RS 485 :

- Chun RS-232 dng ng truyn khng cn bng v cc tn hiu u ly im

chun l ng mass chung, do tc truyn v khong cch truyn b gii
hn. Khi cn tng khong cch v tc truyn phng php dng hai dy tr
nn hu hiu hn v hai dy c t tnh ging nhau, tn hiu truyn i l hiu s
in p gia hai dy. Do , loi tr c nhiu chung.
- Tn hiu t my tnh theo chun RS-232 c mc in p l 12V phi i
sang mc TTL 0 -> 5V dng vi mch MAX 232, sau tn hiu n c i sang
tn hiu vi sai dng vi mch MAX 485. in p vi sai phi ln hn 200mV. Nu Vab
> 200mV ta coi nh logic 1 c truyn cn nu Vab < -200mV th logic0 c
truyn.
- Truyn RS-485 l cng ngh truyn c s dng thng xuyn bi
PROFIBUS. Cc lnh vc ng dng bao gm tt c cc lnh vc m trong cn
lp t khng t tin, n gin v truyn tc cao. Ngi ta dng cp ng
xon kp c bc (STP).
- Cng ngh truyn RS-485 th d x l. Lp t cp xon kp (TP) khng
cn kin thc chuyn gia. Kin trc Bus cho php thm v ly i cc trm m
khng lm nh hng n cc trm khc. Nhng m rng sau ny khng lm nh
hng n cc trm ang hot ng.
- Giao tip EIA RS-485 l mt ci tin ca chun RS-422A. c tnh in
ca n ging nh chun RS-422A. RS-485 l chun truyn vi sai, s dng hai dy
cn bng. Vi RS-485 tc truyn c th t n 10Mbs v chiu di cp c th
ln n 1.2km. in p vi sai ng ra t +1.5V -> +5V nu l logic mc 0 v mc
logic 1 s l t -1.5V -> -5V. Mt c im quan trng ca RS-485 l c th cung
cp n 32 Drivers v Receivers trn cng mt ng truyn. iu ny cho php
to thnh mt mng cc b. c kh nng nh vy, ng ra Driver RS-485 phi
l ng ra 3 trng thi. V do mt Slave s trng thi tng tr cao khi n
khng c chn giao tip cng vi Master.
- Ch c mt trm c chn lm Master, cc trm cn li u l Slave.
Master c quyn truyn bt c lc no, n s ch nh mt Slave bt k giao
tip vi n. Slave ch c th truyn sau khi nhn c lnh ca Master. Mi Slave
c mt a ch ring trn ng truyn v s khng c php truyn nu khng
c yu cu t Master..
+ c im :
- P RS _485 l chun giao tip ni tip bt ng b cn bng, s truyn
thng tin trn.
- P dy xon i bn song cng (Half _ Duplex), ngha l ti mt thi im
bt k trn dy truyn ch c th l mt thit b hoc l truyn hoc l nhn.
- RS_485 cho php 32 b truyn trn bus.
- RS_485 c ng ra 3 trng thi.
- RS_485 cho php tc truyn ti a l 10Mbps.
Cch lp t RS-485:
Tt c cc thit b c ni vo cu trc Bus ti a 32 trm (Master hay
Slave) c th c ni vo mt Sement (on). Bus c kt thc bng Bus tch
cc (Active Bus Terminator) u v cui mi Segment. m bo hot ng
khng c li th c u kt thc Bus lun lun c c in.

Mng RS485:
Vic truyn nhn gia PC v cc kit Vi x l, gia cc Vi x l vi nhau c thc
hin thng qua mng theo chun RS485. Di y xin trnh by k v l do ti sao
li chn chun RS-485 cho mng trn v mt s vn cn lu khi s dng
chun RS-485.
Ta dng cng ni tip (cng COM ) thc hin giao tip gia PC vi cc Kit Vi x
l. Cc nh sn xut my tnh chun ho giao tip cho cng ni tip(cng COM)

l chun RS-232. Vo nm 1962 Hip hi cc nh Cng Nghip in T (EIA)

cho ban hnh chun RS-232 p dng cho cng ni tip. Cc ch RS c vit tt
t Recommended Standard (Tiu chun c ngh). Ghp ni qua cng ni
tip theo chun RS-232 l mt trong nhng k thut c s dng rng ri nht
ghp ni cc thit b ngoi vi vi my tnh gia cc my tnh vi nhau. Qua
cng ni tip c ghp ni chut, modem, b bin i AD, cc thit b o lng,
ghp hai my tnhS lng v chng loi cc thit b ngoi vi ghp ni qua cng
ni tip ng hng u trong s cc kh nng ghp ni vi my tnh.
Tuy nhin chun RS-232 ch cho php ghp ni mt-mt, do khng th p
dng cho mng cn thit k. Vic chn mt chun truyn thng khc l cn thit,
v s dng Chun RS-485 l chn la hp l.
Mng s dng chun RS-485 rt a dng: ta c th ghp ni cc PC vi nhau,
hoc gia PC vi cc Vi x l, hoc bt k thit bi truyn thng ni tip bt ng
b no. Khi so snh vi Ethernet v nhng giao din truyn thng theo nhng
chun khc th giao din RS-485 n gin v gi thnh thp hn nhiu.
i vi mt mng Multi-network thc s gm nhiu mch pht v nhn cng ni
vo mt ng dy bus chung, mi node u co th pht v nhn data th RS485
p ng cho yu cu ny. Chun RS-485 cho php 32 mch truyn v nhn cng
ni vo ng dy bus (vi b lp Repeater t ng v cc b truyn nhn tr
khng cao,gii hnh ny c th m rng ln n 256 node mng). Bn cnh
RS-485 cn c th chu c cc xung t data v cc iu kin li trn ng
truyn.
Mt s u im ca RS-485:
- Gi thnh thp:
Cc b iu khin Driver v b nhn Receiver khng t v ch yu cu cung cp
ngun n +5V to ra mc in p vi sai ti thiu 1.5V ng ra vi sai.
- Kh nng ni mng:
RS-485 l mt giao din a im, thay v gii hn hai n v, RS-485 l giao
din c th cung cp cho vic kt ni c nhiu b truyn v nhn. Vi b nhn c
tr khng cao kt hp vi b repeater, RS-485 c th cho kt ni ln n 256
node.
- Kh nng kt ni:
RS-485 c th truyn xa 1200m, tc ln n 10Mbps.Nhng 2 thng s ny
khng xy ra cng lc. Khi tc truyn tng th tc baud gim. V d: khi tc
l 90Kbps th khong cch l 1200m, 1Mbps th khong cch l 120m, cn tc
10Mbps th khong cch l 15m.
S d, RS-485 c th truyn trn mt khong cch ln l do chng s dng ng
truyn cn bng. Mi mt tn hiu s truyn trn mt cp dy, vi mc in p
trn mt dy l in p b (tri d ) vi in p trn dy kia. Receiver s p
ng phn hiu gia cc mc in p
Mt thut ng khc ca ng truyn tn hiu dng ny l vi sai tn hiu.
Khi thc hin trao i thng tin tc cao, hoc qua mt khong cch ln trong
mi trng thc, phng php n cc (single-ended) thng khng thch hp.
Vic truyn dn d liu vi sai (hay tn hiu vi sai cn bng) cho kt qu tt hn
trong phn ln trng hp. Tn hiu vi sai c th loi b nh hng do s thay i
khi ni t v gim nhiu c th xut hin nh in p chung trn mng. Khi
ng dy qua mi trng nhiu, nhiu tc ng ln hai dy l nh nhau. V
Receiver nhn tn hiu bng cch ly chnh lch p gia hai ng dy (vi sai),
nn nhiu c t ng trit tiu. Ngc li, RS-232 dng dy bt cn bng hay
n cc, b nhn p ng theo s khc bit mc in p tn hiu v ng dy
t dng chung (mt giao din bt cn bng c th c nhiu dy t nhng tt c
u c ni li vi nhau). Do tn hiu nhn c Receiver l tn hiu t b
Transmitter cng vi nhiu v st p trn ng dy, iu ny c th lm cho d
liu m Receiver c c b sai lch.
Mt thun li khc trn ng dy cn bng l chng trnh c (trong mt gii
hnh no ) s chnh lch in th trn dy t gia b truyn v b nhn.
Trong mt lin kt di, in th t gia b truyn v b nhn c th chnh lch

nhau. i vi ng dy bt cn bng, iu ny c th lm b nhn c sai tn

hiu vo, nhng i vi ng dy cn bng, s chnh lch ny khng nh hng
g bi b nhn ch phn bit mc logic trn u vo da vo s khc bit gia hai
dy tn hiu.
Trn thc t cc linh kin RS-485 ch chu c s chnh lch in p gia cc t
trong gii hn ch nh trong Datasheet. Mt cch khc kh hoc gim vn
in p t ny l cch ly ng kt ni in th t ca b truyn v b nhn
khng b nh hng ln nhau.
V c kh nng chng nhiu tt nh vy nn chun RS-485 c kh nng truyn d
liu trn mt khong cch xa. Chun TIA/EIA-485 gi hai ng dy vi sai l A v
B. Ti b truyn tn hiu vo c mc logic TTL cao s lm cho mc p trn dy A
dng hn trn dy B, v mc logic thp s lm cho in p trn dy B dng
hn dy A. Ti b nhn, nu mc p trn dy A dng hn dy B th mc logic
TTL s xut ra l cao, ngc li l thp.
Ti b nhn RS-485, tm vi sai u vo A v B ch cn trn 0.2V (tc 200mV).
Nu p ti A ln hn B 0.2V th b nhn s hiu y l mc logic 1, ngc li s
hiu l mc logic 0. Nu chnh lch gia A v B nh hn 0.2V, mc logic s khng
c xc nh. S khc nhau v yu cu in p ti b truyn v b nhn to ra
gii hn nhiu khong 1.3V, tn hiu vi sai c th mo dng hoc c xung
nhiu bng 1.3V v to b nhn vn nhn c ng mc logic. Gii hn nhiu
ny tuy nh hn so vi RS-232 nhng ta nn nh rng tn hiu vi sai ca RS-485
c trit tiu phn ln nhiu t khi mi bt u.
5.1.1.Mng truyn nhn RS-485.
Mng RS-485 c thit k da trn giao thc ch t, hot ng da vo chn
iu khin RTS. Chn RTS c nhim v cho mt node ca mng c php truyn
hoc nhn. iu ny lm cho mng c th d dng trnh c s xung t ng
truyn.
5.1.1.1.Mch chuyn i RS-232 sang RS-485.
R rng l cng Com ca PC thc hin truyn d liu theo chun RS-232, do
ta phi thc hin mt mch chuyn i t chun RS-232 sang chun RS-485.
Mch chuyn i ny phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:
- p ng nhanh
- Hot ng tin cy
- n gin, gi thnh r
Mch thit k c da trn hai IC cn bn l MAX 232 v SN75176B. Max 232 l
IC ca hng Maxim dng chuyn i tn hiu t chun RS-232 sang TTL v
ngc li. SN75176B dng (ca hng Texas Intrument ) chuyn i tn hiu t
RS-485 sang TTL v cng nh t TTL sang RS-485. Ta c th thay Max 232 bng
HIN 232CP, thay SN75176B bng Max 485, LTC 485 hay DS3695.
Khi s dng Max 232 cn lu cc c im sau: v n thc hin chuyn i gia
chun RS-232 sang TTL cho nn p u vo s b i mc u ra.V d: p ra
chn 14 l +12V th chn 11 (ng vo ca chn 14) p s l 0V, ngc li nu ti
chn 14 p l -12V th ti chn 11 l +5V.
Nguyn l hot ng ca mch:
- Tn hiu RS-232 t cng Com ca PC (chn 2,3,7) c a vo ng vo v ra
RS-232 ca Max 232 (chn 14,8 v 13), ng ra v ng vo TTL ca Max 232
(chn 11,9 v 12) s c a vo ng vo v ra TTL ca SN75176B. Ng ra ca
SN75176B (chn 6 v 7) s l tn hiu dng thc RS-485.
- Khi truyn d liu th a chn RTS ln mc cao, chn RE v DE ca SN75176B
s mc cao. RE mc cao s cm nhn, DE tch cc mc cao, do mng
trng thi truyn tn hiu.
- Khi nhn d liu th a chn RTS xung mc thp, chn DE mc thp s cm
truyn, RE mc thp s cho php nhn.
Vi hot ng ca mch chuyn i nh trn th mng ny ch truyn d liu theo
kiu half-duplex.
iu khin truyn nhn c thc hin bng chn RTS. Nh vy, khi PC cn
truyn data, n s kch chn RTS sao cho chn s 3 ca SN75176B ln nc cao v

bt u thc hin truyn d liu. Thc hin truyn d liu xong,chn s 2 ca

SN75176B s c a xung mc thp ch cc tn hiu tr v t cc Slave.
Cng vic s c tip tc nh vy cho n khio kt thc qu trnh truyn nhn.
Tuy nhin do tnh cht v hot ng ca Max 232 v chun RS-232, khi chn 7
ca cng Com (chn RTS ) mc cao th chn 12 ca Max 232 li mc thp,
Truyn nhn ni tip theo chun UART, cc ng truyn TXD v RXD lun bit 1
(5V theo chun TTL). n khi c tn hiu c truyn th ng truyn c h
xung bit 0 ( 0V theo chun TTL) bt u bit START. Chun RS-232 qui nh
bit 1 l mc p thp t -3V n -12V, bit 0 l mc p cao t +3V n +12V.
Chun TTL li qui nh ngc li, bit 1 l mc p cao ( ti a +5V), bit 0 l mc
p thp (thp nht l 0V). Do y ta qui c mc cao l p dng +5V hay
+12V, mc thp l p m -12V hay 0V.
Trong thc t, vic iu khin vic truyn nhn d liu thng c thc hin
bng chn RTS hoc CTS. Do chn 7(RTS )v chn 8(CTS)ca cng Com c
ni vi nhau nhm mc ch lm cho mch thm sinh ng khi s dng. Khi
truyn chn RTS chn s 7 ca cng Com ln mc cao, khi nhn th RTS li xung
mc thp.
Trong khi mch khng thc hin truyn nhn th chn 9 (l chn thc hin vic
truyn d liu dng TTL), chn 10 (l chn thc hin vic nhn d liu ) v
chn 11 ca Max 232 mc cao (+5V) nn chn 14 ca Max 232 li mc thp
v vy Led D4 c phn cc ngc nn khng sng. Led D5 ph thuc vo chn
RTS lc , nu RTS mc cao th D5 sng, RTS mc thp th D5 tt.
Khi thc hin truyn, RTS c kch ln mc cao nn chn 12 ca Max 232 xung
mc thp (0V).Trong khi , chn 14 vn mang p m (do chn 11 lun mc
cao), iu ny lm cho Led D4 b phn cc ngc nn khng sng. Lc ny d
liu vn cha c truyn nn chn 9 vn mc cao v Led D5 sng. Khi d liu
ang c truyn, chn 9 lun mc cao ti bt c bit 1 no, do Led D5 c
dng ch ra rng ti node ny ca mng ang trong trng thi ang truyn
d liu.
Khi thc hin nhn, RTS c a xung mc thp nn chn 12 ca Max 232 ln
mc cao (+5V). Trong khi , chn 9 li mc cao v chn 14 mang p m (do
chn 11 lun mc cao), iu ny lm Led D4 v c Led D5 b phn cc ngc
nn khng sng. Lc ny d liu vn cha c truyn n nn chn 22 lun
mc cao nn c hai Led vn cha sng. Khi d liu ang c nhn, chn 11 lun
mc thp ti bt c bit 0 no, lc chn 14 s mc cao (+12V). Chnh lch
p gia hai u D4 (gia 12V v 5V) lm D4 sng. Do Led D4 c dng
ch rng node ny ca mng trong trng thi ang nhn d liu.
Nh ni trn, khi RTS (chn s 7 ca cng Com) mc cao th chn 12 ca
Max 232 mc thp, do vic chuyn i chn 12 ca Max 232 thnh mc
cao l cn thit thun li cho vic lp trnh iu khin. Trong mch thc hin
(mch thi cng ), khi chn RTS mc cao (+12V) th D2 v D1 u dn. Lc
p anode ca D1 s bng p cathode v bng Vcc=5V. Do /DE mc cao
(5V). Khi RTS mc thp th D1 v D2 khng dn, trong khi D3 dn lm cho
p /DE bng 0V (GND).
SN75176B
RS-485
TRANSCEIVER
SN75176B thc hin vic chuyn i t RS-485 sang TTL v ngc li, cho nn
vic chuyn i t TTL sang RS-485 v ngc li rt n gin.
Nh hnh bn, chn 6 v 7 l 2 chn mang d liu theo chun RS-485. Chn 1
v 4 mang d liu theo chun TTL. Khi truyn d liu TTL t chn 4 (TXD) c
chuyn i thnh dng RS-485 v truyn i chn 6 v 7. Khi nhn d liu t
chn 6 v 7 c chuyn i thnh TTL v a vo chn 1. Chn 2 ) l chn iu
khin vic nhn d liu. tch cc mc thp. Chn 3 (DE) l chn iu khin vic
truyn d liu, DE tch cc mc cao.
5.1.2. Mng RS-485:
Mng RS-485 c thit k hot ng theo nguyn tc Master-Slave(ch -t ).

Mt trm ch (Master) c trch nhim ch ng phn chia quyn truy nhp bus
cho cc trm t Slave. Cc trm t (Slave) ng vai tr b ng, ch c quyn truy
nhp bus v gi tn hiu i khi c yu cu. Trm ch dng phng php hi vng
tun t theo chu k kim sot ton b hot ng ca c h thng.
V hot ng din ra theo chu k nn trm ch c trch nhim ch ng yu cu
ch ng yu cu d liu t trm t v sau chuyn sang trm t khc.
Phng php ny c u im l vic kt ni cc trm t n gin, tn km bi
gn nh ton b cng vic iu khin giao tip u tp trung ti trm ch. Tuy
nhin, phng php ny c hiu sut ng truyn thp. Mc d vy vi yu cu
trao i d liu ca ti th m hnh ny l hp l.
Mc d tn hiu c xc nh bng in p chnh lch gia hai dy dn A v B,
khng c lin quan n t, h thng RS-485 vn cn mt ng dy ni chung
t cho cc trm vi nhau. t ny n thun l im mass, n khng cn phi
ni xung t thc s. Mt sai lm thng gp l ch dng hai dy ni hai
trm. Nu ng ra A v B l thc s cn bng, dng trn dy A s i ngc vi
dy B, nn trit tiu ln nhau. Nhng trong thc t, s cn bng hon ho l
khng tn ti. Trong trng hp nh vy, dng tn hiu s tm cch quay ngc
tr li ngun pht, bc x nhiu ra mi trng xung quanh lm nh hng n
tnh tng thch in t ca h thng. Vic ni t s tao ra mt ng thot c
tr khng nh ti mt v tr xc nh, nh vy gim thiu tc hi gy nhiu.
Do tc truyn thng v chiu di dy dn c th khc nhau rt nhiu trong cc
ng dng, mng RS-485 cn s dng tr u cui ti hai u dy R5,R6. S dng
tr u cui c tc dng chng cc hiu ng ph trong truyn dn tn hiu, v d
s phn x tn hiu. Tr u cui c s dng c gi tr bng tr khng c tnh
ca cp truyn, thng c chn t 10 n 12. Mt sai lm thng gy tc hi
nghim trng l dng ti u cui ti mi trm. V d i vi mt mng c 10
trm th tr khng to ra do cc tr u cui mc song song s l 1. Trong
trng hp ny hu qu gy ra l dng qua cc tr u cui s ln p, cc tn
hiu mang thng tin ti cc b thu s suy yu mnh dn n sai lch hon ton.
C nhiu phng php chn u cui. Ngoi vic dng mt tr ni hai chn A v
B (gi l chn song song), ta cng c th dng mt t C mc ni tip vi mt
in tr (gi l chn RC). Mch RC ny cho php khc phc nhc im ca vic
dng in tr ni trn. Trong lc tn hiu giai on qu , th C ngn mch v
tr R s chn u cui. Khi t C ngng dn th s ngn chn dng mt chiu, do
s khng c s gim ti gy ra do mch chn u cui. Tuy nhin hiu ng
thng thp ca mch RC lm gii hn tc truyn ca mch.
Cc in tr phn cc nhm mc ch gi cho ng truyn lun mt trng thi
khi ng truyn ri. Nh trn s , chn A c ko ln ngun v chn B c
a xung mass, ng truyn lun trng thi bit 1, h thng c th nhn
dng bit START mt cch chnh xc.

chuyn tn hiu t chun TTL sang chun RS485 v ngc li ta s dng IC

MAX485.
MAX485 c thit k cho vic truyn nhn d liu, hot ng tng thch vi
chun RS-232 v chun RS-485. MAX485 bao gm ng truyn v nhn vi sai,
c hai c th hot ng c lp vi nhau, khi khng cho php th ng ra trng
thi tng tr cao. MAX485 gm b pht v b thu, tn hiu vo b pht D logic
TTL i thnh hai tn hiu A v B, khi tn hiu iu khin DE mc thp th hai
chn AB cch ly vi vi mch. Tn hiu vo b thu A v B, tn hiu ra R logic TTL
ty thuc hiu in p gia A v B, khi /RE logic 1 th R cch ly vi vi mch.
c im MAX485:
- Chun EIA.
- Tc truyn c th ln ti 2.5Mbps.
- Ngun cung cp 5V.
- Bo v qu nhit v ngn mch.

- Thi gian tr truyn l 10ns v khi nhn l 20ns.

- Cho php kt ni 32 trm trn bus.
- Nhit hot ng t -40C n 85C.
Chc nng cc chn max485:
Bng s 3.7.
Chn Tn Chc nng
1 RO Ng ra b thu
Nu A>B l 200mV, RO cao
Nu A<B l 200mV, RO thp
2 /RE Cho php ng ra b thu
RO c cho php kho /RE thp
RO l tr khng cao khi /RE l cao
3 DE Cho php ng ra pht:
Cc ng ra pht A v B c cho php khi DE cao
Cc ng ra pht A v B l tr khng cao khi DE thp
4 DI Ng vo b pht:
DI thp th A thp v B cao
DI cao th A cao v B thp
5 GND Ni mass
6 A Ng vo b thu v ng ra b pht u khng o.
7 B Ng vo b thu v ng ra b pht u o.
8 VCC Ngun cung cp 4.75V<Vcc<5.25V.