PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFT SOIL

ENGINEERING, 6 - 8 DECEMBER 2001, HONG KONG

Soft Soil Engineering

Editors

C.F. Lee, C.K. Lau, C.W.W. Ng, A.K. Kwong, P.L.R. Pang, J.-H. Yin &
Z.Q. Yue

Jointly organised by:

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
The University of Hong Kong
The Association of Geotechnical Specialists (HK)
Supported and sponsored by:
CISMGE of China Civil Engineering Society
Geotechnical Division, The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers
The Croucher Foundation

TEGHNH8CHE

HANNOVEH

A.A. BALKEMA PUBLISHERS

LlSSE / ABINGDON / EXTON (PA) / TOKYO

Soft Soil Engineering, Lee et al (eds),

2001 Swets & Zeitlinger, ISBN 90 265 1866 8

Table of contents

Preface
Organisation

xiii
xv

Keynote Lectures
Drained Reclamation in Hong Kong
L.J. Endicott

On the Time-Dependent Stress-Strain Behaviour of Soft Soils

J. Graham & J.-H. Tin

13

Parameters for Soft Clays

S. Lacasse

25

Some Fundamental Aspects of Soft Clay Behaviour and Practical Implications

S. Leroueil

37

Surcharging of Soft Ground to Reduce Secondary Settlement

G. Mesri, M.A. Ajlouni, T.W.Feng & D.O.K. Lo

55

Settlement of Pleistocene Clay Layer in Coastal Area, the Reason, Prediction and Measure
T. Tsuchida

67

Ground Improvement in the Eastern Coastal Region of China

S.M. Wu & M.S. Huang

81

Slope Stability and Landslide

The Effect of Unsteady Excess Pore Water Pressure on Soil Stability
J.C. Chang &J.Y. Wu

97

Landslides and Slope Failures due to Saturated Soft Soil: A Case Study
./V. Emami & M. Ghazavi

103

Analysis of Failed Slopes in Saturated Soft Soils: A Case Study

M. Ghazavi & N. Emami

111

Safety Assessment of Earth Slopes

117

H.P. Hong& K.Y.Lo

Reliability of Embankments on Soft Ground Using Constrained Optimization
B.K. Low & W.H. Tang

123

Hazard Mitigation and Risk Management

Pipeline Failure on Very Soft Clay
M.S.S. Almeida, A.M. Costa, C.S. Amoral, A.C. Benjamin, D.B. NoronhaJr., M.M. Futai &
J.R. Mello

131

The Emersion of Overcompensated Buildings in Zones with Regional Subsidence

E. Juarez-Badillo

139

Chaotic Dynamics and Compaction Engineering

Y.J. Long

143

Urban Tunnelling in Soft Soils: Calculation, Deformation, Preliminary Measures, Experience

H. Quick & J. Michael

149

The Damage and the Possible Use of Foundation Structures due to the 1995 Hyogoken Nambu Earthquake
H. Sone, M. Sugiyama, M. Akaishi, S. Honma & H.J. Liao

155

A GIS Based Seismic Hazard Zonation System of Loess for Lanzhou City
Y.Q. Wang & L.M.Wang

161

Liquefaction Analysis by GIS Method

B.J. Wang, B. Shi & L. Zhang

165

Stochastic Theory for Predicting Settlement in Shield Tunnelling

Z.L. Zhu & J. Sun

169

Foundation Settlement
Consolidation and Stability Behaviour of a High Rockfill Dam Built on Soft Clay Foundation
L. Chen, T.M. Zhang, T.H. Lin, X.G. Zhou &Z.Y. Chen

175

Research on Optimizing Design of Pile Raft Foundation in Soft Soil

X.P. Chen & P.Y. Qian

181

Design and Construction of a Seawall on Soft Marine Clay

H. Dou & L.H. Swann

185

Simplified Procedure for Estimating Ground Settlement under Embankments

J.C. Du & L.M. Zhang

193

Major Embankment Construction over Soft Foundation Soils : Route 3 Country Park Section,
Hong Kong
M.R. Thorn, T. Chan & R.B. Story
Strut Loads Prediction - Empirical Approach vs Geotechnical Program Solution
J.B. Wang

VI

199
205

Centrifuge and Physical Modelling

Comparison of Results of Stabilisation of Slope Using Soil Nailing Technique by the Current
Analysis Methods
M.H. Aminfar & P.J. Gammage

213

Applications of Centrifuge Modelling to Deep Foundations

C.F. Leung

219

The Hong Kong Geotechnical Centrifuge

C.W.W. Ng, P. Van Laak, W.H. Tang, X.S. Li & L.M. Zhang

225

Bearing Capacity and Deformation Characteristics of a Skirted Foundation on Soft Cohesive

Ground
S. Ohmaki, T. Nishizaki, M. Nagashima & S. Sakurai
Model Tests on Performance of Displacement Pile during Embankment Construction
LR. Xu, XL. Yang, L.F. Fang & B.C. Liu

231
237

Analytical Analysis and Constitutive Modelling

Soil Amplification in Hong Kong under Far Field Earthquakes
K.T. Chau & J.H.Y. Lo '

245

Axi-symmetric Solutions for Layered and Poroelastic Media with Compressible Constituents
G.J. Chen

251

Intelligent Recognition of Parameters and Constitutive Models of Soil

S.J. Fu & C. Shenhong

257

Modelling the Stress-strain Behaviour of Bothkennar Clay

K. McGinty, M. Karstunen & S.J. Wheeler

263

Back Analysis of a Large Submarine Landslide at a Marine Disposal Mound

269

K.C.Ng&K.M. Chiu
Analytical Prediction for Ground Surface Settlement due to EPB Tunnelling
Y.F. Xu & D.A. Sun

275

An Assessment of Mud Consolidation in a Marine Disposal Pit

K.L. Yip

279

Web Based Learning for Consolidation Settlement Analysis and Reclamation Design
G.F. Zhu, W.H. Lee, S. T. Luk & J.H. Yin

285

Design Method for Nonlinear Interaction of Piled Raft Foundations - Concept of Plastically
Bearing Pile and Its Application
J.M. Zai, X.D. Wang, R.C. Yang & G.X. Mei

291

Numerical Modelling
Long-term Behaviour Finite Element Analysis of a Dam with In-situ Measurements of the
Viscoplastic Properties of its Foundations
M. Al husein, E. Flavigny & M. Boulon

VII

299

Base Stability of Circular Excavation in Soft Clay Estimated by Finite Element Analysis
F. Cai, K. Ugai & T. Hagiwara

305

Analysis of Free Surface Seepage Flow in Deep Excavation

Y.M. Cheng

311

Influencing of Excavation on Strata Deformation

W.H. Gao, P.S. Shen & L. Yang

317

Simplified Nonlinear Analysis of Flexible Retaining Walls in Soft Soil

Y.R. Guo & YS. Zou

323

Modelling of Vertical Drains in Soft Clay

B. Indraratna, C. Bamunawita, I. W. Redana & A.S. Balasubramaniam

329

Load-deformation Characteristics of Axially Loaded Piles

K. Johnson, W. Karunasena, A. Guazzo & N. Sivakugan

339

Development of Tensile Force in Piles in Swelling Ground

C.J. Lee, A. Al-Tabbaa & M.D. Bolton

345

Analyses on Junction Line Construction of Beijing Subway

Y.Liu, Y. Song &Z.C. Liu

351

Investigation on the Deformation of Ground due to Shield Tunnelling in Sensitive Soft Clay
T. Nakahiro, T. Nakano, K. Natsukawa & K. Tateyama

355

Strain-rate Effects in Soft Soils Modelling and Application

HP. Neher, PA. Vermeer &P.G. Bonnier

361

Modelling the Time-dependent Compression of Peat and Organic Soils

CD. O'Loughlin & B.M. Leahane

369

A Practical FE Analysis for Predicting Deformation of Soft Clay Subjected to Deep Excavation
S.B. Tamrakar, S. Shibuya & T. Mitachi

377

The Application of the FEM in the Prediction of Seismic Subsidence of Loess Ground
D.L. Zhang & L.M. Wang

383

Case Study and Large-scale Experiment

Integrate Approach for Deep Excavation along Soft Ground (MTRC)Tunnels
P.K.R. Chu, K.F.P. Yau, H.K.D. Leung & K.H. Mok
A Comparison of the Performance of Different Types of Raft Foundation
in Soft Ground
R.C. Chown & M.S. Crilly

391

397

Fast Pre-loading of Soft Soils with Enforced Drainage

A.J. Grashuis

403

Settlement and Drainage Analysis of the Franeker Bridge Embankments, The Netherlands
U.F.A. Karim, H. van Meekeren, R. Feenstra & J. van den Adel

407

Design of a Large Soil Box for Studying Soil-nail Interaction in Loose Fill
C.F. Lee, K.T. Law, L.G. Tham, Z.Q. Yue & S.M. Iunaideen

413

VIII

Case Study on the Influence of Soft Clay Addressing Continuously Retaining Wall in Deep
Excavation
M.T. Liang, C.F. Hsiao, K.Y. Chang, L.C. Chuang & J.C. Chang

419

Behaviour of an Embankment on Soft Irish Estuarine Silt

M. Long & C. Ruiz

423

Settlement Behavior of Pleistocene Marine Clay Deposits due to Reclamation in Osaka Bay
T. Matsui, K. Oda, M. Mimura, K. Takeda, K. Yamamoto, T. Fujiwara & S. Suwa

429

Stability Control of Embankments on Built on Soft Clays

J.R.M.S. Oliveira & M.S.S. Almeida

435

A Case Study - Soil Nailing Wall in Soft Soil

Y. Yang, L.G. Tham, P.K.K. Lee & Y Tsui

441

A High Speed Expressway Embankment Built over Very Soft Alluvial Clay in Malaysia
7:5. Yee & K.S. Soo

447

Soil Improvement Technique

A Modification Scheme Reforming Original Unqualified Piles as Composite Foundation
S.X. Chen, S.Y. Chen, G.S. Liu & X. Tan
Effect of Vacuum Preloading and Road Base Surcharge on the Lateral Displacement of
Surrounding Soil in Highway Ground Improvement
Z.L. Dong, XL. Zhen & M.M.K. Kan
Coastal Soft Clay Improvements Using Preloading - A Case Study
A. Fakher, M. Khodaparast & B. Pahlavan
A Simple Method to Predict the Relationship between Load and Settlement in a Typical
Pile-soil System of Composite Ground
W.F. Huang, G.X. Li & K. Ugai

453

459
465

471

Application of Jet Grouting for Retaining Walls on Deep Excavations

S. Jaritngam

477

Horizontal Jet-mixing Method for Ground Improvement

K. Oda, S. Kaji, K. Nakajima & K. Nakagawa

483

Improving Clayey Soils with Fly Ash

B.R. Phani Kumar, S.Nagareddayya, B. Santhi Sri & R.S. Sharma

489

Design of Soft Clay Reinforcement beneath Unpaved Roads and Embankments

M. Srbulov

493

Underwater Vacuum Consolidation of Dredged Silt - A Case Study

W.F. Van Impe, J. Van Mieghem, S. Vandycke & P.O. Van Impe

499

The Effect of Dynamic Tamping on the Seismic Resistance of Loess Ground

L.M. Wang, J. Wang & Z.X. Yuan

507

Consolidation Behaviour of a Soft Soil Foundation Improved Using DJM Method

J.G. Zhu, Y Yan & J.H Yin

513

IX

Embankment
Improving Expandable Embankment Fill Using Quick Lime
X.M. Chen & S.L. Li

521

Dredged Fill Treatment Using Horizontal Wick Drains with Vibrating Roller Compaction
K.S. He & Z.J. Shen

525

The Use of Scrap Rubber Tires for Building Embankment on Soft Soil Ground
K.M. Lee, B.K.W. Cheung, G.F. Zhu & K. Tang

531

Reducing Settlement of Foundation on Soft Soil Ground Using Structural Piles and Stone
Columns
C. Zhou, J.H Yin, S.S. Chen, J.P. Ming & T.L. Chen

537

Chemical Stabilisation and Modification

Triaxial Testing of Kaolin-Cement Mixture: Laboratory Program and Preliminary Results
S.J. Banks, D.H Chan, K.H. Lee & K.C. Lam

545

Shear Strength of Peaty Soil-Cement Mixes

D.T. Eriktius, E.C. Leong & H Rahardjo

551

Modification and Stabilisation of Malaysian Cohesive Soils with Lime

557

K.C. Kok&K.A. Kassim

Geotechnical Characteristics of Cemented Mine Tailings
R.M. Rankine, K.J. Rankine, N. Sivakugan, W. Karunasena & M. Bloss

563

Material Behaviour
Water Plant Sludge Characterization for Geotechnical Applications
H. Azo, S. Kiyama, S. Aoyama & A. Kobayashi

569

KO-Undrained Shear Strength Ratio of Normally Consolidated Clays from CIUC Tests
R. Belviso, A. Federico & M. Popescu

575

An Experimental Study on Stress-strain Behavior of Soft Clay along Decreasing Average

Normal Stress Paths
S.Y. Chen, H Zhang & R.T. Zhang
Characterization of a Reclaimed Land Site in Singapore
M. Karthikeyan, G.R. Dasari, T.S.Tan, P.W.Lam, Y.H. Loh, J. Wei & M. Mimura
Comparative Analysis of Engineering Properties for Two Types of Offshore Soft Soils in
Qiong Zhou Strait
L.W.Kong, R. Wang, H.B. Lu & A.G. Guo

581
587

593

The Engineering Performance of Crusted Soft

T.A. Newson & K.J.L. Stone

599

Behaviour of a Reconstituted Soft Rock

E. William, T.S. Hull &D.W. Airey

607

Test Analysis of Degradation Behavior of Saturated Soft Clay After Cyclic Loading
H.B. Zhou, Z.C. Chen & M.Z. Wu

613

Theoretical Analysis and Development

Acoustic Emissions in the Cone Penetration Tests of Soils
H.W. Chang & N.Liang

619

Nonlinear Shear Viscosity of Clayey Soils Over Different Time Scales

D. Ding, J. Li & DC. Helm

623

Visco-elasticity Seismic Response Analysis of Soft Soil in Hangzhou Region

Y.F. Gao, H.L. Liu, W.Z. Zhu & M.C. Liu

629

Statistical Modeling for Potential Landslide Zone Evaluation

N. Gurung & KM. Neaupane

635

A Secondary Compression Model of Quasi Pre-consolidated Clays

H. Shirako, A. Tonosaki, M. Akaishi & Y.F. Dafalias

639

Three Limiting Results for Biot's Theory of Soil Consolidation

643

Z.Q. Yue&C.F.Lee
Anisotropy of Shear Strength of Layered Rocks and Determination of Shear Failure Plane
Y.J. Zhang, Y.P. Liu & C.Y. Xiong

649

Elastic Visco - plastic and Damaging Analysis of Structured Soil

C. Zhou, J.H. Yin, T.L. Chen, S.S. Chen & Z.J. Shen

655

Mini-symposium on Marine Clay

Compressibility Characteristics of a Portuguese Soft Deposit
P.A.L.F. Coelho & L.J.L. Lemos
The Shear Strength and Consolidation Behaviour of Reconstituted
Singapore Marine Clay
J. Chu, B.H. Keng, Y.H. Lee & C.L. Gan

663

669

Geotechnical Review of Soft Quaternary Ariake Clay

N.G. Gurung, J. Gunatilake & Y. Iwao

675

Fabric Features of Some Coastal Soft Soil Deposits from Peninsular Malaysia
A.N. Hussein & A. McGown

679

Evaluation of a Rational Multistage Triaxial Test Method on the Strength Parameters of

Hong Kong Marine Clay
P.K.K. Lee, Y.M. Lam & W.H. Wong

683

Compressibility Characteristics of Peaty Soils

J.L. Tan, E.C. Leong & H. Rahardjo

689

Geotechnical Engineering Properties of Hong Kong Marine Clays

A.T. Yeung & S.T.C. So

695

Author index

701

XI