorbing toxins and
protecting the mucosa.
Small size
mycotoxins
Target: Specific adsorption of small size mycotoxins especially aflatoxins

and ochratoxins through ionic exchange. Thickening agent of the intestinal
bulk. Protection of the mucosa.
31
MODE OF ACTION
Protection - Adsorption
Diatomaceous Earth
Diatomaceous Earth consists of fossilized remaining from
diatomite, type of unicellular with a silica mineral skeleton.
This mineral structure owns both micro and macro

porosity.
Size and form of the pores vary from a specie to aother
and are responsible for specific proprieties of
adsorption and filtration of the materials.
Target: Specific adsorption of mycotoxins, endotoxins et bacteria

by trapping on the surface or pores or by ionic exchange.
32
16
MODE D
DACTION
Specific functionnal carbohydrates

M.O.S (Yeast cell walls)
Marine Polysaccharides (Seaweeds extracts )
The adsorption bound on this type of structure is a physico-chemical interaction

between some functions of the toxins and the functional groups as the carboxyl,
hydroxyl, phosphate or the amines functions which are very good sites of
adsorption.
Target:
9Specific adsorption of mycotoxins, endotoxins and bacteria thanks to surface
adsorption and the cationic exchange. Ability to agglutinate or aggregate
bacterial cells: prevention of pathogen bacteria binding on intestine epithelium
cells.
9Stimulation of the intestinal local immunity.
33
MODE OF ACTION
Specific functional carbohydrates
M.O.S (Yeast cell walls)

Marine Polysaccharides (Seaweeds extracts )
Target:
9Optimization of functional proprieties of the epithelial walls to

insure defense mechanisms (Integrity of epithelial walls is
prerequired for intestinal immunity) and to stabilize gut microflora.
9Modification of morphology and structure of intestinal mucosa
34
17
MODE OF ACTION
Functions of the different ingredients in MT.X+.
Functions
Amadite
Inter.
MMT
Diatomaceous
Earth
YCW
(M.O.S.)
Seaweeds
Mycotoxins
adsorption
Aflatoxins
Fumonisins
Trichothecens
Zearalenone
Ochratoxins
Aflatoxins
Ochratoxins
Aflatoxins
Zearalenone
Ochratoxins
Zearalenone
Ochratoxins
Fumonisins
Nutrient
absorption
+++
++
++
Immunity
+++
+++
Bacteria and
endotoxins
adsorption
Stimulation of
GALT*
Stimulation of
GALT*
* Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissues
35
RECOMMENDATIONS OF USE
Low
contamination
MT.X Plus
Dosage
Medium
contamination
MT.X Plus
Dosage
High
contamination
MT.X Plus
Dosage
AFLATOXINS
< 40 ppb
0,5kg/Ton
40 - 100 ppb
1kg/Ton
> 100 ppb
2kg/Ton
ZEARALENONE
< 250 ppb
0,5kg/Ton
250 - 500 ppb
1kg/Ton
> 500 ppb
2kg/Ton
TRICHOTHECENES
< 200 ppb
0,5kg/Ton
200 - 600 ppb
1kg/Ton
> 600 ppb
2kg/Ton
FUMONISINS
< 500 ppb
0,5kg/Ton
500 - 1500 ppb
1kg/Ton
> 1500 ppb
2kg/Ton
OCHRATOXINS
< 100 ppb
0,5kg/Ton
100 - 500 ppb
1kg/Ton
> 500 ppb
2kg/Ton
36
18
WHY MT.X+ ?
MT.X+:
a product which contains
Natural active agents specifically selected and able to

neutralize a wide spectrum of mycotoxins.
A formulation allowing the expression of the synergies.
with established beneficial actions on the essential parameters
9
9
9
9
Feed consumption
Metabolism (digestive, reproduction..)
Feed efficiency
Immunity
37
WHY MT.X+ ?
ADSORBS MYCOTOXINS
Improves ingestion
Prevents organs dysfunction (digestion,

reproduction, metabolism, immunity)
Reduces toxins
residues in the tissues
Better technical performance

Improves feed performance
Improves reproduction performance
more production and a better quality of the
products (absence of toxic residues)
Optimization of the economic

performance of the farm
38
19
INDICATIONS
The one product on the market using a SINGLE TECNHNOLOGY: THE

NANOTECHNOLOGY
A DEMONSTRATED EFFICACY
numerous studies IN VITRO
IN VIVO
On every species (Pigs, poultry, bovines, fishes, horses)
On every continents
39
INDICATIONS
Your partner for

Profitability to face
mycotoxins
40
20
technical
document
Dont let the mycotoxins limit the performances

of your animals
Many effects of high concentrations of mycotoxins are well known: like infertility and diarrhoea for instance. At very low
contamination levels however, mycotoxins already affect the immunologic and digestive systems, and the reproductive
tract. Diagnosis is not easy, but it is clear that mycotoxins are silent, inodorous and invisible killers
What we mainly see in the field are the effects of chronic exposure to low levels of mycotoxins: reduced feed intake and
milk yield, lower fat percentage, lower fertility rates, and vet costs increasing; symptoms that are usually not directly
linked to mycotoxicosis.
Fumonisins (>500g/kg of feed*)
Weaken kidneys and liver

Higher water consumption
Pulmonary oedema
Liver toxicity
Reduced fertility
Lower quantity and quality of the sperm
Affected embryo development

Decrease in milk production

Lower milk production
When moulds are threatened, they can produce mycotoxins as a defence system. Therefore, the formation of mycotoxins is not only favoured by the amount of moulds, but also by the measurements taken to reduce them. Changes in temperature and humidity, use of fungicides generate a stress on the moulds and can increase the amount of mycotoxins.
The presence of mycotoxins is not easy to demonstrate; they are not evenly spread and therefore a negative test may
not be reliable. As the mycotoxins remain, even after the moulds have gone, the use of a mould inhibitor in storage
maybe much too late to prevent mycotoxin formation and will not neutralize those that are already there.
For more information:
mycotoxin@olmix.com
(* Low levels of contamination of the final ration; 100 g/kg = 100 ppb = 0,1 ppm)
Mycotoxins: local concerns

within an international context!
Prevention of mycotoxin formation

through good agricultural practices
in the field is becoming of paramount
importance in the feed industry. However, the contamination of raw materials is unavoidable under certain
environmental conditions (humidity,
heat, insects). Moreover, due to
international trading of the commodities contaminated feeds are present
all over the world (25% of the world
grain production is contaminated by
mycotoxins).
Any raw materials may be reached
by moulds and, consequently, any
raw materials may be the support of
mycotoxins: soya, wheat, corn, grass
and maize silages, DDGS, barley,
straw, rice, hay, corn gluten
Even if some raw materials are less
hazardous, an important concern is
the contamination level of the final
ration distributed to the animals.
Final ration contamination!?
In bovine feeding, compounds diversity in the ration may increase the

probability of a chronic polycontamination. Whereas high contamination
risk is reduced thanks to the dilution in
the final mixed ration, it would appear
that a cocktail of mycotoxins would
increase toxicity of each mycotoxin.
Ruminal impact on mycotoxins

degradation!
Ruminants are considered as more

resistant than the monogastrics to
mycotoxicosis because ruminal microflora can degrade some mycotoxins. Trichothecenes and ochratoxins
are partially degraded but aflatoxins
and zearalenone are little-affected

or transformed in more toxic agents.
Ruminant mycotoxicosis are commonly expressed through chronic
troubles whereof economic losses are
important.
How to diagnose mycotoxicosis

on the farm?
Acute mycotoxicosis is easy to diagnose (drop of feed intake, diarrhoea,

abortions) but chronic intoxication
at low contamination level is more
difficult to diagnose (limited consumption, recurrent pathology). Indeed,
clinical signs may be associated to
an infectious pathogen instead of the
presence of mycotoxin.
A problem with mycotoxicosis is that
they start at very low contamination
levels. Also, combination of several
toxins at low toxicity levels may be as
harmful as one mycotoxin at a high
toxicity level.
Representative sampling &

reliable analysis!
Moulds tend to develop in isolated

pockets (hot spots) in the stored
commodities. After having been
consumed by animals, there is no
more evidence of their existence.
Accurate concentration of mycotoxins
in the feed is difficult to determine due
to this heterogeneous concentration.

Yet, it is important to measure accurately the concentration of a mycotoxin in a commodity, so that correct
decisions can be taken. 90% of the
errors are associated with the quality
of sampling. To be representative, the
sample should be an accumulation
of small portions from many different
locations of the feed heap. The optimal sampling method starts with a
daily feed subsample removed from
different spots (500g minimum) and
stored in the freezer.
The preparation of the final sample
is to blend the subsamples and to
remove at least 3kg for analysis from
the final global sample. A reliable,
sensitive and quantitative analysis
(LC-MS) is recommended to know
the contamination level and adapt the
treatment which needs to be implemented for reducing the economical
losses.
How to solve mycotoxins

problems?
Adopt good cultural practises.

Use a mould inhibitor.
Remove the contaminated raw material, or incorporate it in low dose in
the final ration.
Incorporate a mycotoxin inactivator
with a large scale of efficiency either
in preventive or in curative situation
with demonstrated reliability even at
low dosage.
As prevention is the best way to
beat mycotoxins, a daily incorporation of the mycotoxin deactivator
is recommended to guarantee the
prevention of detrimental effects of
mycotoxins.
ZA du Haut du Bois - 56580 BRHAN - France

Tel : +33 (0)2 97 38 81 03 - Fax : +33 (0)2 97 38 86 58 - Mail : contact@olmix.com - www.olmix.com
vession A du 20-09-07
Distributor:
technical
document

of your animals
Many effects of high dosing levels of mycotoxins are well known: like skin lesions and abortion for instance. At very low
contamination levels however, mycotoxins already affect the immunologic and digestive systems, reproductive tract and
the feed conversion. Diagnosis is not easy, but it is clear that mycotoxins are silent, inodorous and invisible killers
What we mainly see in the field are the effects of chronic exposure to low levels of mycotoxins: reduced feed intake,
lower fertility rates, vet costs increasing; symptoms that are usually not directly linked to mycotoxicosis.

Pulmonary oedema
Liver toxicity
Increased feed conversion ratio

Dermal lesions
Immunosuppression

Renal lesions
Dehydration
Immunosuppression
Higher feed conversion ratio

Poor fertility
Reduced sperm quality and quantity
Reduced litter size
Abortion
Increase of the unproductive time of the sow
High culling rate

Limited growth
Abortion
Agalactia

mycotoxin@olmix.com
Mycotoxins:
local concerns within an
international context!

international trading of the commodities, contaminated feeds are present
mycotoxins).
Any raw materials may be reached by
moulds and, consequently, any raw
materials may be the support of mycotoxins: soya, wheat, corn, DDGS,
barley, straw, rice, hay, corn gluten

on the farm?
Acute mycotoxicosis is easy to diagnose (drop of feed intake and growth,

diarrhoea, abortions) but chronic
intoxication at low contamination level
is more difficult to diagnose (limited
consumption, recurrent pathology,
infertility, limited growth, vaccination
failure). Indeed, clinical signs
may be associated to an infectious
pathogen instead of the presence of

mycotoxin.
toxicity level.

reliable analysis!

of sampling.
To be representative, the sample
should be an accumulation of small

portions from many different locations
of the feed heap. The optimal sampling method starts with a daily feed
subsample removed from different
spots (500g minimum) and stored in
the freezer.
the final global sample.
A reliable, sensitive and quantitative
analysis (LC-MS) is recommended
to know the contamination level and
adapt the treatment which needs
to be implemented for reducing the
economical losses.

problems?
Adapt good cultural practises.

the final ration.
low dosage.
mycotoxins.

Distributor:
technical
document

of your animals
Many effects of high concentrations of mycotoxins are well known: like skin lesions and high mortality for instance. At very
low contamination levels however, mycotoxins already affect the immunologic and digestive systems, reproductive tract
and the feed conversion. Diagnosis is not easy, but it is clear that mycotoxins are silent, inodorous and invisible killers
lower egg production, and vet costs increasing; symptoms that are usually not directly linked to mycotoxicosis.

Decreased lungs activity
Reduced feed intake
Limited growth

Limited growth
Legs problems
Poor fertility / Lower hatchability
Decrease in egg production
Lower kidney and liver activity

Dehydration
Poor shell quality
Limited growth

Dermal lesions
Poor shell quality
Limited egg production

Poor fertility
Poor growth of the progeny
mycotoxin@olmix.com
Mycotoxins:
local concerns within an
international context!

international trading of the commodities, contaminated feeds are present
mycotoxins).
Any raw materials may be reached by
moulds and, consequently, any raw
materials may be the support of mycotoxins: soya, wheat, corn, DDGS,

on the farm?
Acute mycotoxicosis is easy to

diagnose (drop of feed intake and
growth, diarrhoea, mortality) but
chronic intoxication at low contamination level is more difficult to diagnose
(limited consumption, recurrent pathology, infertility, limited growth).
Indeed, clinical signs may be associated to an infectious pathogen instead
of the presence of mycotoxin.

toxicity level.

reliable analysis!

of sampling.
To be representative, the sample
should be an accumulation of small
portions from many different locations

of the feed heap. The optimal sampling method starts with a daily feed
subsample removed from different
spots (500g minimum) and stored in
the freezer.
the final global sample. A reliable,
sensitive and quantitative analysis
(LC-MS) is recommended to know
the contamination level and adapt the
treatment which needs to be implemented for reducing the economical
losses.

problems?

the final ration.
low dosage.
mycotoxins.

Distributor:
technical
document

of your animals
Global consumption of fish has doubled since the 70s and to face this increase, more and more fish production will
come from aquaculture. In aqua farming, mycotoxins problem is also becoming important due to the increasing use of
cereals and their co-products in aqua feeds. At very low contamination levels however, mycotoxins already affect the
immunologic and digestive systems, reproductive tract and the feed conversion ratio in fishes. Diagnosis is not easy, but
it is clear that mycotoxins are silent, inodorous and invisible killers
pathogens sensitivity, and vet costs increasing; symptoms usually not directly linked to mycotoxicosis.

Reduction of liver activity
Limited growth
Pathogens sensitivity

Pathogens sensitivity
Limited growth and feed intake
Tissues alteration (gills, muscles)
Liver and kidneys necrosis

Embryo mortality
Tail and head deformities
Limited growth

Growth and feed intake limited
Digestive troubles

Reduced fertility
Lower quantity and quality of the sperm
Affected embryo development
mycotoxin@olmix.com


importance in the feed industry.
However, the contamination of raw
materials is unavoidable under certain
heat, insects).
Moreover, due to international trading of the commodities, even if the
highest contaminations are located in
certain areas of the globe, contaminated feeds are present all over the
world (25% of the world grain production is contaminated by mycotoxins).
Any raw materials may be reached
by moulds and, consequently, any
raw materials may be the support of
mycotoxins: soya, wheat, corn, DDGS,

on the farm?
Acute mycotoxicosis is easy to diagnose (drop of feed intake and growth,

mortality) but chronic intoxication
difficult to diagnose (limited consumption, recurrent pathology, infertility,
limited growth, vaccination failure).
Indeed, clinical signs may be associated to an infectious pathogen instead
of the presence of mycotoxin.

toxicity level.
Differences in species
sensitivity!
Species differences exist in the way

to respond to mycotoxicosis. Coho
salmons and catfish are respectively
less affected to aflatoxins than rainbow trout and tilapia. Species specific
sensitivity to each mycotoxin has not
been determined, mainly because
others factors influence how fishes
and shrimps react to mycotoxicosis (age of the animals, health and
nutritional status and duration of exposure). However, plenty of scientific experimentations demonstrated
the sensitivity of various species to
numerous mycotoxins.

reliable analysis!

of sampling. To be representative, the
sample should be an accumulation
of small portions from many different
locations of the feed heap. The optimal sampling method starts with a
daily feed subsample removed from
different spots (500g minimum) and
stored in the freezer.
the final global sample.
A reliable, sensitive and quantitative
analysis (LC-MS) is recommended
to know the contamination level and
adapt the treatment which needs
to be implemented for reducing the
economical losses.

problems?

the final ration.
low dosage.
mycotoxins.

Distributor:
technical
document
Dont let the mycotoxins limit the performance

of your horses
In horses, effects of high concentrations of mycotoxins are well known: like leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) and
abortions for instance. At very low contamination levels however, mycotoxins already affect the immunologic and
digestive systems, and the reproductive tract. Diagnosis is not easy, but it is clear that mycotoxins are silent, inodorous and invisible
killers.
What we mainly see in the eld are the effects of chronic exposure to low levels of mycotoxins: reduced feed intake, lower athletic
performance, weight loss and colic; and vet costs increasing; symptoms that are usually not directly linked to mycotoxicosis.
Fumonisins (>1mg/kg of feed*)
Ergot Alkaloids (>250g/kg of feed*)
Leukoencephalomalacia
Neurological troubles
Feed refusal
Colic
Death
Extended gestation length

Dystocia
Agalactia with poor quality colostrum
Oedematous & heavy placentas
Weak or dead foals.
Trichothecenes (>2mg/kg of feed*)
Aatoxins (>20g/kg of feed*)

Gastro intestinal disturbances (colic)
Liver lesions
Immunosuppression
Endotoxins (>500g/kg of feed*)

Embryo mortality
Dystocia in mares
Death in peri-natal foals
Reduced weight gain
When moulds are threatened, they can produce mycotoxins as a defence system. Therefore, the formation of mycotoxins is not only
favoured by the number of moulds, but also by the measures taken to reduce them. Changes in temperature and humidity and the
use of fungicides generate a stress on the moulds and can increase the number of mycotoxins.
Mycotoxins are not only restricted to cereals. All plants may be affected (presence of endotoxins in forage). From its bedding to the
grass it grazes, the horse is daily exposed to mycotoxins. Moreover, horses are monogastric herbivores and they are considered
as more sensitive than ruminants to mycotoxicosis because part of the nutrient absorption, notably mycotoxins, occurs before the
fermentative digestion.

mycotoxin@olmix.com
(* Low levels of contamination of the nal ration; 100 g/kg = 100 ppb = 0,1 ppm)
Prevention of mycotoxin formation through

good agricultural practices in the eld is
becoming of paramount importance in the
feed industry. However, the contamination
of raw materials is unavoidable under
certain
environmental
conditions
(humidity, heat, insects). Moreover, due
to international trading of the commodities
contaminated feeds are present all over the
world (25% of the world grain production
is contaminated by mycotoxins). Any raw
materials may be reached by moulds and,
consequently, any raw materials may
support mycotoxins: ryegrass, straw, hay,
oat, corn and its by-products, soya, wheat,
silages, barley
the contamination level of the nal
With endotoxins, happiness is

not always in the pasture!
Some mycotoxins may be produced by
fungi growing on grass in pastures; these
fungi are called endophytes. Endophytes
live in symbiosis with the grass because,
by offering a chemical protection, they
help to protect against diseases, insects,
and overgrazing by the horses as well
as acquiring a certain resistance against
drought. Contrary to the other fungi which
are growing commonly on the external
part of the plant, endophytes grow
inside the plant and produce endotoxins.
Most of them (Lolitrem, ergovaline)
are potentially detrimental to numerous
herbivores including horse. Whatever the
breed, or physiological stage of the horses,
endotoxins can damage the reproductive
and digestive tracts, the nervous system
or the blood circulation of the animals and
consequently, have major impact on health
and performance of the horses.
Final ration contamination!

In equine feeding, diversity of compounds
in the ration may increase the probability
of a chronic polycontamination. Although
high contamination risk is reduced thanks
to dilution in the nal mixed ration, it would
appear that a cocktail of mycotoxins would
increase toxicity of each mycotoxin.
How to diagnose
mycotoxicosis?
Acute
mycotoxicosis
is
easy
to
diagnose
(leukoencephalomalacia,
abortions) but chronic intoxication
difcult to diagnose (feed refusal,
weight loss, recurrent pathology).
Indeed, clinical signs may be associated
with
an
infectious
pathogen
or
behavioural disturbance instead of the
presence of mycotoxin.
A problem with mycotoxicosis is that it
starts with very low contamination levels.
Also, the combination of several toxins at
low toxicity levels may be as harmful as
one mycotoxin at a high toxicity level.

reliable analysis!
pockets
(hot
spots)
in
the
stored
commodities.
After
being
Accurate concentration of mycotoxins in
the feed is difcult to determine due to this
heterogeneous concentration.
Yet, it is important to measure
accurately the concentration of a
mycotoxin in a commodity, so that correct
decisions can be taken. 90% of the errors
are associated with the quality of sampling.
To be representative, the sample should
be an accumulation of small portions from
many different locations of the feed heap.
The optimal sampling method starts with
a daily feed subsample removed from
different spots (500g minimum) and stored
in the freezer.
The preparation of the nal sample
remove at least 3kg for analysis from the
nal global sample. A reliable, sensitive
and quantitative analysis (LC-MS) is
recommended to know the contamination
level and adapt the treatment which needs
to be implemented to reducing the nancial
loss.

problems?
Adopt good cultural practices.
Remove
the
contaminated
raw
material, or incorporate it in a low dose
in the nal ration.
Remove the horse from the infected
pasture.
with a large scale of efciency and
demonstrated reliability even at low
dosage either in preventive or in
curative situation.
As prevention is the best way to beat
mycotoxins, a daily incorporation of the
mycotoxin deactivator is recommended
to guarantee the prevention of
detrimental effects of mycotoxins.
Distributor:

version B du 01-07-08

T h e N at u r a l T o x i n B i n d e r
from
Nanotechnology*
Amadeite
Hybrid composite material (nanoclay) created from

a patended nanotechnology process combining
activated montmorillonite and seaweed extracts. The
whole process of grafting, pillaring and substitution
occurs at the molecular level.
Interlayer
spaces
Typical montmorillonite (2:1 Phyllosilicate)
Seaweed
Pillars
AMADEITE in MT.X Plus
Space between
layers increases
up to 10 x
The amadeite
advantage.
The insertion of seaweed pillars into the

montmorillonite increases the interlayer space
providing a greater area
for binding. Grafting,
by the addition of radicals within the interlayer
space ensures the binding specificity for mycotoxins and endotoxins.
Montmorillonite, Yeast cell walls and Diatomaceous earth
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae Lessafre
* Nanotechnology : re-engineering, modifications and developments of materials at the molecular / atomic level
Mycotoxin binding capabilities

COOH
HO
N
H
H3C
9
8
CH3
H3C
CH
CH2
11
13
CH2
O
O
CH3
CI
10
H
2
H
O
12
3
4
OH
H3C
9
CH3 R1
10
R3
CH3
Ochratoxin A
Type A-trichothecenes :
13
CH2
R4
11
H
O
12
HOOC
CH3 R2
Type B-trichothecenes :
T-2:(R1=OAc) HT-2 (R1=OH)
DON (R1=OH, R2=H, R3=OH, R4=OH)

NIV (R1=OH, R2=OH, R3=OH, R4=OH)
HOOC
R1
OH
OH
OH
CH3
O
HOOC
CH3
HOOC
NH3
OH
CH3
HO
Fumonisin B1
Zearalenone
OCH3
Aflatoxin B1
Dosage and administration
Thoroughly mix in Swine, Poultry and Cattle Feed depending on the degree of contamination or polycontamination.
Low
contamination
MT.X Plus
Dosage
MT.X Plus
Dosage
0,5kg/ Ton
Medium
contamination
40 - 100 ppb
MT.X Plus
Dosage
1kg/ Ton
High
contamination
>100 ppb
Aflatoxins
<40 ppb
Zearalenone
<250 ppb
0,5kg/ Ton
250-500 ppb
1kg/ Ton
>500 ppb
2kg/ Ton
Trichothecenes (DON...) <200 ppb
0,5kg/ Ton
200-600 ppb
1kg/ Ton
>600 ppb
2kg/ Ton
Fumonisins
<500 ppb
0,5kg/ Ton
500-1500 ppb 1kg/ Ton
>1500 ppb
2kg/ Ton
Ochratoxins
<100 ppb
0,5kg/ Ton
100-500 ppb
>500 ppb
2kg/ Ton
1kg/ Ton
2kg/ Ton

Tel : +33 (0)2 97 38 81 03 - Fax : +33 (0)2 97 38 86 58
Mail : contact@olmix.com - www.olmix.com
Project part-financed
by the European Union
COMMISSION EUROPENNE
EUREKA
In novation throug h the po w er o f nature
# / - - 5 . ) # ! 4 ) / .
IMPORTED AND DISTRIBUTED BY
Food and Chemical Toxicology 42 (2004) 817824

www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchemtox
Evaluation of the intestinal absorption of deoxynivalenol and

nivalenol by an in vitro gastrointestinal model, and the binding
ecacy of activated carbon and other adsorbent materials
Giuseppina Avantaggiatoa,*, Robert Havenaarb, Angelo Viscontia
a
CNR Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), Viale Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy
TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Utrechtseweg 48, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
Received 20 November 2003; accepted 14 January 2004
Abstract
In vitro screening of 14 adsorbent materials, including some commercial products used to detoxify Fusarium-mycotoxins, were
tested in the pH range of 38 for deoxynivalenol (DON)- and nivalenol (NIV)-binding ability. Only activated carbon showed to be
eective with binding capacities of 35.1 mmol and 8.8 mmol DON and NIV/g adsorbent, respectively, calculated from the adsorption
isotherms. A dynamic laboratory model simulating the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of healthy pigs (TIM system) was used to evaluate
the small-intestinal absorption of DON and NIV and the ecacy of activated carbon in reducing the relevant absorption. The in
vitro intestinal absorptions of DON and NIV were 51% and 21%, respectively, as referred to 170 mg DON and 230 mg NIV
ingested through contaminated (spiked) wheat. Most absorption occurred in the jejunal compartment for both mycotoxins. The
inclusion of activated carbon produced a signicant reduction in the intestinal mycotoxin absorption. At 2% inclusion level the
absorption with respect to the intake was lowered from 51% to 28% for DON and from 21% to 12% for NIV. The binding activity
of activated carbon for these trichothecenes was lower than that observed for zearalenone, a mycotoxin frequently co-occurring
with them in naturally contaminated cereals.
# 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Deoxynivalenol; Nivalenol; Zearalenone; Activated carbon; Mycotoxin detoxication
1. Introduction
Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) and nivalenol
(NIV) are trichothecene mycotoxins produced by
Fusarium species, mainly F. culmorum and F. graminearum. These mycotoxins frequently co-occur in various cereal crops (wheat, maize, barley, oats, and rye)
and processed grains (malt, beer and bread) worldwide
(Eriksen and Alexander, 1998; FAO/WHO, 2001; Visconti, 1998). A recent data collection on the occurrence
of Fusarium toxins in food in the European Union
Abbreviations: DON, deoxynivalenol; NIV, nivalenol; ZEA,
zearalenone; GI, gastrointestinal; HPLC, high performance liquid
chromatography; GC, gas chromatography; TIM, TNO gastrointestinal model.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +39-080-5912865; fax: +39-0805486063.
E-mail address: giuseppina.avantaggiato@ispa.cnr.it
(G. Avantaggiato).
0278-6915/$ - see front matter # 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.fct.2004.01.004
showed a 57% incidence of positive samples for DON

and 16% for NIV out of several thousands of samples
analysed (SCOOP, 2003). NIV and DON were frequently found in cereal grains and animal feeds, often
together with zearalenone (ZEA). When fed to experimental and farm animals, these mycotoxins can cause
adverse eects primarily in organs containing rapidly
dividing cells, such as the small intestine, thymus,
spleen, bone marrow and testes (IARC, 1993). Acute
symptoms of poisoning include weight loss, decreased
feed conversion, feed refusal, vomiting, bloody diarrhea
and severe dermatitis hemorrhage (Eriksen, 2003).
Monogastric animals, particularly swine, exhibit higher
sensitivity to DON than ruminants. Critical dietary
DON-concentrations for depressive eects on performance have been reported at 1 mg/kg feed for pigs, 2
mg/kg for pre-ruminant calves and 5 mg/kg for poultry
and ruminants (Danicke, 2002a). In studies with livestock, feed contaminated articially with puried DON
G. Avantaggiato et al. / Food and Chemical Toxicology 42 (2004) 817824
819
Table 1
In vitro ability of some non-nutritive adsorbent materials to adsorb DON and NIV. The adsorbents were tested in dierent buer solutions and at
dierent mycotoxin concentrations
Percent of adsorbed mycotoxin (meanS.D., n=3)
Myco AD1
Mycosorb1
Glucomann
Ryx-Toxal1
Microton1
Tixolex 281
Mycox Plus1
Flo Bond1
Cholestyramine
Florisil
Celite
Zeolite
Bentonite
Activated Carbon
pH
DON
(2 mg/ml)
DON
(10mg/ml)
NIV
(2 mg/ml)
NIV
(10mg/ml)
Source
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
7
8
111
10
185
33
13
16
01
41
38
01
90
12
90
12
91
00
43
101
56
92
43
12
54
21
22
32
842
840
959
32
102
00
95
01
121
162
101
101
111
162
100
91
131
110
121
75
47
96
110
57
101
21
31
95
132
595
52 1
575
100
41
64
103
22
31
01
40
47
41
111
30
91
71
111
00
53
122
76
102
31
21
31
21
41
32
623
600
631
11
111
10
75
10
145
111
100
110
111
134
101
101
131
120
111
74
57
96
100
57
101
10
00
96
101
337
231
306
Special Nutrients Inc., Miami, FL, USA
unadsorbed toxin concentration (mM). The binding

capacity (Bmax) was determined by plotting the double
reciprocal transformation of the following data: amount
of adsorbed mycotoxin (mmol mycotoxin/g adsorbent)
versus initial mycotoxin concentration (mM). Bmax was
derived from the calculated y-intercept of the linear
regression line through the plot.
HPLC analysis of DON and NIV was performed
using a Thermo Separation Product liquid chromatograph (ThermoQuest Inc. Parkway, San Jose`, CA,
USA) equipped with a quaternary gradient pump
(Spectraseries gradient pump P4000), vacuum membrane degasser (SCM 1000), autosampler injection system with a 50 ml loop (AS 3000), column oven set at
30 C, diode array detector (DAD, UV 6000 LP detector) set at 220 nm, and chromatography data system for
Windows 2000 (version 2.53). The analytical column
was a reversed phase Discovery C18 (15 cm4.6 mm, 5
mm particles) (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA) preceded
by a Rheodyne guard lter (0.5 mm). The mobile phase
was a mixture of acetonitrile/water (10:90 v/v) eluted at
a ow rate of 1.0 ml/min.
Alltech Ltd, Lincs, UK

Dan Shen s.a.s., Milan, Italy
Raiman System S.r.l., Reggiolo, Italy
Estelar, St. Paul, Brasil
Filozoo/Aventis, Modena, Italy
Biomin GmbH, Herzogenburg, Austria
Agri-Tec, Amarillo, TX, USA
Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy
The adsorption isotherm of activated carbon was also

determined for ZEA in order to make a comparison
with a positive control (ZEA) for which the relevant
binding activity had already been established both in
vitro and in the dynamic GI-model (Avantaggiato et al.,
2003). ZEA analysis was performed by reversed phase
HPLC with uorescence detection as previously reported (Avantaggiato et al., 2003). Quantication of all
mycotoxins was performed by measuring peak areas at
mycotoxin retention times and comparing them with the
relevant calibration curves.
All solvents (HPLC grade) and chemicals were purchased from J.T. Baker (Deventer, The Netherlands).
2.2. Adsorption experiments with the dynamic GI-model
2.2.1. Dynamic GI-model
A dynamic in vitro GI-model (TIM) was used to
evaluate the intestinal absorption of DON and NIV and
the ecacy of activated carbon to reduce their absorption at the gastrointestinal level. The GI-model used in
this study was developed by TNO (Zeist, The Nether-
VACCINATION EFFICACY - Poultry
Risk of mycotoxins to health: immunosuppressive effects

The clinical toxicological syndromes caused by ingestion of moderate to high amounts of
mycotoxins are well characterized. They range from acute mortality, to slow growth and reduced
reproductive efficiency. Consumption of lesser amounts of fungal toxins may result in impaired
immunity and decreased resistance to infectious diseases. Mycotoxin-induced immunomodulation
is significant for several reasons. First of all, from an agricultural standpoint, it is conceivable that
altered immune function may contribute mechanistically to the symptoms of some animal
mycotoxicoses. Mycotoxins could also predispose livestock to infectious diseases and reduce
productivity. Secondly, from a public health perspective, increased infections in animals may well
result in increased animal-to-human transmission of pathogens and/or increased antibiotic
concentrations in animal products, as a consequence of animal treatment (Oswald et al., 2005).
The sensitivity of the immune system to mycotoxin-induced immunosuppression arises from the
vulnerability of the continually proliferating and differentiating cells that participate in immune
mediated activities and regulate the complex communication network between cellular and
humoral components. Mycotoxin may act on both innate and acquired immune responses. In
terms of health, mycotoxin intoxication may eventually decreases resistance to infectious
diseases, reactivates chronic infection or reduces vaccine and therapeutic efficacy.
Mycotoxins and innate immune response
Mycotoxins can affect the innate immune response by altering barrier function of the epithelial
monolayer (Bouhet and Oswald, 2005) and through their action on phagocytes (macrophages
and neutrophils). They may directly affect phagocytes viability or impair their functional capacities
or their secretory functions. An alteration of the inflammatory response by aflatoxin (AF) has been
reported. In utero exposition of animals to AF (through exposition of female) alters the functional
capacities of both macrophages and neutrophils. We demonstrated that weanling animals feed
for 4 weeks with low doses of AF have a reduced synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an
increased of anti-inflammatory one (Marin et al., 2002). Recent studies have also provided in vitro
evidence that fumonisin B1 (FB1) influence the inflammatory response. The exposure of chicken
peritoneal macrophages to FB1 reduced cell viability to 80% of the control level. Similarly,
incubation of alveolar macrophages with FB1 led to a significant reduction of the number of viable
cells and cell death by apoptosis (Liu et al., 2002).
Mycotoxins and humoral immune response
Mycotoxins also affect humoral immunity. Of particular interest is the effect of deoxynivalenol
(DON), also called vomitoxin, on antibody synthesis. In mice, one of the most dramatic effects of
this toxin is a pronounced elevation in serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and concurrent depression
in IgM and IgG. The associated immunopathology, which includes glomerular IgA accumulation
and hematuria, is very similar to human IgA nephropathy. These effects can persist a long time
after the withdrawal of DON from the mouse diet but intermittent exposure is less effective at
increasing IgA levels than continuous exposure. DON-induced increased lgA production may be
mediated by T lymphocytes and macrophages and especially through the superinduction of
cytokine genes such as lL-2, IL-5 and IL-6 (Pestka et al., 2004). An increase of IgA in the serum
of animals receiving DON contaminated feed. However, in these experiments the levels of IgG

and IgM in the serum as well as the levels of expression of several cytokines were not influenced
by the diet (Accensi et al., 2006; Drochner et al., 2004; Swamy et al., 2002).
Mycotoxins and cellular immune response
AFs alter cell mediated immunity. Their effects on humoral immunity require higher toxin
concentration and are inconsistent across different species (Meissonnier et al., 2006). Attempts to
evaluate the effects of AF on the cellular immune response have lead to conflicting results.
Several papers have demonstrated a reduction in lymphocyte stimulation in animals receiving
contaminated feed. By contrast, other investigators have not observed any suppression of the
Iymphoproliferative response. Young animals might be especially susceptible to this toxin.
Indeed, after exposure of parents to AFB1 or AFG1, the Iymphoproliferative response of young
progeny was reduced as well as their monocytic functions (Silvotti et al., 1997). In human as well
as in chicken, a genetic component has involved in AFB1-related cell-mediated immune
suppression. The molecular-cellular basis and general mechanism responsible for the broad
immunosuppressive effects of AFB1 appears to be directly related to impaired protein synthesis.
AF alters cytokine synthesis by macrophages and/or T cells. Ultrastructural studies show that
AFB1 causes selective mitochondrial damages in murine lymphocytes and does not affect other
cellular organelles and external structures of the lymphocytes.
Significance to health
Susceptibility to infectious diseases
The broad immunosuppressive effect of mycotoxins may decrease host resistance to infectious
diseases. This has also been shown in mice and in domestic animals. Consumption of feed
contaminated with AF increased the severity of the Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection.
Ingestion of ochratoxin A (OTA) contaminated feed also increases susceptibility to natural
infectious disease. Indeed, salmonellosis arose spontaneously in all young animals receiving an
OTA contaminated diet and when the animals were vaccinated against salmonellosis, the
consumption of contaminated feed lead to spontaneous Serpulina hyodysenteriae and
Campylobacter coli infections (Stoev et al., 2000). In our laboratory we demonstrated that FB1
constitutes a predisposing factor to Escherichia coli infection (Oswald et al., 2003). Additional in
vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that FB1 decrease the synthesis of IL-8, a cytokine involved
in the recruitment of inflammatory cells during an infection. FB1 also alters the integrity of the
epithelial cell monolayer and increases the translocation of bacteria across the epithelium. Both
phenomenons may participate in the increased susceptibility of the animals to intestinal infections
(Bouhet et al., 2004, 2006).
Reactivation of chronic infection
The effect of mycotoxin intoxication on the reactivation of chronic infection was also investigated,
however the experiment was performed with rodents. In the immunocompetent host, Toxoplasma
gondii infection progresses to a chronic phase characterized by the presence of encysted
parasites. Cyst rupture may occur, but infection remains latent and reactivation is prevented. In
immunosupressed animals and human subjects, such as HIV infected patients, rupture is
associated with the formation of new cysts and disease. Low and repeated doses of either AFB1
or T-2 toxin are able to accelerate Toxoplasma cyst rupture in previously infected mice (Venturini
et al., 1996).

Vaccination efficacy
Immunity acquired through vaccination is also impaired by mycotoxin ingestion. For example,
AFB1 interferes with the development of acquired immunity following erysipelas vaccination with
bacterin preparation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. We have demonstrated that ingestion of low
doses of another mycotoxin, FB1, decreases the specific antibody response mounted during
vaccination. Indeed, a prolonged exposure to feed contaminated with 8 mg/kg of FB1 does not
modify the serum concentration of total immunoglobulin but significantly decreases specific antibody response towards a model antigen. In vitro analysis on lymphocytes reveals that this toxin
inhibits cell proliferation and alters cytokine production. FB1 increases the synthesis of IFN-y, a
Th1 cytokine involved in the cell mediated immune response and decreases IL-4 synthesis, a Th2
cytokine involved in the humoral response. This alteration of both lymphocyte proliferation and
cytokine production might explain the failure in vaccination that we observed in vivo (Taranu et
al., 2005; Marin et al., 2006). The effect of DON on vaccinal immune response is more
controversial. Indeed some reports indicate that DON decreases specific antibody response
(Overnes et al., 1997; Rotter et al., 1994), whereas other suggest that this toxin increases bath
total and specific antibody response (Pinton et al., 2006). The presence of low levels of
mycotoxins in the feed can lead to a breakdown in vaccinal immunity and may lead to the
occurrence of disease even in properly vaccinated flocks. These reactions are of considerable
consequence in animals for which we rely on an effective vaccination program for disease
prevention.
In conclusion, several mycotoxins alter immune-mediated activities. Furthermore, mycotoxininduced immunosuppression may result in decreased hast resistance to infectious disease and
decrease vaccine efficacy. However, some considerations have not been taken into account.
First, mycotoxin mixtures are likely to occur naturally and these may alter immunity in an additive
or synergistic manner as it has been described for aflatoxin and T-2toxin or for deoxynivalenol
and fusaric acid . Second, nutritional effects associated with feed refusal may also contribute to
observed alterations. Finally, while systemic immunity is the focus of most investigations, it is
probable that mycotoxins have their greatest effect on mucosal lymphoid tissue (particularly gut)
before they are absorbed and subsequently metabolized.
Mycotoxins ln grass and maize silage for dairy cattle

F. Driehuis and M.C. te Giffei
NIZO food research, the Netherlands
The feed ration of dairy cows consists of three types of feed: concentrate, byproducts and forages. Forages generaily represent 50-80% of the feed ration of
dairy cows. The main forage crops in Europe are grass, fed fresh or as silage or
hay, and maize, generally fed as whole crop silage. In contrast to ingredients for
concentrate feeds there is little information available on mycotoxin levels in grass
and maize. Maize and, to a lesser extent, grass may be infected in the field by
deoxynivalenol (DON) or zearalenone (ZEA) Fusarium species. These moulds do
net survive the silage fermentation process but DON and ZEA remain unchanged.
DON and ZEA in feed are of concern because of their possible impact on animal
health and productivity. Maximum tolerance levels in the Netherlands for DON
and ZEA in feed for dairy cows are 3.0 and 0.50 mg/kg, receptively (on total feed
ration basis). Due to their extremely low carry over ta milk DON and ZEA in feed
are not of concern with respect to the safety for human consumption of milk. This
study was carried out to provide information on the levels of mycotoxins in grass
and maize silage produced in the Netherlands in 2002, 2003 and 2004. Samples
from 120 grass silage and 140 maize silage clamps at Dutch dairy farms were
collected between Aine 2002 and November 2004. Samples were taken by tore
sampling four to eight weeks after ensiling. Samples were airdried 20 h at 65C
and milled. A multi-analyte LC-MS method was used for the detection of 14
mycotoxins. DON and ZEA were found frequently in maize silage. DON was
detected above the limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.25 mg/kg in 70% of maize
silages, varying from 40% in 2002 to 98% in 2004. The average concentration in
positive samples was 0.85 mg/kg, varying from 0.45 mg/kg in 2003 to 1.0 mg/kg
in 2004. The maximum concentration varied from 1.0 mg/kg in 2003 to 3.1 mg/kg
in 2004. One sample exceeded 3.0 mg/kg. ZEA was detected above the LOQ of
0.025 mg/kg in 49% of maize silages, varying from 10% in 2003 to 85% in
2004. The average concentration in positive samples was 0.17 mglkg, varying
from 0.12 mg/kg in 2003 to 0.18 mg/kg in 2004. The maximum concentration
varied from 0.15 mg/kg in 2003 to 0.94 mg/kg in 2004. Five samples exceeded
0.50 mg/kg. Grass silage proved a much less important source of DON and ZEA
than maize silage. None of the 120 samples tested contained DON and seven
samples (6%) contained a low level of ZEA (average concentration 0.09 mg/kg;
maximum concentration 0.31 mg/kg). Aflatoxins (BI, B2, G1 and G2), ochratoxin
A, T-2 and HT-2 toxin, di-acetoxyscirpenoi and sterigmatocystin were detected in
none of the samples. Fumonisins (Bt and B2) were detected in two maize silages
samples (up to 34 mg/kg). Roquefortin C was detected in one grass silage sample
(0.08 mg/kg). It is concluded that maize silage is an important source of DON and
ZEA. Since it usually accounts for 25-40% of the diet of dairy cows, maize silage
forrns a significant contribution to the total exposure of cows to these mycotoxins.
the Wortd Mycotoxin Forum - the third conference. the Netherfands
EFFICACY OF AMADITE, IN THE BINDING

OF MYCOTOXINS DURING TRANSIT
THROUGH A DYNAMIC
GASTROINTESTINAL MODEL (TIM).
Herv DEMAIS 1, Robert HAVENAAR 2,

1
OLMIX S.A, Z.A du Haut du Bois, 56580 Brhan, France
TNO Quality of Life Physiological Sciences P.O. Box 360,
3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
Mycotoxin binding
Deoxynivalenol (DON)
15
10
5
0.
00
%
-to
0.
ta
01
l
%
-to
0.
10 tal
%
-to
ta
l
0
0.
00
%
-i l
0.
01
%
-i l
0.
10
%
-i l
However, a strong inhibition

of absorption was found by
the addition of Amadite at
the level of 0.1%.
The
reduction
was
approximately
40%
in
comparison to the control.
20
0.
00
%
-je
0.
01 j
%
-je
0.
j
10
%
-je
j
The bioaccessibility of DON

from contaminated pig feed
was
not
significativly
inhibited by the addition of
Amadite at the levels of
0.01%.
Absorbed amount of DON (ug)
25
Absorption of DON (g) from the jejunum (jej) and ileum (il) compartments and from both
compartments together (total) in the control experiments (0.00%) and in the experiments
with the addition of Amadite at the level of 0.01% and 0.10% during gastrointestinal
transit in the TIM-1 system of pig feed contaminated with DON (0.8 ppm) and fumonisin
B1 (2 ppm)
Mycotoxin binding
Fumonisin
50
40
30
20
10
0.
00
%
-il
0.
01
%
-il
0.
10
%
-il
0
0.
00
%
-to
0.
01 tal
%
-to
0.
10 tal
%
-to
ta
l
This means a reduction of

50% to 60% of the
bioaccessibility of
fumonisin.
60
0.
00
%
-j e
0.
01 j
%
-j e
0.
10 j
%
-j e
j
The total absorption of

fumonisin was reduced from
62 g (control) to 30 g and
25 g in the experiments
with Amadite in the feed at
the levels of 0.01% and
0.1%.
70
Absorbed amount of fumonisin (ug)
The bioaccessibility of
fumonisin from
contaminated pig feed was
strongly inhibited by the
addition of Amadite at the
levels of 0.01% and 0.1%.
Absorption of Fumonisin (g) from the jejunum (jej) and ileum (il) compartments and from
both compartments together (total) in the control experiments (0.00%) and in the
experiments with the addition of Amadite at the level of 0.01% and 0.10% during
gastrointestinal transit in the TIM-1 system of pig feed contaminated with DON (0.8 ppm)
and fumonisin B1 (2 ppm).
Multiple toxic effects of mycotoxins

Symptoms
AFB1
DON
T2 tox.
FB1
+++
+++
Growth
+++
+++
++
10
Liver damage
+++
++
Kidney damage
+++
Abortion
Anorexia
OTA ZEA
++
Infertility
+++
Vulvovaginitis
+++
Pulmonary oedema
Immunomodulation
+++
+++
++
++
+++
10
12
12
Mycotoxins
Take home messages
Susceptibility to infectious diseases
Long
term exposure to
low
levels + synergy
SIGNIFICANCE TO PIG & CHICKEN HEALTH

OF THE IMMUNE IMPACT OF MYCOTOXINS
Susceptibility to infectious disease

Vaccination efficacy
Therapeutic efficacy
Biological effects of mycotoxins

Level
Molecular
General effect
Specific effects
Interaction with
DNA breaking: Citricine, Ochratoxin A
macromolecules
DNA modification: Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin A
Effect on enzymatic
reactions
Inhibition of carboxypyruvate kinase:

Ochratoxin A, inhibition of carboxylases:
Moniliformine & Patuline
Sub cellular
Interactions with organes
Effect on the cellular
Disturbance of oxidative phosphorylation in

the mitochondries: Aflatoxins, Secalonic acid,
Luteoskyrine
Inhibition of nucleic acids and proteins
synthesis: Ochratoxine A, Aflatoxins, Citrinine
Cellular
metabolism
Liver toxicity: Aflatoxins
Organism
Tissue or organic
impairment
Hormonal disturbances
Reproduction disturbance: Zearalenone
Kidney toxicity: Ochratoxin A
level of
signs
With mycotoxins,
toxic contamination level dont exist
death
clinical
symptoms
metabolical
disturbances
immunosuppression
USUAL SUSPICION
LEVEL
K
IS
S
R
TO
C
A
R
T
AN
T
I
M
O
C
N
TOXINS
CO
level
of mycotoxins
Immunity and stress
STRESS : IMMUNE CELLS CANT

COME OUT BLOOD VESSELS
Costs of immunity
WPC 2008 Australia
The adaptive immune system is

relatively expensive to develop but is
cheap to use
The innate is cheap to develop but
can be expensive to use :
keep it SILENT
K Klasing , R.Selvaraj UC Davis CA & Ohio State University USA
Costs of immunity
WPC 2008 Australia
K Klasing , R.Selvaraj UC Davis CA & Ohio State University USA
Understanding
the mechanisms of actions of immunomodulation,
interaction with feed and hormones
in orchestrating efficacious vaccine responses are crucial
in protecting animal health and welfare
Balance Optimal Protection & Maximal Performances
The immune system of your animal

your best partner
keep it in a good shape
but keep it silent
IN CONCLUSION
Mycotoxins under control
No
sa
fe
ty
m
ea
su
r
Vol 17 n5 (2009)
Nutrition: Maximising the economic benefits
p3
Mycotoxins the
difference between
profit and loss
by Erwan Le Bras, Olmix, ZA du
Haut du Bois, 56580 Brehan, France.
he word mycotoxin simply means a
toxin produced by a fungus. The term
was derived from mycotoxicosis,
first used by Forgacs & Carll in 1955.
Although the definition is very simple, the
diagnosis is very difficult because clinical
signs are unspecific and can be associated
with other pathogens.
Besides this difficulty to diagnose, when we
see the ease and frequency with which
mycotoxins contaminate agricultural commodities, they can mean the difference
between profit and loss for the poultry
industry when animals are chronically
exposed to these chemicals via contaminated feed.
Resistance misconceptions
Poultry is wrongly assumed to be resistant
to mycotoxins even if they seem less sensitive than pigs. Indeed, several studies report
Mycotoxins reduce the farm profitability by limiting the egg production of the
laying hens.
Ochratoxins (>100g/kg of feed)

Lower kidney and liver activity,
dehydration, feed intake reduction,
poor shell quality, limited growth.
Fumonisins
(>500g/kg of feed)
Decreased lung
activity, reduced
feed intake,
limited growth.
Aflatoxins (>40g/kg of feed)
Increased sensitivity to pathogens,
limited growth, leg problems, poor
fertility/lower hatchability,
decrease in egg production.
Trichothecenes
(>200g/kg of feed)
Decrease of food
consumption and
growth, gastrointestinal
disturbances, high feed
conversion ratio,
dermal lesions.
Zearalenone
(>250g/kg of feed)
Poor fertility,
reproduction troubles,
poor growth of the progeny.
Fig. 1. The main effects of mycotoxins.

a decrease in the performance of poultry at
several physiological stages.
It is necessary to say that, in spite of the
sensitivity of the animals, the diagnosis is not
easy because of the unspecific symptoms.
Indeed, mycotoxins affect almost all organs
in the body. The major organs and tissues
affected are liver, kidney, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, spleen, brain and nervous
system. The immunosuppressive effect of
mycotoxins may induce the outbreak of a
viral, bacterial or parasitic disease although
the original problem to solve is the mycotoxicosis. The main effects of mycotoxins
are described in the Fig. 1.
Mycotoxicosis
The adverse effects of mycotoxin-contaminated diets on performance range from
undetectable to devastating in terms of
reduced egg production in layers and breeders, and growth depression in broilers,
turkeys and ducks.
Devastating can be synonymous of high
mortality over few days but in most of the
cases, devastating should mean the limitation of the performance of the animals over
a long period. In both cases, farm profitability is reduced in a significant way. However,
in the second situation, even in good farm-
International Poultry Production Volume 16 Number 7
ing conditions, diagnosis is very difficult

because animals appear exhausted with diseases outbreaks and other background
troubles (digestive, reproductive, growing).
Not only is performance limited but production costs will increase in an exponential
way (veterinary costs, feed conversion ratio,
reduced fertility inducing augmentation of
the unproductive time). Losses due to
mycotoxicosis have been estimated at more
than $1 billion in Canada and over $2.5 billions in the USA during the 1990s.
Preventive measures
Because mycotoxins are a huge risk to animals, much consideration has to be given to
prevention because good agricultural practices are not sufficient to make the hazard
avoidable for the feed industry.
Factors favourable to the development of
fungi in the field include:
Hot and wet climate during the year.
Previous cultural crops.
Non ploughing of harvest residues.
Use of varieties sensitive to fungi.
Long interval of time between harvest
and drying of raw materials.
The combination of several of these risk
factors may lead to contamination.
Continued on page 9
Continued from page 7

Secondly, the integration of a selection on
disease resistance has been investigated for
crop farming to limit economic losses in the
field. Though, disease resistance is relative
and hybrids may vary in reaction. The most
common method of mycotoxin prevention
is the use of mould inhibitors which prevent
the development of moulds in stored commodity.
However, if mycotoxins were already
formed in the field, the feedstuff will stay
contaminated and keep its detrimental
effects on animal health and production.
mycotoxins resist storage and mould

inhibitors may lead to the production of
mycotoxins.
So, the difficulty in removing a mycotoxin
is so high that the best solution to control
mycotoxicosis is prevention through the
feed with the addition of a mycotoxins inactivator to avoid mycotoxicosis being the limiting factor of the poultrys performances.
Because climate is uncontrollable and
mycotoxins are very stable, a mycotoxins
inactivator, which is efficient and reliable at
low dosages, is the best solution either in
preventive or in curative situations.
Mycotoxin adsorption
Clinical symptoms of mycotoxins are

unspecific and induce an increase of the
production costs. Layers may appear
healthy but they do not express their
genetic potential.
In addition, the use of a mould inhibitor on
the field, if applied during fungi development, may produce mycotoxins due to the
stress that it generates.
Indeed, mycotoxins are chemically stable
during all manufacturing processes such as
temperature (fumonisin is resistant up to
200C) and pelleting. Chemical treatments
are not realistic in industrial situations,
Over the past years, some research has

been done on mycotoxins adsorption. A
major breakthrough in the development of
mycotoxin inactivators has been the invention by Olmix of pillared layered clay
(Amadite) in which the interlayer space has
been enlarged on a nanometre scale, creating a very effective trap for various mycotoxins.
Thanks to the combination of this clay with
seaweed extracts, yeast cell walls and
diatomaceous earth in its formulation, the
final product is introduced in animal feed to
prevent contamination of different classes of
toxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxin, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisin). Indeed, it is
important to know that there is very rarely
only one mycotoxin involved in the contamination but very often from 3-6 toxins.
Olmix noticed that only 7% of the samples
sent by their customers to the laboratory
contained less than three mycotoxins (88
samples in total), 55% of the samples contained between three and five mycotoxins
and 38% of the samples contained six mycotoxins and more.
To face this multicontamination and their
synergy, it is important to bring a mycotoxins inactivator with a broad spectrum of
action; it means several ingredients acting in
synergy to prevent mycotoxicosis.
Complementary data on laying hens and
broilers demonstrate the necessity of using a
mycotoxins inactivator over a long term
period. Indeed, MT.X+ was incorporated at
Table 1. The use of MT.X+ increases average laying and reduces mortality.
Laying (%)
Cumulated mortality (%)
Average feed intake (g/day)
Average crack egg (% per month)
Average pale egg (% per month)
Average dirty egg (% per month)
Total No. of eggs/month** (x1000)
No. of withdrawn eggs/month** (x1000)
No. of proper eggs sold/month** (x1000)
MT.X+
group
Control
Diff.
Variation
(%)
89.72
7.6
105.71
0.75
2.5
9.22
1820
224
1596
87.82
12.7
100.37
1.1
2.19
10.87
1695
240
1455
+1.9
-5.1
+5.34
-0.35
+0.31
-1.65
+125
-16
+141
+2.2
-40.2
+5.3
-31.8
+14.2
-15.2
+7.4
-6.5
+9.7
* Results displayed above are the average results from September 2006 to February 2007.
** Calculations are made for a 100,000 laying hen unit.
International Poultry Production Volume 16 Number 7
Eggs shell quality may be lessened

(cracked or pale eggs) by mycotoxins,
involving a downgrading of the products
and a lower selling price
1kg/ton of feed (nearly 40g of MT.X+/
hen/year). The control group received
another mycotoxin binder. The supplementation was done from the 16th week
(entrance) to the 40th week (after the production peak).
MT.X+ increased the average laying by
2.2% but also reduced the mortality rate by
-40.2% (Table 1).
This improvement on these two essential
parameters induces a strong increase in the
number of eggs produced per month:
+125,000 eggs/month (+7.4%).
By adding this mycotoxins inactivator, we
can also notice that the hens consumed
more (+5.34g/day) which may be a sign of
better palatability of the feed due to the
protection against mycotoxins.
Other important criterion is the quality of
the eggs which determines the price of the
egg. Even if we can notice a slight increase
on the percentage of pale eggs in the
MT.X+ group (2.5% versus 2.19%), the percentages of crack eggs and of dirty eggs is
reduced (respectively -31.8% and -15.2%).
All this improves greatly the number of
eggs sold per month: + 141000 eggs
(+5.6%) or 1.41 additional egg sold/hen/
month.
A bigger problem?
Mycotoxins cause many issues in agriculture
but, in reality, are they a bigger problem
because of their invisible or hidden effects,
such as immunosuppression and nutrients
absorption interference?
With high cereal and protein prices, we
must be cautious of not saving the pennies
and losing the pounds by making unwise
economies such as removing mycotoxins
inactivators from the birds feed. In fact, if
you are not using such products, now may
be just the time to consider their use!
When margins were greater we probably
rested on our laurels, but now that they are
much tighter, or even non-existent, perhaps
we should be looking more closely at how
to improve performance.
References are available from

the author on request.
Research New methods, trends and interpretation. Fresh from the laboratory!
Preventing
mycotoxicosis in pigs
Pigs a re very s ensit ive t o myc oto xin s an d e conomi c losses
ass ociated w ith this is a n i mporta nt ar ea of research. Even
if diag nosis is difficult, prevent ive s olutions do exist to
avoid mycot oxicosis. Using modified cl ay is one of these
solutions, according to Erwa n Le Bras .
ycotoxins are a group of various secondary

metabolites produced by fungi that occur
in raw materials worldwide. Contamination
is often unavoidable due to certain environmental
conditions (such as humidity, heat, insects, etc). When
animals consume contaminated feed, they may develop
mycotoxicosis, a term that was first used by Forgacs
and Carll in 1955.
Pig sensitivity
Erwan Le Bras studied animal

production in the Netherlands,
Portugal and France. In 2006,
he joined Evialis as research
and development trainee.
In November 2006, Erwan
was appointed field engineer
at Olmix in France, where
he is responsible for the
implementation and technical
support of the field trials.
Pigs are quite sensitive to mycotoxins. Effects of high

levels of mycotoxins are well-known (for example
vomiting and abortion), but what we mainly see in the
field are the effects of chronic exposure to low levels
of mycotoxins: reduced feed intake, lower fertility rates,
and vet costs increasing; symptoms that are usually
not directly linked to mycotoxicosis.
For example, for each ppm of DON ingested by the
pig, its consumption and growth will decrease by 5%.
One ppm of fumonisin will decrease the growth by
8%. Diagnosis is difficult, but it is clear that mycotoxins
are silent, inodorous and invisible killers. As acute
mycotoxicosis is easy to diagnose (e.g. reduced feed
intake and abortions), chronic intoxication at low
contamination levels is more difficult to identify
(limited consumption, recurrent pathology, infertility,
limited growth, vaccination failure). In this case,
clinical signs may be associated with bacterial diseases
instead of mycotoxicosis.
Sampling methods
Visual assessment of the feed is not sufficient; fungi
may no longer be present, but toxins still remain. A
problem with mycotoxicosis is that it appears at very
low contamination levels and the combination of several
mycotoxins has drastic impact on economic losses.
Moulds tend to develop in isolated pockets (hot spots)
FEED l MIX vol.15 no.5 2007
in the stored commodities and, after having been

consumed, there is little evidence of their existence.
Accurate mycotoxin concentration in the feed is difficult
to assess due to this heterogeneous nature. The precision
depends on the sampling method, sample preparation
and analysis method. Sampling is usually the largest
source of variability associated with the mycotoxin test
procedure. A reliable, sensitive and quantitative analysis
(liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry)
is recommended to precisely assess the contamination
level and to adapt the treatment to be implemented.
Different prevention methods

Because mycotoxins are a great risk to animals, much
attention has to be given to prevention even if the
w w w. A l l A b o u t F e e d . n e t
- 32
Research
knowledge of best practices is not sufficient to make the

hazard avoidable. Prevention of mycotoxin formation
through good agricultural practices in the field is
important in the feed industry. Factors favourable to
the development of fungi in the field:
Hot and wet climate during the year
Previous cultural crops
Non ploughing of harvest residue
Use of varieties sensitive to fungi
Long interval of time between harvest and drying of
raw materials.
The addition of several of these risk factors may lead to
contamination. Secondly, the integration of a selection
of genetic and molecular crops on disease resistance
has been investigated for breeders to limit economic
losses in the field. However, disease resistance is relative
and hybrids may vary in reaction to a disease between
reactions that are resistant and susceptible.
The most common methods of mycotoxin prevention
are the use of mould inhibitors. They prevent the
development of moulds in stored commodity. However,
if mycotoxins were already formed in the field, the
feedstuff will stay contaminated and keep its detrimental
effects on animal health and production. In addition,
the use of a mould inhibitor on the field, if applied
during fungi development, may produce mycotoxins
due to the stress that it generates.
Grains treatment
Mycotoxins are chemically stable during all manufacturing
processes such as temperature (fumonisin is resistant
up to 200C) and pelleting. Chemical treatments are not
realistic in industrial situations; mycotoxins resist storage
and mould inhibitors may lead to the production of
mycotoxins. So, the difficulty in removing a mycotoxin
is so high that the best solution to control mycotoxicosis
is prevention through the feed with the addition of a
mycotoxins inactivator to avoid mycotoxicosis being
the limiting factor of the pigs performances. Because
climate is uncontrollable, a mycotoxin inactivator, which
is largely efficient and reliable at low dosages, is the best
solution either in preventive or in curative situations.
Modified clay for more absorption

Over the years, some research has been done on
mycotoxins adsorption. A major breakthrough in the
development of mycotoxin inactivators has been the
invention of pillared layered clay (Amadite, Olmix)
in which the interlayer space has been enlarged on a
nanometre scale, creating a very effective trap for
Figure 1 - Effect of mycotoxins on pigs
various mycotoxins. Thanks to the combination of

this clay with seaweed extracts, yeast cell walls and
diatomaceous earth in its formulation, the final product
is introduced in animal feed to prevent contamination
of different classes of toxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxin,
trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisin). This clay has
been tested in in vitro and in vivo conditions to get
an overview of the efficacy that can be expected on
the farms. An in vitro trial was implemented in the
Netherlands, with the most reliable simulator of the
pig gastrointestinal tract: TIM-1 from TNO (NL). The
clay was tested on a standard pig feed contaminated
with 1ppm of DON and 2ppm of fumonisin B1 in the
conditions of the test. It was shown that the clay was
able to adsorb 40% of the DON and up to 60% of the
fumonisin with an incorporation rate of 1kg/tonne
of feed. There was no significant impact on nutrient
availability (vitamins, nitrogen and carbohydrates).
Improved fertility
A study carried out in 2007 by the Professor Bui
Huy Nhu Phuc from the University of Agriculture
and Forestry in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, confirmed
the efficacy of the final product formulation on
multi-contaminated pig feed. Twenty gilts received a
multi-contaminated feed for 10 months and weaning
of the piglets occurred at 22 days of life. Reproduction
and production performances of gilts were measured
throughout the trial. Two levels of inclusion were tested:
- 33
Research New methods, trends and interpretation. Fresh from the laboratory!
Table 1 - Technical performance

Control group Mycotoxin binder Variation
Average age at 1st oestrus (days)
205
198.3
- 3.3%
Global pregnancy rate (%)
60
90
- 50%
Interval 1st oestrus/fecundation (days)
48
39
- 23%
Age at 1 farrowing (days)
368
352.3*
- 4.3%
Interval 1st oestrus-farrowing (days)
163
154
- 5.5%
Piglets born/litter
8.33
10.1
+ 21.2%
st
inactivator improved pregnancy rates (+50%) and

reduced the unproductive time of the gilts (younger
age at first farrowing and interval 1st oestrus-farrowing
reduced by 9 days with the use of the clay) (Table 1).
An improved litter size (+21%) was observed together
with a higher piglet birth weight (+13%). In addition,
the number of weaned piglets/litter was increased
(+4 piglets/sow/year). Furthermore, sow feed intake
during lactation was higher (+410g/day) in the treated
group, which induces the lack of palatability caused
by fumonisin, doxynivalnol and T2-toxin is reduced.
0.5kg/tonne
Mortality rate from birth to weaning (%)
10
5.9
- 41%
Weaned piglets/litter
7.5
9.5
+ 26.7%
Birth weight/piglet (kg)
1.20
1.36
+ 13.3%
Daily weight gain/piglet (g)
187
197
+ 5.3%
Weaning weight/piglet (kg)
5.33
5.77
+ 8.3%
Sow feed intake during lactation (kg/day)
4.05
4.46
+ 10.1%
Conclusion
* = p<0.05
0 (control) and 0.5kg of the clay per tonne of feed to

suit with an average contamination level (125ppb of T-2
toxin, 125ppb of zearalenone, 510ppb of fumonisins B
and 50ppb of DON). The incorporation of this mycotoxin
Raw materials contamination is unavoidable under

certain environmental conditions and pigs are
especially sensitive to mycotoxins, even at low levels.
To reduce the detrimental impact of mycotoxicosis,
solutions do exist and the inclusion of a mycotoxin
inactivator with a large spectrum of efficacy appears
to be the best and the most reliable protection for
animal health and productivity. <-
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www.AllAboutFeed.net
- 34
Topic
Fighting the inodorous,

invisible killer
Pigs are highly sensitive to mycotoxins and
Figure 1. Effect of mycotoxins on pigs.
economic losses are consequently very

important. Even if diagnosis is difficult,
preventive solutions do exist to avoid
mycotoxicosis. Using modified clay is one of
these solutions.
By Erwan Le Bras, Olmix field engineer, France
ycotoxins are a group of various secondary metabolites

produced by fungi that occur
in raw materials worldwide.
Contamination is often unavoidable
due to certain environmental conditions (such as humidity, heat, insects,
etc). When animals consume the contaminated feed, they may develop
mycotoxicosis, a term that was first
used by Forgacs and Carll in 1955.
Pig sensitivity
Pigs are quite sensitive to mycotoxins.
Effects of high levels of mycotoxins
are well known (for example vomiting
and abortion) but what we mainly see
in the field are the effects of chronic
exposure to low levels of mycotoxins:
reduced feed intake, lower fertility
rates, and vet costs increasing; symptoms that are usually not directly
linked to mycotoxicosis.
For example, for each ppm of the
mycotoxin deoxyivalenol (DON)
ingested by the pig, its consumption
and growth will decrease by 5%. 1
ppm of fumonisin will decrease the
growth by 8%. Diagnosis is difficult,
but it is clear that mycotoxins are
silent, inodorous and invisible killers.
As acute mycotoxicosis is easy to
diagnose (reduced in feed intake and
growth, abortions), chronic intoxica-
pig progress Volume 24, No. 1 2008
tion at low contamination levels is

more difficult to identify (limited consumption, recurrent pathology, infertility, limited growth, vaccination failure).
In this case, clinical signs may be
associated with bacterial diseases
instead of mycotoxicosis.
Sampling methods
Visual assessment of the feed is not
sufficient; fungi may no longer be
present but toxins still remain. A problem with mycotoxicosis is that it
appears at very low contamination levels and the combination of several
mycotoxins has a drastic impact on
economic losses. Moulds tend to develop in isolated pockets (hot spots) in
the stored commodities and, after having been consumed, there is little evidence of their existence. Accurate
mycotoxins concentration in the feed is
difficult to assess due to this heterogeneous concentration. The precision
depends on the sampling method,

sample preparation and analysis method. Sampling is usually the largest
source of variability associated with the
mycotoxin test procedure. A reliable,
sensitive and quantitative analysis (liquid chromatography coupled with mass
spectrometry) is recommended to
assess precisely the contamination
level and to adapt the treatment to be
implemented.
Different prevention methods

Because mycotoxins are a great risk to
animals, much attention has to be
given to prevention even if the knowledge of best practices is not sufficient
to make the hazard avoidable.
through good agricultural practices in
the field is important in the feed industry. Factors favourable to the development of fungi in the field:
Hot and wet climate during the year
www.PigProgress.net
Topic
lead to the production of

mycotoxins. So, the difficulty in removing a mycotoxin is so high that the
best solution to control
mycotoxicosis is prevention through the feed with
the addition of a mycotoxins inactivator to avoid
mycotoxicosis being the
limiting factor of the pigs
performances. Due to the
fact that climate is uncontrollable, a mycotoxins
inactivator which is largely
efficient and reliable at low
dosages, is the best solution either in preventive or
in curative situations.
Previous cultural crops

Non ploughing of harvest residues
Use of varieties sensitive to fungi
Long interval of time between harvest and drying of raw materials
The addition of several of these risk

factors may lead to contamination.
Secondly, the integration of a selection
of genetic and molecular crops on disease resistance has been investigated
for breeders to limit economic losses in
the field. However, disease resistance is
relative and hybrids may vary in reaction to a disease between reactions that
are resistant and susceptible.
The most common methods of mycotoxin prevention are the use of mould
inhibitors. They prevent the development of moulds in stored commodity.
However, if mycotoxins were already
formed in the field, the feedstuff will
stay contaminated and keep its detrimental effects on animal health and
production. In addition, the use of a
mould inhibitor on the field, if applied
during fungi development, may produce mycotoxins due to the stress that
it generates.
Grains treatment
Mycotoxins are chemically stable during all manufacturing processes such
as temperature (fumonisin is resistant
up to 200C) and pelleting.
Chemical treatments are not realistic
in industrial situations, mycotoxins
resist storage and mould inhibitors may
www.PigProgress.net
Intercalated clay for more adsorption
availability (vitamins, nitrogen and carbohydrates).
Improved fertility
A study carried out in 2007 by
Professor Bui Huy Nhu Phuc from the
University of Agriculture and Forestry
in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam confirmed
the efficacy of the final product formulation on multicontaminated pig feed.
Twenty gilts received a multicontaminated feed for ten months and weaning
of the piglets occurred at 22 days of
life. Reproduction and production performances of gilts were measured
throughout the trial. Two levels of
inclusion were tested: 0 (control) and
0.5 kg of the clay per tonne of feed to
suit with an average contamination
level (125 ppb of T-2 toxin, 125 ppb of
zearalenone, 510 ppb of fumonisins B
and 50 ppb of DON). The incorporation of this mycotoxins inactivator
improved pregnancy rates (+50%) and
reduced the unproductive time of the
gilts (younger age at first farrowing and
interval first oestrus-farrowing reduced
by nine days with the use of the clay,
see Table 1). An improved litter size
(+21%) was observed together with a
higher piglet birth weight (+13%). In
addition, the number of weaned piglets/litter was increased (+4 piglets/
sow/ year). Furthermore, sow feed
intake during lactation was higher
(+410 g/day) in the treated group,
which induces that the lack of palatability caused by fumonisin, deoxynivalenol and T2-toxin is reduced. PP
Over the past years, some research

has been done on mycotoxins absorption. A major breakthrough in the
development of mycotoxin inactivators
has been the invention of pillared layered clay in which the interlayer space
has been enlarged on a nanometre
scale, creating a very effective trap for
various mycotoxins. Thanks to the
combination of this clay with seaweed
extracts, yeast cell walls and diatomaceous earth in its formulation, the final
product is introduced in animal feed to
prevent contamination of different
classes of toxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxin, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisin). This intercalated clay (Amadeite,
Olmix) has been tested in in vitro and
in vivo conditions to get an
overview of the efficacy that
Table 1. Technical performance with incorporation of mycotoxins inactivator.
can be expected on the farms.
In vitro trial was implemented

Control group Mycotoxin binder Variation

0.5 kg/tonne
in the Netherlands, with the
Average age at 1st oestrus (days)
205
198.3
-3.3%
most reliable simulator of the
Global pregnancy rate (%)
60
90
+50%
pig gastro-intestinal tract: TIMInterval 1st oestrus/fecundation (days)
48
39
-23%
1 from TNO (the Netherlands).
Age at 1st farrowing (days)
368
352.3*
-4.3%
The clay was tested on a
Interval 1st oestrus-farrowing (days)
163
154
-5.5%
standard pig feed contaminatPiglets born/litter
8.33
10.1
+21.2%
ed with 1 ppm of DON and 2
Mortality rate from birth to weaning (%) 10
5.9
-41%
ppm of fumonisin B1 in the
7.5
9.5
+26.7%
conditions of the test. It was
1.20
1.36
+13.3%
shown that the clay was able
187
197
+5.3%
to absorb 40% of the DON and
Weaning weight/piglet (kg)
5.33
5.77
+8.3%
up to 60% of the fumonisin
Sow feed intake during lactation (kg/day) 4.05
4.46
+10.1%
with an incorporation rate of 1
kg/tonne of feed. There was no * = p<0.05
significant impact on nutrient
pig progress Volume 24, No. 1 2008
75 Horses Affected by Neurologic Disorder; Mycotoxins

Suspected
by: Christa Lest-Lasserre
March 06 2008, Article # 11450
Toxic food sources are one likely explanation for recurrent cases of hind limb polyneuropathy
in horses throughout Norway, according to research published in the Journal of Veterinary
Internal Medicine in February 2008
Seventy-five horses located on 27 different premises throughout the country were evaluated
between 1995 and 2004 for hind leg weakness, knuckling, and paralysis related to
polyneuropathy.
In polyneuropathy, multiple peripheral nerves--those which branch out from the brain and
spinal cord--are simultaneously affected, causing pain and/or loss of sensation.
Researchers reviewing the individual cases determined that the Norwegian syndrome
appeared to be related to the ingestion of fungi and mycotoxins present in bales of
silage or, occasionally, hay. Most of the cases developed in late winter or early spring, when
the horses were entirely dependent on forage. This forage might have been stored for long
periods, according to Siv Hanche-Olsen, DVM, lecturer in equine internal medicine at
the Norwegian School of Veterinary Science and co-author of the study.
"Initially we suspected that the main problem was 'extensive management,' with a big bale of
400 kg (880 lbs) set out in the field and left there for the horses to finish," she said. "But this
seems to be true only in a few cases."
The exact link between the syndrome and the forage remains unclear, she said.
"It is common for feed-related illnesses to be associated with the growth of various fungal
species on the feed, either in the field before harvesting or after storage of the feed," said
Alexander de Lahunta, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ACVIM (Neurology), Dipl. ACVP, professor
emeritus at Cornell University's College of Veterinary Medicine, who commented on the
study. Although the toxicity comes from a mycotoxin produced by the fungal
agent, the fungus itself is harmless, he said.
Horses were graded on a scale of I to IV, ranging from intermittent knuckling of the
fetlocks during exercise to total paraplegia in the hind legs. Some progressed to Grade IV
within hours of onset, whereas others remained at intermittent grades for weeks. All the
horses appeared bright and alert and had healthy appetites, and none of them had
clinical signs evident in other parts of the body. Breed, age, and sex appeared to have no
role in the onset or severity of the disease, according to Hanche-Olsen.
Forty of the horses were euthanized. Surviving horses fully recovered to normal health
after five to six months of rest and a change in diet, Hanche-Olsen said.
The Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine in February 2008
WORLDWIDE
TRIALS
WORLDWIDE TRIALS
MMi - MTX+
INDEX
1.
Efficacy of MMi on reproduction parameters in dairy cows - France 2009....p.1
2.
Effect of MMi in nursery piglets - U.S.A. 2008............. p.3
3.
Efficacy of MT.X+ in broilers - Russia 2009............... p.5
4.
Efficacy of MTX+ on abortions & ovarian cysts in dairy cows - Spain 2007.....p.11
5.
Fields results dairy cows - United Kingdom 2006........................p.13
6.
Effect of MMi on the performance of dairy cows - France 2009.................. p.15
7.
Solution for prevention of mycotoxin on aquaculture - Vietnam.........................p.17
8.
Effect of MT.X+ on the performance of laying hens - Malaysia 2007....... p.19
9.
Efficacy of MTX+ in farrowing house - Cyprus 2008.......................p.21
10.
Effect of MTX+ in swine - Hungary 2005................ p.23
11.
Effect of MTX+ on sows reproduction - Spain 2008................p.25
12.
Effect of MTX+ in fattening pigs - Vietnam 2003...............p.27
13.
Efficacy of MTX+ on sows performances fed with Mycotoxins contaminated

diets - Vietnam 2007.......................... .p.29
14.
Efficacy of Amadite, in the binding of mycotoxins during transit through a

dynamic gastrointestinal model (tim) - World Mycotoxin Forum Cincinnati 2006. p.31
+ Effects of MTX+ inclusion in the diet on the performance of pigs - Vietnam 2007
+ Effects of MTX+ inclusion in the diet on health and performance of broilers - Vietnam
+ Effects of MTX+ inclusion in the diet on the performance of pigs - Vietnam 2007
+ MMi in dairy cows USA 2005-2008
+ Effect of MT.X+ on the performance of laying hens - China 2009
+ Vaishnavi Breeding Farm- India 2008
+ Vaishnavi Hatcheries - India 2008
MTX+ Worldwide trials - Version 2
technical
document
Efficacy of MMi on reproduction parameters in dairy

cows in France March 2009
Efficacy of MMi on reproduction parameters in dairy
Farm description:
cows in France March 2009
Medium dairy farm, Holstein breed. The ration is made on the farm., including corn
Efficacy of MMi
silage,
on reproduction parameters in dairy cows - France
(2009)
grass, hay, straw, soya bean meal, linseed cake and others.
Average
Farmlevel
description:
of production: 10,000 liters per cow per year (305 days of lactation).
Medium
farm, Holstein
breed.
The 2008
rationtillisFebruary
made on2009.
the farm.,
including
corn
Period dairy
of incorporation:
From
October
The control
group
aresilage,
results
grass,
bean meal,
cake2008.
and others.
FARM DESCRIPTION:
from hay,
samestraw,
farm soya
from February
till linseed
September
Average level of production: 10,000 liters per cow per year (305 days of lactation).
Medium dairy farm, Holstein breed.

Level of inclusion: 35 g MMi/cow and day by topdressing feed
Periodon
of the
incorporation:
From October
2008grass,
till February
2009.soya
The bean
control
group
are results
The ration is made
farm., including
corn silage,
hay, straw,
meal,
linseed
cake and others.
from
same
farm
from
February
till
September
2008.
Average level of production: 10,000 liters per cow per year (305 days of lactation).
Period of incorporation: From October 2008 till February 2009. The control group are results from same farm from
Level
of inclusion: 35 performances:
g MMi/cow and day by topdressing feed
Technical
February till September
2008.
Level of inclusion: 35 g MMi/cow and day by topdressing feed.
Technical performances:
Control group
MMi group
9/02/0830/09/08Parameter
30/09/08
8/02/09
cows pregnant at 1st service (%)
21
Control group
MMi group 47
No of inseminations per fecundation
9/02/08- 2,6 30/09/08- 1,9
Parameter
Cows requiring 3 services
and more (%)
54 8/02/09 33
30/09/08
Interval
calving
AI service
fecundating
130
cows
pregnant
at -1st
(%) (days)
21
4792
calving-calving
(days)
412
374
NoInterval
of inseminations
per fecundation
2,6
1,9
Return
to heat3lower
tan and
19 days
Cows
requiring
services
more(%)
(%)
5411
33 0
Interval
- AI fecundating
(days) in less that 90 days (%)
13037
9256
Cows calving
with a fecundating
insemination
Interval calving-calving (days)
412
374
Return to heat lower tan 19 days (%)
11
0
Cows with a fecundating insemination in less that 90 days (%)
37
56
0,5
0,6
47%
Results on reproduction
47%
37%
33%
+ 19%
0,3
0,4
0,1
0,2
0,1
0
56%+ 19%
54%
0,4
0,5
0,2
0,3
56%
54%
37%
21%
21%
33% - 21%
MMI group
11%
11%
cows pregnant at Cows requiring 3
1st service (%)
services and
more (%)
MMI group
Control group
- 21%
Control group
0%
Return to heat
lower than 19
0%
days (%)
cows pregnant at Cows requiring 3

Return to heat
1st service (%)
services andparameters
lower than 19
more (%)
days (%)
parameters
mmi@olmix.com
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Cows with a
fecuendant
insemination in
less
90adays
Cowsthat
with
(%)
fecuendant
insemination in
less that 90 days
(%)
Local regulations should be consulted concerning the status of this product in the country of destination.
Results on reproduction
0,6
MMi cows reproduction France 2009 - Version 1 du 09-12-2009
TECHNICAL PERFORMANCES:
technical
document
Intervals
450
412
400
374
350
- 38 days
days
300
250
Control group
MMI group
200
130
150
92
100
50
Interval calving-calving (days)
No. of inseminations per fecundation

3
2,5
1,5
2,6
Control group
MMI group
1,9
0,5
0
No of iseminations per fecundation
CONCLUSION:
As
can see on the graphics, by using MMi better results on reproduction are achieved.
we
CONCLUSIONS:
More percentage of cows get pregnant at 1st service, and so they need less inseminations
to
getwe
a can
fecundation.
# As
see on the graphics, by using MMi better results on reproduction are achieved. More
percentage of cows get pregnant at 1st service, and so they need less inseminations to get a fecundation.
The open days decrease from 130 to 92 and so the interval between calving is reduced.
# The open days decrease from 130 to 92 and so the interval between calving is reduced.
During the trial period, farms surrounding this farm drooped production by 500 Kg while in
this
farmthe
production
the same.
# During
trial period,remained
farms surrounding
this farm drooped production by 500 Kg while in this farm
production remained the same.
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Interval calving - AI fecundant (days)
MMi cows reproduction France 2009 - Version 1 du 09-12-2009
technical
document
Effect of MMi in nursery piglets
USA (2008)
Effect of MMi in nursery piglets

U.S.A. 2008
description OF THE TRIAL:
Description
trial:From May 2007 to
5381 piglets were
included of
in the
the trial.
5381 piglets were included in the trial. From May 2007 to February 2008, 4165 were supplemented with MMi
February 2008,at4165
supplemented
withperiod.
MMi at 2kg/ton
2kg/tonwere
of feed
all along the nursery
of feed all along the nursery period.
Control
MMi
Difference
Variation (%)
Initial weight (kg)
5.96
5.64
- 0.32
- 5.4
Final weight (kg)
28.04
31.08
+ 3.04
+ 10.8
Av. daily weight gain (g)
368
424
+ 56
+ 15.2
Mortality rate (%)
1.23
+ 0.77
+ 62.6
Av. daily feed intake (g)
660
710
+ 50
+ 7.6
Feed Conversion Ratio
1.804
1.670
- 0.134
- 7.4
MMi piglets USA 2008 - Version 1 du 09-12-2009
Results:
Effect of MMi on the A.D.W.G. in nursery piglets

U.S.A. - 2008
A.D.W.G. (kg/day)
0,450
0,424
+15.2%
0,400
0,368
0,350
0,300
CONTROL
AVG MMI
Effect of MMi on the ADFI in nursery piglets
U.S.A. - 2008
A.D.F.I. (kg/day)
0,75
+7.6%
0,70
0,71
0,66
0,65
0,60
0,55
CONTROL
mmi@olmix.com
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AVG MMI
RESULTS:
technical
document
FCR
Effect of MMi on the F.C.R. in nursery piglets

U.S.A. - 2008
1,850
1,800
1,804
- 7.4%
1,750
1,700
1,670
1,650
1,600
CONCLUSIONS:
# The addition of MMi in the piglet feed allowed to improve the Feed Conversion Ratio (F.C.R.) by
CONCLUSION:
7.4% in comparison with the control group. With the current price of the raw materials, this has a
great
o the of
economic
of thefeed
farmsallowed
profitability.
The addition
MMi inresults
the piglet
to improve the Feed Conversion Ratio (F.C.R.)
by 7.4% in comparison with the control group. With the current price of the raw materials,
this #has
a great o the economic results of the farms profitability.
Even if the mortality rate is slightly higher with MMi (2% of mortality), the great improvement of
feed intake (+7.6%) and on the growth (+ 15.2%) demonstrates a better utilisation of the feed by
Even
the mortality
is slightly
higher
withatMMi
(2% of mortality),
the(-great
theif piglets.
Indeed, rate
piglets
had a lower
weight
the entrance
in the nursery
320g)improvement
but they
of feed
intake
(+7.6%) and
on the
(+ 15.2%)
finished
the post-weaning
period
withgrowth
3.04kg more
than thedemonstrates
control group. a better utilisation of the
feed by the piglets. Indeed, piglets had a lower weight at the entrance in the nursery (- 320g)
but they finished the post-weaning period with 3.04kg more than the control group.
# Weaning is a combination of several stresses for the piglets (changes in feed, environment,
Weaning
is a
of several
stresses
piglets
(changes
in feed,and
environment,
absence
of combination
the mother, new
pen mates)
and for
we the
know
that they
need attention
cares.
absence
ofisthe
mother,
penprofitability
mates)
and
know
they need
attention and cares.
Nursery
a key
step in new
pig farm
and
MMiwe
helps
youthat
to improve
your performance.
Nursery is a key step in pig farm profitability and MMi helps you to improve your performance.
mmi@olmix.com
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MMi piglets USA 2008 - Version 1 du 09-12-2009
AVG MMI
CONTROL
technical
document
Efficacy of MT.X+ in broilers
tion into blood. The binders can be natural mineral and organic
substances, such as synthetic: zeolites, bentonites, synthetic
polymers, activated carbon, vegetable and microbial polymers.
The list of binders and detoxifiers available on the Russian market is constantly completed with new preparations as the science continues to develop in this direction.
One of them is a nanotechnology mycotoxin binder +, produced by a French company Olmix. + is composed of
montmorillonite, activated montmorillonite Amadeite, diatomaceous earth, yeast cell walls and seaweed extract.
Montmorillonite is composed of 3 nanometer-width mineral layers with a crystalline structure. Thanks to the nanotechnologies
Olmix extended the space between clay layers up to 10 times
intercalling seaweeds polysaccharides, which increased the
clay adsorption capacity. This nanostructure was called Amadeite. Its combination with other active components increases
the efficacy of the + thanks to the combined effect of the
compounds.
A trial conducted by the company Provimi and titled Efficacy
of + on broiler chickens was aimed to study the efficacy
of the + binder introduced into the broiler chickens feed
contaminated by mycotoxins under the heat stress conditions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF TRIAL (according to provimis data)

The trial was conducted in July-August 2008 in the poultry research center of Provimi Co Ltd (Rostov district) on male
broiler chicks of the cross SK Rus-6 at the age from 24 hours
up to the 40 days. The birds were reared in cages (0,90 m
0,45 m each), 7 birds per cage. The broilers were fed with complete feed according to the cross standards, feed and water ad
libitum. Chickens of all the groups during the first five days of
life were given a pre-starter 3000 produced by the Provimi
Co Ltd. Starting from the 6th day, broilers of the trial group
received the + binder added to the feed in the ratio of 1,5
kg/t of feed.
Relevant data
1. Live weight every week by individual weighting of all chickens in the group
2. Livability and mortality reasons - every day
3. Feed consumption per head at 14, 28, 35 and 40 days
considering the feed amount given to each group and the
remaining feed at the end of each growing period
4. Feed consumption per 1 kg of live weight gain
5. Slaughter yield after slaughtering of 5 middle-sized chicks
at 40 days
6. Liver and abdominal fat weight
7. Cost of production/kg live weight
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INTRODUCtion
For rapid growth poultry, pigs and cattle require feed containing
well-digestible nutrients. It is obtained by inclusion of enzymes
and other bioactive substances in diet, improving digestibility
and availability of nutrients and raising the energy value of compound feed and its conversion into production.
But animals performance is also highly influenced by the sanitary quality of feed. The compound feed for poultry is composed
mainly of grain and its by-products, and the main reason of their
bad quality is the contamination with microscopic fungi. About a
third of such fungi are toxigenic, it means able to produce toxic
substances mycotoxins.
Mycotoxin-contaminated feed provoke poultry and animals
diseases with different acuteness mycotoxicosis. Nowadays
more than 400 mycotoxins and their synergies are known; the
most dangerous among them are those characterized by a high
biological activity, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichotecenes,
fumonisin, zearalenone.
There are different strategies to solve the mycotoxicosis problem. The most efficient and available way is the use of different
feed additives toxin binders which bind the low-molecular toxic
substances such as mycotoxins in the gastro-intestinal tract,
and remove them from the organism preventing their penetra-
MTX+ broilers Russia 2009 - Version 1 du 09-12-2009
Russia 2009
technical
document
TRIAL RESULTS
Compound feed for each step were analyzed at Provilab laboratory for the
TRIAL RESULTS
presence of mycotoxins by enzyme immunodetection according to GOST (State
CompoundStandard)
feed for eachstep
wereThe
analyzed
Provilab
laboratory
for the
52471.
resultsat
are
presented
in the table
1. presence of mycotoxins by enzyme immunodetection
according to GOST (State Standard) 52471. The results are presented in the table 1.
Mycotoxins content in the compound feed for broilers
Table 1
Mycotoxin
Compound feed type
Unit
Starter
Grower
Finisher-1
Finisher-2
MAL*
-2 toxin
0,0720,0
0,0590,0
0,0450,0
0,0430,0
0,1
Deoxinivaleno
0,5590,0
0,5610,0
0,6190,0
0,4610,0
1,0
Ochratoxin
0,0340,0
0,0160,0
0,0150,0
0,0150,0
0,01
Fumonisin 1
0,276
0,073
7
0,065
5,0
* MAL are indicated according to a project of Federal law. Special technical regulations About the
* MAL are indicated according to a project of Federal law. Special technical
requirements
to the feed and feed additives safety.
regulations About the requirements to the feed and feed additives safety.
feedthat
analysis
that all
of them were contaminated
with mycotoxins:
-2
The feed analysisThe
shown
all ofshown
them were
contaminated
fects firstly animals
and birds kidneys
and also disturbs liver
with mycotoxins:
-2
toxin,
deoxinivalenol
(DON),
ochratoxin
,
functions.
The
main
sign
of
the
ochratoxicosis
in chicks is a detoxin, deoxinivalenol (DON), ochratoxin , fumonisin 1. The concentrations of DON,
fumonisin 1. The concentrations of DON, -2 toxin, fumonisin pressed growth. We can suppose that in the given trial it was
in the feed
did not level
exceedcorn
the maximum
acceptable level
-2 did
toxin,
1 in the feed
notfumonisin
exceed the1maximum
acceptable
that was contaminated
with ochratoxin because the
MAL. The
ochratoxin
A contentAwas
1,5 was
3,4 1,5
times
above
contained
the most important
percent of corn (25%)
MAL.
The ochratoxin
content
3,4
timesstarter
abovefeed
MAL.
The ochratoxin
is
MAL. The ochratoxin is usually found in corn, but it can also as well as the maximal concentration of the mycotoxin.
insuch
corn,asbut
it canbarley,
also be
present
be present usually
in otherfound
cereals
wheat,
oats,
rye, asin other cereals such as wheat, barley,
well as in soy
andwell
theirasproducts.
The ochratoxin
afoats,beans
rye, as
in soy beans
and theirproducts.
The ochratoxin affects firstly
animals and birds kidneys and also disturbs liver functions. The main sign of the
ochratoxicosis in chicks is a depressed growth. We can suppose that in the given trial it
was corn that was contaminated with ochratoxin because the starter feed contained
The main performance parameters for the trial with the + in broilers for all the growing period are presented in the table 2. The
broilers weekly live weight is shown in the table 3.
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0,076
N)
technical
document
the most important percent of corn (25%) as well as the maximal concentration of the
mycotoxin.
The main performance parameters for the trial with the + in broilers for all
the growing
period
aretrial
presented
in theintable
2. for
The
weekly
live
is in the table 2. The
The main performance
parameters
for the
with the +
broilers
all broilers
the growing
period
areweight
presented
broilers weekly liveshown
weightinisthe
shown
tablein3.the table 3.
Main performance parameters for broiler chickens rearing
Table 2
2 trial
41,2
41,1
Final live weight, gr.
1732,1 + 23,17
1745,6 + 26,21
Live weight gain, gr.
1690,9
1704,5
Average daily weight gain, gr./head
42,3
42,6
Livability, %
91,4
95,7
Number of leg disorders, %
5,7
5,7
Cost of 1 kg of feed, rub
16,25
16,46
FCR
1,86
1,76
Feed costs per 1 kg of live weight gain, rub.
30,23
28,97
Weight gain expenses, rub.
51,12
49,38
Price of a 1-day-old chicken, rub.
18,47
18,47
Total of chickens live weight expenses without
69,59
67,85
40,18
38,87
78,2 + 0,68
78,6 + 1,42
212
237
Live weight of a one-day-old chick, gr.
eads, rub.
Cost of production per 1 kg of live weight without
eads, rub.
Slaughter yield, %
Efficacy index
The table 3 shows that + was positively influencing the chicks growth: live weight in the trial group exceeded this parameter
in the control group during all the weeks of growing. So, at the age of 2 weeks broilers live weight in the 2nd, trial group exceeded
the control group for 9,3% (p 0,001), in the continuation of the trial this difference was less pronounced and unreliable. In the given
case the retardation was recorded during the last stages of rearing and the heat stress neutralized the results of the first stages.
Thereby, the + was the most efficient in the starter feed with the maximal ochratoxin content.
Average daily weight gain for all the period was 42,6 gr./head/day, and in the control group 42,3 gr./head/day (table 2 - 4). It is possible
that the + effects could be more pronounced with more toxic feed where all the mycotoxins contents would be above MAL.
mtx+@olmix.com
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1 control
Group
Parameter
weight in the trial group exceeded this parameter in the control group during all the
weeks of growing. So, at the age of 2 weeks broilers live weight in the 2nd, trial group
technical exceeded the control group for 9,3% (p 0,001), in the continuation of the trial this
difference was less pronounced and unreliable. In the given case the retardation was
documentrecorded during the last stages of rearing and the heat stress neutralized the results of
the first stages. Thereby, the + was the most efficient in the starter feed with the
maximal ochratoxin content.
Average daily weight gain for all the period was 42,6 gr./head/day, and in the
control group 42,3 gr./head/day (table 2 - 4). It is possible that the + effects
could be more pronounced with more toxic feed where all the mycotoxins contents
would be above MAL.
The + introduction into the complete feed provided a high level of birds
The + introduction into the complete feed provided a high level of birds livability in the trial group it was 95,7% (4,3% above
livability
in stress
the trial
group
it was
95,7%reason,
(4,3% but
above
control). Inqualities
both groups
the heat
control). In both groups
the heat
was
the main
mortality
the adsorption
of the +
could
ameliorate the lipid stress
peroxides
thatmortality
increasedreason,
the livability.
wasbinding
the main
but the adsorption qualities of the + could
ameliorate
thechickens
lipid peroxides
binding
increased
the conversion
livability. rate up to 1,76 kg per 1 kg of live weight
The + inclusion
into broiler
compound
feed that
improved
the feed
gain, it is 5,4% less than control.
The + inclusion into broiler chickens compound feed improved the feed
rateweight
up to in
1,76
kg per
1 kg
of1,31
live rub.
weight
gain, it is 5,4% less than control.
Cost of production conversion
per 1 kg of live
the trial
group
was
lower.
Cost of production per 1 kg of live weight in the trial group was 1,31 rub. lower.
The + inclusion increased the efficacy index for 25 units.
The + inclusion increased the efficacy index for 25 units.
Weekly changes of the chickens' live weight, gr
Table 3
Group
2 trial
41,2
41,1
183,6+1,62
184,4+1,66
% to control
0,4
p 0,001
14
428,1+3,97
468,1+4,50
9,3
21
749,7+7,73
765,5+8,78
2,1
28
1085,0+13,23
1088,1+15,79
0,3
35
1533,8+19,65
1539,8+ 22,22
0,4
40
1732,1+23,17
1745,6+ 26,21
0,8
Weekly weight gain of the chickens, gr

Table 4
Group
Period, days
1 control
2 trial
0-7
20,3
20,5
8-14
34,9
40,5
15-21
45,9
42,5
22-28
47,9
46,1
29-35
64,1
64,5
36-40
39,7
41,2
CONCLUSIONS
1.
The + binder introduction into the broilers compound feed
mtx+@olmix.com
contaminated with the ochratoxin
in a concentration 1,5-3,4 times above the MAL
www.olmix.com
and with low levels (above the MAL) of -2 toxin, deoxinivalenol and fumonisin 1 in the
1 control
Age, days
technical
document
conclusions
1. The + binder introduction into the broilers compound feed contaminated with the ochratoxin
in a concentration 1,5-3,4 times above the MAL and with low levels (above the MAL) of -2 toxin,
deoxinivalenol and fumonisin 1 in the heat stress conditions, improved the broiler chicks growth
during the first weeks of growing for 2,1-9,3%.
2. + introducing into the toxic feed provided birds livability, the result was better than control for
4,3%. It means that even low doses of mycotoxins affect the livability. Using the + in case of
low contamination helps to obtain better performances.
The 0,15% + binder inclusion into

toxic compound feed for broiler chickens
increases the livestock livability,
reduces the live weight cost of
production, improves the feed
conversion.
mtx+@olmix.com
www.olmix.com
4. The M+ inclusion into toxic compound feed resulted in slaughter yield increase and liver and
abdominal fat weight reduction.
3. The + inclusion into toxic compound feed improved the feed conversion reducing the feed
consumption for 1 kg of live weight gain for 5,4%. It means that mycotoxins affect the feed conversion rate.
10
technical
document
Efficacy of MT.X+
on abortions & ovarian cysts in dairy cows

Spain 2007
Farm description:
Dairy farm with 600 dairy cows (Holstein breed).
The ration is made on the farm. 65% of forages (corn
silage, barley silage and alfalfa) and 35% of concentrates
(soya, barley, and corn).
Average level of production: 12000 litres per cow per
year (305 days of lactation).
Period of incorporation: from February to December 2007.
2 levels of inclusion:
24g/cow/day from the February 23rd to May7th.
36g/cow/day from May 8th.
Technical performances:
Abortions in 2006 & 2007
Cysts in 2006 & 2007

Abortions 2006
Abortions 2007
Cysts 2006
Cysts2007
20
18
16
16
14
14
12
12
10
10
Feb
Ma
Apr
24g/cow/day
May
June
July
Aug
36g/cow/day
Sept
Oct
Nov
Feb
Ma
Apr
24g/cow/day
May
June
July
Aug
Sept Oct
Nov
36g/cow/day
11
technical
document
Efficacy of MT.X+
A.I./month
(average)
Abortion/mth
(average)
Cysts/mth
(average)
Luteinic
cysts/month
(average)
Pregnancy
rate (in %)
June to
November
2006
165
9.5
9.5
36.9
February
to May
2007
24
184
14.3
4.3
3.7
50.5
36
128
6.1
4.8
3.2
43
June to
November
2007
CONCLUSIONS:
- The average number of cysts and luteinic cysts
are reduced by 50% with MT.X+.
Luteinic cysts in 2006 & 2007

Luteinic cysts 2006
Luteinic cysts 2007
20
18
16
14
12
10
- Also, the increase from 24g to 36g of MT.X+

shows a great impact on abortions reduction (from
14.3/month in average from February to May to 6.1/
month from June to November 2007).
- The pregnancy rate is also improved by 16.5% in
comparison with the year 2006.
8
6
4
2
0

Feb
Ma
Apr
24g/cow/day
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
36g/cow/day
mtx+@olmix.com
www.olmix.com
MT.X+
dosage (g)
Efficacy of MTX+ cows Spain Jan 2008 - Version 1 du 15-05-2008
on abortions & ovarian cysts in dairy cows

Spain 2007
12
technical
document
Fields results in dairy cows
United Kingdom 2006
Case Study: John DinsdaleHawthorn Farm, Thornton Rust, Leyburn, North Yorkshire
farm description:
68 cows
Feed:
Silage ad lib
12 kilos Sugarbeet (whole)
2.5 kilos Soya, maize, distillers wheat feed twice daily
Minerals 30g to the feed
2.5 10 kilos compound feed (16%) in parlour
Is the contamination coming from

these pastures?
2006 results so far:

Only three new cases of cystic ovaries (normal)
One cow still in herd with a persistent cyst - she has not
responded to normal veterinary treatment and will be culled at
the end of lactation.
The overall fertility situation on this farm is now back to normal.
Follicular Cyst
John Dinsdale is keeping

MTX+ in the feed as an
insurance policy
CONCLUSION:
It is obvious to even the most cynical observer that this farm was
having severe problems (fertility, reduced milk yield and poor
condition of the cows). The only significant change has been the
addition of MTX+ to bind any mycotoxins present.
Whilst it is very difficult to prove with certainty that the contamination
has come from the pasture, other farms in the immediate area are
also experiencing similar problems. The only thing that is common on
all the farms is the grass.
I cant afford to take it out!.

mtx+@olmix.com
www.olmix.com
Immediate effects of MTX+:

After 3 days milk yield increased to 1600 kg
After 2 weeks milk yield increased to 2000 kg
After 1 month no new cases of cysts
No further cases of retained placenta
Cows holding to first conception
Cows condition greatly increased
Using less straw
MTX+ cows UK 2006 - Version 1 du 09-12-2009
Indications of a possible mycotoxin problem

All milking herd had really bad scour
Milk yield fell from 1700 kg to 1000 kg
18 cows cystic
Analysis indicated contamination with fusarium moulds:
- DON 642 g/kg
- ZON 29 g/kg
13
14
technical
document
Effect of MMi on the performance of dairy cows
Effect of MMi on France

the performance
of dairy cows
2009
Effect ofFrance
MMi on2009
the
performance of dairy cows
France 2009
Description of the trial:
Description
of the trial:
.
. Characteristics
Description
offarms:
the trial:
of the
Characteristics
of the farms:
. - 7 farms
without problems of mycotoxins, in principle
-Characteristics
without
problems
of total
the farms:of mycotoxins, in principle
- 7 farms
396 cows
in
- 396 cows
in
total
- 7 farms
problems
of mycotoxins,
principle
- Average
level without
of production
: 27,5
kg milk/cow in
and
day,
with 4.1% fat and
3.3% protein
on
the
of dairy
- France
(2009)
- Average
levelcows
of production
: 27,5
kgperformance
milk/cow and day, with
4.1% fatcows
and 3.3%
protein
396
in
total
Corn
in
the
ration,
mainly
corn
silage,
and
use
of
DAC
- Corn in the ration, mainly corn silage, and use of DAC
- Average level of production : 27,5 kg milk/cow and day, with 4.1% fat and 3.3% protein
Corn OF
in the
mainly corn silage, and use of DAC
MMi
incorporation:
CHARACTERISTICS
THEration,
FARMS:
MMI INCORPORATION:
MMi
incorporation:
MMi
was
incorporated
at
30
g/cow
and
day
in
the
MMi
group.
MMi
was7incorporated
30 g/cow
and day in in
the
MMi group.
farms without at
problems
of mycotoxins,
principle
MMi was incorporated at 30 g/cow and day
incorporation:
The
2MMi
groups
were
compared
during
12
to
15
months.
selected
togroup.
be same
in the rang
sameand
rang
andofstate of
The
2 groups
were
compared
during
12
to
15
months.
CowsCows
were were
selected
to MMi
be in
the
state
396 cows in total
in the
MMi
was
incorporated
at
30
g/cow
and
day
in
the
MMi
group.
lactation.
lactation.
Average level of production : 27,5 kg milk/cow and
The 2 groups were compared during 12 to
The
groups
were
during 12 to 15 months. Cows were
selected to be in the same rang and stat
day, 2
with
4.1% fat
andcompared
3.3% protein
15 months.
lactation.
Corn in the ration,
mainly
corn silage,
and use of
Cows were selected to be in the same rang
Contamination
diet
(mg(kg
DM):
Contamination
of of
thethe
diet
(mg(kg
DM):
Effect of MMi
DAC
1.0 1.0
Contamination of the diet (mg(kg DM):
CONTAMINATION OF THE DIET (MG/KG DM):
levagelevage
n1
n1
0.8 0.8
1.2
0.6 0.6
1.0
levagelevage
n2
n2
0.4
0.8
0.2
levage n1
levagelevage
n3
n3
0.6
levage n4
0.0
0.4
TO
XI
N
TO
X
IV I N
A
LE
N
N
IV
O
H
A
L
15 TL
EN
-O 2 T
O
-A O
L
CE XI
15
N
TY
-O
D
O
-AN
LN
D
CIVE
EO
AT
D
LYE
X
YN O N
LNDO
IV
ELO
A
15
LE
X
-O
YN
N
-A
O
ZE IV
CE
ARA L
TY
D
A EN
O
LLE O
NZ
D
N
EA
EO
O
N
R
X
E
FUA
YN
L
M EN
IV
O O
A
N
LE
IS N
NF
INE
OU
E
ZE
M
B1
AR
FUON
A
IS
M
LE
O IN
N E
N
I
S
O
INB1
NF
EU
E
FU
M
B2
O
M
N
O
IS
N
IS
IN
IN
E
E
B2
B1
FU
M
O
N
IS
IN
E
B2
levage n2
levage n4
levage n3
levage n5
levage n4
levage n6
levage n7
levage n5
levage n7
levage n6
levage n5
0.2
T2
0.0
0.2
T2
0.4
levage n6
0.0
A-cocktail
of mycotoxins
in
A cocktail
of mycotoxins
in
100% 100%
of the of
analysis
the analysis
- Acontamination
cocktail of mycotoxins in
Individually:
- Individually:
contamination
100%
of the
< ofAEU
cocktail
of analysis
mycotoxins in 100%
alwaysalways
< recommendations
of EU recommendations
of
the
analysis
for ruminants
for- ruminants
Individually: contamination
Individually: contamination always
always with
< of other
EU recommendations
Consistent
values
- Consistent
values
with other
< forofruminants
EU recommendations
for
studies (Driehuis
et Giffei, 2005)
levage n7
studies
(Driehuis et Giffei, 2005)
ruminants
Consistent
otherother
Consistent values
valueswith
with
studies
(Driehuis
et
Giffei,
2005)
studies (Driehuis et Giffei, 2005)
RESULTS:
RESULTS:
Milk RESULTS:
production:
MMi cows performance France 2009 - Version 1 du 09-12-2009
1.2 1.2
and state of lactation.
38 40
36 38
34 36
32 34
30 32
lait standard (g/gk/VL/jour)
40
28 30
26
24
lot test
tmoin
Courbe de lactation touslot
rangs
confondus
lot test
Polynomial (lot tmoin)
lot tmoin
lot test
Polynomial (lot test)
lot tmoin
40
38
36
34
28
26
32
30
20
24 50
22
24
20
22
0
28
26
0 22
20
50
0
100
150
200
nb de jour depuis vlage
250
300
100
150
200
250
nb de jour depuis vlage
50
100
150
200
nb
de
jour
depuis
vlage
mmi@olmix.com
www.olmix.com
300
250
300
RESULTS:
Milk
production:
Milk production
Benefit
Standard
milkmilk
(kg/day
corrected
toto3.8%
protein): Control group MMi group
Standard
(kg/day
corrected
3.8%fat
fatand
and 3.2%
3.2% protein):
Control
group
MMi
group
Benefit
Milk
production:
25.9
26.8
0.9
kg milk
Standard milk (kg/day corrected to 3.8% fat and 3.2% protein):
25.9
26.8
0.9 kg milk
Control group MMi group
Benefit
Courbe
detolactation
tous3.2%
rangs
confondus
Standard milk (kg/day
corrected
3.8% fat and
protein):
25.9
26.8
0.9 kg m
Courbe de lactation tous rangs confondus
technical
document
oduction:
ent
on reproduction:
nreproduction:
reproduction:
Improvement on reproduction:
Saving
ononstraws
the
AI,
there
are
g
on straws
Saving
onImprovement
straws
the
AI,
For
there
all
the
are
AI,
better
there
results
are results
better
results
Saving
straws
Forall
all
the
AI,
there
arebetter
better
results
on reproduction:For allFor
Saving on straws
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
70%70%
70%
60%60%
60%
50%50%
50%
40%40%
40%
30%30%
30%
20%20%
20%
10%10%
10%
0% 0%
0%
% par lot et
part n de chaleur
70%
Qualit de l'observation des chaleurs

Qualit de l'observation des chaleurs
90%
90%
80%
80%
70%
70%
lot test
lot test
60% lot test
60%
lot tmoin
lot tmoin
50% lot tmoin
50%
40%
40%
30%
30%
20%
20%
10%
10%
0%
visible
visible
visible
0%
lot test
lot tmoin
4: Rsultats
42.6%
35%
38.1%
34.5%
34.3%
31.8%
30%
Reproduction:
% de
russite
IA IA
% de russite
des
IA
%des
dedes
russite
des
IA
%
de
russite
Cyclicit
des
vaches
Effet du MMi sur45%

la fecondit
Effet du MMi sur la40%fecondit
45%45%
45%
42.6%
42.6%
ome:
al
outcome:
tcome:
35%
30%
25%
20%
40%40%
34.5%
35%35%
31.8%
30%30%
25%25%
40%
34.5%
34.5%
35%
40.0%
% de retours
40%
% de russite par lot et par n d'IA
fco n d atio n
NB d 'IA/V L avan t
fco n d atio n
1.83
1.83
1,85
1,85 1,85
1,85
1,85
1,81,8 1,8
1,8
1,8
DC
141 DC 141
1,75
141
DC141 DC 1,75
1,75 1,75
1,75
in in
1.70 1.70
1.70
in
in
1,71,7
1,7
1,7 1.70
DC
138 DC 138
DC lactation
lactation
lactation 1,7
138
DC138
lactation
1,65
1,65
1,65in 1,65 in in
in
1,65
1,6
lactation
lactation
1,6
1,6lactation
1,6 lactation
1,6
teste
lot
temoin
Lot testeLotLot
Lot
lot
teste
temoin
lot
temoin
teste
lot temoin
1.83
1.83
NB d 'IA/V L avan t
NB
d 'IA/V
L avan
t
fco
n d atio
n
% de
russite
lot et n
par n d'IA
fco
n dparatio
42.6%
35%
40.5%
40.0%
40.0%
1.83
1.83
30%
34.5%
31.8%
31.8%
1.70
30%
1.70
138 DC
138 DC
in
in
25%
lactation
lactation
25%
45%
lot test, nb de
45%
retours: 112
42.6%
40.5%
40.5%
40.0%
141 DC
31.1%
141 DC
in
in
lactation
lactation
31.8%
20%
15%
10%
42.6%
40%
24/02/2010
Economical outcome:
Economical outcome:
Lot teste
Lot teste
retours < 19
jours
38.1%
40.0%
40.0%
31.1%
30%
lot temoin
lot temoin
296296
IAP IAP
IA2 IA2 109 188
188 IA2
296 IAP 188188
IA3 IA2
596 toutes IA
lot test
lot test
lot tmoin
lot tmoin
40.5%
38.1%
34.3%
34.3%
34.3%
31.8%
31.1%
31.8%
31.1%
30%
25%
% russite
2961re
IAP IA
% russite
2me
188
IA2 IA
109109
IA3 596
596596
toutes
IA IA
109
IA
IA3
596 toutes IA
IA3 toutes
toutes
296 IAP
188 IA2
% russite 3me IA
% russite 109
3me
IA
IA3
- de fausses chaleurs et cycles + rguliers
OUTCOME
OUTCOME
OUTCOME
OUTCOME
% russite toutes IA
109 IA3
40.5%
34.5%
35%
% russite 3me IA
188 IA2
38.1%
34.3%
34.5%
34.3%
retours
retours
25%> 25
jours non
multiples de 2
multiples20%
de 2
cycles
20%20%
20%
% russite 1re IA
% russite 2me IA
20%
cycles
% IA
russite
IArussite
% russite
% russite
IA
% russite 1re
%1re
russite
%
2me
IA
1re
IA
%2me
russite
%IA
russite
3me
2me
IA
IA
% 3me
russite
%
russite
toutes
3me
IArussite
IAtoutes
% IA
russite
toutes IA
% russite
1re
IA
%
russite
2me
IA
% russite
3me
IA % russite
%
toutes
IA
296 IAP
109 IA3
% russite toutes IA
% russite
toutes
IA IA
596
toutes
596 toutes IA
OUTCOME
OUTCOME
Annual cost:
Annual cost:
Economical impact on dairy farm:
Economical
impact on dairy farm:
act
on
n
al
dairy
impact
farm:
on farm:
dairy
farm:
pact
ondairy
dairy
farm:
-2.745-2.745
-2.745
-2.745
6.4126.412
6.4126.412
Economical outcome
Economical outcome
Return on investment:
Return on investment:
rn
on
investment:
Return
on investment:
urn
oninvestment:
investment:
lot tmoin
lot tmoin
lot tmoin42.6%
34.3%
35%
31.1%
31.1%
st:
come
al
outcome
tcome
lot test
lot test
lot tmoin
38.1% nb de38.1%
38.1%
lot tmoin,
40%
retours: 137
% russite 2me IA
% de russite des IA
lot
% test
de russite des IA
lot test
40.5%
45%
31.1%
25%
20%
moyenne
visible
% russite 1re IA
silencieuse
moyenne
visible
Qualit des chaleurs depuis le dmarrage de l 'essai
296 IAP
Qualit des chaleurs depuis le dmarrage de l 'essai
Effet
MMi
sur
lalafecondit
du
MMidu
sur
Effet
la du
fecondit
MMi
sur
la fecondit
Effet
du
MMi
sur
fecondit
lot test
lot test
lot tmoin
lot tmoin
silencieuse silencieuse
silencieuse
moyenne moyenne
visible
silencieuse
moyenne moyenne
silencieuse
desdes
chaleurs
depuis
le dmarrage
l 'essai
Qualit desQualit
chaleurs
depuis
Qualit
ledes
dmarrage
chaleurs
depuis
l 'essai
le de
dmarrage
Qualit
chaleurs
depuis
lede
dmarrage
de
l 'essaide l 'essai
z
lot tmoin
40.5%
40.0%
40%
2.6712.671
2.6712.671
11invested
reports:
1 invested
1
reports:
invested
reports:
invested
reports:
1 invested reports:
1 invested reports:
2.34 2.34
2.342.34
-2.745
-2.745
6.412
6.412
2.671
2.671
2.34
2.34
CONCLUSION:
CONCLUSION:
CONCLUSION:
- Heat stronger = better heat detection
N:
USION:
ON:
More visible heats, less false heats and more true heats
- Less False Heat
More visible heats, less false heats and more true heats

Less
straws
per
cow,
better
% of success in AI: more inseminations on true heats and so
- false
More
true
heats,
less
false
heats
and
more
true
heats
re
blevisible
More
heats,
visible
less
heats,
lessheat
false
more
heats
true
andheats
more
true
heats
ore
visible
heats,
lessheats
false
heats
and
more
true
heats
and
Less
straws
per
cow,
better
% of success in AI: more inseminations on true heats and so
better
success
- cow,
More
regular
cycles
( 21 days)
ss
per
%%ofoestrus
success
in
on
true
and
success
aws
essstraws
Less
per cow,
straws
better
perbetter
%
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of success
better
%
inofAI:
more
inseminations
inmore
AI: inseminations
more
inseminations
on true
heats
onheats
and
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so
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and so
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inAI:
AI:more
inseminations
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andso
so
Globally:
positive effects on milk production and reproduction in the 7 farms without
-
More
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oestrus
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terbetter
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Globally: positive effects on milk production and reproduction in the 7 farms without
uccess
success
etter
success
mycotoxins
problems,
apparently.
- Higher conception
rate on problems,
1rst
, 2nd and
3d services
mycotoxins
apparently.
obally:
positive
effects
on
milk
production
and
farms
without
lobally:
positive
Globally:
effects
positive
on milk
effects
production
on
milk
production
and reproduction
and
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in theinin
7the
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in7 7the
without
7 farms
without
positive
effects
on
production
andreproduction
reproduction
the
farms
without
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Economical
benefits:

Economical
benefits:
cotoxins
problems,
apparently.
xins
mycotoxins
problems,
apparently.
problems,
apparently.
mycotoxins
problems,
apparently.
+0,9 kg milk /cow and day and reduction of the cost of production for one litre of
- Economical Benefits +0,9
kg milk /cow and day and reduction of the cost of production for one litre of
benefits:
onomical
icalEconomical
benefits:
benefits:
conomical
benefits:
milk

- 2 pounds increase in milk
milk
production on the 7 farms with no mycotoxins problems suspected

+0,9
kg
milk
/cow
and
day
and
reduction
cost
ofcost
for
one
litre
0,9 kg+0,9

milk+0,9
kg
and
milk
day
/cow
and
and
reduction
andof
reduction
theofcost
of
the
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of production
for one
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for
of
oneofof
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kg
milk
/cow
and
day
and
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ofthe
the
cost
ofproduction
production
for
one
litre
day
More
regular
cycles
(less
veterinary
expenses)
/cow
- 10%
fewer
services
per
conception

More
regular
cycles
(less
veterinary
expenses)
milk
milk milk milk
Work organization:
Work
organization:
More
cycles
(less
expenses)
More
regular
regular
More
cycles
regular
(lesscycles
veterinary
(less
veterinary
expenses)
More
cycles
(lessveterinary
veterinary
expenses)
expenses)
Less
cows
to
be isolated due to false heat, more AI on true heats, so 21 days
-regular
Work
Organization
Less cows to be isolated due to false heat, more AI on true heats, so 21 days
gained.
ork
organization:
ganization:
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organization:
Work
organization:

- Fewer cows to isolategained.
because of false heat
Less
due
to
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more
AI
true
so
days
ess
cows
cows
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toisolated
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due
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because
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oestrus
cycles
gained.
ained.
gained.
gained.

- Fewer straw of semen per conception

- Less headaches due to irregular oestrus cycles
mmi@olmix.com
www.olmix.com
MMi cows performance France 2009 - Version 1 du 09-12-2009
80%
90%
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on
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technical
document
Solution for prevention of mycotoxin
on aquaculture
Professor Hien and Tu, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University
INTRODUCtion
mental conditions but both can be found all along the food,
storage practices and to faulty feeding conditions.
To limit the level of contamination in feed several strategies
have been proposed including field intervention, decontamination, storage management etc If it is possible to
entirely avoid exposure to fungi all along the food chain.
The combination of pillared clay and other natural ingredients in formulation of its commercial product (Montmorillonite, seaweed extracted; yeast cell wall and diatomaceous earth) in MT.X+ is introduced by Olmix into animal
and aquaculture feed to improve performance and prevent mycotoxins effects.
A study to evaluate effect of MT.X+ supplementation in diets was conducted in catfish (Pangasiamonodon hypophthalmus) and tilapia on 2008 by Professor Hien and Tu,
College of Aquaculture in Can Tho, Vietnam.
MTX+ aquaculture - Version 1 du 09-12-2009
Mycotoxins are presented worldwide and affect up to 25%

of the world crop. Mycotoxins are diverse group of the
toxic secondary metabolites produced by the moulds. Mycotoxins are of significant important on field productivity
(decreased nutrient content) and animal production (detrimental effects on reproduction, growth rate and immune
status). While the effect of the mycotoxins is well known
in most terrestrial animals but their impact on aquaculture
species has not been studied extensively. The increasing of cost and limited availability of raw material in recent
years, particularly fish meal and fish oils for aquaculture
diets has given results in replacing them by another plan
source as plant protein, cereal grain and oil seeds. It is
very high risk of mycotoxin contamination from this source
in particularly, cereal and oil seeds were infected by mold
during crop growth, harvest, unsuitable environmental
conditions will lead the production of mycotoxin. Mould
growth and mycotoxins production need different environ-
Healthy catfish fingerling (initial weight: 30.150.25g) and

tilapia (initial weight: 6.970.05g) were selected for the
tests.
added and thoroughly mixed 3.0- 4.0 mm diameter pellets were wet-extruded, dry and stored room temperature
condition.
Three iso-nitrogenous (35% CP) and isoenergetic diets

were formulated using computer-based method. Two test
diet were add 0.5 % and 1.5 % MT.X+ and control diet
without MT.X+. Diet composition including fish meal soy
bean meal, rice bran, cassava meal, vitamin, mineral,
binder. All the dry ingredients were thoroughly mixed until homogenous by mixer and then water and lipid were
Two experiments were conducted in 1000-litre composite

tanks for catfish and Tilapia. Flow-through water will be
applied for catfish and Tilapia experiment systems. The
tests were arranged following a completely randomized
design (CRB) in three replicates for each treatment. Each
experiment was done for 2 months.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
17
technical
document
2. THE RESULT
2.1 On Catfish
Initial weight (Wi), final weight (Wf), weight gain (WG), daily weight gain
TRIAL RESULTS
(DWG), and survival of fish fed different test diets are presented in table 2.
Survival rate of fish in this experiment was significantly difference among
On Catfish
treatments. Survival rate of fish fed MT.X+ diets was higher than fish fed the
MT.X+
diet
(100%)body weight of fish
control
diet.
Survival
wasdaily
noted After
the highest
in 1.5%
Initial weight (Wi), final weight
(Wf),
weight
gainrate
(WG),
the 60 days
feeding
period, the
average
and significantly
differenttest
from
thosefedof1.5%
the MT.X+
controldiet
treatment
(91%)
(P<0.05).
weight gain (DWG), and survival
of fish fed different
diets
was higher
than
fish fed the 0.5% MT.X+
Therefore,
influence
on fish survival.
are presented in table 2. Survival
rate diets
of fishdid
in this
experiment
diet and control diet. Fish individual weights of 1.5% MT.X+ diet
After the 60 days feeding period, the average body weight of fish fed 1.5%
was significantly difference among
treatments. Survival rate of increased to 30.2 89.0 g which was higher than fish fed the
MT.X+than
diet
was
than fish
the 0.5%
andgain
control
fish fed MT.X+ diets was higher
fish
fedhigher
the control
diet.fedcontrol
dietMT.X+
83.4g. diet
Weight
was diet.
notedFish
the highest in 1.5%
MT.X+ diet
increased
to 30.2
89.0gain
g which
was
of 1.5%
Survival rate was noted theindividual
highest in weights
1.5% MT.X+
diet (100%)
MT.X+diet
(58.8g).
Daily weight
(DWG)
of fish also was the
and significantly different from
those
of
the
control
treatment
highest
in
treatment
(0.98/day).
higher than fish fed the control diet 83.4g. Weight gain was noted the highest in
(91%)(P<0.05). Therefore, 1.5%
diets did
influence
on fish survival.
MT.X+
diet (58.8g).
Daily weight gain (DWG) of fish also was the highest in
treatment (0.98/day).
ab
0 . 5 % M TX +
1 . 5 % M TX+
90
70
C o n t ro l
T re a m e n ts
Feed conversion
ratioFCR
(FCR)
ranged
from
1.72in -1.76.
FCR of
fish Supplements
was the
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) ranged
from 1.72 -1.76.
of fish
was the
lowest
1.5% MT.X+
(1.72).
1.5% MT.X+
lowest
1.5% MT.X+
(1.72).
Supplements
1.5%
MT.X+Protein
improved
FCR but
there
improved FCR but there was
not in
significantly
different
control
treatments
(P>0.05).
Efficiency
Ratio
(PER) ranged from
1.58-1.62. This demonstrated
MT.X+ diets different
were better
utilization
of feed(P>0.05).
protein for Protein
fish tissues.
was1.5%
not significantly
control
treatments
Efficiency Ratio
(PER) ranged from 1.58-1.62. This demonstrated 1.5% MT.X+ diets were better
On Tilapia
utilization of feed protein for fish tissues.
Initial weight (Wi), final weight (Wf), weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG), and survival of fish fed different test diets are pre2.2ofOn
sented in table 4. Survival rate
fishTilapia
fed MT.X+ diets was higher than fish fed the control diet. Survival rate reached 89% for MT.X+
Initial
(Wi),
weight
(Wf),(83%%)(P>0.05).
weight gain (WG), daily weight gain
diets and found significantly different
fromweight
those of
the final
control
treatment
(DWG), and survival of fish fed different test diets are presented in table 4.
Survival rate of fish fed MT.X+ diets was higher than fish fed the control diet.
CONCLUSION
Survival rate reached 89% for MT.X+ diets and found significantly different
from those of the control treatment (83%%)(P>0.05).
Prevention is the best strategy to avoid mould and mycotoxin contamination. However, moulds are naturally
present at every stage of production. Diagnosis is complicated due to non-specific symptoms leading to important economic losses because of the time lapse between
contamination exposure, development of symptoms and
clinical expression.
Assessment of the contamination level is important but
very difficult to determine because the concentration is

uniform in the feed A lack of knowledge still exist on the
effects and synergy of the mycotoxins.
However the above study, again proves that the introduction of MT.X+ from Olmix in aquafeed as natural prevention of mycotoxin will help aqua farmers in limiting the detrimental impacts of mycotoxins in aquaculture.
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MTX+ aquaculture - Version 1 du 09-12-2009
80
Survival rate (%)
100
18
technical
document
Effect of MT.X+
on the performance of laying hens in Malaysia - 2007
Description of the farm:

2 buildings were included in the trial.
Hens were fed with a standard feed.
Farmers were confronted to a problem of wet faeces.
MT.X+ group
Control with
other mycotoxin
binder
Difference
Variation
Laying %
89,72
87,82
+ 1,9
+ 2,2%
Cumulated mortality %
7,6
12,7
- 5,1
- 40,2%
Average feed intake (g/day)
105,71
100,37
+ 5,34
+ 5,3%
Average crack egg % /month
0,75
1,1
- 0,35
- 31,8%
Average pale egg % /month
2,5
2,19
+ 0,31
+ 14,2%
Average dirty egg % /month
9,22
10,87
- 1,65
- 15,2%
Total nb. of eggs/month** (x1000)
1820
1695
+ 125
+ 7,4%
Nb. of withdrawn eggs / month**

(x1000)
224
240
- 16
- 6,5%
Nb. of proper eggs sold / month**

(x1000)
1596
1455
+ 141
+ 9,7%
* Results displayed above are the average results from September 2006 to February 2007.
** Calculations are made for a 100000 laying hen unit.
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Local regulations should be consulted concerning the status of this product in the country of destination. All information only for export outside Europe.
rESULTS*:
version A du 11 09 08
MT.X+ incorporation:
MT.X+ was incorporated at 1kg/ton of feed (nearly 40g of
MT.X+/hen/year).
The control group received another mycotoxin binder.
The supplementation was done from the 16th week (entrance) to the 40th week (after the production peak).
19
technical
document
Comparison of the laying % in hens

between MT.X+ & an other mycotoxin
binder - Malaysia - 2007
Laying %
92
+2
87,82
88
89,72 % . 2
CONCLUSIONS:
As we can see in the table, MT.X+ allows to increase
the laying % (+2.2%) but also to reduce the mortality
rate (-40.2%). This improvement on these 2 essential
parameters induces a strong increase in the number
of eggs produced per month: + 125000 eggs/month
(+7.4%).
86
84
82
80
Control group MT.X+ group

with other
mycotoxin binder
By adding MT.X+ at 1kg/ton of feed (nearly 40g/hen/

year), we can also notice that the hens consumed more
(+5.34g/day) which may be a sign of better palatability
of the feed due to the protection against mycotoxins.
Comparison of the cumulated mortality

% in laying hens between MT.X+ & an
other mycotoxin binder - Malaysia 2007
Mortality %
15
12,7
An other important criteria is the quality of the eggs. Even

if we can notice a slight increase on the percentage of
pale eggs in the MT.X+ group (2.5% versus 2.19%), the
percentages of crack eggs and of dirty eggs are reduced
(respectively -31.8% and -15.2%).
12
7,6
-4 0
.2
90
All this improves greatly the number of eggs sold per month:
+ 141000 eggs (+9.7%) or 1.41 additional egg sold / hen / month.

with other
mycotoxin binder
Comparison of the number of proper

eggs/month** between MT.X+ and an
other mycotoxin binder - Malaysia - 2007
Number of proper
eggs/month**
1800000
1595801
1640000
1480000
+9 .
1454873
1320000
1160000
1000000
MT.X+: the solution to improve

with other
mycotoxin binder
the performance of your
** Calculations are made for a 100000 laying hen unit.
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laying hens.
20
technical
document
Efficacy of MT.X+ in farrowing house

Cyprus (2008)
FARM DESCRIPTION:
290 sows are in production in the farm.
Feed is made on the farm.
Sows receive dry feed in gestating and farrowing houses.
Sows are fed ad libitum in the farrowing unit.
The appetite of the sows was the weak point to be
improved.
MT.X+ INCORPORATION:
Sows receive 1kg of MT.X+ per ton of feed (lactating &
gestating) during 3 months, from the 1st of January to 27th
of March 2008. Data are compared with performance from
last year.
Without MT.X+
(From 10/01/07
to 27/03/07)
Total born piglets/litter
11,01
Live born piglets/litter
Difference
Variation
10,83
+0,18
+2%
10,42
10,11
+0,31
+3%
9,83
9,24
+0,59
+6%
% of lost piglets on
total born
10,6
14,7
-4,1
-28%
% of lost piglets on live

born
Interval between weaning and fecundating A.I.
(in days)
5,7
8,6
-2,9
-34%
13,6
14
-0,4
-3%
With MT.X+
(From 10/01/08
to 27/03/08)
TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE:
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21
technical
document
Performance with and without

MT.X+ - Cyprus results
2007 Without MT.X+
2008 With MT.X+
10,42
10,11
9,83
9,24
Total born
piglets/
litter
Live born
piglets/
litter
14,7
Weaned
piglets/
litter
13,6
14
10,6
8,6
5,7
% of lost
piglets /
total born
% of lost
piglets /
live born
CONCLUSIONS:
On the table, we can see that MT.X+ improves
the number of total born piglets (+ 2%) and
the number of live born piglets (+ 3%).
During the lactation period, a strong decrease
of the losses on live born piglets is observed
with MT.X+ supplementation (-34%). This result
may be explained by the fact sows had a higher
feed intake, a better milk production enabling to
keep more piglets all along the lactation period
(26 days).
The supplementation of 1kg of MT.X+ / ton of
feed during lactation and gestation periods
allows to wean more 0,59 piglets/litter or around
1,38 additional weaned piglet/sow/year.
Interval
between
weaning and
FAI (in days)
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
11,01 10,83
11,5
11,0
10,5
10,0
9,5
9,0
8,5
8,0
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22
technical
document
EFFECT OF MT.X+ IN SWINE HUNGARY 2005
Effect of MT.X+ in swine
Dr Andras SZERDAHELYI DVM- NOVIMED KFT HUNGARY

x
x
Application on 5 industrial pig farms

About 5000 sows and 5000 fattening pigs
Hungary 2005
Dr Andras Szerdahelyi DVM - Novimed KFT Hungary
BOARS:
Application on 5 1.
industrial
pig farms
Trial
About 5000 sows and conditions:
5000 fattening pigs
Boars with elevated pH of semen (till 8,0)

- Elevated pH
BOARS
- Poor sperm motility and sperm survival
Trial conditions:
- Otherwise everything normalTreatment of the boar feed with M T.x Plus:
Boars with elevated pH of semen (till 8,0)
5g/animal/day (teaspoon)
Elevated pH
Treatment of the boar feed with M T.x Plus: 5g/animal/day (teaspoon)
Poor sperm motility and sperm survival
Return to normal situation:
to normal situation: 5 days
Return
Otherwise everything normal
5 days
2. LACTATING SOWS:
LACTATING SOWS
Results:
Farm 1
Farm 1
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Results:
MTX+ swine Hungary 2005 - Version 1 du 09-12-2009
Trial conditions::
Trial conditions: Sows with mycotoxins in the feed ( F-2, T-2, DON)
Sows with mycotoxins
in the
(F-2, T-2,
DON) (1 kg per Ton feed).
Change
of feed
MycoAd
to MT.X+
Change of MycoAd to MT.X+ (1 kg per Ton feed).
Treatment of lactation feed only
Treatment of lactation feed only
Start: April 2005 Start: April 2005
23
technical
document
Effect of MT.X+ in swine

Hungary 2005
Dr Andras Szerdahelyi DVM - Novimed KFT Hungary
Farm 2
Farm 2
3. FATTENING PIGS
Trial conditions:
Fattening pigs with mycotoxins in the feed.
Side symptoms: lack of appetite, womiting, reduction of growth
Application: 1 kg M T.X+/ton of feed
Normalization: practically very soon
Trial conditions:
FATTENING PIGS
Trial conditions: Normalization: practically very soon
Normalization: practically very soon
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3. FATTENING PIGS
MTX+ swine Hungary 2005 - Version 1 du 09-12-2009
Farm 2
24
technical
document
Efcacy of MT.X+
on sows reproduction - Spain (2008)
DESCRIPTION OF THE UNIT:

This 2400 sows unit is located in the
North of Spain.
The sows are distributed in 52 lots per
year.
Sows are individually fed; they receive
a maximum of 5 kg/sow/day during
the lactation period.
Piglets are weaned at 22 days old and
all feeds are made on the farm.
RESULTS:
Trichothecens B Zearalenone Fumonisins Ochratoxins
Contamination
level (in ppb)
370
50
2500
ND: Not detected
Table 1: Level of contamination of the ration.
ND
UTILISATION OF MT.X+:
They began with MT.X+ in early August
2007 in lactation feed until the end of
October 2007. In gestation feed, they
began in the end of August 2007 until
the middle of March 2008.
All along the trial, the incorporation
rate was 1 kg/ton of feed in lactation
and gestation.
Table 1 shows that the ration is multicontaminated by fusariotoxins: trichothecens, zearalenone and
fumonisins. Contamination in fumonisin is high and may lead to liver toxicity, pulmonary edema, lower
feed efficiency and higher sensitivity to pathogens. Moreover, a multicontamination increases the effect
of each mycotoxin in presence and we may assume that the zearalenone effects are amplified due to
the limited reproduction performance when MT.X+ is not supplemented.
25
technical
document
Evolution of the reproduction

performance of the sows
(from Jan. 07 to Apr. 08)
Number of piglets
Start of MT.X+
in lactation
Average total born/litter

Average live born/litter
Weaned piglets per litter
After lactation
& gestation supplementation
CONCLUSIONS:
According to the graphic 1, MT.X+ supplementation

as soon as the farrowing period allows weaning
1 additional piglet per litter at the following
farrowing (+11%) or 2.45 piglets/sow/year.
This result is explained by the increase of the
number of live born piglets (+0.5 piglet/litter,
graphic 1) and also the decrease of losses on
live born piglets during the lactation period.
According
to
the
graphic
3,
MT.X+
supplementation from the lactation period allows
decreasing the percentage of non pregnant
sows on total culled sows (T.C.S.) from 12.3%
to 4.2%.
Also, on the graphic 3, the percentage of sows

culled for endometritis is reduced from 15%
to 5% when sows are supplemented along the
reproduction cycle (lactation+gestation). The
reduction of endometritis culling rate decreases
few weeks after the ingestion of MT.X+ in August
2007.
Another observation made from the graphic

3 is that the percentage of sows culled for
non estrus apparition is reduced from 6.1%
to 3.6% over the period December 2007-April
2008.
The presence of several fusariotoxins is

detrimental for animal capacity to produce and
reproduce. MT.X+ shows its effectiveness on
mycotoxins multicontaminated feed. Its wide
spectrum of efficacy allows improving the
reproduction performance of the sows.
14
13
12
11
10
9
Graphic 1: Evolution of the number of total born per litter, live born per litter
and weaned piglets per litter from January 2007 to April 2008.

30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
Start of MT.X+
in lactation
Losses to weaning on total born (%)

Losses to weaning on liveborn (%)
After lactation
. Jan Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Janv. Feb. Mar. Apr.
07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 08 08 08 08
Graphic 2: Evolution of the percentage of losses on total born and live born
piglets during the lactation period from January 2007 to April 2008.
.

%
Start of MT.X+
in lactation
% of non pregnant in TCS

% of non oes trus appearition in TCS
% of endometritis/TCS
After lactation
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Janv. Feb. Mar. Apr.
07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 08 08 08 08
Graphic 3: Evolution of the percentage of non pregnant sows, of non estrus apparations,
of endometritis on the total culled sows (T.C.S.) from January 2007 to April 2008.
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. Jan Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Janv. Feb. Mar. Apr.
07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 08 08 08 08
26
technical
document
Efcacy of MT.X+
inclusion in the diet on the performance of fattening pigs in Vietnam
Conducted by the Institute of Agricultural Sciences of South Vietnam.
EXPERIMENTAL
T
DESIGN:
432 three-way crossed breed pigs Duroc (Yorkshire
Landrace) divided in 2 treatments with 5 replications.
Groups of 36 or 54 pigs fed ad libitum and weighed at 55,
110 and 175 days old.
Effect of MT.X+ on nal

am)
weight of pigs (Vietnam)
95
+2
93.7 %
94
Treated group received the same feed at the same

contamination level with 0.5 kg/ton of MT.X+.
93
92
91.8
91
Control
group
0.5 kg/ton
Initial weight (kg)
19
19
Final weight (kg)
91.8
93.7*
+2.1%
Daily weight gain on

nishing period (g/day)
710
737*
+3.8%
Average Daily weight

gain (g/day)
606
622*
+2.6%
Culling rate (%)
5.19
3.16
-39.1%
2.88
2.78*
-3.6%
90
0.5
Control
FCR
2.9
Effect of MT.X+ on FCR

in pigs (Vietnam)
2.88
2.8
-3.6
2.78
8 %
2.7
2.6
2.5
Control
(%)
10
8
6
5.2
3.7
* Values significantly different from control group (p<0.05)
0.5
Effect of MT.X+ on culling

rate in pigs (Vietnam)
-39
%
CONCLUSIONS:
With MT.X+, pigs are heavier (+2 kg) and they grow
faster (+16 g/day).
MT.X+ reduces culling rate (-39.1%). No pig died

but some were removed when their health was very
affected.
MT.X+ improves significantly the FCR in presence of

aflatoxin B1 contamination.
2
0
Control
0.5
Variation
mtx+@olmix.com
www.olmix.com
Final weight (%)
Control group received 35 ppb aflatoxin B1 contaminated

diet (100% of samples are contaminated).
27
28
technical
document
Efcacy of MT.X+
on sows performance fed with Mycotoxin
contaminated diets in Vietnam (2007)
Pr. Bui Huy Nhu Phuc, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:
20 gilts of Yorkshire x Landrace allocated into 2 groups
(10 gilts per group).
Duration of the trial: around 10 months (from the age
of 100 days to the weaning of the first litter). Weaning of
the piglets at 22 days old. Feed intake of the gilts was
measured.
2 levels of inclusion: 0 (control) and 0.5 per tone of
feed. Incorporation of 0.5 kg/ton was chosen to suit an
average contamination level. Feed is home mixed.
AVERAGE MYCOTOXINS CONCENTRATION IN FEED (PPB):
Mycotoxin
Concentration in ppb
Mycotoxin
Concentration in ppb
Aatoxin B1
Deoxynivalenol
50
Aatoxin B2
<1
Zearalenone
125
Aatoxin G1
<1
Fumonisin B1
360
Aatoxin G2
<1
Fumonisin B2
150
T2-toxin
125
Ochratoxin
<2
The concentration of aflatoxin is low. The levels of zearalenone, DON, T2-toxin, fumonisin B1 and B2 could also
be considered as low but the results demonstrate that they already have a detrimental effect on feed consumption,
reproduction and production performance (either through individual or/and synergistic activities).
29
technical
document
Control
group
0.5 kg/ton
Av. Age at 1 oestrus

(days)
205
198.3
- 3.3%
Global pregnancy rate

(%)
60
80
+ 33%
Interval 1st oestrus/

fecundation (days)
48
39
- 23%
Age at 1 farrowing
(days)
368
352.3
- 4.3%
Interval 1st oestrusfarrowing (days)
163
154
- 5.5%
Born piglets/litter
8.33
10.1
+ 21.2%
Mortality rate from birth

to weaning (%)
10
5.9
- 41%
7.5
9.5
+ 26.7%
1.20
1.36
+ 13.3%
187
197
+ 5.3%
Weaning weight/piglet
(kg)
5.33
5.77
+ 8.3%
Sow feed intake during

lactation (kg/day)
4.05
4.46
+ 10.1%
80
60
st
40
20
st
0
Control
(%)
Effect of MT.X+ on the number of

born and weaned piglets per litter
in sows feed (Vietnam 2007)
10.5
ore
lets m
9.0
2 pig ter
t
per li aning
at we
7.5
6.0
10.1
9.5
8.33
7.5
Born
Weaned
piglets/litter piglets/litter
Born
Weaned
piglets/litter piglets/litter
Control
MT.X+ proves its efciency

on reducing the negative
effects of a multicontaminated
feed; use of MT.X+ has a
very good impact on average
CONCLUSIONS:
Age at 1st farrowing is higher for the control group (+15,7
days). MT.X+ reduces age at 1st oestrus (-6.7 days) and
improves pregnancy rate (+33%). The unproductive
time of the gilts due to mycotoxicosis is reduced
by 5.5% with the inclusion of MT.X+ (interval 1st
oestrus-farrowing reduced of 9 days).
Inclusion of MT.X+ improves the litter size (+21%),

and the birth weight of piglets (+13%), as well as the
number of weaned piglets/litter (+27%). Here we can
measure the benefit of MT.X+ as a prevention of the
detrimental effects of the zearalenone.
Feed intake of sows during lactation is higher

(+410 g/day) in the treated group which infers
that the lack of palatability caused by fumonisin,
deoxynivalenol and T2-toxin is reduced by MT.X+.
contamination level, as
MT.X+ allows you to wean
2 additional piglets per litter
or 4 piglets / sow / year.
Variation
mtx+@olmix.com
www.olmix.com
+33
%
100
ility 80
r fert tion
e
t
t
e
a
B
60
emin
at ins
(%)
Effect of MT.X+ on pregnancy rate

in gilts fed with contamined feed
(Vietnam 2007)
30
EFFICACY OF AMADITE, IN THE BINDING OF

MYCOTOXINS DURING TRANSIT THROUGH A
DYNAMIC GASTROINTESTINAL MODEL (TIM).
Herv DEMAIS 1, Robert HAVENAAR 2,

1
OLMIX S.A, Z.A du Haut du Bois, 56580 Brhan, France
TNO Quality of Life Physiological Sciences P.O. Box 360,
3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
31
Introduction 1
Demonstration of the effectiveness of a potential mycotoxin
detoxifying agent in contaminated feed is often primarily conducted
in in vitro conditions.
Classical in vitro systems used for that purpose are simple but very
far from the natural in vivo conditions.
Important factors in relation to the digestion and the fate of feed

compounds during passage through the gastrointestinal tract are
the composition and pH of gastric and intestinal contents
the gastrointestinal transit conditions,
the activity of bio-chemicals (enzymes) and of the intestinal micro
flora in the gastrointestinal tract.
32
Introduction 2
The activities of those factors through the gastrointestinal tract are

dynamic processes.
Therefore, these processes cannot be simulated in static in vitro
models.
To demonstrate in the most reproducible and reliable conditions the

efficacy in vitro of a sequestrant/chelator material, based on a new
concept of modified clay (Amadite) from the company OLMIX, the
TNO TIM-1 in vitro gastrointestinal model has been chosen.
33
Aim of the study
The objective of this study was :
to investigate the efficacy of a sequestrant/chelator (Amadite),

during gastro-intestinal transit of the TIM-1 system on the
binding of various mycotoxins and consequently to inhibit
the availability for adsorption of mycotoxins
to measure the potential influence of the sequestrant/chelator on
the adsorption or chelation of some essential nutrients like
proteins, sugars and vitamins
34
Material and Methods 1

Test product : Amadite
Amadite is a new natural Pillared Interlayered Clay (P.I.L.C),

patented by Olmix.
Its produced through a nanotechnology process in which the layers
of a phyllosilicate clay (Montmorillonite) are separated by seaweeds
polysaccharides (ulvans).
That modification of the structure of the clay increases up to ten times
the space between the layers thus opening access to big size
molecules and increasing dramatically the surface area available for
adsorption of mycotoxins.
The production process is 100% environmental friendly.
35

Test product : Amadite
Figure 1 : Montmorillonite before modification

TEM image
36
Figure 2 : Amadite
TEM image
Figure 3 :
Amadite
37

Test system: TIM-1 system
The TNO in vitro gastrointestinal models simulate in high

degree the successive dynamic processes in the stomach and
small intestine (TIM 1) and in the large intestine (TIM 2). These
models are unique tools to study the fate of compounds
during passage through the gastrointestinal tract
Our study was performed in the TIM-1 system, the TNO
dynamic, multi-compartmental system of the stomach and
small intestine (Figure 2). This computer-controlled model
simulates the successive dynamic conditions in the gastric
compartment and in the three successive compartments of
the small intestine. In this system the gastrointestinal
conditions were simulated digestive conditions of the pig
after the intake of a pig feed.
38
Figure 2. TNO dynamic model of the

stomach and small intestine (TIM-1)

Simulated conditions
The experiments in TIM-1 were performed under the average physiological
conditions of the gastrointestinal tract of young adult pigs after the intake of a
solid pig meal.
In the TIM-1 system the gastric content (pig feed + drinking water + saliva) was
gradually delivered from the stomach into the first compartment of the smallintestine (duodenum) via the pyloric sphincter.
The food was transferred through the small intestinal segments with the same
transit time as under in vivo conditions in pigs. From the end of the ileum
compartment the intestinal content was gradually delivered into the colon
(sampling bottle) via the simulated ileo-caecal valve.
After 6 h the experiment was stopped. During that time approx. 40% of the feed
passed the ileo-caecal valve.
39

Simulated conditions
The pH values under average conditions in the GI tract were as follows:

- in the stomach the pH dropped from 6.5 to 2 in 30 minutes;
- in the small intestinal compartments the pH was around 6.2, 6.8, and 7.2 for the
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum compartments, respectively.
The digested and dissolved low-molecular weight compounds were dialysed
continuously from the small-intestinal compartments of the jejunum and ileum via
hollow fibre, semi-permeable membrane system.
During the experiments in the TIM-1 system the intestinal content was protected
against UV light (necessary for the stability of Vit.B).
40

Diets
The pig feed used in the studies was artificially contaminated with the
mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (approx. 1 ppm*) and fumonisin (approx. 2 ppm*).
In duplicate experiments two concentrations of the adsorbent Amadite was
mixed through 60 g of a standard pig feed (standardized particle size 1-3 mm)
at the levels of 0.01% (6 mg) and 0.1% (60 mg). Duplicate control runs were
performed with the same contaminated pig feed but without the addition of test
products (0 % level).
Before introducing the meal (60 g) into the gastric compartment, it was mixed
with artificial saliva and drinking water (240 g; 1:1). Total intake in the gastric
compartment of the model was 300 g.
*The mycotoxin levels are chosen on two criteria:
a) not too far above the maximum limits of the FDA in pig feed;
b) high enough in relation to the detection limits in the TIM-samples.
41

Sampling
At the start of each TIM-run a sample was taken from the feed.
During the experiments the dialysate from the jejunum and ileum
compartments was collected in 2-hour fractions for 6 hours (in total 6
samples for nutrient analysis)..
The dialysate samples were pooled (jejunum 0-6 h and ileum 0-6 h) and
stored for mycotoxin analysis.
At the end of each experiment the residues in the gastric plus smallintestinal compartments, plus the dialysing units were collected and the
volume measured.
All samples were stored at minus 20C until analysis.
42
Analysis
Mycotoxins Analysis
The feed and pooled dialysate samples were analysed (HPLC) on the
concentrations of the two mycotoxins (DON, Fumonisin).
The mycotoxin levels in the feed was measured in five separate samples to
determine the mycotoxin concentration and to check on homogeneity in the
feed.
The pooled dialysate samples from jejunum and ileum of each TIM-run were
analysed on the absorbed amounts of the two mycotoxins. The difference in
absorbed amounts between the control experiment (0% level of adsorbent)
and the experiments with 0.01% and 0.1% adsorbent, determines the efficacy
of the mycotoxin-binding in inhibiting mycotoxin absorption.
43
Analysis
Nutrients Analysis
The feed (3 samples) and dialysate samples (2-hour fractions from the jejunum
and ileum dialysate) of each TIM-run were analysed on some specific nutrients:
- nitrogen Kjehldahl analysis (to determine the protein digestibility)
- free glucose; (to determine the carbohydrate digestibility)
-vitamin B1 (thiamine) and B2 (flavine dinucleotide) as example-vitamins to
determine the bioaccessibility of water soluble vitamins.
The difference in absorbed amounts of nutrients between the control experiment

(without adsorbent) and the experiments with two levels of adsorbent/chelator,
determines the potential binding effect of the sequestrant on the feed nutrients.
44
Results 1
Mycotoxin binding
The availability for absorption (bioaccessibility) of mycotoxins

from the jejunum and ileum was measured during gastrointestinal
transit of pig feed contaminated with both:
DON (1 ppm),
and Fumonisin B1 (2 ppm),
simulating the gastrointestinal conditions of pigs in the TIM-1
system.
45
Results 1
Mycotoxin binding
Deoxynivalenol (DON)
15
10
5
0.
00
%
-to
ta
0.
l
01
%
-to
0.
ta
10
l
%
-to
ta
l
0
0.
00
%
-il
0.
01
%
-il
0.
10
%
-il
However, a strong inhibition of

absorption was found by the
addition of Amadite at the level
of 0.1%.
The
reduction
was
40%
in
approximately
comparison to the control.
20
0.
00
%
-je
j
0.
01
%
-je
j
0.
10
%
-je
j
The bioaccessibility of DON

from contaminated pig feed was
not significativly inhibited by the
addition of Amadite at the
levels of 0.01%.
Absorbed amount of DON (ug)
25
Absorption of DON (g) from the jejunum (jej) and ileum (il) compartments and from both
compartments together (total) in the control experiments (0.00%) and in the experiments with the
addition of Amadite at the level of 0.01% and 0.10% during gastrointestinal transit in the TIM-1
system of pig feed contaminated with DON (0.8 ppm) and fumonisin B1 (2 ppm)
46
Results 1
Mycotoxin binding
Fumonisin
47
40
30
20
10
0
0.
00
%
-to
0.
ta
01
l
%
-to
0.
ta
10
l
%
-to
ta
l
This means a reduction of 50%

to 60% of the bioaccessibility
of fumonisin.
50
0.
00
%
-il
0.
01
%
-il
0.
10
%
-il
The total absorption of

fumonisin was reduced from
62 g (control) to 30 g and 25
g in the experiments with
Amadite in the feed at the
levels of 0.01% and 0.1%.
60
0.
00
%
-je
j
0.
01
%
-je
j
0.
10
%
-je
j
The bioaccessibility of
fumonisin from contaminated
pig feed was strongly inhibited
by the addition of Amadite at
the levels of 0.01% and 0.1%.
Absorbed amount of fumonisin (ug)
70
Absorption of Fumonisin (g) from the jejunum (jej) and ileum (il) compartments and from both
compartments together (total) in the control experiments (0.00%) and in the experiments with the
addition of Amadite at the level of 0.01% and 0.10% during gastrointestinal transit in the TIM-1
system of pig feed contaminated with DON (0.8 ppm) and fumonisin B1 (2 ppm).
Results 2
Bioaccessibility of nutrients by Amadite
Nitrogen
1500
The addition of Amadite

to the pig feed at the levels
of 0.01% and 0.1% did not
change the bioaccessibility
of nitrogen :
- No influence of the test
product on the protein
digestibility at the tested
levels.
1000
Nitrogen
absorption
(mg)
500
0
0,0%
0,01%
Amadite concentrations
48
0,10%
Results 2
Glucose
20
15
The addition of Amadite to

the pig feed at the levels of
0.01% and 0.1% did not
change the bioaccessibility of
glucose :
- no change by the test
products on the carbohydrate
digestibility at the tested
levels.
Glucose
10
Absorption
(mg)
5
0
0,0%
0,01%
0,10%
Amadite concentration
The absorption of glucose from the compartments of the small intestine (jejunum and ileum) of the TIM-1
system simulating the GI conditions of pigs, represents the ileum digestibility of carbohydrates in the pig
feed.
49
Results 2
Vitamin B1
200
160
Vitamin B1 (g)
The addition of Amadite to the

pig feed at the level of 0.01% did
not significantly change the
bioaccessibility of vitamin B1.
However,
an
increased
absorption of vitamin B1 was
found for Amadite added to the
pig feed at the level of 0.1%. The
increase induced by Amadite
was approximately 30% in
comparison to the control pig
feed.
120
80
40
0
0,0%
0,01%
50
0,10%
Results 2
Vitamin B2
360
340
Vitamin B2 (g)
The addition of Amadite to the

pig feed at the levels of 0.01%
and 0.1% did not significantly
change the bioaccessibility of
vitamin B2, although the data
show a trend for higher vitamin
B2 bioaccessibility for Amadite
at
the
level
of
0.1%
(approximately 3- 4%).
320
300
280
0,0%
0,01%
51
0,10%
Conclusion 1
Adsorption of Mycotoxins
The results showed that Amadite has a binding capacity for mycotoxins
in pig feed, contaminated with two different mycotoxins at the levels of
0.8ppm (DON) and 2 ppm (Fumonisin).
It inhibits the bioaccessibility of fumonisin with approximately 50%
(0.01% level of Amadite) to 60% (0.1% level).
Amadite also inhibits the bioaccessibility of deoxynivalenol (DON). At
the level of 0.1%, the inhibition was approximately 40% in comparison
to the control without Amadite.
Previous studies in the TIM system with activated carbon demonstrated a
reduction in the bioaccessibility of DON of 30- 40% in comparison to the
control experiment (Avantaggiato et al., 2004). However, the level of activated
carbon in the feed ranged from 0.5% up to 2%.
52
Conclusion 2
Digestive side effects
1.
Adsorbance capacity of Amadite did not inhibit the digestibility of

proteins and carbohydrates:
Unchanged bioaccessibility of nitrogen and glucose.
2.
Adsorbance capacity of Amadite :

Increase in the bioaccessibility of vitamin B1 at the level of 0.1% (
+30%)
Dont change the bioaccessibility of vitamin B2.
53
EFFICACY OF AMADITE, IN THE

BINDING OF MYCOTOXINS DURING
TRANSIT THROUGH A DYNAMIC
GASTROINTESTINAL MODEL (TIM).
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
54
technical
document
Effects of MT.X+
inclusion in the diet on the performance of pigs in Vietnam (2007)
In collaboration with University of Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam.
30 Yorkshire x Landrace gilts at 90 100 days allocated into 3 treatments.
Duration: from 100 to 210 days of age. Animals
kept in individual pens.
3 levels of inclusion: 0 (control), 0.5 and 1 kg per
tone of feed. Feed is made on farm.
Final weight (%)
Control
group
0.5 kg/ton
1 kg/ton
Initial weight (kg)
37.7
37.3
37.4
Final weight (kg)
90.7
93.9
93.3
Daily weight gain

(g/day)
481.4
514.2
508.2
Feed intake (kg/day)
1.68
1.71
1.61
Culling rate (%)
6.3
6.35
6.35
3.52
3.34
3.15*
Effect of MT.X+ on nal

weight (in kg)
95
93.9
94
93.3
93
92
90.7
Control
Daily weight gain (g/day)

520
0.5
Effect of MT.X+ on average

daily weight gain (g/day)
514.2
510
508.2
CONCLUSIONS:
With MT.X+, fattening pigs grow faster (+30 g/day in

average).
Use of MT.X+ in fattening gilts improves the final weight

at slaughter (+2.9 kg in average).
At a rate of 1 kg/ton, MT.X+ greatly improves the Feed

Conversion Ratio (p<0.05) and the Feed Intake.
500
490
481.4
480
470
460
Control
Feed conversion ratio

3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
0.5
Effect of MT.X+ on feed

conversion ratio
3.52
3.34
3.15
Control
0.5
mtx+@olmix.com
www.olmix.com
90
91
technical
document
Effects of MT.X+
inclusion in the diet on health and performance of broilers in Vietnam
Conducted by the Institute of Agricultural Sciences of South Vietnam.
Effect of MT.X+ on nal weight

in broilers (Vietnam, 2003)
+4
2309 %
2300
20 pens of 50 chicks weighed at 2 weeks, 5 weeks and

7 weeks of age.
2250
2216
2200
2150
Control
FCR
1000 chicks of Hubbard breed from Cargill. 2 treatments

with 10 repetitions.
2.5 kg/ton
Control group received 40-50 ppb aflatoxin contaminated

diet and treatment group received the same feed with
2.5 kg/ton of MT.X+.
Effect of MT.X+ on FCR

2.3
2.2
2.21
2.1
-6
2.08 %
TECHNICAL PERFORMANCES:
Control
group
2.0
42
Final weight (g)
2216
2309*
+4%
Daily weight gain (g/day)
44.4
46.3*
+4.3%
Mortality rate 0-2 weeks (%)
1.37
0.20*
-85.4%
Mortality rate 0-7 weeks (%)
5.10
3.14
-38.4%
2.21
2.08*
-5.9%
2.5 kg/ton
Effect of MT.X+ on mortality

5.1
3.14
-38
%
Difference
42
1.8
Mortality
rate (%)
2.5 kg/ton
Initial weight (g)
1.9
Control
2
1
0
Control
2.5 kg/ton
2350
CONCLUSIONS:
With MT.X+, broilers were heavier at slaughter (+93 g)

and their DWG was higher (+1.9 g/day).
Use of MT.X+ has a significant effect on mortality during

the 2 first weeks and also all over the whole period.
Also, MT.X+ improved in a significant way the FCR

in spite of aflatoxin contamination.
mtx+@olmix.com
www.olmix.com
Weight (%)
Effect of MT.X + on the performance of laying Hens
Trial results - Internal document
CHINA - 2009
FARM DESCRIPTION: YUKOU Poultry Group

800 000 laying Hens.
Feed mill (tons/year): 130 000 Tons.
EXPERIMENTAL DESING:
2 groups of 3 000 hens of Rose breed. The supplemented group received the product during week 18th to
28th. MT.X+ was incorporated at 1kg/ton. The control group received any mycotoxin binder.
AVERAGE MYCOTOXINS CONTAMINATION IN FEED (PPB):

Mycotoxin
T2-toxin
Deoxynivalenol
Concentration in PPB
10
345
Zearalenone
30
Fumonisin B1
30
Fumonisin B2
10
Source: LDA 22 (France)
RESULTS:
Control
group
Difference
67.6
1Kg/Ton
68.5
+1.3 %
91
90.3
-0.8 %
Eggs weight (g)**
54.2
54.8
+1.1 %
Feed intake (g/day)**

Supp. class eggs rate (%)**
108.6
0.7
109.1
0.7
+0.46 %
/
Wrinkle eggs rate (%)**
0.8
0.7
-12.5 %
Dirty eggs rate (%)**

Shell less eggs rate (%)**
3.6
0.4
3.4
0.5
-5.5 %
+25 %
Mortality rate (%)**
0.3
0.3
Laying rate (%)*

Selling eggs rate (%)**
*Results displayed above are the average results from week 20 to 28.
**Results displayed above are the average results from week 21 to
28.
Conclusion:
OLMIX CHINA
Sub: - Opinion Report of MT.x+ in our farm.

Dear Sir,
This has reference with MT.x+ used in our farm. Its very please to say you that
MT.x+ done very good job for saving our economical losses in breeders. We have got nice
results in hatchability percentage. We improved our hatchability up to 2%, we save cull
percentage by 1.5% where as standard 2.0%.Cumulative hatchery performance improved by
3.5%.
We also observed that wrinkle eggs and shell-less eggs also come down and our
hatchery eggs percentage also improved by 2.3%.Hence product is very good for Broiler
Breeder Parents.
Thanks with regards,
Dr.Ghuge S.B
Director
Vaishnavi Breeding Farm Private Limited,
Warwati, Ambajogai,
India.
Dated: 10.5.2008
Sub:-Result observed MT.x + in our farm.

Respected Sir,
We used MT.x + in our Broiler Breeder farm having capacity 15,000 Broiler
Breeder Parent in layer, trial was conducted on 2,500 Birds.We observed following pleasant
results on toxicity.
Age Group
26/1
27/2
28/3
29/4
30/5
Week End Date

8.12.2007
15.12.2007
22.12.2007
29.12.2007
05.01.2008
Mortality No
66 No
60 No
95No
33No
14 No
Mortality %
1.4
1.3
2.0
0.71
0.30
H.D%
19.4
41.0
57.95
73.17
79.0
* MT.x + started with effective from 20.12.2007.

As per our opinion & observation testing only mortality pattern is not sufficient, hence we
request you that we want to check following parameters for further good results.
a)H.D production Weekly Basis
b)H.E Percentage Weekly Basis
c)Shell less eggs and wrinkle eggs (commercial eggs) - weekly basis
d)Hatchability percentage
e)Dead in shell percentage
f)Culls percentage (Hatchery Rejections)
g)Broiler commercial day old chicks performance, 1st week as farm results.
Hence, we want to go through in detailed for different analysis so, we required at least one
month observation. So we required 50 to 60Kgs of MT.x+ for our monthly consumption.
Thanks with regards,
Dr.Ghuge S.B
Director
Vaishnavi Breeding Farm Private Limited,
Warwati, Ambajogai,
India.
Dated: 6.1.2008

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