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GSM System Overview

Wireless Mobile Communication

Outlines

History of wireless communication.

Why wireless?
Wave properties
Modulation techniques
Analog to digital
Effects on Radio Communication
Multiple Access Techniques
Wireless Challenges
Cellular System Concepts

History of wireless communication

From early ages the human try to communicate while he move
18381864 Telegraphy: Morse perfects his system; Stein hill finds that the earth
can be used for a current path;
1864 Maxwells equations predict electromagnetic radiation.
18871907 Wireless telegraphy : Heinrich Hertz verifies Maxwells theory.
demonstrations by Marconi and Popov; Marconi patents complete wireless
telegraph system (1897).

History of wireless communication

19231938 Television: Mechanical image-formation system demonstrated;
DuMont and others perfect vacuum cathode-ray tubes; field tests and
experimental broadcasting begin.
1936 Armstrongs paper states the case of frequency modulation (FM) radio.
1937 Alec Reeves conceives pulse code modulation (PCM).
19381945 Radar and microwave systems developed during World War II; FM
used extensively for military communications.
1962 Satellite communication begins with Telstar I.

History of wireless communication

19801985 The first generation of modern cellular mobile networks put into
service. But it was all based on analog system:
1981 NMT-450 in Northern Europe
1983 AMPS in the United States.
1985 TACS in Europe and China

History of wireless communication

1985 Standardization for second generation digital cellular systems is initialized.
An it had been given commercial name Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a
second-generation digital cellular telephone system.
The first GSM network was lunched in:
1992 GSM900 in World Wide.
1993 GSM1800 in Europe.
1994 GSM1900 was firstly commercial.
GSM became the world's leading and fastest growing mobile standard, spanning
over 174 countries, serving more than one in ten of the world's population.

History of wireless communication

GSM offers circuit-switched with good voice quality, but it is providing data rates
of 9.6 kbps which is too slow.
In 1999 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) reuses the existing GSM
infrastructure to provide higher data rate
It was lunched to increase the data rate to 115 kbps by using the packet-switched
in data transmission and defining new coding scheme.
In 2001 Evolved Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) offers data rate of 384 kbps
by using new modulation scheme (8psk)

History of wireless communication

On other hand, In America there was another evolution for mobile
communication:
in 1970s Advance Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) is a first-generation
analogue cellular telephone system standard that was developed in the late in
N&S American.
In 1983 (Digital AMPS) D-AMPS was lunched

History of wireless communication

In 1993 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a second-generation digital
cellular telephone system that was first deployed.
CDMA-One describes a complete wireless system based on the TIA/EIA IS-95
CDMA standard, including IS-95A and IS-95B revisions.
IS 95A provides data rate up to 9.6Kbps/14.4Kbps
IS 95B Provides data rate up to 115.2Kbps
IS 95B is categorized as 2.5 G
CDMA-One provides a family of related services including cellular and fixed
wireless (wireless local loop).

3G Systems

In 2000 the ITU-T was responsible for the IMT-2000 specification, which is meant
to be a guideline for every 3G standard
The marketing name for the 3G has two standardization bodies:
1. 3GPP which uses the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)
W-CDMA technology.
2. 3GPP2 which uses the CDMA2000 technology.

WCDMA as a 3G Approach
The 3G solution for GSM is called WCDMA (Wideband CDMA).
WCDMA requires a new radio spectrum as it operates in ultra wide 5-MHz radio
channels.
WCDMA meets the IMT-2000 requirements of 384 kbps outdoors and 2 Mbps
indoors.
The earliest deployment was by NTT DoCoMo.

CDMA2000 as a 3G Approach
CDMA2000 represents a family of technologies that includes CDMA2000 1X and
CDMA2000 1XEV.
CDMA2000 1X can double the voice capacity of CDMAOne networks and
delivers peak packet data speeds of 307 kbps in mobile environments.
CDMA2000 1xEV includes:
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO delivers peak data speeds of 2.4Mbps and
supports applications such as MP3 transfers and video conferencing

CDMA2000 1xEV-DV provides integrated voice and simultaneous highspeed packet data multimedia services at speeds of up to 3.09 Mbps.

Migration towards 3G Systems

3G Systems & IMT2000

IS-95

W-CDMA

CDMA2000

GSM

IMT-2000

2 Mbps Global Roaming with a single handset

Greater than 2 Mbps User Data Rate
10 Different Frequency Bands
CDMA Low Power (PSD) Results in:
Low Detection Probability
Less Susceptible to Jamming

Why Wireless?
Any transmission system in the world must contain three parts:
Source
Destination
Transmission medium

source

Transmission medium

Destination

Why Wireless?

The kinds of transmission medium :

1. Twisted-pair: It is very low bandwidth and it is easily tapped either
physically or by monitoring its electromagnetic radiation
2. Coaxial cable: It is greater bandwidth than twisted-pair but it is very
expensive.
3. Optical fibers: It is very high bandwidth , very high bit rate and inherently
transmission medium.

Why Wireless?
4. Radio (wireless):
It is greatly depending on the particular frequency of the electromagnetic
wave

Some of their advantages :

a- They are very flexible and suitable for all terrain.
b- Portable system can be installed very quickly
c- There are often the most cost-effective solution

Why Wireless?
Although, On a wired transmission link (copper or fiber optic), the characteristics
of the medium are very well controlled and easily predicted
It still fixed and limit the mobility of the user
While the wireless (Radio) telecommunication bridged the distances between
people who wish to Communicate while they move.
So, we will use the radio waves to transmit and receive.
But first we need to know the properties of these waves.

Wave Properties
A wave is defined by its Wave Length and Frequency.
The Wave Length () represents the distance traveled by the wave to move one
complete cycle. This complete cycle takes a duration named as the cycle duration
(). If one cycle occurs in one , then a number of (1/) cycles occur in one
second. Number of cycles per second is called Frequency.

If this duration = 1 sec, the

frequency of this wave will be 4 Hz

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Wave Properties
Speed = Wave Length / Time of one Cycle = / = x f
All Electromagnetic waves travel in air with a fixed speed equal to the speed of
light, no other phenomena move in a speed faster than the speed of light,
3 x 108 m/s.
Thus, for any electromagnetic wave, x f = 3 x 108 m/s.
From this formula it can be determined that the higher the frequency, the shorter
the wavelength and vise versa.

Wave Properties
Lower frequencies:
with longer wavelengths, are better suited to transmission over large
distances, because they bounce on the surface of the earth.
Television and FM radio are examples of applications, which use lower
frequencies.
Higher frequencies:
with shorter wavelengths, are better suited to transmission over small
distances, because they are sensitive to such problems as obstacles in the
line of the transmission path.
Higher frequencies are suited to small areas of coverage, where the receiver
is relatively close to the transmitter.
We use such kind of frequencies in the wireless mobile communication as it
depend on the adjacent small coverage

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Modulation Techniques
Audio waves ranges between 3 and 15 kHz. These waves are extremely low
power waves that cant propagate for a long distance by itself.
To overcome this fact, the weak audio signal is carried over a carrier frequency,
which suits the transmission requirements and is capable to travel longer
distances.
The carrier that will modulate the voice is called the modulating wave.
The output from the modulation process is named the modulated signal.
A reverse operation must be applied at the receiver so that the original message
is retrieved. This operation is named Demodulation.
For example:
In GSM we use GMSK.
In CDMA we use PSK.

Analog to digital
The main restrictions of analog mobile systems are:
the limited capacity,
high operational cost.
voice-only services
different systems are incompatible in terms of equipment and operation, e.g NMT
and TACS.
a low level of security
The analog systems can use TDMA only as access technique but in digital we can
use TDMA/FDMA which increase the capacity very much
With digital systems such as GSM, the available frequency spectrum is used more
efficiently, leading to increased capacity and reductions in associated costs for
network operators, equipment suppliers and subscribers.

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Analog to digital
Analog mobile systems were originally designed for voice. However, digital mobile
systems can support voice, data and a range of additional services such as a
short message service and call forwarding and is ISDN compatible.
Analog mobile systems offered limited international roaming due to the non
standardization of these systems . GSM (as a standardized system), on the other
hand, offers few restrictions on international roaming
GSM as a digital system provides advanced security using ciphering and
authentication.

Multiple Access Techniques

But how will we use this radio frequencies to serve all users.
We must need to access techniques to use these frequencies.

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Multiple Access Techniques

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Strength

f1

f2

f3

Frequency

Multiple Access Techniques

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Strength

e
m
i
T

f1

f2

f3

Frequ
ency

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Multiple Access Techniques

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).

Strength

Frequency

FDMA, TDMA, vs CDMA

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Wireless Challenges
Radio Communication applied to mobile telephony has the following limitations :

Powerful transmitters & huge equipment are required.

Capacity is limited to the frequency band allocated.
The solution is going to Cellular Systems

Cellular System Concepts

The Area to be covered is
divided into small cells.
So,
Low Transmission power.
Smaller equipment size.
Capacity of the system can be
increased,

Ex.: In the figure:

Capacity of one big cell =
Capacity of the band Capacity of cellular design =
7 * Capacity of one big cell.

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Cellular System Concepts

Sectorization
For more efficient use of available spectrum and hence
enhancing the system capacity ,each cell is divided into
three sectors of 120o

In each sector a directional antenna is used whose narrow

beams allow reusing the channels more often

Sectorization is suitable to use in dense urban areas

Cellular System Concepts

Directional Antenna

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Cellular System Concepts

Omni Antenna

Cellular System Concepts

Frequency reuse
Reuse Pattern(Cluster):
Cells are grouped into Clusters
Available Band is distributed among the cells of
the cluster
N is the number of cells in a cluster .
Each frequency is reused after the same distance
D
D
Reuse Plan = >> (D/R)= 3N

Where R is the cell radius

D is the reuse distance
N is the number of cells per cluster

3
2

4
1
5

7
6

N=7 Cell Cluster

3
3

1
5
6
2

4
1

4
7

1
7

6
3

3
2

5
6

7 Cell Reuse Plan

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