20

011
1
MON
NITOR
RINGDIAP
PHRAG
GMW
WALL
DISP
PLACEMEN
NT&A
ASSOCIATE
EDGR
ROUN
ND
MOV
VEME
ENT

November2
2011

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APPL
LICATION NOTE
AN-11001

November 2011

MO
ONITORING
G DIAPHRA
AGM WALL
L DISPLAC
CEMENT & ASSOCIAT
TED GROU
UND
M
MOVEMEN
NT
1. Intrroduction
Deep excavation
e
is a necesssity for con
nstruction off
structure
es like high rise building
gs, undergrou
und garages
and und
derground mass
m
transpo
ort systems operating att
several levels. In many
m
such cases construction of a
gm wall provid
des a solution
n as:
diaphrag

They can be constructed in the immedia

ate vicinity off
s.
exissting buildings

They can be used not only to secure a dee

ep excavation
but also as a loa
ad bearing me
ember for the
e structure to
be erected; thus
t
renderring constru
uction more
econ
nomical.

Excavattion in soft grround inducess ground movvement. This

may damage adja
acent existin
ng sensitive structures.
Deforma
ation must be
e limited to acceptable
a
limits in deep
excavation. A stable deep excavvation is one in which the
o not collapse
e and heave of
o base is con
ntrolled within
walls do
limits. In
n such cases, diaphragm walls
w
are com
mmonly used
as perrmanent retaining wallss to minim
mize ground
moveme
ent.
Deep exxcavation sup
pport systemss have two ma
ain componen
nts:

Retaining wa
all

Support prov
vided for retain
ning wall

Principa
al types of reta
aining walls used
u
are diaphragm walls (slurry
(
with re
einforced cage
e), sheet piless, soldier
piles, co
ontiguous pile
es, secant pile
es and tangen
nt piles etc. Principal
P
typess of supports are struts and
d tieback
anchorss.
This app
plication note is about instrumentation and
a monitorin
ng of diaphrag
gm wall displa
acement and adjacent
moveme
ent of the gro
ound which afffects structurres in close proximity.
p
Secction 5 gives some
s
case sttudies for
referencce.

2. Dis
splacementt of adjace
ent ground due to deep excavation
Deep exxcavation has
s two main efffects. Firstly,, removal of soil
s results in
n decrease off weight/stresss on soil
below the excavatio
on. Secondlyy, it results in loss of la
ateral supportt for soil aro
ound the excavation.
Horizonttal and vertic
cal displacem
ment that con
nsequently occcur have to be kept within acceptab
ble limits;
otherwisse damage to
o any buildingss, roads and underground facilities in th
he zone of inffluence will occcur.

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2.1 Fac
ctors affectin
ng diaphragm
m wall move
ement
Several factors affec
ct diaphragm wall movement type off soil, ground
d water condition & chang
ges in its
level, depth & shap
pe of excava
ation, type & stiffness of
o diaphragm wall & its supports, method of
construcction of diiaphragm wall
w
&
adjacent facilities, structural load,
duration
n of constru
uction of wall
w
&
structure
e etc. For example,
e
figu
ure on
right sh
hows increas
sed base heave in
case of a continuous
s sand strata
a below
the diap
phragm wall.
Reprodu
uced below are
a result of studies
s
by Long
g (2001) and Clough
C
& O Rourke
R
(1990) who collec
cted information on
ented walls and categ
gorized
instrume
them mainly based on type of so
oil and
d
wa
all constructed
d.
type of diaphragm
2.2 Stu
udy on diaph
hragm wall
mo
ovement
Table below
b
shows maximum la
ateral wall movement
m
an
nd maximum vertical setttlement behind walls
normalizzed by excav
vation height. Soils are classified as sofft or stiff soil. Cohesion less and cohessive soils
are indiccated. Effect of the factorss of safety aga
ainst base he
eave and the effect of the type of the su
upporting
system is also consid
dered.
Referen
nce

Long (20
001)

Type off soil

Max. lateral wall

movemen
nt
normalize
ed by
excavatio
on height,
l max/H (%)
Strut
Anchor
support support
0.13
0.14
(81)*
(50)

Max. vertical
M
s
settlement
n
normalized
byy
e
excavation
he
eight,
max/H (%)
v
S
Strut
Ancchor
s
support
sup
pport
0
0.11
0.12
2
(35)
(15)

0.21
(14)

0.21
(2)

0.39
0
(7)

0.14
4
(1)

0.84
(35)

0.91
(3)

0.80
0
(13)

6.25
5
(1)

Supporrting System
Stiff soiils, high
factor of
o safety of
base he
eave
Soft soiils, high
factor of
o safety of
base he
eave, stiff soil
at dredg
ge level
Soft soiils, high
factor of
o safety of
base he
eave, soft soil
at dredg
ge level
Soft soiils, low facto
or
of safetty of base
heave

Clou
ugh and ORo
ourke (1990)

Values ass high as 3.2 % have been

n
recorded for the factorr of safety on the
order of 0.9
0

(81)* Number
N
of cas
ses studied

Max. lateral wall

Max. verttical
move
ement
settlemen
nt
norm
malized by
normalize
ed by
excavation height,
excavatio
on height,
l ma
ax/H (%)
v max/H
H (%)
Nott relevant
0.20

0.15

<0.5

>2.0

Table 1: Ma
aximum wall movement an
nd vertical setttlement behind walls

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2.3 Purpose of insttrumentation

n
Instrume
entation of strructures has several
s
purpo
oses. Some of
o them are lissted below:

To verify and
d control consstruction proce
ess

To verify des
sign paramete
ers

To monitor sa
afety during construction
c

To save cons
struction cost

To complete construction in time or red

duce time of construction
c

To certify the
e performance
e of new consstruction/exca
avation

To monitor sa
afety of adjoin
ning buildingss and structurres

Long term pe
erformance monitoring
m
for safety during life of structu
ure

3. Instrumentatiion of deep
p excavatio
on
Deep excavations
e
are
a
instrumented before start of anyy excavation. Instrumentation is requ
uired for
monitoring and con
ntrolling beh
havior of dia
aphragm wa
all and surrounding facilities. For example,
e
entation is req
quired to mea
asure sub-surface displaccement, which
h is not possiible to be dettected by
instrume
visual means.
m
It may
y also be requ
uired to monittor lateral mo
ovement or tillt of structures in zone of influence
or any cracks
c
that may develop in
n them. Reprroduced below
w is a diagram showing tyype of instrum
mentation
that mayy be used in a deep excavation:

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Table 2 below summarizes an instrumentation scheme that can be used to monitor deep excavations.
Instruments, like inclinometers, horizontal & vertical extensometers, piezometer, tiltmeters, strain
gages and load cells along with surveying methods are extensively used.
Inclinometers may be placed in boreholes in the soil and/or in piles or diaphragm walls. Load cells on struts
or anchor heads are very useful in checking calculated loads. Strain gages are used in monitoring stress on
struts or in piles and diaphragm walls.
A word of caution - redundancy in instrumentation must be provided to account for damage that may occur
during construction activity. This is very important, especially at critical locations.

Type

Instrument

Purpose

Related problem

Groundwater
table/ piezometric
pressure

Water Standpipe

Lateral
movement

Inclinometer

Seepage and ground

subsidence
Consolidation settlement uplift
or weakening of soil
Instability of retaining system
and adjacent structures

Stress/load

Vibrating wire strain

gage
Load cell
Sister bar

Change in groundwater
level
Change in piezometric
level
Lateral ground movement
& deflection of retaining
walls
Stress along strut member

Settlement/heave

Piezometer

Earth pressure
cell/jackout pressure
cell
Surface settlement
point
Building/utility
settlement point
Settlement gage
Extensometer

Tilt/crack

Tilt plate/tiltmeter
Crack meter

Vibration

Vibration sensor

Axial load on strut

Stress in rebar of concrete
retaining structure
Earth pressure distribution
on retaining wall
Ground surface settlement

Settlement of adjacent
building and utilities
Continuous settlement of
structures
Vertical ground
movements in various
depth zones
Tilt of structures
Cracks on structure
surface
Vibration effect to adjacent
properties

Over-load of struts

Over-load of reinforcing bars

Over-stress of earth retaining
wall
Movement of surrounding
ground and damage to
existing utilities
Instability of structures

Deep ground movement

Instability of structures
Uneven settlement of
structures
Disturbance to foundation
soils and structures

Table 2: Instrumentation for deep excavation

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Table 3 below provides guidelines for the installation of instruments:

Instrument

Position

Installation

Water Standpipe

Along excavation boundaries and within

anticipated groundwater drawdown zone
In compressible layers where
consolidation is anticipated or below
base of potential uplift structures
At most critical location generally midspan of excavation boundaries or near
sensitive structures
On selected strut members

Not shallower than depth of excavation

On selected strut members

Axial

Sister bar

On selected reinforcement

Axial

Earth/jackout
pressure cell
Surface settlement
point

On selected retaining wall panel

Wall surface in contact with soil

Along excavation boundaries and critical

sections perpendicular to excavation
boundary
On selected columns of structures

At 5 m to 10 m spacing and according to

existing site condition

Piezometer

Inclinometer

Vibrating wire
strain gage
Load cell

Building/utility
settlement point
Extensometer

Within anticipated stress influence zone

Settlement gauge

On selected columns of structures

Tilt plate/tilt meter

On selected columns of structures

Crack meter

On surface of selected structural

members
At sensitive structure locations

Vibration Sensor

At various depths in compressible layer

or expected sensitive location
Embedded in rigid base beyond
movement influence zone but not
shallower than depth of Excavation
Web of steel member

On surface of structural member after

removal of paint and loose plaster
Various depth zones
On surface of structural member after
removal of paint and loose plaster
On surface of structural member after
removal of paint and loose plaster
On surface of structural member after
removal of paint and loose plaster
Fixed or portable

Table 3: General guideline for installations of these instruments

4. Planning a proper instrumentation scheme

An instrumentation scheme should be properly planned and result oriented. It should provide for safety
during construction activity and if required even after that. The following should be taken into consideration:
4.1 Site and project conditions
Site and project conditions such as type of soil, depth & size of excavation, method of construction and
location/type of structures in zone of influence should to be carefully analyzed during planning of the
instrumentation system.
Instrumentation scheme varies from location to location. It should be carefully decided after review of all
data available for the project and the site.

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4.2 Selection of monitoring instruments

Several types of instruments are available. Only the right type must be used to provide engineers with
correct information on behavior of ground and structure during excavation, taking into consideration
absolute safety during construction. In selection of instruments table 2 provides some guidelines.
4.3 Layout of instrument locations
Selecting proper locations of instruments is as important. Instruments should be installed at the most
critical and representative locations to accurately monitor influence of excavation on surrounding properties
to determine response of ground & retaining system and to ensure the safety of construction. Table 3
provides guidelines for planning instrumentation locations.
4.4 Technical specifications and method statements
Technical specification should include type of instrument, range, precision and accuracy etc. Method
statements including notes for installation should be properly prepared. It is important that required
specifications are fully complied with and installation is carried out under the supervision of a competent
geotechnical engineer. Initial instrumentation data should be properly recorded and reflected in later
interpretation works.
4.5 Checking and maintenance procedure
Instruments must be maintained in good working condition throughout the monitoring period in order to
ensure validity and accuracy of monitoring readings, especially during long periods of monitoring or
frequent applications. Regular checking and calibration at specified intervals should be carried out to verify
instrument specifications including those of sensors, read-out loggers and reference points used in the
monitoring works.
4.6 Frequency of monitoring
Monitoring frequency must be properly planned based upon sequence of construction and type of
measurement. For example, more frequent monitoring is needed for inclinometers during excavation in
view of its sensitivity to excavation sequences, e.g. excavation and installation, pre-loading and removal of
struts and the importance of movement magnitudes to site safety.
Representative initial readings of all installed instruments must be properly established prior to
commencement of major site activities to ensure reliable reference for future comparison.
4.7 Control values and action plan
Two typical control values namely alert level and action level are commonly adopted during deep
excavation. These are determined by designer based on result of analysis and his professional judgment.
4.8 Data processing and interpretation
Timely analysis of instrument readings by competent geotechnical engineers is essential for control of
safety during construction and instituting effective prevention measures (if required) for minimizing
detrimental effects and possible failure in deep excavation. Employment of an independent specialist
organization for Instrumentation and Monitoring is highly recommended.
Verification of instrument readings during monitoring stage by constantly checking top level of water
standpipes, top level and co-ordinates of inclinometer casing, reference benchmark for settlement survey
and surface protection to instruments is an essential part of any instrumentation and monitoring program.

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Reproduced below are some typical instrumentation results at a Project in Abu Dhabi, UAE:

Typical monitoring results: inclinometer in D-wall

Typical monitoring results: standpipe piezometer inside excavation area

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Typical monitoring results: extensometer outside D-wall

Typical monitoring results: Anchor load cell for ground anchors

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Typical monitoring results: tilt meter for adjacent structures

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Typical monitoring results: building settlement point

Typical monitoring results: multilevel piezometer outside D-wall

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Interpretation of the above data aims at:

Ensuring construction is carried out safely and to provide data for modifying construction procedure, if
necessary.

Ensuring that adjacent structures are safe during and after construction.

Providing data for evaluating situation should some structure be endangered and preparing
contingency measures should action be needed to safeguard these structures.

Providing data for taking remedial measures should some structure suffer from damage and evaluating
effectiveness of such measures.

Providing data for clarifying responsibility in legal cases.

Proving data for back analyses for refining design procedures and enhancing construction technology.

5. Case studies
5.1 Office and residential tower, Abu Dhabi, UAE
The office and residential tower will have 27 levels.
Instrumentation has been provided to monitor behavior of
diaphragm wall and settlement caused due to dewatering and
deep excavation. Toe level of D-wall is -20 m and final
excavation level is -12 m. Instrumentation scheme for
monitoring works is as follows:
Description

Depth/

Monitoring

position

frequency

Inclinometer

20 m

Anchor bolt
load cell
(1000 KN)
Strain gage

2.5 m from
capping
beam
First layer of
strutting

Qty.

Excavation level at -10 m

20

Daily during
excavation (if not

10

critical) after
excavation weekly

Strain gages for struts

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10

Anchor Load cell for

ground anchor

Inclinometer installed in
diaphragm wall

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Datta presentatiion
5.2 Co
orniche Hotell, Khalidiya, Abu
A
Dhabi, UAE
U
The eleg
gant and bea
autiful 35-storrey building has
h
been de
esigned by Surbana
S
Conssultant Pte. Ltd.
L
of Singa
apore to refle
ect the marittime heritage of
Abu Dh
habi. Since final
f
excavattion was dee
ep,
appropriate instrume
ents were used
u
to protect
adjacent structures
s and re
educe grou
und
moveme
ent. To ensu
ure ground movement and
a
deflectio
on of wall within acceptab
ble limits, thrree
layers of strutting was
s provided.
List of in
nstruments us
sed are descrribed below:

Descripttion

D
Depth/Position
n

Monitoring Freque
ency

Q
Qty.

Inclinom
meter

3 m
30

Strut load cell (5000

0 KN)

2 m from We
2.5
eller on pipe strut
s

23

Spot we
eldable strain
n gage

A three layer of strutting

All

68
Dailyy during excavation

VW piezzometer

O
Outside
D-walll

Water standpipe
s

O
Outside
D-walll

Tilt platte

O sensitive structures
On
s
nea
arby

Crack gage
g

O sensitive structures
On
s
nea
arby

58

Vibratio
on & noise re
ecorder

4 location

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(iff not critical) after

a
exxcavation wee
ekly

7
7
4

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Strutting works on site

Inclinometer in D-wall

Load Cell on strut

Load Cell on strut (close view)

Stain gage on pipe strut

Stain gage on pipe strut (close view)

5.3 Jumeirah village, Dubai, UAE

Jumeirah Village encompasses more than 6,000 spaciously constructed villas and town houses set amidst
luscious landscaping and unsurpassed leisure and lifestyle amenities to provide a great living experience
for its residents. For monitoring lateral movement and load on diaphragm wall at JOURI 5 and JOURI 6
(part of Jumeirah village development), client specified installation of inclinometers and strain gages. Toe
level of D-wall was at -19.0 m and excavation level was at -15.50 m. List of instruments used is as follows:
Description

Depth/Position

Inclinometer

19 m

Embedment strain gage

At four levels in d-wall panel

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Monitoring Frequency
Weekly

Qty.
4
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Layout plan of Jumeirah Village

Monitoring of strain gage at Jouri 5

Inclinometer in diaphragm wall

5.4 Al Quds Tower, Doha, Qatar
The 101 floors, 420 m tower project presents a real challenge for the creation of an innovative and
magnificent human habitat as one of the greatest landmarks of Doha. The target is to host more than 2,000
inhabitants in an icon building that could be symbolically linked with Al Quds through an analogy with the
Dome of the Rock at Jerusalem. The Arabic name of Jerusalem is Al Quds or Baitul Maqdis. The golden
Dome of Rock at Jerusalem is one of the most important and ancient monument of Islamic culture.
According to Islam, it is the place where prophet Muhammad ascended to God in the heavens and
symbolically the Al Quds Tower would do the same.
The foundation works includes a diaphragm wall all around the structure. The toe level of diaphragm wall is
at -30 m. Excavation level is up to -24 m. A large quantity of instruments as per specification of designers
were supplied and installed during excavation/foundation works and behavior of diaphragm wall was
closely monitored.
The site is surrounded by a number of high rise buildings. Before constructing the diaphragm wall and the
start of excavation, a pre-construction condition survey of all the buildings in the zone of influence was
undertaken.
The foundation and the diaphragm walls were constructed by of Ammico Contracting Co. W.L.L.
Instrumentation for the diaphragm wall was provided by the Encardio-rite Group of Companies.

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A
L
Q
U
D
S
T
O
W
E
R

Typical installation of anchor bolt load cell

Description of instruments supplied:

Instruments

Qty.

Inclinometer- 30 m

20

Jack out pressure cell

15

Anchor bolt load cell

12

Sister bar

30

Tilt plate

10

Portable tilt meter

Crack meter- 50 mm

10

Readings from portable readout

Typical installation of jackout pressure cell

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5.5 Co
onvention Ce
entre and Tow
wer, Doha, Qatar
Q
Anotherr great symbo
ol in Qatars desire
d
to crea
ate world-classs architecture
e is
the Doh
ha Convention Centre and
d Tower whicch will bring a truly futuristic
aspect to
t the Doha skyline.
s
Scheduled to be completed
c
in 2012, the tow
wer
will soarr 105 stories into the sky and offer a panoramic city
c view from
m its
prestigio
ous central location on the Corniche. It will be home to offices on the
lower flo
oors, a hotel with
w 300 guesst rooms, 80 serviced apartments and 300
3
residenttial apartmen
nts. The Con
nvention Cen
ntre, adjacen
nt to the tow
wer
having 87,000
8
square
e meters of co
onvention spa
ace is destine
ed to become
e an
importan
nt regional an
nd internationa
al exhibition location.
The pro
oject includes
s 2 ~3 levels basement covering
c
the full plot area
a. A
proper retention
r
sys
stem was the
erefore necesssary, which comprised of
o a
diaphrag
gm wall, sec
cant pile walll and ground
d anchors. Excavation de
epth
inside re
etaining wall is up to -14
4 m. The fou
undation and diaphragm wall
w
construcction were in the scope of
o work of Am
mmico Contracting Co. W.L.L.
Instrume
entation for the
t diaphragm
m wall was pro
ovided by Enccardio-rite.
Instrume
entation was specified forr monitoring ground and wall moveme
ent,
dewaterring water con
ntrol, and ancchors. Inclino
ometers were used to mon
nitor
horizonttal deflection of secant pile
e wall and D--wall up to 5 m below the toe
level of pile wall. Ground anchors were monitorred with anchor bolt load cells
c
and grou
undwater with
h piezometer.. List of instru
uments used for the foundation works iss as follows:
nts supplied
d:
Description of instrumen
Instrruments

Qty.

Anc
chor load celll 1500 kN

Inclinometer 30 m
Watter standpipe
e 12 m

35
12

Watter level soun

nder 30 m
Jack out pressu
ure cell
Sistter bar

15
9
70

C
Convention
Centre
C
and Tower,
T
Doha

5.6 Dubai Metro Un

nion Square Undergroun
nd Station, Dubai
Union Square und
derground metro
m
at
Deira,
Dubai,
station
was
extensivvely instrume
ented to mo
onitor
key geo-technical parameters, succh as
deforma
ation of diaph
hragm walls using
inclinom
meters and 3-D deform
mation
targets, strut loads using electtronic
load ce
ells & strain
n gages, su
urface
settleme
ent and settle
ement of utilitties &
adjacent structures
s using su
urface
settleme
ent points & building
b
settle
ement
points, ground water
w
drawd
down

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outside excavation using water standpipes and monitoring of pumping activities in pump wells within
excavation using water level indicators.
Depth/Position

Inclinometer in diaphragm wall

Inclinometer in ground
Strut load cell (2000 kN)

47 m
52 m
On layer A struts below
concourse level (2 no. on each
strut)
On layer A struts below
concourse level (2 no. on each
strut)
Outside excavation

Spot weldable strain gage

Water standpipe (including

existing standpipes &
observation wells for pumping
tests)
Pump wells
Surface settlement points
Building settlement points
Diaphragm wall 3-D deformation
monitoring

Strut load cell

Monitoring
Frequency

With-in excavation
Outside excavation/ on utilities
On surrounding buildings
On diaphragm wall below
concourse level

Daily during excavation (if not critical) after

excavation weekly

Description

Qty.
9
2
6

14

36

17
211
21
14

Inclinometer readings being taken

The observed data was processed and uploaded on clients server both in graphical and numerical formats

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on a da
aily basis. The
e server, which was accessible by all concerned parties includin
ng the Engineer, also
containe
ed other use
eful informatio
on such as as-built instrumentation layouts, monitoring contro
ol values
(MCV) viz.
v alert, action and maxim
mum permisssible values (M
MPV) for various instrume
ents, previouss & latest
weekly reports, MCV
V breach forms, instrum
mentation picttures, instrum
mentation ca
alibration reco
ords etc.
eport issued contained su
ummary of alll instrumentation & monito
oring related activities
Weekly monitoring re
during th
he previous week.
w
Alert, action
a
& MPV
V forms were issued within
n 24 hrs of any breach off MCV by
any instrument.
Encardio
o-rite execute
ed the comple
ete instrumentation & monitoring works not only of th
he above underground
& annual
station on
o a turn-key basis: supplyy, testing, insttallation, mon
nitoring, factua
al reporting, maintenance
m
calibratio
on, but also for nine othe
er undergroun
nd stations and
a
six annexxed structure
es of the Dub
bai Metro
Project.

Typical readings
s observed in
n inclinomete
er installed in diaphragm
m wall post TBM break-through

ENCARD
DIO-RITE ELECT
TRONICS PVT. LTD.
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Monitoring of diaphragm wall

AN-11001

6. Concluding remarks
It is seen that Instrumentation and monitoring plays an important role at both design and construction
stages. The construction of high rise buildings and other structures through deep excavation is well
benefited from the instrumentation and monitoring program. The data observed from monitoring
instrumentation as described above, provides verification of design assumptions. It also helps to manage
the construction in a safe and controlled manner, protecting adjacent buildings/structures. The researches
carried out, based on the instrument readings obtained during ongoing excavation works, have greatly
enhanced the construction technology in several parts of the world.
Based on our successful experience, it is recommended that:
1. In construction projects of significant size, particularly those involving deep excavations in densely
populated area, sufficient emphasis be given to instrumentation and monitoring.
2. More importantly, specialists must be engaged in processing, interpreting and utilizing the data
obtained.
3. Web based remote Data Monitoring Services (WDMS) from Encardio-rite makes instrument data
available online. The service can be judicially used for monitoring displacement & ground water
pressure in the diaphragm wall or in its vicinity, or to provide relevant information related to safety
of construction works and associated buildings, to various authorized personnel like engineer,
client, consultants, project manager etc.
Encardio-rite WDMS consists of a data collection agent, a data base server and a web server
software hosted on a high integrity server machine that periodically collects data from remote
EDAS-10 data loggers, which can be geographically spread over a large area, over cell phone
network. The web server then makes this data available over the internet so that a user can view
the logged data using a suitable web browser like Microsoft Internet Explorer from virtually
anywhere in the world.
The WDMS allows the user to view the data from any transducer connected to the remote
datalogger over a selected time period in either a tabular spread sheet type format or as a graph. A
graphic like a map, ground plan or a photograph can be put on the opening screen marked with
installed sensors. The WDMS can also be programmed to send SMS alert messages to selected
users as soon as any sensor data crosses its predefined alarm levels.
Encardio-rite provides a complete range of geotechnical and structural instrumentation along with technical
support to the construction industry in form of installation, monitoring, method statements, manuals,
application notes, etc. such that it can benefit and improve its quality of work and competitiveness.

ENCARDIO-RITE ELECTRONICS PVT. LTD.

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