Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The copyright in this manual and its accompanying software are the property of Softbits
Consultants Ltd with all rights reserved. Both this manual and the software have been
provided pursuant to a License Agreement containing restrictions on use.
Softbits Consultants Ltd reserves the right to make changes to this manual or its
accompanying software without obligation to notify any person or organisation.
No part of this manual may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval
system or translated into any other language in any form or by any means, or disclosed to
third parties without the prior written consent of Softbits Consultants Ltd.
WARRANTY
Softbits Consultants Ltd or its agents will replace any defective manual, program disks
within 90 days of purchase of the product providing that proof of purchase is evident.
Neither Softbits Consultants Ltd nor its agents or dealers make any warranty, implied or
otherwise, with respect to the software or results generated by the software.
This program is intended for use by a qualified engineer to aid the design and analysis of
flare systems. The results calculated by this program may not be reliable if the input data
has not been appropriately specified or if the program is used without regard to its
documented limitations.
It is the responsibility of the user to interpret the results generated by this program. Softbits
Consultants Ltd shall bear no liability for special, indirect, incidental, consequential,
exemplary or punitive damages arising from use of this software.
The governing law of this warranty shall be that of England.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Softbits Consultants Ltd would like to thank Mr. John F. Straitz III and the National Airoil
Company and GBA Ltd of Slough for assistance with some algorithms within the software.
Windows XP, Vista and Windows 7 are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
Copyright Softbits Consultants Ltd, 1989, 1990, 2002, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2013
Table of Contents
1 Introduction.................................................. 1-1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
Program Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
Documentation Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14
3 Interface........................................................ 3-1
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Menu Bar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Multiple Case Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Tool Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
Log Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15
File Dialogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16
About View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21
Radiation Limits View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-22
Flaresim Update View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23
4.3
4.4
4.5
6 Environment................................................. 6-1
6.1
6.2
10 Shields........................................................ 10-1
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
2
13 KO Drums................................................... 13-1
13.1
13.2
17.7
17.8
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-36
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-38
Introduction
1-1
1 Introduction
Page
1.1
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2
Program Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.3
Flaresim Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Object Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Running a Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Documentation Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1-1
1-2
1-2
Introduction
1-3
1-3
1-4
Features
1.1 Features
The following features highlight the main capabilities of Flaresim.
Equally applicable to the design of flare systems for offshore
platforms, gas plants, refineries and chemical plants.
Data may be entered and reported in the users choice of units
and may be converted at any time.
Correlations are available for modelling a range of flare tips
including sonic tips, pipeflare tips and steam or air assisted tips.
For assisted flares the quantity of steam or air required for
smokeless operation can be calculated.
A number of correlations are provided to predict the fraction of
heat radiated from flames of a range of hydrocarbon fluids with
different types of flare tip.
Liquid flaring systems can be handled.
A wide range of algorithms for calculation of thermal radiation.
These include integrated multipoint methods and the Chamberlain (Shell) method in addition to the Hajek/Ludwig and
Brzustowski/Sommer methods which are described in the API
guidelines for flare system design.
Full three dimensional flame shape analysis with complete flexibility in specification of the location and orientation of multiple
stacks.
Thermodynamic flash routines from NIST to calculate change in
fluid properties with pressure.
Dynamic calculation option to evaluate results as flare flows
vary with time.
1-4
Introduction
1-5
1-5
1-6
Features
1-6
Introduction
1-7
1-7
1-8
Program Overview
1-8
Introduction
1-9
1-9
1-10
Program Overview
dynamic view that allows the variation in flare flow with time to be
defined and modeled.
Receptor Points
Multiple receptor point objects can be defined and then set active or
ignored in a set of calculations. Receptor point data includes
location, characteristics for surface temperature calculation and
constraints for sizing calculations. Receptor point objects provide
access to results calculated for the point. The effect of wind speed
and direction on the radiation can also be calculated and displayed
as a wind rose plot. Receptor point objects also provide a dynamics
view that displays the variation of results as the flare flow varies
with time.
Receptor Grids
Multiple receptor grid objects can be defined and then activated or
ignored in a set of calculations. Receptor grid data includes
orientation, location and coarseness data as well as characteristics
for surface temperature calculations. Receptor grid objects provide
access to their calculated results including contour plots of radiation,
noise, surface temperature and gas dispersion.
Assist Fluids
Multiple assist fluid objects may be defined and selected for one or
more flare tips. Data includes assist fluid type and calculation
method to be used.
Shields
Multiple shield objects may be defined to model the reduction in
radiation and noise through the installation of water sprays and solid
shields. The transmissivity of water sprays can be specified by the
user or calculated using an internal correlation. Shields can also be
defined to model burn pits or protective locations.
Dispersions
Multiple dispersion objects may be defined to model the dispersion
of combustion gases and flare fluids over long distances using a
Gaussian dispersion model. Either concentration contour plots for a
single pollutant or a downwind plot for multiple pollutants can be
calculated.
1-10
Introduction
1-11
Overlays
Overlay objects allow simple drawings to be created to act as
background pictures for contour plots produced by the Receptor
Grid and Dispersion objects.
KO Drums
KO Drum objects may be defined to perform Sizing and Rating
calculations for knock out drums. Vapour and liquid properties can
be entered directly or a composition specified to allow them to be
calculated by the NIST flash package. Calculations may be run for
either horizontal or vertical drums with a variety of end types. Either
API or GPSA settling velocity correlations can be selected.
Case Studies
Case study objects can be created to run comparitive calculations to
be run alongside the main calculation case. Two types of Case Study
are available. A discrete input Case Study allows a set of input
variables to be selected and case by case values defined.. An
incremental input Case Study allows values for one or two input
variables to be varied in steps over a range of values. Any result
variable can be selected for output in either type of Case Study.
Calculation Options
A single calculation options object defines the correlations to be
used in the calculations. It also provides for control of stack sizing
options, heat transfer options to be used for temperature calculations
and default emissions data. A data fitting option is also available.
Component Management
A component library manager object allows maintenance of the pure
component database.
1-11
1-12
Program Overview
1-12
Introduction
1-13
and Save As
1-13
1-14
Documentation Overview
Getting Started
2-1
2 Getting Started
Page
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5
2.1.6
2.1.7
2.1.8
2.1.9
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
2.3
Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Model Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Initial Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sizing Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Run Sizing Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
24
30
32
33
Using Shields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.5
2.3.6
2.4
35
37
37
39
41
43
Using Overlays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2-1
2-2
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.5
Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.6
KO Drum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.8.1
2.8.2
2-2
Gas Dispersion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.7.1
2.7.2
2.7.3
2.7.4
2.7.5
2.7.6
2.8
Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.6.1
2.7
Getting Started
2-3
2-3
2-4
18 in
Wind Velocity
20 mph
2-4
1.
2.
Getting Started
2-5
New or the New File icon on the tool bar to create a new
case with the Setup Wizard.
3.
In the opening view of the Setup Wizard, set the unit set to
Default Field as shown. Then click the Next button to move
to the Fluid definition tab.
4.
2-5
2-6
2-6
Getting Started
2-7
In the Tip tab, select the radio button to set the tip type to a
Pipe Tip. In the table including the selection of F Factor
method, select the check box to select the Generic Pipe
method.
The F Factor, i.e. the fraction of heat radiated by the flame,
is a critical design parameter for flare system design. The
Generic Pipe correlation has been developed to predict F
Factors across a range of exit velocities and fluid molecular
weights and is generally recommended for initial calculations. For final designs, we would always recommend consulting a flare system vendor for advice on the appropriate F
Factor for a specific fluid and specific flare tip.
6.
Still in the Tip tab, enter the Fluid Mass Flow Rate as
100,000 lb/hr. After this entry has been completed, the Tip
Diameter field is updated to show the tip diameter required
for the default Mach number of 0.45. In our case we know
the tip diameter is 18 in so we update the calculated value to
18 in. The Mach number will be updated to 0.199 to
indicate the velocity for the new diameter.
When complete the view should be as shown in Figure 2-3.
Click the Next button to move to the next tab.
2-7
2-8
7.
In the next tab, the Environment tab, enter the wind speed.
Since the value we have been given is 20 mph, we first click
the entry displaying ft/s and select mph in the drop down
menu before entering the value. If we wish to see the value
in ft/s, click again in the units entry and select ft/s to display
the converted value of 29.33 ft/s.
The remaining items can be left at their default values
namely Wind Direction as 0 (i.e. North), Temperature 59
F, Humidity 10% and the User Transmissivity 1.0, with
the Transmissivity Method set to User specified. Note this
default transmissivity method with a specified transmissivity value of 1.0 is the most conservative option.
The final input is to remove the tick from the check box
labelled Include Solar Radiation which means that the
2-8
Getting Started
2-9
specified solar radiation value will NOT be added to the calculated value of flare radiation.
Including solar radiation leads to a more conservative
design. API 521 states that its inclusion should be considered on a case by case basis. Solar radiation can have a significant impact on the flare design when low radiation
values are considered. Since we are considering a low
design radiation for the Helideck, in this case we will
exclude solar radiation for this example.
The completed view is shown as Figure 2-4. Click the Next
button to continue.
Figure 2-4, Setup Wizard Environment Tab
2-9
2-10
8.
In the Stack tab, select the radio button to set the Vertical
Orientation to 60 degrees from horizontal. Then set the
Stack Horizontal Orientation angle to 0 (i.e. North). The
Stack Length will be left unspecified to let Flaresim
calculate it.
Click the Next button to continue
9.
Getting Started
2-11
11.
2-12
12.
2-12
Getting Started
2-13
2-13
2-14
Finally open the Receptor summary view by double clicking the Receptor Point branch label in the Case Navigator.
As shown below, the Radiation Results line shows that our
design radiation limit of 600 btu/h/ft2 has been met for the
Helideck receptor, while the radiation value at the Stack
Base receptor is lower than its allowed value limit at 767
btu/hr/ft2.
2-14
Getting Started
2-15
14.
This completes our initial design. Save the case as Ex1 Offshore - Initial Results.
16.
2-15
2-16
When you are happy with the options you have chosen click
the Print button to send the report to your default printer.
The standard Printer Dialog view will appear to allow the
printer and other options to be selected.
2-16
Getting Started
2-17
3.
4.
After the Tip View opens, enter the following data on the
Details tab:
Name = Sonic Tip
Tip Type = Sonic
Number of Burners = 1
Seal Type = None
Fraction Heat Radiated Method = High Efficiency
5.
On the Noise Input tab of the Tip view enter the following
data:
Combustion Noise Method = Standard Reference.
2-17
2-18
6.
7.
8.
At this point, the Status Text at the bottom of the Tip view
should indicate that the tip data is complete. Close the view.
9.
2-18
Getting Started
11.
12.
13.
Save the new design to a new case name, Ex1 - Offshore Sonic Tip Results.
14.
Generate a report for this new case using the Print tool bar
button.
2-19
2-19
2-20
16.
17.
Still in the Tip Data - Results section of the reports find the
flame length. For the Pipe flare design this is 173 ft, while
for the Sonic flare design the flame length is 88ft. Note that
the flame length calculated by the API method is the same
in both cases.
Sonic flare tips by their design and by their greater gas exit
velocities lead to a flame shape that is shorter and stiffer
compared to that of a pipe flare. As a result the flame is less
affected by wind and stays closer to the tip and thus further
from the platform. This can be seen most clearly by comparing the 3D plot of the Flame Shape in the reports.
Finally in the Tip Results section of the reports, find the tip
back pressure i.e. tip inlet pressure. For the Pipe flare this is
14.7 psi while for the Sonic flare it is 26.0 psi.
2-20
Getting Started
2-21
2-21
2-22
Documents]\Softbits\Flaresim 4.0), select the file Ex1 Offshore - Sonic Tip Results.fswand click the Open button.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Open the Stack view for the Main Stack. The new length
calculated for the stack is 96ft.
2-22
Getting Started
7.
2-23
Open the Tip view for the Pipe tip. You will see on the
Details tab that the fraction of heat radiated from this tip has
been calculated as 0.38 whereas before it was 0.35. The
reason for this is the greatly reduced velocity, 0.02 mach,
through the tip which reduces the tips efficiency. For
efficient operation the velocity should be 0.2 mach or
higher.
9.
10.
11.
Our two tip design is complete so save the case as Ex1 Offshore - Final Results.
2-23
2-24
2.
3.
4.
5.
On the Properties tab of the Fluid view that opens enter the
following data:
Name = Flare Gas GPF
Calculation Method = REFPROP
Temperature = 160 C
Pressure = 1.5 bar a
6.
2-24
Getting Started
2-25
0.20
0.20
0.30
0.10
0.15
0.02
0.02
0.01
2-25
2-26
8.
9.
10.
2-26
Getting Started
11.
2-27
12.
13.
2-27
2-28
On the Noise Input tab of the Tip view, enter the following
data:
Combustion Noise Method = Standard Reference.
15.
16.
17.
2-28
Getting Started
2-29
2-29
2-30
19.
2-30
Getting Started
2-31
We are now ready to review the results. Open the "LP Flare"
view and go to the Sterile Area tab. The distances to meet
each of the specified radiation limits are displayed on the
table as shown below in Figure 2-15.
22.
2-31
2-32
23.
2-32
Getting Started
2.
3.
Open the "LP Flare" view and enable the Size This Stack
check box under the Details tab.
4.
5.
2-33
Hit the Calculate button. The log panel is red indicating that
there is an error in the calculations. The flare height needs to
be higher than the maximum height set by default.
2-33
2-34
7.
8.
Check the results. Open the "LP Flare" view, the stack
height has been increased to 106m to meet the 4.7 kW/m2 at
head height. The location of the maximum radiation point
(at 2m of elevation) is displayed in the Max Radiation tab of
"Grid @ Head Height". The location of this point is at 51m
downwind as shown below.
2-34
9.
10.
Finally open the Sterile Area tab under the "LP Flare" view.
The 4.7 kW/m2 limit shows a distance indicating that this
value is reached. This is due to the sterile area calculation
using a different solver routine to the sizing calculation.
Increase the radiation limit to 4.701 kW/m2 and recalculate
to remove this discrepancy.
11.
Getting Started
2-35
2.
3.
2-36
Using Shields
5.
In the Case Navigator, select the Tips branch and click the
Add button to create and view a new Tip object. Name it
Welltest Tip and enter the following data;
Details tab
Tip Type = Welltest,
Number of Burners = 3,
Fraction Heat Radiated Method = User Specified
Specified Fraction Heat Radiated = 0.3
All other values should be left at their defaults.
Location & Dimensions tab
On Stack = Welltest Boom,
Length = 0ft,
Angle to Horizontal = 0 deg,
Angle from North = 180 deg.
Exit Diameter = 4 in
Note the burner length and orientation fields serve to locate
the precise location of the flame and the initial flame
2-36
Getting Started
2-37
8.
9.
2-38
Using Shields
11.
12.
13.
2-38
Getting Started
2-39
14.
The Shield view should now show that the shield data setup
is complete. Run the updated case and inspect the results.
The radiation value at the base of the welltest burner stack
has been reduced to an acceptable value of 264 btu/hr/ft2.
The radiation isopleth for the Receptor Grid, Grid 1 clearly
shows the effect of the shield, see Figure 2-19..
15.
2-40
Using Shields
2.
3.
4.
5.
2-40
Getting Started
2-41
7.
8.
2-41
2-42
Using Shields
10.
Open the Grid @ Head Height receptor grid and view the
radiation isopleth plot. The shield sections representing the
workshop will be shown on the plot but are rather small.
Click the Zoom button and when the zoom cursor icon
appears, click and drag around the workshop region. The
expanded plot is shown below.
Getting Started
11.
2-43
2-44
Using Shields
13.
14.
15.
16.
2-44
Getting Started
2-45
2.
3.
2-45
2-46
Using Overlays
4.
and zoom
out
buttons to resize the view until you can see the full
drawing. Check the Show Stacks check box to display the
location of the stack in the drawing to act as a guideline.
Note this will not form part of the drawing.
5.
6.
7.
8.
2-46
Getting Started
2-47
The overlay picture is now complete and should look something like the view below.
Figure 2-22, Completed Overlay
9.
2-47
2-48
Using Overlays
10.
2-48
Getting Started
2.
3.
2-49
File Dimensions
Northing Minimum = 0m
Northing Maximum = 300m
Easting Minimum = 0m
Easting Maximum = 400m
Location of Flaresim Origin in File
Northing = 247.8m
Easting = 179.2m
4.
5.
Reselect the Details radio button and make sure the Show
Overlay check box is enabled. Hit the Calculate button and
move to the Radiation tab. You should see your overlay
displayed together with the isopleths as shown below.
2-49
2-50
Using Overlays
6.
2-50
Getting Started
2-51
3.
Open the view for Stack 1. Clear the check box labelled
Size this Stack and set the stack length to 90 ft, the final
size calculated in the Ex1 sizing example. Finally, clear the
Ignored check box to activate calculations for the stack.
2-51
2-52
Case Study
4.
5.
Run the case and open the Receptor Points summary view
to confirm that the radiation values for the Stack Base and
Helideck are 1494 and 574 btu/h/ft2 respectively.
6.
7.
8.
2-52
Getting Started
2-53
Object = Environment
Name = Environment 1
Variable = Use Solar Radiation
Object = Environment
Name = Environment 1
Variable = Transmissivity Method
After selecting the final variable click the Cancel button to
close the Variable select view
9.
Case
Use Solar
Radiation
Transmissivity
Method
Case 0
No
User Specified
Case 1
Yes
User Specified
Case 2
No
CalcNoLimits
Case 3
Yes
CalcNoLimits
Case 4
90.0
No
User Specified
10.
Select the Case description entries one by one and edit the
default name (Case 0 etc) to more descriptive names:
Base Case
inc Solar
inc Transmissivity
inc Solar + Trans
Cross Wind
11.
Select the Result Variables tab and click the Add Variable
button. Using the Select Variable view that appears, select
the following two variables
2-53
2-54
Case Study
At this point the status display for the Case Study should
indicate that it is ready to calculate. Click the Calculate
button. Check in the status panel that the Case Study
calculations have run. If not, check that they are enabled in
the Calculation Options view.
13.
Open the Results tab of the Case Study view to see the
summary of the input values used and the corresponding
radiation values calculated. This table can be exported to
Excel or a .CSV file by clicking the Export button for easy
inclusion in a report.
14.
Click the Plots tab. In the Variables grid, select the two
radiation results variables by clicking the check boxes
adjacent to them. Select the variable name cells and edit
them to shorter names:
Stack Base
Helideck
2-54
15.
In the Cases grid select all the cases. A bar chart allowing
comparison of the results will be generated. Expand this as
required to allow the full name of the cases to be displayed.
The generated plot is shown in Figure 2-26 below
16.
Getting Started
17.
2-55
2-55
2-56
Case Study
4.
Enter data in the Input Variables tab of the new Case Study
view as follows:
Name = Rad. vs Dist. DW @ Head Height
Study Type = Study Incremental Values
5.
6.
2-56
Getting Started
7.
2-57
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
2-57
2-58
Case Study
2-58
Getting Started
2.6
2-59
Dynamics
3.
2-60
Dynamics
4.
5.
6.
Enter the following flow against time for this tip on the
Input Data tab.
button to
Flow lb/hr
0
0.0
5.0
90,000.0
10.0
90,000.0
60.0
66,000.0
100.0
44,000.0
300.0
11,000.0
900.0
0.0
Note the table will have a single blank row at the start.
Additional rows will be added automatically as you enter
the data. If you miss a row, it can be added at the end of the
table; the data supplied will be sorted into time order when
the case is calculated.
7.
2-60
Getting Started
Time s
8.
2-61
Flow lb/hr
0
0.0
20.0
0.0
30.0
10,000.0
50.0
10,000.0
300.0
2,200.0
900.0
2,200.0
You are now ready to run the case with the dynamics
calculation options. Open the Calculation Options view and
ensure the Run Dynamics check box is selected.
Click the Calculate button
9.
10.
11.
12.
2-62
Dynamics
14.
These results show how the radiation rises and then begins
dropping as the flow to the sonic tip passes its peak at
around 20 s. The radiation then rises again as the flow from
the pipe tip rises.
2-62
Getting Started
2-63
The dynamic analysis has shown that the peak radiation values are of short duration. However any decision as to
whether the total radiation experienced would be acceptable
should consider the full duration of the flaring event. For
example, the plot above shows radiation values at the Stack
Base remaining above 1000 btu/h/ft2 for approx 170 s.
15.
16.
17.
18.
2-63
2-64
Gas Dispersion
Mechanical Data
Tip Type
Tip diameter
Tip length
Stack location
Stack length
Stack orientation
Pipe
387.4mm (15.25in)
1m
At origin, 0, 0, 0
20m
Vertical
Environment Data
Temperature
Wind
2-64
15 C
10 m/s from North
Getting Started
2-65
Our objective will be to analyse the gas dispersion around the flare
in normal operation and flame out conditions.
If you wish to build the case from scratch then, either select
the File - New menu option, or click the
icon in the tool
bar. The Setup Wizard will appear.
Select the European units set on the opening page for easy
of entering the remaining data. Work through the Fluid, Tip,
Environment and Stack tabs entering the data defined
above. Once you have entered the Stack data, you can click
the Finish button to accept the default data for Receptors
and Calculation options. Skip to step 3.
2.
2-65
2-66
Gas Dispersion
5.
2-66
Getting Started
2-67
In your Elevation grid view, go to the Extent tab and set the
number of calculated points to 51 for both Elevation and
Northing dimensions. Click the Calculate button again.
Return to the Concentrations tab and you should see a more
accurate result. Save the case as Ex7 - Jet Dispersion.fsw.
8.
2-67
2-68
Gas Dispersion
9.
10.
Select the Results tab and then the Plot option for the
display. The plot shows the ground level concentration
contours for H2S downwind of the stack as shown below
11.
2-68
Getting Started
2-69
You will see that the H2S concentrations are higher closer to
the flare when atmosphere is more turbulent and when
urban terrain classification is used. The sensitivity of the
results to these parameters shows the necessity of selecting
the appropriate environment settings for your particular
flare location.
Save the case as Ex7 - Gaussian Dispersion - Contour.fsw
13.
2-70
Gas Dispersion
15.
Open the Environment view and set the Atm. Stability Class
to PasquillB.
Click the Calculate button.
16.
2-70
Getting Started
2-71
17.
2-71
2-72
Gas Dispersion
2-72
Getting Started
2-73
2.8 KO Drum
This tutorial shows how to design a new KO Drum using the sizing
mode. We will then adjust this preliminary design to fit the
manufacturer available sizes and run a rating calculation to confirm
this new design meets the sizing criteria.
icon to create a
2.
3.
2-73
2-74
KO Drum
4.
Move to the Vessel Data tab and change the Initial Liquid
level to 15% (this accounts for the slop and drain volume).
Leave the other fields at their default values.
Note that either L/D or diameter can be specified. The
former is more common in new designs.
5.
6.
7.
2-74
Getting Started
2-75
Copy the existing KO Drum object and rename the new one
"KO Drum - Final".
9.
10.
2-75
2-76
KO Drum
12.
2-76
Interface
3-1
3 Interface
Page
3.1
Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2
Menu Bar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3
3.4
Tool Bars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.5
Log Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.6
File Dialogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4
16
18
19
20
3.7
About View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.8
3.9
3-1
3-2
3-2
Interface
3-3
The Flaresim interface has been designed to give you a great deal of
flexibility in the way in which you enter, modify and view the data
and results which comprise your flare models. This chapter
describes the various components of the Flaresim interface. If you
need help with any particular task, the on-line help can give you
step-by-step instructions.
3.1 Terminology
The following view of the Flaresim screen shows most of the
interface components that you will encounter.
Figure 3-1, Flaresim Screen
Popup menu
3-3
3-4
Terminology
Menu Bar
The menu bar provides access to various program functions that are
not specific to a particular Case. The options are described in more
detail in section 3.2.
Tool Bars
The tool bar is a row of icons that provide quick access to the more
commonly used program functions. Flaresim has one tool bar for the
main program and each Case has a tool bar with options specific to
it in the Case Navigator. The options are described in more detail in
section 3.4.
3-4
Interface
3-5
3-6
Terminology
The units initially displayed by an Input Table are the default units
defined through the Preferences View, see section 4.4. The current
units for an individual value can be reselected at any time to display
the value converted to that unit. The current displayed unit will be
used to convert any number input to the internal units used by
Flaresim. When an Input Table is completely refreshed e.g.
following a calculation, the default units will be displayed again.
This allows values to be entered in a mixture of units.
For example in a field expecting a wind speed value when the
default unit display is ft/s you can enter a value of 20 mph by first
changing the displayed unit to mph and then entering the value of
20. The displayed unit will be reset to ft/s and the converted value
of 29.33 ft/s will be displayed when the Input Table is next
refreshed.
All new values are checked as they are entered to ensure that they lie
between minimum and maximum values. The range limits used are
intended to prevent entry of unreasonable values that would cause
calculations failures but are relatively broad to allow maximum
flexibility in the use of Flaresim. The fact that any given value falls
within the range allowed by Flaresim does not mean that the value
is appropriate for any given calculation - the validity of the values
entered is the responsibility of the user.
Drop Down List Box
This type of edit box provides a downward pointing arrow to the
right which may be clicked to allow a choice to be made from a set
of options.
Check Box
A check box is used to select options that can be either on or off.
Clicking a check box once will display a tick in the box indicating
that the option is on, also known as setting the check box. Clicking
the box again will clear the tick indicating that the option is off.
Radio Buttons
Radio buttons are used to select one option from a group of mutually
exclusive options. Clicking one radio button in a group will select
that option and automatically deselect all the other options.
3-6
Interface
3-7
Scroll Bars
Where a list or a view is not large enough to display all the items
required scroll bars will appear. The up and down arrows may be
clicked to move through the view to display all the items.
3-7
3-8
Menu Bar
The Menu Bar provides access to the Flaresim program actions. The
row of main menu items at the top of the main Flaresim window
provides access to drop down menus as shown in Figure 3-2.
Main menu items are selected by clicking on them or by holding
down the Alt key and first letter of the menu name. Once the submenu has opened the sub-menu items can be selected by clicking
them or by using the up and down arrow keys and then hitting enter.
Menu items may also have a shortcut key combination displayed
against them which can be used to select the action without using the
menu.
Flaresim provides the following menu items.
3-8
Interface
Main Menu
File
Windows
Sub Menu
3-9
Description
New
Open
Save Case
Save As
Save All
Print Report
Select
Graphic
Report
Printer
Graphic
Report Page
Settings
Displays dialog to select page size and margins for graphic report output.
Print
Graphic
Report
Preferences
Exit
Recent files
List of recently opened files that can be reopened directly by selecting the name.
New
Window
Cascade
Tile Vertical
Tile
Horizontal
Close All
3-9
3-10
Menu Bar
Main Menu
Help
3-10
Sub Menu
Description
Arrange
Icons
Open
Windows
Contents
Index
Search
Radiation
Limits Info
Technical
Support
Check For
Updates
About
Interface
3-11
3-11
3-12
Tool Bars
3-12
Interface
3-13
This large button starts the calculations for the case. Once
started, the button displays a progress bar for the
calculations. On completion the background colour shows
the status of the calculation results, green for success, red for
failure. A pale orange background indicates that data has
changed since the last calculation.
This icon opens a drop down menu offering a list of objects
that can be added to the case. It is equivalent to selecting the
object type branch in the Navigator tree view and clicking
the Add button.
This icon saves the case. If the case has an name and has
already been saved it will be overwritten. If it is a new case
a File - Save As dialog will open. A message indicating
success or failure will be written to the File Management
Log.
This icon saves the case with a new name. A File - Save As
dialog will open to allow the file name to be specified. A
message indicating success or failure will be written to the
File Management Log.
This icon opens the Report View to allow selection of the
print options for the case and to allow printing of the case.
This icon opens the Print Graphic Report View to allows
selection, saving or printing of the graphic reports for the
case.
3-13
3-14
Tool Bars
3-14
Interface
3-15
The log panels at the bottom of the Flaresim main window are used
to output messages from the program. There are two panels.
The left panel is known as the File Message Log and records details
of file creation, file retrieval and file saving actions.
The right panel is known as the Errors/Warnings Log and records
messages generated by Flaresim as it calculates. Once calculations
are complete the background colour of the panel shows the
calculation status: Green - Calculations completed without problems
Yellow - Calculations completed with warnings
Red - Calculations failed.
The size of the log panels can be set by moving the cursor to the top
boundary of the panels or the boundary between the panels. At the
point where the cursor changes to a pair of resizing arrows, the left
mouse button may be clicked and dragged to resize the panel.
Both panels provide a popup menu with local options that can be
opened by clicking the right mouse button. The popup menu
provides the following options:
Clear - clears all messages from the log.
Save Messages - displays a standard file dialog to allow the current
message list to be saved to an external log file.
3-15
3-16
File Dialogs
3-16
Interface
3-17
box allows you to select an existing file that matches the name to
overwrite if you wish.
The file name entered will be given the extension type specified in
the Save As Type field unless you enter a different file extension.
Save As Type
Drop down List of allowed file types
Allows you to select the required file type.
File Description
Model Files
Allowed Types
Flaresim for Windows files .FSW
XML data files .XML
Table Export
Graphics Export
Save In
Drop down List of available storage locations
Allows you to select from the list of available storage locations
configured for your computer system.
File List
List Box
Shows the files and folders in the current folder. The list may be
used to navigate the folder tree or to select files.
Folders can be opened and made the new current folder by double
clicking on them. You can move up the folder tree by clicking the
Previous Folder icon. New folders can be created by clicking the
New Folder icon and entering the new folder name in the File List.
3-17
3-18
File Dialogs
3-18
Interface
3-19
The elements of this dialog are essentially the same as the File Save
Dialog with the exception that the Save button is replaced by an
Open button.
3-19
3-20
File Dialogs
3-20
Interface
3-21
3-21
3-22
Close
Button
Closes the Radiation Limits view.
3-22
Interface
3-23
If your Flaresim version is up to date you will see the view shown
above. Otherwise if an update is available you will see release
information and links to allow you to download the latest version.
Ok
Button
Closes the Flaresim Update view.
3-23
3-24
3-24
General Setup
4-1
4 General Setup
Page
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.3
12
14
15
19
21
23
25
27
Preferences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
4.5
Setup Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.3.6
4.3.7
4.3.8
4.4
Command Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Tool Bar Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Tree Icons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Units Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Files & Options Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plots Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sterile Area Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
32
36
43
General Setup
4-2
Page
4-2
4-3
4-3
4-4
The Case Navigator view shows the Flaresim model as a tree with
the branches showing the different types of object that make up the
model.
The Case Navigator is used by clicking a branch of the tree to select
it and then clicking one of the command buttons to perform that
action on the selected object. For example to open the Pipe Tip in
4-4
General Setup
4-5
navigator view displayed above, click Pipe Tip then click the View
button. A branch can also be double-clicked which will act the same
way as the View action.
If a branch with sub branches is double-clicked or Viewed it will
open a summary view for that object type if it is available. Summary
views are available for Environments, Stacks, Tips and Receptor
Points.
4-5
4-6
Ignore
Sets the ignored status for the selected object which means that it
will not be included in the calculations. Not all objects can be
ignored and restored and this button will be greyed out if the action
cannot be applied to the selected object.
Copy
A new object of the same type as the selected object will be created
and its contents set to the same values as the selected object. Not all
objects can be copied and this button will be greyed out if the action
cannot be applied to the selected object.
Delete
Deletes the selected object. No confirmation is required. Not all
objects can be deleted and this button will be greyed out if the
selected object is a permanent part of the case e.g. the Case
Description.
4-6
General Setup
4-7
4-7
4-8
4-8
General Setup
4-9
4-9
4-10
4-10
General Setup
4-11
4-12
Description
Calculated Value
This is the descriptive information defined in the Case Study for the
case that was used to update the base case.
Clear Active Case Study Information
Button
Clicking this removes all the Case Study information from the
Active Case tab.
4-12
General Setup
4-13
4-13
4-14
Setup Wizard
information provided may explain why the data item is required and
indicate the range of values allowed as well as typical values.
Command buttons
These allow the user to move from page to page of the Setup Wizard.
The Finish button is only available when all of the required
information has been entered
Figure 4-4, Setup Wizard View
Page Tabs
These display the status of each section of the Setup Wizard. The
icons used,
and
have the same meanings as in the Case
Navigator view, section 4.1. The Page Tabs also allow the user to
move between completed pages of the Setup Wizard.
4-14
General Setup
4-15
4-15
4-16
Setup Wizard
4-16
General Setup
4-17
Property Calculation
Radio buttons: Specified Properties/From Composition
These buttons control how the fluid properties are to be obtained. If
the Specified Properties option is selected then the bulk properties
of the fluid must be input using the Fluid Properties table as shown
in Figure 4-6. Otherwise if the From Composition option is selected
the view will change to allow the fluid composition to be specified
from which the fluid properties will be calculated.
Fluid Properties - Molecular Weight
Range: 2 to 1000
The molecular weight of the fluid. It is a required entry.
Fluid Properties - LHV
Range: 0 to 100 MJ/kg
This defines the Lower Heating Value of the fluid, also known as the
net heating value. It is a required entry.
Fluid Properties - Cp/Cv
Range: 1 to 5
This defines the ratio of the specific heat capacities of the fluid. A
default value of 1.2 is provided which may be used where this value
is unknown.
Fluid Properties - LEL
Range: 0 to 100%
This defines the Lower Explosive Limit of the fluid. A default value
of 2% is provided which may be used where this value is unknown.
The LEL is only used by the Brzustowski radiation method so the
value can safely be left at the default value when other calculation
methods are used.
Fluid Properties - Saturation
Range: 0 to 100%
This defines the degree of saturation of the hydrocarbons in the
fluid. The default value of 100% assumes that all the fluid is
paraffinic hydrocarbon. The saturation is only used by the High
Efficiency F Factor method and may safely be left at the default
value when other F Factor methods are used.
4-17
4-18
Setup Wizard
Fluid Properties - Pc
Range: 0.001 to 1000 bar a
This defines the critical pressure of the fluid. It is used in the
calculation of fluid temperatures and densities. Entry of this value is
optional as an internal correlation will be used to estimate the fluids
Pc if this value is not provided.
Fluid Properties - Tc
Range: 2 to 1000 K
This defines the critical temperature of the fluid. It is used in the
calculation of fluid temperatures and densities. Entry of this value is
optional as an internal correlation will be used to estimate the fluids
Tc if this value is not provided.
When the Compositional radio button is selected the fluid page is
updated to so the Fluid composition table as shown below.
Figure 4-7, Setup Wizard - Fluid Page Compositions
4-18
General Setup
4-19
Composition Basis
Radio buttons: Mole/Mass
These buttons select the composition input basis either Mole
fraction or Mass fraction
Normalise Composition
Button
Clicking this button will normalise the current composition.
Unspecified component fractions will be set to 0.0 and the remainder
normalised so to give a total fraction of 1.0.
Fluid Composition - Fraction
Range: 0 to 1.0
The component composition.
4-19
4-20
Setup Wizard
Tip Type
Radio buttons: Pipe Tip / Sonic Tip
This allows selection of the tip type to be used either a Pipe Tip or
Sonic Tip. If unknown the default Pipe Tip will provide the most
conservative option.
Tip Sizing - Fluid Mass Flow Rate
Range: 0 to 10000 kg/s
Defines the mass flow rate of the fluid to be flared.
4-20
General Setup
4-21
4-21
4-22
Setup Wizard
4-22
General Setup
4-23
Environment - Temperature
Range: 10 to 500 K
The environmental temperature. The value is used in surface
temperature calculations and gas dispersion calculations.
Environment - Humidity
Range: 4 to 100%
The environmental humidity. The humidity value is used in
calculations of the attenuation in radiation due to the atmosphere i.e.
the transmissivity calculation. It is used when the Transmissivity is
to be calculated i.e. when the Transmissivity is not set to User
Specified. The default value of 10% is reasonably conservative.
Environment - Transmissivity Spec
Range: 0 to 1
The value for atmospheric transmissivity to be used if the
Transmissivity method is set to User Defined. The default value of
1.0 is conservative and does not allow for any attenuation of
radiation when passing through the atmosphere.
Environment - Transmissivity Method
Drop down: UserSpecified / Calculated / CalcNoLimits / Wayne
The method to be used for the calculation of the factor for correcting
the transmissivity of radiation through the atmosphere. The Default
is UserSpecified method which with a specified transmissivity value
of 1 is the most conservative. The Calculated and CalcNoLimits
methods calculate the transmissivity as a function of the distance
travelled by the radiation through the atmosphere and the
atmospheric humidity, the difference between them being whether
the distance limits applicable to the Hottel derived equation are used
(see Methods chapter). The Wayne method calculates transmissivity
as a function of both atmospheric temperature and humidity.
4-23
4-24
Setup Wizard
General Setup
4-25
4-25
4-26
Setup Wizard
Receptor ID
Text
The default name provided e.g. RP_1 can be updated with a more
descriptive name e.g. Stack Base.
Northing
Range: -1000 to 1000m
The location of the receptor point in the Northing direction.
In general the points of maximum radiation are found directly
downwind of the stack. So if the wind is from the North you will
generally be entering Northing locations with a negative value. For
example a Northing value of -10m will be a point 10m down wind.
4-26
General Setup
4-27
Easting
Range: -1000 to 1000m
The location of the receptor point Easting direction.
Elevation
Range: -500 to 500m
The height of the receptor point. Cases defined through the Setup
Wizard define the 0 elevation point as the base of the stack so this is
the height of the receptor point above or below the stack base.
Allowable Radiation
Range: 0 to 31560 W/m2
The radiation that is allowed at the receptor point. The table of
typical design values shown on this page provides a general guide to
the selection of appropriate values.
Add Button
Button
Clicking this button adds a new receptor point to the model.
Delete Button
Button
Clicking this button deletes the current selected receptor point.
4-27
4-28
Setup Wizard
Calculation Method
Check box
This allows selection of the calculation method to be used. The
default Flaresim API method should generally give a conservative
result using industry standard methods. The Mixed method with 25
Flame elements is recommended as a good general alternative.
4-28
General Setup
4-29
4.4 Preferences
The File - Preferences menu item provides access to the Preferences
View to allow setup of the preferred units, file locations and
graphical plot elements.
Figure 4-13, Units Tab
4-29
4-30
Preferences
4-30
General Setup
4-31
4-31
4-32
Preferences
4-32
General Setup
4-33
4-33
4-34
Preferences
4-34
General Setup
4-35
4-35
4-36
Preferences
4-36
General Setup
4-37
Plot Type
Drop down list: Radiation Isopleth / Noise Isopleth / Temperature
Isopleth / Concentration Isopleth / Dispersion Plot / Wind Rose Plot
This drop down list selects the type of plot that the customisation
options displayed will be applied to.
Update Existing Grids, Points and Dispersion Objects
Button
Clicking this button applies the current plot preference settings to all
existing receptor grid isopleth plots, Gaussian dispersion isopleth
plots and receptor point windrose plots. The update applies in all
open cases.
4-37
4-38
Preferences
4-38
General Setup
4-39
4-39
4-40
Preferences
4-40
General Setup
4-41
4-41
4-42
Preferences
4-42
General Setup
4-43
4-43
4-44
Preferences
4-44
General Setup
4-45
4-45
4-46
General Setup
4-47
(see Figure 4-23) to allow the entry of the new components name.
When this has been entered click the OK button and the component
will be added to the list in the Component Manager view. and its
properties will be displayed ready for entry.
Figure 4-23, Component Name Popup
4-47
4-48
Saturation
Range: 0 to 100%
The percentage saturation of the component.
LEL
Range: 0.0 to 100.0%
The lower flammability limit of the component as a volume
percentage.
Critical Temperature
Range: 10 to 10,000 K
The critical temperature of the component.
Critical Pressure
Range: 0.01 to 1,000 bar a
The critical pressure of the component.
Data File
Text: File Name
The name of the REFPROP data file containing data for this
component.
On the Structure tab of the component data entry view the number
of atoms of each listed atom in the component should be entered, an
example for Methane is shown below.
Figure 4-24, Component Structure Input
4-48
General Setup
4-49
where
E is the enthalpy in J/kg
T is the temperature in K
A, B, C, D, E, F are constants
The data entry table for the enthalpy coefficients allows the enthalpy
unit for each constant to be selected but the values entered will
always be based on a temperature in K.
Once the component property data has been defined click the Accept
Edit button to complete definition of the new component. If for any
reason you wish to abandon creation of a new component at the
property data entry stage then click the Cancel Edit button.
4-49
4-50
4-50
Fluids
5-1
5 Fluids
Page
5.1
Fluid View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
5.2
Common Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Properties Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Options Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Composition Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Combustion Results Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5-1
5-2
5-2
Fluids
5-3
5-3
5-4
Fluid View
Fluids
5-5
5-5
5-6
Fluid View
5-6
Fluids
5-7
5-7
5-8
Fluid View
5-8
Fluids
5-9
5-9
5-10
Fluid View
5-10
Fluids
5-11
5-11
5-12
Fluid View
5-12
Fluids
5-13
5-13
5-14
Fluid View
5-14
Fluids
5-15
Name
Text
Enter a name to identify this assist fluid.
Status Text
Status message
The message displayed in this field and its colour indicates whether
the data for this Assist Fluid object is complete and ready for
calculation.
Type
Drop down list: Air / Steam/Water
Selects the type of assist fluid to be used. Steam/Water indicates that
Steam will be used with vapour flares and Water with liquid flares.
Flow Calculations
Drop down list: User / Smokeless
If this is set to User then a specific flow rate for the Assist Fluid will
need to be specified when the Assist Fluid is assigned to a Tip. If set
to Smokeless then the flow rate of the Assist Fluid will be calculated
according to the following settings as shown in Figure 5-8.
5-15
5-16
Smokeless Method
Drop down list: Flaresim/API/UserRatio
Selects the method to be used by Flaresim to calculate the flow of
assist fluid required for smokeless operation. The Flaresim method
is a proprietary correlation supplied by National Air Oil. The API
method is the method described in API RP521. The UserRatio
allows the user to specify the flow ratio of assist fluid required for
smokeless operation.
The validity of these options varies with the type of assist fluid
selected.
Air
The allowed methods are Flaresim and UserRatio. If
the API method is selected an error message will
displayed when the model is calculated.
Steam/Water Any of the allowed methods may be used.
Smokeless Flow Ratio
Range: 0.001 to 100.0 but see description
Specifies the ratio of the mass flow of the assist fluid to the mass
flow of the fluid being flared. This field is displayed when the
UserRatio smokeless method is selected.
When Air is the assist fluid, high ratios of 5.0 or more may be used.
When Steam/Water is the assist fluid the mass ratio should not
exceed 0.5 since this would lead to flame instability and a potential
flameout.
5-16
Fluids
5-17
5-17
5-18
5-18
Environment
6-1
6 Environment
Page
6.1
Environment View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.2
Common Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Overall Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Wind Rose Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Dispersion Data Tab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6-1
6-2
6-2
Environment
6-3
6-3
6-4
Environment View
Environment
6-5
ignored check box will automatically set all the other Environments
in the model to ignored.
Status Text
Status message
The message displayed in this field and its colour indicates whether
the data for this Environment object is complete and ready for
calculation.
mph
ft/s
m/s
Beaufort
Scale
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.3
3.3
1.0
4.6
6.6
2.0
9.2
13.5
4.1
12
13.8
20.3
6.2
6-5
6-6
Environment View
knots
mph
ft/s
m/s
Beaufort
Scale
18
20.7
30.5
9.3
24
27.6
40.7
12.4
28
32.2
47.2
14.4
34
39.1
57.4
17.5
40
46.0
67.6
20.6
Wind - Direction
Range: 0 to 360 from North
The direction from which the wind blows. Generally the worst or
most prevalent wind direction can be determined by examination of
the wind rose for the site in question.
Atmosphere - Temperature
Range: 10 to 500K
The ambient temperature of the atmosphere is used in the calculation
of the equilibrium surface temperatures of metallic surfaces exposed
to the flares thermal radiation. It is also used in gas dispersion
calculations.
Atmosphere - Humidity
Range: 4 to 100%
The relative humidity defines the water content of the atmosphere in
terms of the partial pressure of water vapour in the air relative to the
vapour pressure of water at the same temperature. Standard charts
are available relating the wet and dry bulb temperature
measurements to the relative humidity, an example of which can be
found in The Chemical Engineers Handbook. The humidity value
is used in calculation of Transmissivity as described below.
Atmosphere - Pressure
Range: 0.01 to 10.0 bar a
The atmospheric pressure is used to calculate the exit density of the
flared gas and hence its exit velocity.
6-6
Environment
6-7
Solar Radiation
(W/m2)
North Sea
475-630
Middle East
945-1050
UK Land
630-800
Background - Noise
Range: 0 to 150 dB
The background noise is used as a reference noise level to which the
noise from the flare system is added.
The following table gives typical noise levels for everyday
situations.
Intensity (dB)
Situation
Threshold of hearing
10
Virtual silence
20
Quiet room
30
Watch ticking at 1m
40
Quiet street
50
Quiet conversation
60
Quiet motor at 1m
70
Loud conversation
80
Door slamming
90
100
6-7
6-8
Environment View
Intensity (dB)
Situation
110
Pneumatic drill
120
130
Threshold of pain
Environment
6-9
relative humidity at the site and the distance of the receptor from the
flame. The correlation is strictly valid for distances between 30-164
m (100-500 ft) and for relative humidities greater than 10%. Outside
of these ranges the correlation may still give acceptable results.
If User is selected the value for the atmospheric transmissivity must
be entered.
If Calculated is selected the value for the relative humidity at the site
must be entered. The transmissivity will be calculated, enforcing the
distance limits of the correlation i.e. distances less than 30m will be
set to 30m (100ft) and distances greater than 164m (500 ft) set to
164m. The minimum and maximum values of transmissivity used
during the calculations will be displayed.
If CalcNoLimits is selected the value for the relative humidity at the
site must be entered. The calculation will be done without enforcing
the distance limits of the correlation. The mi nu mum and maximum
values of transmissivity used during the calculations will be
displayed after calculations are complete.
If Wayne is selected the transmissivity is calculated using a method
that includes the effect of both relative humidity and ambient
temperature - see section 14.
Note a single value of calculated transmissivity cannot be displayed
since in a typical Flaresim run multiple distances between individual
flame elements and multiple receptor points will be considered.
Tracking of each transmissivity value used would be of limited use
so the compromise is to show the minimum and maximum value
calculated.
Calculated atmospheric transmissivities should not be selected if
you are modelling hydrogen or hydrogen sulphide flares which burn
with little or no luminous radiation.
Transmissivity - Value
Range: 0 to 1.0
Atmospheric transmissivity defines the degree of attenuation of the
thermal radiation due to atmospheric conditions. It is expressed as
6-9
6-10
Environment View
6-10
Environment
6-11
When this option is selected, multiple lines, one for each wind speed
will appear on the Wind Rose plots for each Receptor point.
Wind Speed Table
Range: 0 to 100 m/s
Define the wind speeds for which wind rose calculations are
required. At least one value must be defined.
Run each wind direction with a specific speed
Radio button
When this option is selected Wind Rose calculations will be
activated for a specific wind speed for each wind direction. The view
will change to allow the matrix of wind speeds to be defined as
shown below.
6-11
6-12
Environment View
When this option is selected, a single line will appear on the Wind
Rose plots for each Receptor point.
Figure 6-3, Wind Rose Tab, Specified speed for each direction
Environment
6-13
6-13
6-14
Environment View
6-14
Environment
6-15
The view provides a summary of the basic information for all the
Environment Objects in the case and can be used to update input
data items as well as review results.
Export Table
Button
Clicking this button opens a File Save dialog to allow the
Environments summary table to be saved as a comma separated
value (CSV) file, an Excel format file (XLS) or tab separated text
file (TXT).
6-15
6-16
6-16
Stacks
7-1
7 Stacks
Page
7.1
Stack View. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.2
Common Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Stack View - Details Tab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Stack View - Sterile Area Tab . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7-1
7-2
7-2
Stacks
7-3
7-3
7-4
Stack View
7-4
Stacks
7-5
to exclude the stack and all of the tips that are located on it from the
calculations.
Status Text
Status message
The message displayed in this field and its colour indicates whether
the data for this stack object is complete and ready for calculation.
7-5
7-6
Stack View
Location - Radius
Range: 0 to 100,000m
The distance to the base of the stack from the selected reference
location. Updates made to this value will automatically update the
Cartesian coordinate values.
Location - Angle to Horizontal
Range: 0 to 90
The angle to the horizontal of a line from the base of the stack to the
selected reference location. Updates made to this value will
automatically update the Cartesian coordinate values.
Location - Angle from North
Range: -0 to 360
The angle from North of a line from the base of the stack to the
selected reference location. Updates made to this value will
automatically update the Cartesian coordinate values.
Dimensions - Length
Range: 0 to 500m
The centre line length of the stack from the base to the tip support
platform. If the stack is selected for sizing this value will be ignored
and replaced by the calculated size after a successful sizing
calculation.
Dimensions - Angle to Horizontal
Range: 0 to 90
The orientation of the stack relative to the horizontal.
Horizontal stacks (0 ) are usually used for liquid flares on offshore
platforms. Angled booms (30 , 45 , 60 ) stacks are commonly
used for gas flares on offshore platforms. Vertical stacks (90 ) will
be used for most onshore installations.
Dimensions - Angle from North
Range: 0 to 360
The orientation of the stack relative to North. Flaresim works on a
360 compass base thus 90 corresponds to a stack or boom
pointing due East, 180 to due South etc.
7-6
Stacks
7-7
7-7
7-8
Stack View
This view allows the calculation of the sterile area around the stack.
The sterile area is the distance downwind of the stack to a defined
radiation or noise limit. The calculations are made at a defined
elevation and in the case of the noise limits for a defined noise basis.
The calculations are carried out for each stack individually. In a
model with 2 or more stacks the sterile area for each stack will be
calculated after setting all the other stacks to Ignored. If you need
to see the sterile area for multiple stacks then this can be calculated
using the Receptor Grid object (see chapter 10).
The options on the Sterile Area tab as follows.
Options - Sterile Area Elevation
Range: -1000 to 1000 m
This defines the elevation to be used for the calculation of the sterile
area distances. Note that the stack base location will be used as
defined.
Options - Noise Basis
Drop down list: Noise/NoiseA/Average Noise
This selects whether the sterile area for the noise limits is to be
calculated on a Noise, A-weighted Noise or Average Noise basis.
Options - Calculate Sterile Area
Drop down list: Yes/No
When set to Yes the sterile area calculations will be performed.
When set to No the sterile area calculations will be omitted.
Sterile Area - Radiation / Noise
Radio buttons: Radiation / Noise
This selects whether the sterile area table displays the Radiation
limits and distances or Noise limits and distances
Sterile Area - Radiation Limit
Range: 0 to 1.0e9 W/m2
This defines each radiation limit at which the sterile area will be
calculated. Up to 10 values can be entered and the list will be sorted
automatically from lowest to highest.
7-8
Stacks
7-9
The default values for the radiation limits in a new Stack object will
be taken from the values defined in the Sterile Area tab of the
Preferences view.
Sterile Area - Noise Limit
Range: 0 to 150.0 Db
This defines each noise limit at which the sterile area will be
calculated. Up to 10 values can be entered and the list will be sorted
automatically from lowest to highest.
The default values for the noise limits in a new Stack object will be
taken from the values defined in the Sterile Area tab of the
Preferences view.
Sterile Area - Distance To Limit
Calculated Value: m
This displays the calculated downwind distance from the stack base
to the defined radiation or noise limit. If the limit was not exceeded
at any point downwind of the stack the words Limit not reached
are displayed.
Export
Button
Clicking this button displays a File Save dialog allowing the current
sterile area table to exported to comma separated value (CSV) file,
an Excel format file (XLS) or tab separated text file(TXT).
7-9
7-10
The Stack Summary view shows the input data and results for all of
the stacks in the case. Data input values can be updated through the
summary view if required.
Export Table
Button
Clicking this button opens a File Save dialog to allow the Stacks
summary table to be saved as a comma separated value (CSV) file,
an Excel format file (XLS) or tab separated text file(TXT).
7-10
Tips
8-1
8 Tips
Page
8.1
Tip View. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4
8.1.5
8.1.6
8.1.7
8.1.8
8.1.9
8.1.10
8.1.11
8.2
Common Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Details Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Noise Input Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Location & Dimensions Tab . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Fluids Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Emissions Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Results Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Noise Results Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Flame Shape Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Combustion Results Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Purge Gas Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.3
8.4
8.4.1
8.4.2
8-1
8-2
8-2
Tips
8-3
The Tip object allows definition of data to describe each flare tip. A
flare tip acts as the disposal point for a single fluid. Multiple flare
tips on one or more stacks may be present in a flare system to dispose
separately of fluids due to incompatible properties e.g. warm and
cold fluids, high and low pressure fluids, dry and wet fluids.
Tip objects may be created using the Add-Tip drop down menu
option or by selecting the Tip branch in the Case Navigator view and
clicking the Add button.
An existing Tip object may be viewed by double clicking it in the
Case Navigator view or by selecting it in the Case Navigator view
and clicking the View button.
All defined Tip objects will be included in the calculations unless
they have been set to Ignored. A Tip may be set to ignored by
selecting it in the Case Navigator view and clicking the Ignore
button. An Ignored Tip object can be restored to the calculations by
selecting it in the Case Navigator view and clicking the Activate
button. Alternatively a Tip object can be ignored and restored by
setting or clearing the check box on its view.
A Tip object can be deleted either by clicking the Delete button on
its view or by selecting it in the Case Navigator view and clicking
the Delete button on this view.
Tip objects also have dynamic input data showing how flare flow
varies with time and dynamic results for changing velocities, F
Factor etc calculated from this. This data is accessed through a Tip
Dynamics view which can be opened from the dynamics button in
the tip view.
A Tip Summary view showing the main details of all of the Tip
objects in a case can be displayed by double-clicking the Tip
collection branch in the Case Navigator or by selecting the Tip
collection branch and clicking the Case Navigator View button. The
Tip Summary view has a dynamics tab which shows the dynamic
flow input data and dynamic results across all the tips.
8-3
8-4
Tip View
8-4
Tips
8-5
Status Text
Status message
The message displayed in this field and its colour indicates whether
the data for this tip object is complete and ready for calculation.
Ignored
Check box
Clear to include this tip in the calculations or set to ignore this tip
when calculating.
8-5
8-6
Tip View
distinct, separate flames for each burner e.g. the Mardair sonic flare
tip or some types of welltest burners.
Details - Seal Type
Drop down list: None / Fluidic1 / Fluidic2 / Fluidic3 / Molec.1 /
Molec.2
Defines the type of seal. The riser diameter (see Location and
Dimensions tab) and seal type are used solely for calculation of the
pressure at the base of the stack. The values calculated are to be used
for preliminary review purposes only. The seal pressure drop
calculations are based on proprietary data obtained from a flare
vendor.
There are two basic types of seal, Fluidic or Molecular:Figure 8-2 shows the general design concept for the fluidic seal. The
type selection is a function of the opening as defined below
Fluidic1:
50% of total area
Fluidic2:
40% of total area
Fluidic3:
35% of total area.
Figure 8-2, Fluidic Seal
Opening
Diameter
8-6
Tips
8-7
Figure 8-3 shows the general design concept for the molecular seal.
The type selection is a function of the diameter as defined below:Molec.1:
Traditional design. Maximum diameter is 1.7 times
the tip diameter. The pressure drop correlation is
based on a design which gives a body length of 5.5m
(18ft) regardless of the tip diameter.
Molec.2:
Low pressure drop design. Maximum diameter is 2
times the tip diameter. The pressure drop correlation
is based on a design which gives a body length which
is a function of the tip diameter.
Figure 8-3, Molecular Seal
Diameter
8-8
Tip View
Seals are only appropriate for pipe and sonic flare tips. If the tip type
is set to Welltest the seal type will be set to None automatically.
Radiation Method - Method
Drop down list: Global / Flaresim API / Point / Diffuse / Mixed /
Brzustowski / M.Point Brzustowski / Strict API / Chamberlain
Defines the methods to be used to calculate the radiation flux at a
point for this flare tip. This option is only available for use if the
Expert Mode option has been enabled in the Calculation Options
view.
It is normal to use the same radiation calculation method for all of
the flares in a single model. However there may be occasions when
it is desirable to use a particular radiation calculation method for a
specific tip. Since the radiation flux from flare tip to a receptor point
is always calculated tip by tip and then summed there is no
theoretical barrier to using a different radiation method for each tip.
Radiation Method - No. Flame Elements
Range: 1 to 100
Defines the number of flame elements to be used to calculate the
flame shape for this flare tip. This option is only available for use if
the Expert Mode option has been enabled in the Calculation Options
view.
Some radiation methods have a requirement for a fixed number of
flame elements so this input is not available for all methods.
Radiation Method - Element Position
Range: 0 to 100%
Defines the position within a flame element to be used as the source
of the radiation flux. This option is only available for use if the
Expert Mode option has been enabled in the Calculation Options
view.
This input is not available for all radiation methods. Even where it is
possible to update it, this entry should normally be left at its default
value of 50%.
8-8
Tips
8-9
Kent:
8-10
Tip View
weight fluid (<60) at reasonable exit velocities (> 0.2 mach). For
fluids other than paraffinic hydrocarbons vendor advice should be
sought. In the absence of advice, user specified F Factors of 0.3 to
0.4 are generally reasonable.
Fraction Heat Radiated - Specified/Calculated Value
Range: 0.01 to 1.0
If the Fraction Heat Radiated Method is set to User Specified then
the required value for the fraction of heat radiated must be entered
here. Otherwise the calculated result for the selected calculation
method will be displayed after the model has been run.
Typical values for different types of flare tip are given in the
following table.
Tip Type
Pipe flare
Single Burner Sonic
Multiple Burner Sonic
8-10
Tips
8-11
Q
L = I 1 ---N
where
L is flame length in m
Q is heat release in J/s
N is number of tips
The constants I1 and I2 take the following values for
different tip types.
8-11
8-12
Tip View
Tip Type
I1
I2
Pipe flare
0.00331
0.4776
0.00241
0.4600
0.00129
0.5000
Brzustowski
User Specified A
User Specified B
User defined constants can be supplied for use with
Flaresim equation given above. The difference
between the A and the B method lies in the internal
method used to calculate the flame shape. Both
methods use the Flaresim vector method where the
flames axial velocity reduces along the length of the
flame based on a reference flame length.
In the User Specified A method the API flame length
is used as the reference when the flame length
calculated from the user defined constants is shorter
than the API flame length. In effect the axial velocity
at the end of the flame will be greater than 0. The
calculated flame is used as the reference when it is
longer than the API length.
In the User Specified B method the flame length
calculated by the user defined constants is always
used as the reference in the calculation. In effect the
axial velocity at the end of the flame is always
assumed to be 0.
Flame shapes calculated using User Specified A
method will be less deflected than those calculated
using the User Specified B method when the
calculated flame length is less than the API flame
8-12
Tips
8-13
User Multiplier
Range: 0 to 2
User defined value of constant I1 for flame length equation given
above. This entry is only accessible when a User Specified flame
length method is selected.
User Power
Range: 0 to 2
User defined value of constant I2 for flame length equation given
above. This entry is only accessible when a User Specified flame
length method is selected.
8-13
8-14
Tip View
8-14
Tips
8-15
Peak Frequency
Drop down list: 62.5/125/250/500/1000/2000 Hz
This defines the sound frequency band at which the peak noise is
generated. The total sound power calculated at this frequency will be
distributed across the other sound frequency bands.
Efficiency
Range 1.0e-10 to 1.0%
The efficiency at which combustion energy is converted to sound
power.
Jet Noise Method
Drop down list: None / Flaresim
The method used to calculate the jet noise contribution.
When the jet noise method is set to Flaresim the noise contribution
from the flare jet is calculated from a correlation based on the exit
velocity. When set to None there is no separate jet noise
contribution.
If the Combustion Noise method is set to Standard Reference or Low
Noise Reference or User Reference the combustion sound power
generated in each frequency band is calculated from a reference
value at a reference combustion duty. The Standard Reference and
Low Noise Reference data used in the calculation are proprietary
data supplied by a flare system vendor.
8-15
8-16
Tip View
8-16
Tips
8-17
8-17
8-18
Tip View
Tips
8-19
8-19
8-20
Tip View
8-20
Tips
8-21
8-22
Tip View
The view above shows the default view of the Emissions tab of the
Tip Object. By default the emissions data for a case is defined for all
tips on the Emissions page of the Calculation Options view.
8-22
Tips
8-23
If the Expert Mode option is set on the General tab of the Calculation
Options view then the emissions input data can be updated on a tip
by tip basis and the view will change to the one shown below.
Figure 8-9, Emissions Tab Data Input
8-23
8-24
Tip View
CO Emission - Basis
Drop down list: Mass/Heat Release / Mass/Mass Flared Fluid /
Mass/Moles Flared Fluid
This field defines the basis used to calculate the CO emission rate.
This is either as a ratio to the heat released by the flare, the mass of
flared fluid or the moles (volume) of flared fluid.
CO Emission - Rate
Range depends on basis
The generation rate for CO emissions for the defined basis.
Unburnt HC Emission - Basis
Drop down list: Mass/Heat Release / Mass/Mass Flared Fluid /
Mass/Moles Flared Fluid
This field defines the basis used to calculate the unburnt
hydrocarbon emission rate. This is either as a ratio to the heat
released by the flare, the mass of flared fluid or the moles (volume)
of flared fluid.
Unburnt HC Emission - Rate
Range depends on basis
The generation rate for unburnt hydrocarbon emissions for the
defined basis.
8-24
Tips
8-25
8-26
Tip View
8-26
Tips
8-27
8-27
8-28
Tip View
Noise Spectrum
Calculated values
This table or graph shows the noise generated as a function of the
sound frequency. The results show the contribution from
combustion noise and jet noise as well as the total noise at each
defined frequency.
Export
Button
Allows the noise spectrum data to be saved. If the noise spectrum is
currently displayed as a table, a standard file dialog box will be
displayed to allow the data to be saved as an Excel XLS file or a
comma separated CSV file. If the data is displayed as a plot it may
be saved as a graphics file. A standard file dialog box will appear to
allow the name and file type to be entered. The allowed file types are
JPG, PNG, BMP, WMF or EMF.
8-28
Tips
8-29
8-29
8-30
Tip View
8-30
Tips
8-31
8-32
Tip View
8-32
Tips
8-33
8-34
Tip View
8-34
Tips
8-35
8-35
8-36
Flow Basis
Radio buttons: Mass / Mole
Selects the flow basis for the input data
Interpolation Basis
Radio buttons: Linear / Spline
Selects the interpolation method used to calculate the flows at times
between the points defined in the time vs. flow table.
Care should be taken when using the Spline method if step changes
in flow are defined since extreme values of flow can be calculated as
the method tries to calculate a smooth curve between data points.
Clear Selected Row
Button
Removes the currently selected row from the input data table.
Clear All Data
Button
Removes all the data from the input data table, returning it to the
starting state.
8-36
Tips
8-37
8-37
8-38
Export Results
Button
Clicking this button opens a File Save dialog to allow the tip
dynamic results table to be saved as a comma separated value (CSV)
file, an Excel file (XLS) or tab separated text file (TXT).
8-38
Tips
8-39
Plot Selection
Check box
Selects the result variable to be plotted.
Export Plot
Button
Clicking this button opens a File Save dialog to allow the current
plot to be saved as a graphics file. The graphic file types that can be
generated are JPG, PNG, BMP, WMF or EMF.
8-39
8-40
Tips
8-41
8-41
8-42
The Tip Summary view provides two tabs. The Summary tab
provides a view of the main input data items and results for all of the
Tips in a case. Input data items can be updated through this tab. The
Dynamic Results tab provides access to the results of the dynamic
calculations for all of the tips in the case.
8-42
Tips
8-43
Export Table
Button
Clicking this button opens a File Save dialog to allow the tips
summary table to be saved as a comma separated value (CSV) file,
an Excel file (XLS) or tab separated text file (TXT).
Result Selection
Check box
Selects the result variable to be displayed.
Result Selection
Radio buttons: Table / Plot
Selects whether the selected the results are to be displayed as a table
or a plot.
8-43
8-44
8-44
Receptors
9-1
9 Receptors
Page
9.1
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.1.3
9.1.4
9.1.5
9.1.6
9.2
9.2.1
9.2.2
9.3
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.4
Common Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Point Definition Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Point Properties Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Point Results Tab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Noise Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Wind Rose Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9.4.1
9.4.2
9.4.3
9.4.4
9.4.5
9.4.6
9.4.7
9.4.8
9.4.9
Common Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grid Extent Tab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grid Radiation Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grid Noise Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grid Temperature Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grid Concentration Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grid Maximum Radiation Tab . . . . . . . . . .
Grid Plot Overlay Tab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grid Graphic Report Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
26
28
29
31
32
33
35
39
9-1
Receptors
9-2
Page
9-2
Receptors
9-3
Receptors are the points at which Flaresim will calculate the thermal
radiation, noise, surface temperatures and flammable gas
concentrations resulting from the operation of one or more flare tips.
Flaresim provides the ability to define Receptor Point objects which
define a single point for the calculations and Receptor Grid objects
which define a rectangular set of points in a plane.
Receptor Point objects may be created using the Add-Receptor Point
drop down menu option or by selecting the Receptor Points branch
in the Case Navigator view and clicking the Add button.
An existing Receptor Point object may be viewed by double clicking
it in the Case Navigator view or by selecting it in the Case Navigator
view and clicking the View button.
Receptor Point objects will be calculated unless they have been set
to Ignored. A Receptor Point may be set to ignored by selecting it in
the Case Navigator view and clicking the Ignore button.or restored
to the calculations clicking the Activate button. Alternatively a
Receptor Point object can be ignored and restored by setting or
clearing the check box on its view.
A Receptor Point object can be deleted either by clicking the Delete
button on its view or by selecting it in the Case Navigator view and
clicking the Delete button on this view.
Receptor Point views provide access to a Receptor Point Dynamic
view which displays dynamic calculations results for the receptor
point as tables or plots.
A Receptor Point Summary view provides a summary of all the
Receptor Points in a model, showing both base case and dynamic
results. It can be opened by double clicking the Receptor Points
branch in the Case Navigator.
Receptor Grid objects may be created using the Add-Receptor Grid
drop down menu option. A Receptor Grid can be deleted using the
Delete button on its view. Alternatively a Receptor Grid can be
created, viewed or deleted using the Case Navigator view in the
usual way.
9-3
9-4
9-4
Receptors
9-5
9-6
Status Text
Status message
The message displayed in this field and its colour indicates whether
the data for this Receptor Point object is complete and ready for
calculation.
Ignored
Check box
Clear to calculate the results for this Receptor Point or set to ignore
this point when calculating.
9-6
Receptors
9-7
Conditions
9-7
9-8
Design
Radiation
W/m2
Conditions
9,470
6,310
4,730
1,890
At design flare release on the helideck of an offshore platform. This value is suggested by the Civil Aviation Authority where the helicopter rotors are stationary. If the rotors
remain turning then a limit of 4,730 W/m2 can apply.
1,580
9-8
Receptors
9-9
9-9
9-10
9-10
Receptors
9-11
Local Environment
Drop down list: Global / Available environments
When set to Global the environment data used for the receptor point
temperature calculations will be the same as that used for the main
model. Otherwise an alternative environment object can be selected
to specify environment data that is specific to this receptor point.
For example if a particular receptor point is shaded from solar
radiation it might be appropriate to link the point to an environment
object that specifies a lower solar radiation. Other examples where a
specific environment object might be useful would be to specify an
environment with low or zero wind speed to account for protected
points where convective cooling might be restricted.
On Plane
Drop down list: None / Northing-Easting / Northing-Elevation /
Easting-Elevation / Maximum / User Defined
This entry sets the orientation of the receptor point and it is used to
calculate the angle of incidence of the thermal radiation on the
receptor.
The default setting is None which means that no correction for angle
of incidence will be applied and the full radiation falling on the point
at any angle will be calculated. This is the most conservative option.
The other options are only active when the Expert Mode option is set
in the Calculation Options view.
Setting On Plane to Northing-Easting, Northing-Elevation or
Easting-Elevation sets the point to lie in that plane. Setting the On
Plane entry to Maximum will cause Flaresim to iterate on the
receptor plane angle to find the angle of maximum radiation. This is
not the same as None since with a multiple element flame or multiple
tips radiation will strike the receptor at varying angles leading to a
reduced total radiation. This option can require significant
calculation time.
9-11
9-12
Selecting the final option, User Defined, will display the following
table to allow the angle of the receptor point plane to be defined.
Figure 9-3, Receptor Point Plane Angle
9-12
Receptors
9-13
9-13
9-14
9-14
Receptors
9-15
SPL
Calculated value
The total sound pressure level at the receptor point. It is calculated
by summing the sound pressure contributions at each frequency.
SPLA
Calculated value
The A-weighted sound pressure level calculated at the receptor
point. It is calculated by summing the A-weighted sound pressure
levels at each frequency.
Average SPL
Calculated value
The sound pressure level averaged across all the frequencies.
9-15
9-16
Display
Radio buttons: Table / Plot
Selects whether the sound pressure levels vs. frequency results are
displayed as a table or as a graph.
Export
Button
Allows the calculated sound pressure vs. frequency results to be
exported to a file. If the data is displayed as a table it may be
exported to an Excel XLS file or a comma separated CSV file. If
displayed as a graph it may be exported to a JPG, PNG, BMP, WMF
or EMF graphics file. In either case a standard file dialog box will
appear to allow the name and file type to be entered.
9-16
Receptors
9-17
Display
Drop down list: Table / Plot
This controls whether the results from the wind rose calculations are
displayed as a plot or as a table of results. The view will update to
show the results in the format requested.
Export
Button
Allows the calculated wind rose results to be exported to a file. If the
data is displayed as a table it may be exported to an Excel XLS file
or a comma separated CSV file. If displayed as a graph it may be
exported to a JPG, PNG, BMP, WMF or EMF graphics file. In either
case a standard file dialog box will appear to allow the name and file
type to be entered.
9-17
9-18
Button
This opens a standard file open dialog to allow selection of the
layout file for the graphical report of the wind rose plot.
Layout file for graphical report
Filename
This defines the name of the graphic report layout file that will be
used to generate the graphic report for this receptor point wind rose.
The default value set when the Receptor Point is created is defined
in the Files tab of the Preferences view.
Layout files describe the background text, data items and graphics
formatting instructions required to define a graphics report in an
XML formatted file with the extension .LAY.
Standard layout files are shipped with Flaresim to provide graphic
report definitions for 1 and 2 stack systems with 1 or 2 tips on A4
and Letter paper sizes. Appendix A describes the structure and the
elements that make up a layout file.
Generate Graphic Report
Button
This creates a new graphical report window to display the wind rose
results in a graphical report alongside selected data items for the
model. The layout of this report is controlled by the layout file
selected. The graphic report is displayed in its own window and by
default is displayed as a maximised view. The graphic report
window can be minimised, resized and closed using standard
windows methods. A sample is shown below.
9-18
Receptors
9-19
Wind rose graphic reports can be printed using the File - Print
Graphic Report menu item.
9-19
9-20
9-20
Receptors
9-21
Export Results
Button
Clicking this button opens a File Save dialog to allow the Receptor
Points summary table to be saved as an Excel (XLS), comma
separated value (CSV) or text (TXT) file.
Plot Variable
Check box
Selects the result variable to be plotted.
Export Plot
Button
Exports the current plot. A standard File Save dialog will allow the
plot to be saved as a JPG, PNG, BMP, WMF or EMF graphics file
9-21
9-22
This summary view for the defined Receptor Points provides two
tabs. The summary tab allows easy comparison and update of the
data input values and review of the results across all the points. The
Dynamics tab displays the results of dynamic calculations across all
of the receptor points.
9-22
Receptors
9-23
Export Table
Button
Clicking this button opens a File Save dialog to allow the Receptor
Points summary table to be saved as an Excel (XLS), comma
separated value (CSV) or text (TXT) file.
9-23
9-24
Result Selection
Check box
Selects the result variable to be displayed.
Result Selection
Radio buttons: Table / Plot
Selects whether the selected the results are to be displayed as a table
or a plot.
Export Dynamic Results
Button
Clicking this button opens a File Save dialog to allow the current
plot to be saved. If the results are currently displayed as a table the
file can be saved s a comma separated value (CSV) file, an Excel file
(XLS) or tab separated text file (TXT). If the results are displayed as
a plot he graphic file types that can be generated are JPG, PNG,
BMP, WMF or EMF.
9-24
Receptors
9-25
9-26
Ignored
Check box
Clear to calculate the results for this Receptor Grid or set to ignore
this grid when calculating.
Receptors
9-27
Maximum
Range: -10,000 to 10,000 m
The maximum extent of the grid in the labelled direction.
Number of Points
Range: 1 to 1001
The number of increments that the distance between the minimum
and maximum extents will be divided into.
Properties - On Plane
Drop down list: None / Northing-Easting / Northing-Elevation /
Easting-Elevation / Maximum
The orientation of the receptor and is used to determine the
correction to be applied due to the angle of incidence of the receptor
to the flare. This option is only active when the Expert Options
check box is set in the Calculation Options view.
With the default setting of receptor point orientation to None no
correction for angle of incidence will be applied. This is the most
conservative option.
Setting the receptor point orientation to Maximum will reduce the
speed of calculations significantly.
Receptor Properties - Emissivity
Range: 0.0001 to 1
The emissivity of each point in the grid which will be used in the
heat balance calculations to determine surface temperature.
Typical value for steel is 0.7
Receptor Properties - Absorbtivity
Range: 0.0001 to 1.0
The absorbtivity of each point in the grid which will be used in the
heat balance calculations to determine surface temperature. This is
defined as the fraction of thermal radiation striking a surface that
will be absorbed.
Typical value for steel is 0.7.
9-27
9-28
9-28
Receptors
9-29
In either case a standard file dialog box will appear to allow the
name and file type to be entered.
Figure 9-13, Grid Radiation Tab
9-29
9-30
Display
Drop down list: Table / Plot
Selects whether the sound pressure results are displayed as a table or
as a graph.
When a new Receptor Grid is created the graph display settings are
set to the defaults defined in the Preferences View, see section 4.4.3
They may then be modified by using the Zoom and Customise
buttons as described in Chapter 12.
Export
Button
Allows the calculated sound pressure results to be exported to a file.
If the data is displayed as a table it may be exported to an Excel XLS
or comma separated CSV file. If displayed as a graph it may be
exported to a JPG, PNG, BMP, WMF or EMF graphics file. In either
9-30
Receptors
9-31
case a standard file dialog box will appear to allow the name and file
type to be entered.
Display
Drop down list: Table / Plot
Selects whether the temperature results are displayed as a table or as
a graph.
When a new Receptor Grid is created the graph display settings are
set to the defaults defined in the Preferences View, see section 4.4.3.
9-31
9-32
9-32
Receptors
9-33
The jet dispersion results are only available when the jet dispersion
calculations are enabled in the Calculation Options view.
Display
Drop down list: Table / Plot
Selects whether the concentration results are displayed as a table or
as a graph.
When a new Receptor Grid is created the graph display settings are
set to the defaults defined in the Preferences View, see section 4.4.3.
They may then be modified by using the Zoom and Customise
buttons as described in chapter 12.
Export
Button
Allows the calculated concentration results to be exported to a file.
If the data is displayed as a table it may be exported to an Excel XLS
file or a comma separated CSV file. If displayed as a graph it may
be exported to a JPG, PNG, BMP, WMF or EMF graphics file. In
either case a standard file dialog box will appear to allow the name
and file type to be entered.
9-33
9-34
9-34
Receptors
9-35
9-35
9-36
Receptors
9-37
9-37
9-38
9-38
Receptors
9-39
Overlay Name
Drop down list: Available Overlay objects
This selects which of the Overlay objects defined in this case is to be
used as the background drawings for the isopleth plots in this
Receptor Grid. No check is made that the Overlay has the correct
orientation.
Show Overlay
Check box
Set this to include the overlay drawing on the isopleth plots for this
Receptor Grid.
Chapter 13 describes how to create and edit Flaresim Overlay
objects.
9-39
9-40
Button
This opens a standard file open dialog to allow selection of the
layout file for the graphical report.
Layout File
Filename
This defines the name of the graphic report layout file that will be
used to generate graphic reports for this receptor grid. The default
value set when the Receptor Point is created is defined in the Files
tab of the Preferences view.
Layout files describe the background text, data items and graphics
formatting instructions required to define a graphics report in an
XML formatted file with the extension .LAY.
Standard layout files are shipped with Flaresim to provide graphic
report definitions for 1 and 2 stack systems with 1 or 2 tips on A4
and Letter paper sizes. Appendix A describes the structure and the
elements that make up a layout file.
9-40
Receptors
9-41
9-41
9-42
9-42
Shields
10-1
10 Shields
Page
10.1 Shield View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
10.1.1
10.1.2
10.1.3
10.1.4
10.1.5
Common Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Definition Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Definition Tab - User Water Screen Method 5
Definition Tab - Long Water Screen Method6
Sections Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
10-1
10-2
10-2
Shields
10-3
The Shield object models the use of water sprays or solid shields to
reduce the transmission of radiation and noise. Each shield object is
composed of one or more polygonal shapes or sections. Multiple
sections may be defined to describe complex shield structures such
as a burn pit.
The transmission of radiation through a shield can be modelled
either by user specified transmissivity factors or for water screens by
transmissivity factors calculated from details of the screen thickness
and the flame temperature. A method is also provided to calculate
the effective thickness of a water screen given details of the water
flow rate and other details of the water spray. The transmission of
noise through a shield is defined by a user specified transmission
factor.
Shield objects may be created using the Add-Shield drop down
menu option or by selecting the Shield branch in the Case Navigator
view and clicking the Add button.
An existing Shield object may be viewed by double clicking it in the
Case Navigator view or by selecting it in the Case Navigator view
and clicking the View button.
All defined Shield objects will be included in the calculations unless
they have been set to Ignored. A Shield may be set to ignored by
selecting it in the Case Navigator view and clicking the Ignore
button. An Ignored Shield object can be restored to the calculations
by selecting it in the Case Navigator view and clicking the Activate
button. Alternatively a Shield object can be ignored and restored by
setting or clearing the check box on its view.
A Shield object can be deleted either by clicking the Delete button
on its view or by selecting it in the Case Navigator view and clicking
the Delete button on this view.
10-3
10-4
Shield View
10-4
Shields
10-5
Ignored
Check box
Clear to include this shield in the calculations or set to ignore this
shield when calculating.
10-5
10-6
Shield View
10-6
Shields
10-7
Water Flow
Range: 0 to 1000 m3/s
This field defines the water flow rate for the calculation of the water
screen layer thickness using the Long method.
Nozzle Diameter
Range: 0 to 1000 mm
This field defines the nozzle diameter for the calculation of the water
screen layer thickness using the Long method.
Number of Nozzles
Range: 1 to 100
The number of water spray nozzles used.
Droplet Velocity
Range: 1 to 20 m/s
This field defines the droplet velocity to be used in the calculation of
the water screen layer thickness using the Long method.
Calc. Layer Thickness
Calculated value
This field displays the thickness of the water screen layer calculated
using the Long method.
10-7
10-8
Shield View
Section List
List box: All defined shield sections
The Section List displays all of the shield sections defined for this
shield. Selecting a section in the list updates the Section Details
region with the corresponding information.
10-8
Shields
10-9
10-9
10-10
Shield View
Correct
Correct
Incorrect
If vertices are not entered in the correct order their correct extent
cannot be calculated and the radiation and noise reduction results
will be misleading and inaccurate. This can usually be seen as very
irregular isopleths in the Receptor Grid view.
The Sort Vertices button will sort a list of vertices into the correct
order in most cases.
Section Details - Make Rectangle
Button
Clicking this button opens the Rectangle Builder view, see section
11.2. This allows rapid definition of a rectangular shield section.
Section Details - Make Polygon
Button
Clicking this button opens the Polygon Builder view, see section
11.3. This allows rapid definition of a polygonal shield section.
Vertex List - Northing
Range: -10,000 to 10,000 m
The northing coordinate of the vertex.
Vertex List - Easting
Range: -10,000 to 10,000 m
The easting coordinate of the vertex.
Vertex List - Elevation
Range: -10,000 to 10,000 m
The elevation coordinate of the vertex.
10-10
Shields
10-11
Rectangle - Height
Range: 0 to 1000m
The height of the shield section.
Rectangle - Width
Range: 0 to 1000m
The width of the shield section.
Centre Point Location - Northing
Range: -10,000 to 10,000m
The northing coordinate of the centre of the rectangle.
Centre Point Location - Easting
Range: -10,000 to 10,000m
The easting coordinate of the centre of the rectangle.
10-11
10-12
Rectangle Builder
10-12
Shields
10-13
Number of Vertices
Range; 3 to 100
The number of vertices that will define the extents of the shield
section. The default number of 12 will approximate a circular spray
shield to a reasonable accuracy though a greater number can be used
if required.
Radius
Range: 0.1 to 1,000m
The radius of the polygonal shield section i.e. the distance from the
centre of the polygon to each vertex.
10-13
10-14
Polygon Builder
10-14
Shields
10-15
Details
Radio button: Pit / Hut
Selects whether the view will define data for a pit or a hut.
In both cases 4 vertical rectangular walls and a horizontal
rectangular section will be created from the data supplied. In the
case of a Pit the horizontal section will form the base of the burn pit
while for a Hut the horizontal section will form the roof.
Length (Northing Dimension)
Range: 0.1 to 1,000m
The length of the burn pit/hut. The length is assumed to be the
dimension in the north-south direction.
10-15
10-16
10-16
Shields
10-17
10-17
10-18
Transform View
Shields
10-19
10-19
10-20
10-20
Transform View
Dispersion
11-1
11 Dispersion
Page
11.1 Dispersion View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
11.1.1
11.1.2
11.1.3
11.1.4
11.1.5
11.1.6
Common Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Input Data Tab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Pollutants Tab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Results Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Plot Overlay Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Graphic Report Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
11-1
11-2
11-2
Dispersion
11-3
11-3
11-4
Dispersion View
Dispersion
11-5
Ignored
Check box
Clear to include this Dispersion in the calculations or set to ignore
this Dispersion when calculating. The effect of setting this check
box will be to exclude the Dispersion object from the calculations.
Dispersion objects will only be considered for calculation if the
appropriate option is set in the General tab of the Calculations
Options view.
11-5
11-6
Dispersion View
11-6
Dispersion
11-7
Easting - Minimum
Range: -50,000 to 50,000 m
The minimum extent of the contour plot in the easting direction.
Easting - Maximum
Range: -50,000 to 50,000 m
The maximum extent of the contour plot in the easting direction.
Easting - Number of Points
Range: 1 to 1001
The number of increments that the distance between the minimum
and maximum extents will be divided into.
11-8
Dispersion View
11-8
Dispersion
11-9
11-9
11-10
Dispersion View
The view above shows the results obtained for a downwind line plot
dispersion calculations. The view below shows the results for a
contour calculation. In both cases the Display and Export options
available are the same.
Figure 11-6, Results Tab, Contour Results
Display
Drop down list: Table / Plot
Selects whether the dispersion results are displayed as a table or as
a graph.
When a new Dispersion object is created the graph display settings
are set to the defaults defined in the Preferences View, see section
5.4.
Export
Button
Allows the calculated thermal radiation results to be exported to a
file. If the data is displayed as a table it may be exported to an Excel
XLS file or a comma separated CSV file. If displayed as a graph it
11-10
Dispersion
11-11
11-11
11-12
Implementation Details
11-12
12-1
Common Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Details Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Editor Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Overlay Editor Tool bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Overlay Editor - Object Properties . . . . . . 10
Overlay Editor - Edit Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
12-1
12-2
Page
12-2
12-3
12-3
12-4
Overlay View
12-4
12-5
12-5
12-6
Overlay View
12-6
12-7
The stack elements shown are the projection of the stack onto the
Overlay plane i.e. vertical stacks will appear as a point on an
Overlay with a Northing-Easting orientation.
Refresh
Button
Clicking this button updates any open Receptor Grid or Dispersion
isopleth plot views that are using the current Overlay so that they
display the latest version of the Overlay. Newly opened isopleth
views and report graphics always display the latest Overlay version.
The icons on this tool bar may be clicked to perform the following
actions or select a drawing mode. A blue box is shown around the
current active icon.
Opens a file to import into the current Overlay. A standard
windows File Open Dialog will be displayed to allow the file
to be selected. Allowed types of input file are JPG, PNG,
BMP, WMF or EMF standard Windows file types, Flaresim
version 2 overlays FSG and Flaresim version 3 overlays
FSO.
The imported file will replace the current drawing. If you
want to add an external file to an existing Overlay use the
Add Picture option
.
Exports the current Overlay picture. A standard windows
File Save Dialog will be displayed to allow the export file to
be selected. The file may be saved as a JPG, PNG, BMP,
WMF or EMF file.
12-7
12-8
Overlay View
Puts the drawing in selection and edit mode. When this icon
is selected, clicking objects in the drawing selects them for
editing, as described in section below.
12-8
12-9
12-9
12-10
Overlay View
12-11
Line Style
This displays the following dialog to allow the line width and line
style to be selected. Enter the line width required and select the line
style from the drop down list then click Ok. The selected style
applies to individual line objects, polyline objects and the outside
lines for rectangle, rounded rectangle, ellipse and polygon objects.
Figure 12-7, Line Style Selection
Fill Colour
This displays the standard windows Colour Selection Dialog as
shown above. The selected colour applies to the interior of rectangle,
rounded rectangle, ellipse and polygon objects.
12-11
12-12
Overlay View
Fill Style
This displays the following dialog. Select the Fill style from the drop
down list and click Ok. The selected fill style applies to the interior
of rectangle, rounded rectangle, ellipse and polygon objects.
Figure 12-8, Fill Style Selection
Background Colour
This displays the standard windows Colour Selection Dialog as
shown above. The selected colour applies background colour of the
plot.
Text Colour
This displays the standard windows Colour Selection Dialog as
shown above. The selected colour applies to the text objects.
Text Font
This displays a standard windows Font Properties Dialog as shown
below. Select the font name, size and style and click Ok. Note that
the font size selected has to be scaled for use on the overlay and so
a given point size may not display with the exact height requested.
12-12
12-13
12-13
12-14
Overlay View
12-15
12-15
12-16
Zoom View
12-16
12-17
12-17
12-18
12-18
12-19
12-19
12-20
12-20
12-21
12-21
12-22
12-22
12-23
Not all of the defined properties may be supported for all of the text
elements. Where a property cannot be set it will be greyed out while
that text element is selected.
Text Options - Display Item
Check box
This controls whether the selected text element will be displayed.
Set the check box to display the item, clear it to hide it.
Text Options - Sample
Font dialog
The Sample column displays a sample of the font style that is
currently defined for the selected text item. Double clicking the
sample text opens a standard windows font dialog to allow the
family, size and style of the font to be set for the selected text item.
Figure 12-16, Font Dialog
12-23
12-24
12-24
KO Drums
13-1
13 KO Drums
Page
13.1 KO Drum View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
13.1.1
13.1.2
13.1.3
13.1.4
13.1.5
13.1.6
Common Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
KO Drum View - Fluid Data Tab. . . . . . . . . . 5
KO Drum View - Fluid Composition Tab . . 8
KO Drum View - Vessel Data Tab . . . . . . . 10
KO Drum View - Nozzle Data Tab . . . . . . . 15
KO Drum View - Results Tab . . . . . . . . . . . 17
13-1
13-2
13-2
KO Drums
13-3
13-4
KO Drum View
13-4
KO Drums
13-5
Ignored
Check box
Clear to include this stack in the calculations or set to ignore this
stack when calculating. The effect of setting this check box will be
to exclude the KO drum from the calculations.
Status Text
Status message
The message displayed in this field and its colour indicates whether
the data for this KO drum object is complete and ready for
calculation.
13-6
KO Drum View
13-6
KO Drums
13-7
13-8
KO Drum View
13-8
KO Drums
13-9
13-9
13-10
KO Drum View
Composition Basis
Radio button: Mass/Mole
This radio button selects the basis for the composition data. Note
that changing it does not convert any existing component fraction
data to the new basis.
As component fractions are updated, the running total of the
fractions is updated. A composition can be completed by clicking
either the Normalise button to set remaining fractions to 0.0 and
normalise current totals to add to 1.0 or by clicking the Calculate
Last Fraction button to set a single unspecified component fraction
to the value required to make the overall fraction equal to 1.0.
Flash Options - Flash Method
Drop down list: PR / NIST
This option selects the method to be used when flashing the
specified composition at the specified temperature and pressure. The
default PR or Peng Robinson method is widely used and is the
default option. The NIST option is the default method provided by
the REFPROP package.
The PR method is significantly faster than the NIST method.
13-10
KO Drums
13-11
13-12
KO Drum View
13-12
KO Drums
13-13
a Vertical vessel droplets will be removed from the gas if the droplet
settling velocity is greater than the superficial gas velocity.
Vessel Input Data - L/D Ratio
Range: 0.2 to 50
This entry defines the ratio of length / diameter to be used when
sizing the vessel. If this value is specified the diameter specification
is cleared automatically.
Vessel Input Data - Diameter
Range: 0.2 to 50
This entry defines the ratio of length / diameter to be used when
sizing the vessel. If this value is specified the L/D specification is
cleared automatically. This value cannot be specified for a Vertical
vessel.
For a Horizontal vessel a range of possible sizes can be found to
meet a given liquid holdup time and droplet diameter. Thus a
specification of either L/D Ratio or Diameter is required to generate
a unique solution. For a Vertical vessel the minimum diameter is
calculated directly from the settling velocity and the length will then
be derived from the L/D ratio with the diameter being increased if it
is required to meet the liquid holdup time criteria.
Summary Results - Diameter
Calculated value
The calculated vessel diameter.
Summary Results - Tan Tan Length
Calculated value
The calculated vessel tan to tan length of the vessel.
The tan tan length for a Horizontal vessel will be determined either
by the minimum gas flow path or minimum volume requirement as
required.
Summary Results - L/D Ratio
Calculated value
The calculated ratio of vessel length / vessel diameter.
13-13
13-14
KO Drum View
13-14
KO Drums
13-15
13-15
13-16
KO Drum View
The view contains two similar sections, one for the inlet nozzle and
one for the exit nozzle.
Nozzle Data - Use Nominal Diameters
Drop down list: Yes / No
When set to Yes, the nozzle calculations will be based on nominal
diameters. If the design velocity is specified the required nozzle
internal diameter will be calculated and then the specified schedule
searched for the next nominal size with a larger internal diameter. If
the Nominal diameter is specified the nozzle internal diameter will
be obtained from the specified schedule.
When set to No, all calculations will use the internal diameter and
the nominal diameter will not be set.
Nozzle Data - Design Velocity
Range: 0.1 to 500 m/s
This specifies the design velocity for the nozzle. As long as the flow
and fluid properties are known, specification of this value will do a
sizing calculation and update the nozzle internal or nominal
diameter as appropriate.
This value will be cleared when the nominal diameter or internal
diameter is specified.
Nozzle Data - Schedule
Drop down list: Available pipe schedules
This entry defines the pipe schedule to be used for determining the
nozzle internal diameter from the nominal diameter. The data for the
available pipe schedules is defined in the Pipe Schedules data file
specified in the Preferences view - the default is PipeSizes.xml.
Nozzle Data - Nominal Diameter
Drop down list: Available nominal diameters for selected schedule
This entry defines the nominal diameter of the nozzle. It is only
available for use when the Use Nominal Diameters option is set to
Yes; otherwise this entry will be set to <Not Set>. The actual internal
diameter will be obtained by looking up the specified nominal
diameter defined for the selected schedule in the Pipe Schedules data
file.
13-16
KO Drums
13-17
13-17
13-18
KO Drum View
13-18
KO Drums
13-19
13-19
13-20
KO Drum View
KO Drums
13-21
13-21
13-22
KO Drum View
13-22
KO Drums
13-23
The KO Drum Summary view shows the input data and results for
all of the KO drums in the case. Data input values can be updated
through the summary view if required.
Export Table
Button
Clicking this button opens a File Save dialog to allow the KO Drum
summary table to be saved as a comma separated value (CSV) file,
an Excel format file (XLS) or tab separated text file(TXT).
13-23
13-24
13-24
Case Studies
14-1
14 Case Studies
Page
14.1 Case Study View. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
14.1.1
14.1.2
14.1.3
14.1.4
14.1.5
14.1.6
14.1.7
14.1.8
Common Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Case Study View - Input Variables Tab. . . . 5
Input Variables Tab - Discrete Variable . . . 6
Input Variables Tab - Incremental Variable 8
Case Study View - Result Variable Tab . . 10
Case Study View, Results Tab. . . . . . . . . . .11
Case Study View - Plots Tab . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Case Study View - Descriptions Tab . . . . 16
14-1
14-2
14-2
Case Studies
14-3
14-3
14-4
14-4
Case Studies
14-5
14-6
2.
3.
Define the data values for each selected variable and case
This input does not have to be entered in any particular order. For
example it is possible to define the cases before selecting variables
or to define all of the variables, cases and data values for a study and
then add new variables and cases later.
Add Variable
Button
Clicking this button opens the Select Variable view which allows
new variables to be added to the Discrete Variable selection grid.
Usage of the Select Variable view is described in section14.2.
Remove Variable
Button
Clicking this button removes the variable whose column is currently
selected in the Discrete Variable Selection grid.
Add Case
Button
Clicking this button adds a new case to the Case Study as a new row
in the Discrete Variable Selection grid. The new case will be added
after the existing cases. The new case will be given a default name
and default data values for the new case will set from the previous
row in the grid.
14-6
Case Studies
14-7
Remove Case
Button
Clicking this button removes the case whose row is currently
selected in the Discrete Variable Selection grid.
Once the required cases and variables have been added to the
Discrete Variable selection grid, the data values in the individual
cells can be updated by simply clicking on a cell and entering a new
value. Should you wish to edit a few characters of an existing value,
a double click will allow modifications to the previous cell contents.
Data values for numeric variables must be entered in the units listed
in the column header. If you need to use a different set of units then
use the Preferences view to select the appropriate unit set. If the data
values are being entered for a selection variable, the cell will
display the appropriate choices as a drop down list in the usual way.
An example of a completed Discrete Variable selection grid is
shown below
Figure 14-2, Input Variables Tab - Discrete Variable Selection
14-7
14-8
The input data for a Incremental variable case study is entered in two
steps which must be carried out in order:
1.
Select the variable
2.
Add Variable
Button
Clicking this button opens the Select Variable view which allows
new variables to be added to the Incremental Variable selection grid.
Usage of the Select Variable view is described in section 14.2. Only
numerical variables may be selected for inclusion in an incremental
variables study.
14-8
Case Studies
14-9
Remove Variable
Button
Clicking this button removes the variable whose column is currently
selected in the Incremental Variable Selection grid.
Incremental Variable Selection - Active
Drop down list: Yes/No
This cell defines whether the selected variable is to be included
when the case study is calculated. A maximum of 2 incremental
variables can be active in a single run of the case study.
Incremental Variable Selection - Minimum Value
Range: As appropriate for variable
This cell defines the minimum value for the selected variable.
Incremental variable studies run for a range of values from a
minimum to a maximum value.
Incremental Variable Selection - Maximum Value
Range: As appropriate for variable
This cell defines the maximum value for the selected variable.
Incremental variable studies run for a range of values from a
minimum to a maximum value.
Incremental Variable Selection - Number of Points
Number
This cell how many cases are to be generated over the range from the
minimum value to maximum value. The step size cell is
automatically updated when the number of points is changed.
Incremental Variable Selection - Step Size
Range: As appropriate for variable
This cell defines the value of the step size to be used when generated
cases over the range from the minimum to the maximum value. The
number of points is automatically updated when the step size is
changed. If the specified step size leads to a non-integer number of
points an error message is displayed.
All values for the Minimum, Maximum and Step Size entries must
be defined in the default units for the variable displayed in the
14-9
14-10
column header. If you need to enter values in different units they can
be changed in Preferences view.
As the values for Active, Minimum Value, Maximum Value and
Number of Points/Step Size are updated, the total number of cases
that will be generated is updated at the top right corner of the view.
When two variables are set active (the maximum) then total number
of cases is the product of the number of points defined for the two
variables. E.g. if variable 1 defines 10 points over its range and
variable 2 15 points then the total number of cases to be calculated
will be 150.
An example of a completed Incremental Variable Selection Grid is
shown below.
Figure 14-4, Input Variables Tab - Discrete Variable Selection
14-10
Case Studies
14-11
Add Variable
Button
Clicking this button opens the Select Variable view which allows
new variables to be added to the Result Variable selection grid.
Usage of the Select Variable view is described in section 14.2. Only
calculated variables may be selected.
Remove Variable
Button
Clicking this button removes the variable whose column is currently
selected in the Result Variable Selection grid.
Figure 14-5, Case Study View, Result Variable Selection
14-11
14-12
window will pop up to ask you to confirm this action. When the
variables values are copied, the information on the Active Case
Study tab of the Case Summary view will be updated at the same
time with the selected case name and description. Logging
informations showing when the update was done will also be
recorded.
An Incremental Variable study will always label the cases in
sequence. There is no option to transfer input values to the
underlying base case for this type of case study.
Export
Button
Clicking this button opens a File Save dialogue to allow the case
study results table to be saved as an Excel (XLS), comma separated
value (CSV) or text (TXT) file.
A sample results tab view for a Discrete Variable study is shown
below.
Figure 14-6, Case Study View, Results Tab
14-12
Case Studies
14-13
14-13
14-14
Cases - Select
Check box
The Cases grid displays all the cases defined in the case study.
Selecting the check box against a case indicates that it is to be
included in the bar chart. The number of cases that can be selected
is unlimited though in practice the plot will be rather congested if
more than 4-5 cases are selected.
Horizontal Chart
Check box
Selecting this check box changes the plot from one with vertical bars
to one with horizontal bars. This can assist in readability of the plot
when longer case names are used.
A sample plots tab for a Discrete Variable study is shown below.
Figure 14-7, Case Study View, Discrete Study Plot
For an Incremental Variable study, the plots generated are line plots.
Two grids are displayed allowing selection of the variables for the X
and Y axes.
Select X Variable - Description
Text cell
The Select X Variable grid displays names of all the variables in the
case study, both input and result variables. Initially a default name is
14-14
Case Studies
14-15
14-15
14-16
indicates that its results are to be included in the plot. Only one
variable can be selected.
A sample Incremental Variable study plot is shown below.
Figure 14-8, Case Study View, Incremental Study Plot
14-16
Case Studies
14-17
Case - Select
Check box
The Cases grid displays all the cases defined in the case study.
Selecting the check box against a case displays its descriptive text in
the adjacent text box to allow it to be updated.
A sample Description view is shown below.
Figure 14-9, Case Study View, Descriptions Tab
14-17
14-18
3.
14-18
Case Studies
14-19
Cancel
Button
Clicking this button closes the Select Variable view without adding
a variable to the case study.
Add
Button
Clicking this button adds the selected variable to the case study. If
the variable has already been added an error message will be
displayed. The Select Variable view will remain open to allow
additional variables to be added.
Ok
Button
Clicking this button adds the selected variable to the case study and
then closes the Select Variable view. If the variable already exists in
the case study no error will be displayed but it will not be duplicated.
Sort A-Z
Check box
When selected the variables in the Variables panel will be displayed
in alphabetical order. When this check box is cleared, which is the
default setting, the variables will be displayed with the most
commonly used variables at the top of the list.
14-19
14-20
14-20
Calculations
15-1
15 Calculations
Page
15.1 Calculation Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
15.2 Calculation Options View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
15.2.1
15.2.2
15.2.3
15.2.4
15.2.5
General Tab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Sizing Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Heat Transfer Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Emissions Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Fitting Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
15-1
15-2
15-2
Calculations
15-3
15-4
Status Text
Status message
The message displayed in this field and its colour indicates whether
the calculation options are complete and the model is ready for
calculation.
Calculations
15-5
15-5
15-6
15-6
Calculations
15-7
3.
4.
5.
6.
Options - Windchill
Check box
When set an empirical correlation is used to correct the incident
thermal radiation at any receptor point by taking into account the
heat losses due to passage of wind over the point. Use of this option
15-7
15-8
15-8
Calculations
15-9
15-9
15-10
15-10
Calculations
15-11
15-11
15-12
15-12
Calculations
15-13
HTC = A Windspeed + C
(1)
15-13
15-14
15-14
Calculations
15-15
15-15
15-16
15-16
Calculations
15-17
15-18
shows all of the tips configured in the model. The tip that is selected
must have its F Factor method set to User Defined. It does not matter
what starting value of F Factor is defined on the tip.
Fitting Parameters - Target Receptor Point
Drop down list: Available receptor points
This selects the Receptor Points which are to be included in the
fitting calculation. Either a single point can be selected or the All
Active option can be selected in which case all Receptor points that
are not set to Ignored will be included in the calculation.
All of the points included in the calculation must have a value
defined for the Observed Radiation field.
Fitting Parameters - Result
Calculated value
This displays the value for the F Factor that was calculated by the
fitting process.
Fitting Parameters - Error
Calculated value
This displays the square root of the sum of the square of the relative
errors between the calculated and observed radiation values for the
selected Receptor points.
Run Fitting
Button
Clicking this starts the fitting process. The fitting process first
reconfigures the model to solve for Receptor points only. It will then
set the selected Tip to a low F Factor and run the model to calculate
the radiation at each selected Receptor point. The sum of the square
of the relative errors between the calculated and observed radiation
values will then be calculated. The F Factor is then raised by a step
and the process repeated until the calculated error begins to rise. At
this point a bisection search for the F Factor that gives the minimum
value for the error is obtained.
When the value of the F Factor that gives the minimum error has
been found the whole model will be reinstated and re-run at the
resulting F Factor.
15-18
Calculations
15-19
Note if the fitting process is run for a single Receptor Point the final
error should always be 0 as long as there is a feasible value for the F
Factor which cannot be greater than 1.
15-19
15-20
15-20
Printing
16-1
16 Printing
Page
16.1 Report View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
16.1.1
Report File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
16-1
16-2
16-2
Printing
16-3
16-3
16-4
Report View
Printing
16-5
Note that the Report view being displayed is of the HTML report file
generated by Flaresim. Some elements of this report file will float
and be reformatted to try and fit into the area available for display.
It may be necessary to expand the view to see the report as it will be
printed.
Report Item
Tree view
This section of the view lists the items that can be included in a
report as a tree structure in a similar way to the Case Navigator view.
As in the case summary, the
and
icons can be used to expand
and collapse branches of the tree as required. The complete Report
Items panel can be collapsed using the
button and expanded
again using the
button.
Include Item
Check box
Each item available for the report has a check box against it. The
check box should be set to include the topic or cleared to exclude it.
Lines Per Page
Range: 10 to 1000
The maximum number of lines of text for each report page.
Reset Options
Button
Resets the include item check boxes for each item to the defaults
contained in the PrintPreferences.xml file.
Clear All
Button
Clears the include item check boxes for all items.
Save Options
Button
Opens a File Save dialog to allow the current report item selection
to be saved to a dedicated configuration file. This option can be used
to update the default settings in the PrintPreferences.xml file.
16-5
16-6
Report View
Read Options
Button
Opens a File Open dialog to allow a configuration file contain report
item selection to be read and applied to the current case.
Note that whenever a case is saved the current report settings are
saved with it. The Save Options and Read Options buttons provide
a way for settings copied from one case to another without the need
to update the main PrintPreferences file.
Save Report As Case
Button
Since the Report view is independent of a case and because multiple
Reports can be generated with different input data, the Save Report
As Case allows the information associated with a particular report to
be saved as a Flaresim case. Note that all of the case data and results
will be saved, not just the current selected items.
Print
Button
Prints the report using the current selection of included and excluded
items. Clicking this button starts the printing process by displaying
the standard Windows Printer dialog view below to allow the user to
select the printer to be used and to control the setup of the print
options.
16-6
Printing
16-7
Once the printer options have been set the Print button on this view
should be clicked to send the output to the printer.
Page Setup
Button
This displays a standard windows page setup view to allow the page
margins etc to be defined for the report. While these changes may
have an impact on the number of lines of text that will fit on the page
it is still necessary to update the Lines Per Page entry separately.
Refresh
Button
Updates the report preview to reflect any changes that have been
made to the included or excluded topics. The report cannot be
refreshed if any data has changed since it was generated.
16-8
Report View
being saved. The sub-folder name will be the same as the saved file
name.
This HTML file can be viewed at any time using an internet browser,
independently of Flaresim.
16-8
Printing
16-9
Select
List box: Receptor Grids, Receptor Points, Dispersions
This displays as list of the Receptor Grids, Receptor Points and
Dispersion objects for which a graphic report is available. Receptor
Points only appear in the list if a wind rose graphic report is
available. Dispersion objects only appear in the list when a contour
plot report is available.
16-9
16-10
Objects are selected in the list by clicking on the name in the list.
Multiple items may be selected using Shift-Click and Ctrl-Click in
the usual way.
For convenience an All option is provided at the top of the list which
can be selected to output graphic reports for all the receptor grids
and receptor points in the model.
Select Plots
Check boxes
Each receptor grid can generate four separate graphic reports, one
for each of the radiation, noise, temperature isopleths and
concentrations (as long as jet dispersion calculations are enabled).
These check boxes allow selection of which reports will be output.
Set a check box to output the associated report and clear a check box
to suppress the report.
Save File Type
Drop down list: JPG / PNG / BMP / WMF / EMF
This allows selection of the graphic file type that will be generated
if the reports are output to file using the Save Graphic Reports
button. The options are JPG, PNG or BMP bitmap files and WMF or
EMF vector meta files.
Save Graphic Reports
Button
This creates the selected graphic reports and saves them as files of
the type selected by the Save File Type item. A pop-up window will
be displayed to select the output folder. Each file will be
automatically named with the type of the isopleth and the name of
the receptor grid e.g. Radiation-Helideck. Confirmation of each file
saved is output to the information log.
Isopleths To CSV
Button
This saves a list of the isopleth data points for each selected report
to a text file in Comma Separated Value or CSV format. This allows
the isopleths to be plotted using third party applications such as
Excel. A pop-up window will be displayed to select the output
16-10
Printing
16-11
16-11
16-12
16-12
Printing
16-13
In addition to the printer, the paper size and orientation can also be
selected through the Properties button of the view.
The selection of graphic report printer will be remembered and
reselected next time Flaresim is used if the appropriate option is set
on the Files tab of the Preferences view.
16-13
16-14
The allowed paper sizes and paper source are those for the currently
selected printer. The paper size, orientation and margins will be
saved as Flaresim is closed and reloaded next time Flaresim is used.
Graphic reports will override the default page size specified in the
selected layout file if required to fit within the page size defined in
this dialog.
16-14
Calculation Methods
17-1
17 Calculation Methods
Page
17.1 Thermal Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
17.1.1
17.1.2
17.1.3
17.1.4
17.1.5
17.1.6
17.1.7
17.1.8
17.1.9
17.1.10
API Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Integrated Point Source Method. . . . . . . . . 5
Integrated Diffuse Source Method . . . . . . . 6
Integrated Mixed Source Method . . . . . . . . 7
Brzustowski and Sommer Method . . . . . . . 7
Chamberlain Method (Thornton Method). . 8
F Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Atmospheric Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Windchill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Flame Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Combustion Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Jet Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Atmospheric Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
HUSA Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Reduced HUSA Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
17-1
Calculation Methods
17-2
Page
17.6 Gas Dispersion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
17.6.1
17.6.2
17.6.3
Jet Dispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Gaussian Dispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Emission Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
17.7 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
17.7.1
17.7.2
Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Subscripts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
17.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
17-2
Calculation Methods
17-3
17-3
17-4
Thermal Radiation
17-4
Calculation Methods
17-5
FQ
K = -------------2
4D
(1)
17-6
Thermal Radiation
FQ L 1
K ips = ---------- ------- dl
4L 0 D 2
(2)
The distance between the point source and the receptor is calculated
from a flame shape derived from the resolution of the velocity
vectors for the flared fluid, wind and flame buoyancy.
FQ L sin
-------- ----------- dl
K ids =
2
2
L 0 D
(3)
The distance between the point source and the receptor is calculated
from a flame shape derived from the resolution of the velocity
vectors for the flared fluid, wind and flame buoyancy.
17-6
Calculation Methods
17-7
(4)
17-7
17-8
Thermal Radiation
17.1.7 F Factors
The F Factor or fraction of combustion heat radiated from a flame is
the most important single parameter in the calculation of thermal
radiation calculation. The following is a summary of the correlations
available in Flaresim, see reference [13] except where otherwise
indicated. Note that some of these correlations are explicitly for Fs.
or fraction of heat radiated from surface of the flame whereas in
others F is for fraction of total heat radiated.
Natural gas (Chamberlain)
Correlation based on tip exit velocity assuming a natural gas fluid of
molecular weight 19.
F s = 0.11 + 0.21e
0.00323u j
(5)
Tan
Correlation based on mole weight
F = 0.048 MW
17-8
(6)
Calculation Methods
17-9
Kent
Correlation based on mole weight.
50 MW + 100
F = 0.2 -----------------------------------900
(7)
High Efficiency
Proprietary correlation between tip type, exit velocity, fluid
molecular weight and degree of hydrocarbon saturation. Formally
known as the Flaresim method in versions prior to 1.2.
Cook
Correlation based on exit velocity.
F = 0.321 0.000418u j
(8)
Generic Pipe
Proprietary correlation based on refitting Kent, Tan, Natural gas and
Cook methods across a range of exit velocities and molecular
weights.
Mod. Chamberlain Method
This correlation corrects the basic Natural Gas (Chamberlain)
method for mole weight [14].
F s = [ 0.11 + 0.21e
0.00323u j
] f ( MW )
(9)
17-9
17-10
Thermal Radiation
where
f ( MW ) = 1, MW < 21
f ( MW ) = ( MW 21 )
0.5
, 21 < MW < 60
f ( MW ) = 1.69, 60 < MW
17.1.8 Atmospheric Attenuation
Brzustowski and Sommer[3] recommend the use of the atmospheric
transmissivity, as the fraction of the heat intensity which is
transmitted to a point, in order to correct the calculated values for
thermal radiation.
This correction is given by Equation (10).
K = K
(10)
17-10
(11)
Calculation Methods
17-11
(12)
0.03188 ( Log 10 X ( CO 2 ) )
+ 0.001164 ( Log 10 X ( CO 2 ) )
where
X ( H 2 O ) = ( 288.651R H DS mm ) T
X ( CO 2 ) = 273.0D T
RH = Fractional humidity
Smm = Saturated water vapour pressure in mmHg at T
T = Atmospheric temperature K
D = Distance between receptor and emittor m
17-11
17-12
Thermal Radiation
17.1.9 Windchill
The design of offshore flare systems often takes into account the
effect of heat loss from the target surface due to windchill. Equation
(13) gives the simple correction to the calculated value for thermal
radiation.
Kw = K Kf
(13)
17-12
Calculation Methods
17-13
4WZRT
u j = ------------------2
PMd
(14)
The gas mach number is calculated from the sonic velocity which is
calculated from Equation (15).
us =
gkRT
------------M
(15)
17-13
17-14
Thermal Radiation
Q = W LHV
(16)
Q I2
L = I 1 ---N
(17)
Tip Type
l1
l2
Pipe flare
0.00331
0.4776
0.00241
0.4600
0.00129
0.5000
Steam and air assisted flares will generally have shorter flames than
those calculated by these equations. The program contains
proprietary algorithms for prediction of the shortening of the flame
17-14
Calculation Methods
17-15
1 1
u l = 5.0u j d --- --l A
(18)
Equations (19), (20) and (21) are resolved according to the Cartesian
coordinate system shown by Figure 17-2.
dx
------ = u l sin cos + u cos
dt
(19)
dy
------ = u l sin cos + u sin
dt
(20)
dz
----- = u l cos + u b
dt
(21)
17-15
17-16
Thermal Radiation
Brzustowski
If the Brzustowski method [3] is selected then the flame length and
deflection are calculated from a method based upon the distance
required for the dilution of the flared gas to the lean flammability
limit concentration.
Dimensionless parameters are defined which relate the lean
flammability limit concentration and the following parameters to the
deflection of the end point of the flame:
Tip exit velocity
Wind velocity
Gas molecular weight
Air molecular weight
Tip diameter
17-16
Calculation Methods
17-17
Mj
uj
c l = c l ------ -------u
M
(22)
xl
x l = -------------------------dj uj
--------- ------ju
(23)
zl
z l = -------------------------dj uj
--------- ------ju
(24)
Figure 17-3 gives the values for the horizontal and vertical distance
factors for a range of values for the dimensionless concentration
parameter.
17-17
17-18
Thermal Radiation
17-18
Calculation Methods
17-19
W2
RL
L
W1
Flare Stack
17-19
17-20
Surface Temperature
K = ( h c + h r ) ( T m T )
(25)
( Tm T )
h r = E -----------------------------( Tm T )
(26)
h c = 0.80 + 0.22u
(27)
u > 15
h c = 0.56u
0.75
(28)
17-20
Calculation Methods
17-21
17.3 Noise
The noise generated by a flare may be broken down into 2 basic
components:
Combustion noise
Jet noise
Although the noise may be expressed in terms of an average value,
it is frequency dependant. The shape of this noise spectrum is
dependant upon whether the major contribution is due to
combustion noise as in the case of pipe flares, or jet noise as in the
case of sonic flares. The noise spectrum is generally given in 7
octave bands from 63 Hz to 8000 Hz.
Attenuation of the noise occurs due to atmospheric absorption. This
absorption is a function of the frequency of the noise with higher
frequencies being more readily absorbed.
Noise is expressed either in terms of the Sound Power Level (PWL)
or the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) where these terms are defined by
Equations 23 and 24.
W
PWL = 10 log -------
W
0
(29)
P2
SPL = 10 log ---------
P 2
0
(30)
17-21
17-22
Noise
(31)
Q
SPL = SPL 20 + 10 log --------------------- +
6
81 10
20
20log ------ SPL A
D
17-22
(32)
Calculation Methods
17-23
j uj
PWL = V -----------2
(33)
17-23
17-24
Noise
j Tj 2
B = ------- -------
T
(34)
17-24
Calculation Methods
17-25
0.2mu s
f max = ----------------dj
(35)
17-25
17-26
Noise
f i 2
f max 4
log 1 + -------------- 1 + ----------- 5.3
2f max
2f i
(36)
17-26
Calculation Methods
17-27
17-27
17-28
Purge Gas
Q p = 0.07068d
3.46 1
20.9
--- ln --------- F
y O2 b
(37)
where
Qp
d
O2
y
Fb
Fb =
Ci
0.65
exp [ 0.065 ( 29 M i ) ]
i
where
Ci
Volume fraction of ith component
Mi
Molecular weight of ith component
17-28
(38)
Calculation Methods
17-29
1.5
(39)
where
M
Molecular weight of purge gas.
If the purge gas buoyancy factor calculated using either method is
less than the buoyancy factor of nitrogen then the buoyancy factor
for nitrogen is used.
Q p = 0.003528d
3.46
Ci
0.65
Ki
(40)
i
where
Qp
d
Ci
Ki
17-29
17-30
Purge Gas
Component
Hydrogen
5.783
Helium
5.078
Methane
2.328
Nitrogen
Ethane
-1.067
Propane
-2.651
Carbon Dioxide
-2.651
-6.586
0.65
If the sum of the C i K i terms is less than the K value for nitrogen
then the value for nitrogen is used.
17-30
Calculation Methods
17-31
E
= -----Eb
(41)
where
E
Eb
Transmissivity
Total transmitted flux
Total black body radiated flux
E =
min )
E b exp ( s )
(42)
where
E b
E b = ( 2Hc
) ( exp ( ( Hc ) ( KT ) 1 ) )
(43)
17-31
17-32
Water Sprays
where
H
c
K
T
6u noz
s = ( ( 0.5D noz ) ) ------------u drop
where
s
Layer thickness m
D noz Nozzle diameter m
u noz Nozzle exit velocity m/s
u drop Droplet velocity m/s
17-32
(44)
Calculation Methods
17-33
( zf He )
2
2 z
+e
( zf + He )
2
2 z
(45)
17-33
17-34
Gas Dispersion
where
C = Emissions concentration g/m3 at receptor located at
x m downwind
y m crosswind from centre line
z m above ground
Q = Source emission rate, g/s
u = Horizontal wind velocity m/s
He = plume centre line above ground, m
z = vertical standard deviation of emissions distribution m
y = horizontal standard deviation of emissions distribution m
This equation is valid subject to the following constraints
Vertical and crosswind diffusion follow Gaussian distribution
Downwind diffusion is negligible
Emissions rate is constant and continuous
All emissions are conserved in plume
No barriers to diffusion other than ground
Emissions are reflected from ground as if generated from imaginary plume beneath the ground and are additive to primary
plume.
Turbulence within x, y, z dimensions of plume is homogenous.
The dispersion coefficients used by Flaresim z and y in
equation (45) in rural terrain are calculated using McMullens
equation fit to the Pasquill dispersion coefficients published by
Turner[17], page 53. In urban terrain the equation developed by
Gifford to fit the dispersion coefficients published by Briggs are
used [17], page 56. In both cases the data to which equations apply
is for distances greater than 100 m downwind of the source.
The Gaussian Dispersion equation (45) requires the effective height
of the plume He. This is calculated using the Briggs equations for a
bent-over buoyant plume in their 1972 version [17], pages 72, 73.
The Briggs buoyancy parameter required by these equations is
calculated using the fully generalised method given in [17], page
184. The effective release height for dispersion of combustion gases
17-34
Calculation Methods
17-35
u0
35
EI NOx ------------ = 3.5 Fr
d 0.55
0
(46)
where
EINOx = NOx emissions rate in gNOx / kg fuel
2
Fr = Froude number = u 0 g d 0
u 0 = Nozzle outlet velocity m/s at ambient conditions (298K, 1.013
bar)
d 0 = Nozzle outlet diameter, m
17-35
17-36
Nomenclature
17.7 Nomenclature
The following nomenclature is used in this chapter unless otherwise
specified in the body of the text.
17.7.1 Symbols
A
a
B
c
D
d
E
F
Fs
f
H
h
L
LHV
l
l1
l2
M
m
N
K
k
P
17-36
Calculation Methods
W
x
x'
y
Z
z'
z
17-37
17.7.2 Subscripts
A
b
c
f
i
ids
ims
ips
j
l
m
r
s
w
0
20
Atmospheric attenuation
Buoyancy
Convective
Correction
Frequency band
Integrated diffuse source
Integrated mixed source
Integrated point source
Jet exit
Curvilinear length
Metal
Radiative
Sonic
Corrected for windchill
Wind/atmospheric
Corrected for transmissivity
Reference condition
At 20 ft from source
17-37
17-38
References
17.8 References
17-38
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Calculation Methods
17-39
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
17-39
17-40
17-40
References
A-1
Introduction to XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
A.1.1
A.1.2
A.1.3
A.2
Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
A.2.1
A.2.2
A.2.3
A.2.4
A.2.5
A.2.6
A.2.7
A.2.8
A.2.9
A.2.10
A.2.11
Allowed Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
PageSize Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Text Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Unit Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Logo Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
CaseData Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Line Element. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
PlotArea Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
LegendArea Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
ContourSet Element. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
A-1
A-2
A-2
A-3
A-3
A-4
Introduction to XML
A.1.1 Tags
An elements tag can be thought of as its name. A tag enclosed in a
pair of < > brackets starts the description of an element and the
same tag preceded by a / character and enclosed in a pair of < >
brackets ends the description of the element. For example, an
element containing text data might be given the tag Description and
would appear as follows
<Description>The descriptive text</Description>.
A XML file can contain more than one element with the same tag
describing repeating data items. Tags are case sensitive, i.e.
<description> is different to <Description>.
Taking the XML fragment shown in Figure A-1 as an example, there
are six elements in total with four unique tags namely <Text>,
<Logo>, <CaseData> and <Var>. There are three <Text> elements.
A-4
A-5
A.1.2 Attributes
The attributes of an element can be thought of as data parameters
or additional descriptions of the element. Attributes are defined
within the < > brackets of the elements opening tag. A single
attribute is introduced by a name followed by an = sign followed
by the value of the attribute enclosed in quotes. For example our
Description tag might be extended to have an attribute called Font to
define the typeface to be used to print it thus.
<Description Font=Arial>The descriptive text</Description>
An element may have no attributes or multiple attributes. Attribute
names are case sensitive i.e. Font is different to font.
Taking the XML fragment shown in Figure A-1 as a further
example, the <Text> elements there each have four attributes name
X, Y, Font and Size.
A.1.3 Data
The data part of an element is contained between the opening tag
and the closing tag. The data can be either text or another element.
In our <Description> element example the data is the text The
descriptive text.
The data part of an element does not have to contain data, it can be
empty if for example all of the data contained in an element is
described through attributes. When the data part of an element is
empty the closing / character can be included in the opening tag
and the closing tag omitted thus.
<Description Font=Arial/>
Looking at our example XML fragment shown in Figure A-1 again,
we can see that the data sections of the <Text> elements contain
descriptive text, the data section of the <Logo> element contains a
file name and the data section of the <CaseData> element contains
another element introduced by the <Var> tag.
A-5
A-6
A-6
Description
Number
PageSize
Single
Text
Multiple
Unit
Multiple
Data
Multiple
Logo
Multiple
CaseData
Multiple
Line
Multiple
PlotArea
Single
LegendArea
Single
ContourSet
Single
A-7
Data Value
None.
Size
Style
Data Value
The background text to be added to the plot.
A-7
A-8
Size
Style
Data Value
The name of the unit of measurement type to be output e.g. length,
temperature. The full list of recognised type names is the same as the
list of quantity names defined in the units.xml file as followstime, length, mass, temperature, sound, frequency,
surface_area, volume, force, small_length, energy, pressure,
velocity, plane_angle, fraction, percentage, power,
mass_flow, mass_heat_capacity, mass_energy,
heat_flux_density, heat_transfer_coefficient,
mass_per_area, mass_density, volume_flow.
A.2.5 Data
Description
Defines individual data items that will appear on the plot.
A-8
Attributes
X
Y
Font
Size
Style
A-9
Data Value
A <Var> data element defining the data item to be output as follows.
A-9
A-10
Data Value
A text string identifying the data item to be output. The list of data
identifiers recognised is as follows.
Identifier
A-10
Stack Id
Tip Id
WindSpeed
Not specified
Not specified
WindDirection
Not specified
Not specified
SolarRadiation
Not specified
Not specified
Transmissivity
Not specified
Not specified
Humidity
Not specified
Not specified
BackgroundNoise
Not specified
Not specified
TransmissivityMin
Not specified
Not specified
TransmissivityMax
Not specified
Not specified
AtmTemperature
Not specified
Not specified
AtmPressure
Not specified
Not specified
CalculationMethod
Not specified
Not specified
NumberOfElements
Not specified
Not specified
BuoyancyPipe
Not specified
Not specified
BuoyancySonic
Not specified
Not specified
BuoyancyWellTest
Not specified
Not specified
OptSolarRadiation
Not specified
Not specified
OptWindchill
Not specified
Not specified
OptBackgroundNoise
Not specified
Not specified
OptAtmNoiseAttenuation
Not specified
Not specified
OptAdiabaticTempCorr
Not specified
Not specified
OptRKZFactor
Not specified
Not specified
NoiseCalcMethod
Not specified
Not specified
Identifier
Stack Id
A-11
Tip Id
Name
Required
Not specified
Length
Required
Not specified
AngleToHorizontal
Required
Not specified
AngleToNorth
Required
Not specified
Name
Required
Required
Type
Required
Required
NbrOfBurners
Required
Required
Length
Required
Required
Diameter
Required
Required
BurnerOpening
Required
Required
ContractionCoefficient
Required
Required
ExitLossCoefficient
Required
Required
Roughness
Required
Required
OutletPressureSpec
Required
Required
SealType
Required
Required
AngleToHorizontal
Required
Required
AngleToNorth
Required
Required
Fluid
Required
Required
MassFlow
Required
Required
LHV
Required
Required
MW
Required
Required
CpCv
Required
Required
EmissivityMethod
Required
Required
Emissivity
Required
Required
Temperature
Required
Required
A-11
A-12
Identifier
A-12
Stack Id
Tip Id
RiserDiameter
Required
Required
NoiseMethod
Required
Required
NoiseSPL
Required
Required
PeakFrequency
Required
Required
CombustionEfficiency
Required
Required
ExitVelocity
Required
Required
MachNumber
Required
Required
VolumeFlow
Required
Required
HeatRelease
Required
Required
FlameLength
Required
Required
APIFlameLength
Required
Required
WindSpeedAtTip
Required
Required
TipExitPressure
Required
Required
TipInletPressure
Required
Required
TipDP
Required
Required
SealInletPressure
Required
Required
SealDP
Required
Required
StackInletPressure
Required
Required
StackDP
Required
Required
TotalTipExitPressure
Required
Required
TotalTipInletPressure
Required
Required
TotapTipDP
Required
Required
TotalSealInletPressure
Required
Required
TotalSealDP
Required
Required
TotalStackInletPressure
Required
Required
Identifier
Stack Id
A-13
Tip Id
TotalStackDP
Required
Required
PurgeFluid
Required
Required
PurgeFixVolFlow
Required
Required
PurgeHUSAO2
Required
Required
PurgeHUSAHeight
Required
Required
PurgeFixedVel
Required
Required
PurgeFixVelCalcFlow
Required
Required
PurgeFixVolFlowCalcVel
Required
Required
PurgeFixVolFlowCalcFlow
Required
Required
PurgeHUSACalcVel
Required
Required
PurgeHUSACalcFlow
Required
Required
PurgeRedHUSACalcVel
Required
Required
PurgeRedHUSACalcFlow
Required
Required
Fluid2
Required
Required
MassFlow2
Required
Required
LHV2
Required
Required
MW2
Required
Required
CpCv2
Required
Required
Temperature2
Required
Required
AssistFluid
Required
Required
AssistFluidMassFlow
Required
Required
AssistFluidFlowRatio
Required
Required
A-13
A-14
Data Value
A text string naming the graphic file to be included.
Size
A-14
Style
A-15
Data Value
A text string defining the data item to be output. Recognised values
are.
Title
DataFile
Description
LastModified
Author
Revision
CheckedBy
FSWVersion
ActiveCaseName
ActiveCaseTag
ActiveCaseDesc
ActiveCaseTime
A-15
A-16
Data Value
None
Data Value
Elements defining the options used to draw the isopleth graph as
follows. Note one instance of each of these elements is required in
the <PlotArea> data. None of these elements has any data value, all
the required information is contained as attributes.
A-16
BackColour
A-17
A-17
A-18
Font
Size
Style
Size
Style
Attributes
Display
Space
Font
Size
Style
A-19
Size
Style
A-19
A-20
Size
A-20
A-21
Data Value
Elements defining the options used to draw the legend data on the
isopleth graph as follows. Note one instance of each of these
elements is required in the <LegendArea> data. None of these
elements has any data value, all the required information is
contained as attributes.
Size
A-22
Size
Style
Data Value
Multiple elements defining the individual contour lines to be output.
Up to 10 instances of <RadiationContour>, <NoiseContour> and
<TemperatureContour> can be specified.
A-22
A-23
A-24
DashDot
DashDotDot
A-24