Worked Examples Design of Pile Foundations

Eurocodes:
Background & Applications

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN with worked examples
13-14 June 2013, Dublin
Worked examples
d i
design
off pile
il
foundations
Dr. Trevor Orr
Trinity College Dublin
Convenor SC7/EG3
Eurocodes:
Worked example 1
design of pile foundations from load tests
DESIGN SITUATION
Eurocodes:
GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN with
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Design situation for a pile designed from static

load test results
Pile foundations are required to support the following loads from a

building :
Characteristic permanent vertical load
Gk = 6.0 MN
Characteristic variable vertical load
Qk = 3.2 MN
It has been decided to use bored piles 1.2m in diameter and 15m
long
The pile foundation design is to determine how many piles are

required
i d
2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Pile load test results
Pile settlements
0
Load tests have been

performed on site on four p
p
piles
of the same diameter and
same length
Adopt settlement of the pile

top equal to10% of the pile
base diameter as the "failure"
criterion (7
(7.6.1.1(3))
6 1 1(3))
1,5
2,5
20
40
Pile 1
60
Pile 2
Pile 3
80
Pile 4
Mean
100
120
140
160
Settleem ent, m m
Th
The results
lt off load-settlements
l d
ttl
t
curves are plotted in Figure 1
0,5
L d MN
Load,
Eurocodes:
Worked example 1
design of pile foundations from load tests
SOLUTION
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Measured pile resistances
Adopting the pile load at a settlement of the top of the piles equal
to 10% of the pile diameter as the ultimate resistance means
using the measured resistances at a settlement of:
12.0 x (10/100) x 103 = 120mm
From the load-settlement graphs for each pile this gives:

Pile
Pile
Pile
Pile
1
2
3
4
Rm
Rm
Rm
Rm
=
=
=
=
2.14
1
1.96
96
1.73
2.33
MN
MN
MN
MN
Hence the mean and minimum measured pile resistances are :

Rm, mean = 2.04 MN
Rm, min = 1.73
1 73 MN
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Characteristic resistance
The characteristic pile resistance is obtained by dividing the mean

and minimum measured p
pile resistances by
y the correlation factors
1 and 2 and choosing the minimum value:
(R )
(R )
R c; k = Min c;m mean ; c; m min
1
2
For four load tests, recommended 1 and 2 values are:

1 = 1.1
2 = 1.0
Hence the characteristic pile resistance:

2 .04 1 .73
R c;k = Min
;
= Min {1 .85 ;1 .73 } = 1 .73
1 .1 1 .0
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Design Approach 1 partial factors
Combinations of sets of partial factors

DA1.C1
DA1.C2
Partial actions factors

A1
A2
A1 + M1 + R1
A2 + M1 or M2 + R4
G = 1.35
1 35
G = 1.0
Q = 1.5
15
Q = 1.3
Partial material factors

M1 and M2 not relevant
( = 1.0 and not used)
Partial resistance factors

R1
t = 1.15 (Total/combined compression)
R4
t = 1.5
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Design Approach 1 - pile design

Design equation
DA1.C1
DA1.C1
Fc,d Rc,d
Fc,d = 1.35 Gk+1.5 Qk = 1.35x6.0+1.5x3.2

Fc,d = 1.0 Gk+1.3 Qk
= 1.0x6.0+1.3x3.2
For a single pile

DA1.C1
DA1.C2
= 12.9 MN
= 10.2 MN
Rc,d = Rc,k /t = 1.73 / 1.15 = 1.50 MN

Rc,d = Rc,k /t = 1.73 / 1.5 = 1.15 MN
Assuming no pile group effect, for n piles, resistance = n x Rc,d

Hence
DA1.C1
n Fc,d /Rc,d = 12.9/1.5 = 8.6
DA1.C2
n Fc,d /Rc,d = 10.2/1.15 = 8.9
Therefore DA1.C2 controls and no. piles required: n = 9
9
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Combination of sets of partial factors

DA2

A1
A1 + M1 + R2
G = 1.35

M1 not relevant
( = 1.0 and not used)
Partial resistance factor

R2
10
Q = 1.5
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli

Design equation
Fc,d Rc,d
Fc,d = 1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk = 1.35x 6.0 + 1.5x 3.2 = 12.9 MN

For a single pile
Rc,d = Rc,k /t = 1.73 / 1.1 = 1.57 MN
Assuming no pile group effect, for n piles, resistance = n x Rc,d
Hence
Fc,d n Rc,d
Therefore
h
f
no. piles
l required:
d n = Fc,d / Rc,d = 12.9 / 1.57 = 9 piles
il
11
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Combination of sets of partial factors:

DA3
A1 + M1 + R3
Partial resistance factor:

R3
Since the R3 recommended partial resistance factor is equal to

1 0 no safety margin on the resistance is provided if DA3 is used
1.0,
to calculated the design pile resistance from pile load test results
Hence piles should not be designed from load test results using
Design Approach 3 and the recommended partial resistance factor
12
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Conclusions from pile worked example 1
The same design number of piles, 9 is obtained for both DA1 and
DA2
Since the recommended partial resistance factors are 1.0 for DA3,
this Design Approach should not be used for the design of piles
from pile load test results unless the partial resistance factors are
increased
13
Eurocodes:
Worked example 2
design of pile foundations from test profiles
DESIGN SITUATION
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Design situation for a pile designed from a

CPT test profile
The piles for a building are each required to support the following
loads:
Gk = 300 kN
Qk = 150 kN
The ground consists of dense sand beneath loose sand with soft
clay and peat to 16.5m as shown in figure on next slide
It has been decided to use 0.45m diameter bored piles
The pile foundation design involves determining the length of the

piles
l
15
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Bhole log/CPT profile

1 CPT was carried out
Soil has upper 11m layer of
loose sand, soft clay and some
peat over 5.5m of clay with peat
seams
qc
Loose sand,
soft clay
and some
peat
Clay with
peat seams
Cautious average qc = 2.5 MPa

St
Stronger
onge layer
l e of medium
medi m to
dense sand starts at depth of
16.5m
Cautious average qc = 12.5 MPa
16.5m
Medium to
dense sand
Assume the soil above 16.5m

provides
id no shaft
h ft resistance
i t
16
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
Unit pile resistances

The base and shaft pile resistances
are calculated using Tables D.3
and D.4
D 4 of EN 1997
1997-2
2 relating a
single cautious average qc value in
stronger soil to the unit base and
shaft resistances,
resistances pb and ps
Assume the ULS settlement of the
pile head, sg so that the
normalised settlement is 0.1
Interpret linearly between relevant
qc values to obtain pb and ps from
these tables:
pb = 2.5 MPa
ps = 0.1
0 1 MPa
17
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Table D.3
Unit base resistance pb of cast in-situ piles in coarse soil
with little or no fines
Unit base resistance pb, in MPa,

at average cone penetration resistance
qc (CPT) in MPa
qc = 15
qc = 20
qc = 25
qc = 10
0 02
0,02
0 70
0,70
1 05
1,05
1 40
1,40
1 75
1,75
0,03
0,90
1,35
1,80
2,25
2,00
3,00
3,50
4,00
0,10 (= sg)
NOTE
Intermediate values may be interpolated linearly.
In the case of cast in-situ piles with pile base enlargement, the values
shall be multiplied by 0
0,75.
75
s is the normalised pile head settlement
Ds is the diameter of the pile shaft
Db is the diameter of the pile base
sg is the ultimate settlement of pile head
Normalised
settlement s/Ds;
s/Db
Table D.4
Unit shaft resistance ps of cast in-situ piles in coarse soil
with little or no fines
Unit shaft resistance ps

Average cone penetration
resistance qc (CPT)
(C )
MPa
MPa
0
0
5
0,040
10
0,080
> 15
0 120
0,120
NOTE
Intermediate values may be interpolated linearly
Eurocodes:
Worked example 2
design of pile foundations from test profiles
SOLUTION
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Characteristic pile resistance

Pile diameter
D = 0.45m
Pile base cross sectional area
Ab = x 0.452 / 4 = 0.159 m2
Pile shaft area per metre length
As = x 0.45
0 45 = 1.414
1 414 m2 /m
Length of pile in stronger layer providing shaft resistance = Ls
Calculated compressive pile resistance for the one profile of test results:
Rc;cal = Rb;cal + Rs;cal
= Ab x pb + As x Ls x ps
= (0.159 x 2.5 + 1.414 x Ls x 0.10) x 103 kN
Rc;cal = 398 + 141 x Ls kN

Hence, applying the recommended correlation factors 3 and 4, which are both
the same and equal to 1.4 for one profile of test results because the mean and
minimum
i i
calculated
l l t d resistances
i t
are th
the same so that
th t 3 and
d 4 = = 1.4
1 4 and
d
the characteristic base and shaft compressive pile resistances are:
19
Rb;k = Rb;cal / = 398/1.4
= 284 kN
Rs;k = Rs;cal / = 141 x Ls /1.4
= 101 Ls
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Combinations of sets of partial factors:

DA1.C1
DA1.C2
Partial actions factors:

A1
A2
A1 + M1 + R1
A2 + M1 or M2 + R4
G = 1.35
1 35
G = 1.0
Q = 1.5
15
Q = 1.3
Partial material factors:

M1 and M2 not relevant
20
( = 1.0)
Partial resistance factors:

R1
b = 1.25
s = 1.0
R4
b = 1.6
s = 1.3
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli

Design equation
Fc,d Rc,d
Design
D
i
actions
ti
DA1.C1 Fc,d = 1.35 Gk+1.5 Qk = 1.35x300+1.5x150
DA1.C1 Fc,d = 1.0 Gk+1.3 Qk
= 1.0x300+1.3x150
= 630 kN
= 495 MN
Design resistances
DA1.C1 Rc,d = Rb,k /b + Rs,k /s = 284/1.25 + 101 x Ls/ 1.0
DA1 C2 Rc,d = Rb,k /b + Rs,k /s = 284/1.6
DA1.C2
284/1 6 + 101 x Ls/ 1.3
13
Equating actions and resistances
DA1.C1 630 = 284/1.25 + 101 x Ls/ 1.0
DA1.C2 495 = 284/1.6 + 101 x Ls/ 1.3
Ls = 3.99 m
Ls = 4.08 m
g p
pile length
g L = 16.5 + Ls = 21m
Hence DA1.C2 controls and DA1 design
21
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli

Partial action factors same as for Example 1
R2
b = 1.1
Design equation
s = 1.1
Fc,d Rc,d
Design action
Fc;d = 1.35 Gk+1.5 Qk = 1.35x300+1.5x150
= 630 kN
Design resistance
Rc;d = Rb;k /b + Rs;k /s = 284/1.1 + 101 x Ls/ 1.1
E
Equating
i
actions
i
and
d resistances
i
630 = 284/1.1 + 101 x Ls/ 1.1
Ls = 4.05 m
Hence the DA2 design pile length L = 16.5

16 5 + Ls = 21m
22
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli

DA3
A1 + M1 + R3

R3
b = s = 1.0
Since the R3 recommended partial resistance factors are both

equal to 1.0, no safety margin is provided if these factors are
used in DA3 to calculated the design pile resistance from a CPT
test profile
Hence piles should not be designed using the DA3 recommended

partial resistance factors applied to the characteristic pile
resistance obtained from a CPT test profile
23
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
The same design pile length, 21m is required for both DA1 and
DA2
Since the recommended partial resistance factors are 1.0 for DA3,
this Design Approach should not be used for the design of piles
from profiles of ground test results unless the partial resistance
factors are increased
24
Eurocodes:
Worked example 3
design of pile foundations from soil parameters
DESIGN SITUATION
25
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Design situation for a pile designed from soil

parameters
The piles for a proposed building in Dublin are each required to support
the following loads:
Gk = 600 kN
Qk = 300 kN
The ground consists of about 3m Brown Dublin Boulder Clay over Black
Dublin Clay to great depth
It has been decided to use 0.45m diameter driven piles
The pile foundation design involves determining the length of the piles
26
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Characteristic undrained
shear strength
Brown DBC
Figure shows plot of SPT N values

obtained plotted against depth
Black DBC
Shaft resistance in Brown Dublin Boulder

Clay is ignored
Average N value
l
in Black
l k Dublin
bl Boulder
ld
Clay = 57
Average N = 57
Cautious average N value = 45
A cautious average N value = 45

PI of the Dublin Boulder Clay = 14%
From Stroud and Butler plot of f1 vs. N
Ad t f1 = 6
Adopt
Hence characteristic undrained shear
strength cu;k = f1 x N = 6 x 45 = 270 kPa
27
cu = f1 x N
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Pile resistances
Pile diameter
D = 0.45m
Pile base cross sectional area
Ab = x 0.452 / 4 = 0.159 m2
Pile shaft area per metre length
As = x 0.45 = 1.414 m2 /m
Length of pile in Black Dublin Clay providing shaft resistance = Ls

The characteristic unit pile base and shaft resistances, qb;k and qs;k are
obtained as follows:
qb;k = Nq x cu
= 9 cu
qs;k = x cu
= 0.4 x cu
Characteristic base resistance

Rb;k = Ab x qb;k = 0
0.159
159 x 9 x 270
= 386 kN
Characteristic shaft resistance

Rs;k = As x Ls x qs;k = 1.414 x Ls x 0.4 x 270
28
= 153 Ls
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Design Approach 1 partial and model factors
Combinations of sets of partial factors:

DA1.C1
DA1.C2

A1
A2
A1 + M1 + R1
A2 + M1 or M2 + R4
G = 1.35
1 35
G = 1.0
Q = 1.5
15
Q = 1.3
Partial material factors:

M1 and M2 not relevant (resistances factored not soil parameters)

R1
R4
29
b = 1.0
b = 1.3
s = 1.0
s = 1.3
Model factors:
R;d = 1.75 (In Irish NA and applied to b, s and t)
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Design Approach 1 - pile design to Irish NA

Design equation
Fc,d Rc,d
Design actions
DA1.C1 Fc;d = 1.35 Gk+1.5 Qk = 1.35 x 600+1.5 x 300
DA1.C1 Fc;d = 1.0 Gk+1.3 Qk = 1.0 x 600+1.3 x 300
= 1260 kN
= 990 kN
g resistances
Design
DA1.C1 Rc;d = Rb;k /(b x R;d) + Rs;k /(s x R;d)
DA1.C2
Rc;d
= 386/(1.0x1.75)+ 153 x Ls /(1.0x1.75) = 221 + 87.4 Ls kN

= Rb;k /(b x R;d) + Rs,k
s k /(b x R;d)
= 386/(1.3x1.75) + 153 x Ls /(1.3x1.75) = 170 + 67.3 Ls kN
Equating actions and resistances

DA1 C1 1260 = 221 + 87.4
DA1.C1
87 4 Ls
DA1.C2
990 = 170 + 67.3 Ls
Ls = 11.9
11 9 m
Ls = 12.2 m
Hence DA1.C2
DA1 C2 controls and the DA1 design pile length L = 3.0
3 0 + Ls = 15.5m
15 5m
30
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Combination of sets of partial factors

DA2
A1 + M1 + R2

A1
31
G = 1.35
Q = 1.5

M1 not relevant
( = 1.0)
Partial resistance factor

R2
b = 1.1
s = 1.1
Model
M
d l factors:
f t
R;d = 1.75 (In Irish NA and applied to b, s and t)
R;d = 1.27 (In German NA giving b = 1.1x1.27 = 1.4, s = 1.1x1.27 = 1.4
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Design Approach 2 - pile design to Irish NA

Design equation
Fc;d Rc;d
Design action
Fc;d = 1.35 Gk+1.5 Qk = 1.35 x 600+1.5 x 300
1260 kN
D i
Design
resistance
i
Rc;d = Rb;k /(b x R;d) + Rs;k /(s x R;d)
= 386/(1.1 x 1.75)+ 153 x Ls /(1.1 x 1.75) = 201 + 79.5 Ls kN
Equating design action and resistance
1260 = 201 + 79.5 Ls
Ls = 13.3 m
Hence the DA2 design pile length L = 3.0 + Ls = 16.5m
32
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Design Approach 2 - pile design to German NA

Design equation
Fc;d Rc;d
D i
Design
action
ti
Fc;d = 1.35 Gk+1.5 Qk = 1.35 x 600+1.5 x 300
= 1260 kN
Design resistance
Rc;d = Rb,k /b + Rs,k /s
Note: R1 partial factors of 1.1 have been increased to 1.4, i.e. a model
factor of 1
1.4/1.1
4/1 1 = 1
1.27
27 has been applied
= 386 /1.4 + 153 x Ls /1.4 = 276 + 109 Ls kN
1260 = 276 + 109 Ls
Ls = 9.0 m
Hence DA2 design pile length L = 3.0

3 0 + Ls = 12.0m
12 0m
33
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli

DA3

A1
A2
34
Q = 1.5
Q = 1.3
cu = 1.4
14

R3
G = 1.35
G = 1.0
Partial material factor:

M2
A1* or A2 + M2 + R3
Model factor:
b = 1.0
s = 1.0
R;d = 1.75 (applied to b, s and t)
on structural actions
on geotechnical actions
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli

Design equation
Fc,d Rc,d
Design
g action
Fc,d = 1.35 Gk+1.5 Qk = 1.35 x 600+1.5 x 300
= 1260 kN
Design resistance
Rc,d = Rb,d + Rs,d
= Ab x qb;d + As x Ls x qs;d
= (AbxNqxcu;k/cu)/(R;dxb) + (AsxLsxxcu;k/cu)/(R;dxs)
= (0.159x9x270/1.4)/(1.75x1.0) + (1.414xLsx0.4x270/1.4)/(1.75x1.0)
= 158 + 62.3 Ls
1260 = 158 + 62.3 Ls
Ls = 17.7 m
Hence the DA3 design pile length L = 3.0 + Ls = 21 m

35
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
The design pile lengths obtained from ground strength parameters using
the alternative procedure and the model factor in the Irish and German
National Annexes are:
DA1 (Irish NA)
L = 15.5 m
DA2 (Irish NA)
L = 16.5 m
DA3 (Irish NA)
L = 21
21.0
0m
DA2 (German NA)
L = 12.0 m
Application of the model factor of 1.75 as well as the material factor of 1.4
to obtain the design resistance when using DA3, results in DA3 providing
a longer design pile length and hence the least economical Design
Approach in Ireland
The longer design pile length of 16.5 m when using the Irish NA with DA2
compared to 12.0 m when using the German NA is because of the model
factor of 1.75 in the Irish NA and 1.27 in the German NA
36
Eurocodes:
Geotechnical design
with
ith worked
k d
examples
eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu

Worked Examples Design of Pile Foundations

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Worked Examples Design of Pile Foundations

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Eurocodes:

Background & Applications

13-14 June 2013, Dublin

13-14 June 2013, Dublin

Design situation for a pile designed from static

Pile foundations are required to support the following loads from a

Characteristic permanent vertical load

Characteristic variable vertical load

The pile foundation design is to determine how many piles are

2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

Pile load test results

Load tests have been

Adopt settlement of the pile

2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

13-14 June 2013, Dublin

Measured pile resistances

From the load-settlement graphs for each pile this gives:

Hence the mean and minimum measured pile resistances are :

The characteristic pile resistance is obtained by dividing the mean

For four load tests, recommended 1 and 2 values are:

Hence the characteristic pile resistance:

2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

Design Approach 1 partial factors

Combinations of sets of partial factors

Partial actions factors

Partial material factors

( = 1.0 and not used)

Partial resistance factors

t = 1.15 (Total/combined compression)

2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

Design Approach 1 - pile design

Fc,d = 1.35 Gk+1.5 Qk = 1.35x6.0+1.5x3.2

For a single pile

Rc,d = Rc,k /t = 1.73 / 1.15 = 1.50 MN

Assuming no pile group effect, for n piles, resistance = n x Rc,d

2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

Design Approach 2 partial factors

Combination of sets of partial factors

Partial actions factors

Partial material factors

( = 1.0 and not used)

Partial resistance factor

t = 1.1 (Total/combined compression)

2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

Design Approach 2 - pile design

Fc,d = 1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk = 1.35x 6.0 + 1.5x 3.2 = 12.9 MN

2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

Design Approach 3 partial factors

Combination of sets of partial factors:

Partial resistance factor:

t = 1.0 (Total/combined compression)

Since the R3 recommended partial resistance factor is equal to

2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

Conclusions from pile worked example 1

2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

13-14 June 2013, Dublin

Design situation for a pile designed from a

Characteristic permanent vertical load

Characteristic variable vertical load

It has been decided to use 0.45m diameter bored piles

The pile foundation design involves determining the length of the

2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

Bhole log/CPT profile

Cautious average qc = 2.5 MPa