Overview on civil engineering models

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Outline
Modeling and constitutive laws
Pre/Post Processing tools
Types of analysis
Some examples

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The finite elements models

Several types of possible models for concrete
The isoparametric finite elements : 2D (triangle or quadrangle, linear or quadratic) or 3D
(hexahedron, tetrahedron, pentahedron pyramid, linear or quadratic)
Plates : DKT (triangle or quadrangle linear)
Shells : COQUE_3D (quadrangle or triangle square)
Euler beams : POU_D_E
Timoshenko beams : POU_D_T
Ability to use the connections between models : 3D_POU, COQ_POU, LIAISON_DDL

Several types of possible models for steel

3D/2D
1D elements: BARRE (3D) 2D_BARRE (2D) or beam elements
Plate elements: GRILLE_MEMBRANE (3D) and GRILLE_EXCENTREE (DKT)

Models for reinforced concrete

Multi-fiber beams (POU_D_EM)
DKTG plates

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Constitutive laws for concrete

Elasticity with shrinkage optionally taken into account
Thermal deformations

th = (T Tref )

Drying shrinkage

rd = (C0 C )

Endogenous shrinkage

re =

T , C and are control variables

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ALPHA with
DEFI_MATERIAU/ELAS or
ELAS_FO

K_DESSIC and/or B_ENDO

with DEFI_MATERIAU/ELAS_FO

Constitutive laws for creep of concrete

GRANGER_FP ( _V) ( _INDT) creep (+ aging effect) (independent
of temperature) [R7.01.01]
group in series of Kelvin models (8)

BETON_UMLV_FP: creep + drying creep (+ shrinkage) [R7.01.06]

Non-linear model based on the work of F. Bendboudjema in Marnela-Vallee + drying creep of Bazant type

s = h f ( s ) and d = h f ( d )

BETON_BURGER_FP: creep + drying creep (+ shrinkage)

Under development [R7.01.35]
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Constitutive laws for concrete : cracking (3D)

Constitutive law

Model

Notes

ENDO_FRAGILE
[R5.03.18]

Local/GRAD_EPSI

Isotropic damage regardless

tension / compression

ENDO_SCALAIRE

GRAD_VARI

Isotropic damage regardless

tension / compression

ENDO_ISOT_BETON
[R7.01.04]

Local/GRAD_EPSI/GRAD_VARI

Isotropic damage in tension +

restoration of stiffness in
compression

ENDO_ORTH_BETON
[R7.01.09]

Local/ GRAD_EPSI

Orthotropic damage + restoration

of stiffness in compression

MAZARS [R7.01.08]

Local/ GRAD_EPSI

Isotropic damage tension /

compression

BETON_DOUBLE_DP
[R7.01.03]

Local (regularization with the

Hillerborg method)

Plasticity

[R5.03.18]

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Constitutive laws for concrete : cracking

Constitutive law

Model

Notes

BETON_RAG
[R7.01.26]

3D (local + regularization with the

Hillerborg method)

Visco-elastoplastic damage model

under the effect of the alkaliaggregate reaction

BETON_REGLE_PR

2D (local)

2D variation of regulatory law

BAEL91

LABORD_1D
[R 7.01.07]

Multi-fiber beam

Damage, plasticity, unilateral

effect, tension / compression
distinction

Note for plates, shells and pipes

local behavior = plane stresses
if C_PLAN not possible : ALGO_C_PLAN = 'DEBORST' => All the
3D constitutive laws are available

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Constitutive laws for reinforced concrete

Constitutive law

Model

Notes

GLRC_DM

DKTG

elastic steels + isotropic damage

under bending and under
membrane for the concrete
Possibility of coupling with VMIS_
(ISOT/CINE)_LINE via
KIT_DDI to take into account the
plasticity

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Constitutive laws for steels

Grid reinforcement of concrete
GRILLE_CINE_LINE, GRILLE_ISOT_LINE, GRILLE_PINTO_MEN
and ... all the 1D constitutive laws
if 1D not possible : ALGO_1D =DEBORST

1D elements
ELAS VMIS_ISOT_LINE, VMIS_CINE_LINE, PINTO_MENEGOTTO
(elasto-plasticity + Bauschinger effect) CORR_ACIER (damageable elastoplasticity with plastic deformation at fracture depends on the rate of
corrosion)
and ... all the constitutive laws through ALGO_1D =DEBORST

Pinto-Menegotto behavior
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Note : joint finite elements

Possibility of using joint elements to represent interfaces
Concrete steel connection : modeling D_PLAN or AXIS ; constitutive law
JOINT_BA (fine model) [R7.01.21]
Joints between dams elements in 2D or 3D JOINT_MECA_RUPT laws
(cohesive formulation of failure) or JOINT_MECA_FROT (elastoplastic
version of the Mohr-Coulomb friction law) [R7.01.25]

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Constitutive laws for soils : consistent with THM

models
Behavior of soils
ELAS_GONF
CAM_CLAY, BARCELONE
CJS, HUJEUX

Elastoplastic behavior of rocks

DRUCK_PRAGER
DRUCK_PRAG_N_A
LAIGLE, HOEK_BROWN (_EFF) (_TOT)

Viscoplastic behavior of rocks

VISC_DRUC_PRAG, LETK

Thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling (porous media)

KIT_HM, KIT_HHM, KIT_THM, KIT_THHM

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Tensioning prestressing cables

Prestressing cable
Possibility of "automated" treatment of the cables tensioning (phasing
possible) for bar elements embedded in a 3D mesh or DKT elements
With DEFI_CABLE_BP / CALC_PRECONT
Perfect cable-concrete connection : use of Lagrange multipliers
Tension to be applied in cables calculated by BPEL91 formula

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Outline
Modeling and constitutive laws
Pre/Post Processing tools
Types of analysis
Some examples

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Pre/post-processing tools
Visualization of structural elements

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Pre/post-processing tools
Calculation of deformations (CALC_ELEM)
EPSI_ELGA / EPSI_ELNO : total deformations
EPME_ELGA / EPME_ELNO : mechanical deformations
EPVC_ELNO or EPVC_ELGA : deformations due to control variables
(hydration, drying, temperature)
EPFP_ELGA / EPFP_ELNO : creep deformation (BETON_UMLV or GRANGER
laws)
EPFD_ELNO / EPFD_ELGA : drying creep deformations
DEGE_ELNO : generalized deformations (linear elasticity)
Beware : syntax modifications in the 11 version

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Pre/post-processing tools
For stresses calculation
SIEF_ELGA / SIEF_ELNO : stresses
SIGM_ELNO : stresses calculated from the displacements in linear elasticity
PROJ_ELEM : the normal and tangential stresses to the faces of the
elements, calculated at the center of faces (PROJ_ELEM_SIG_N,
PROJ_ELEM_SIG_T)
Visualization of stresses

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Pre/post-processing tools
For the calculation of stresses in structural elements
SIGM_ELNO
EFGE_ELNO : structural efforts
EFCA_ELNO : structural efforts in the global coordinate
SIPO_ELNO : stresses in the beam section decomposed into contribution of
each structural effort in the local coordinate system (SN, SMFY, SMFZ,
SVY, SVZ, SMT)
SICO_ELNO : stresses in a layer of shell elements

A new command
POST_COQUE : to extract the efforts at any point of a shell (SSLS126B)

+ more to come

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Pre/post-processing tools
Energy calculations (total energy, kinetic energy, ...)
Work in progress

Dissipation (DISS_ELNO / DISS_ELGA) for the GLRC_DM law

Calculation of masses (POST_ELEM / MASSE )
For dynamic calculations :
Keyword OBSERVATION to accurately track the evolution of a quantity in the
calculation without storing all time steps

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Outline
Modeling and constitutive laws
Pre/Post Processing tools
Types of analysis
Some examples

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Static analysis methods

Linear or non-linear static calculation
Chained calculations
thermics
thermo-hydration
drying
static linear or non-linear

Excluding
structural
elements

Coupled THM calculations for porous media

Calculation of reinforcement by the Capra and Maury method

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Methods for seismic analysis

Spectral method by modal synthesis
COMB_SISM_MODAL
Design method
Linear calculations only

Transient methods
By modal synthesis

DYNA_TRAN_MODAL

Takes into account localized nonlinearities : shock, friction

Direct
Linear
Non-linear

DYNA_LINE_TRAN / DYNA_NON_LINE

DYNA_NON_LINE

Localized nonlinearities : shock, friction

Behavior nonlinearities : plasticity
Geometric nonlinearity : large displacements

Harmonic method
DYNA_LINE_HARM

Soil Structure interaction
Coupling MISS3D / Code_Aster
Ground springs method
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How-to documents
A civil engineering study with pre-stressing tendons
U2.03.06

Performing damage calculations in quasi-static analysis

U2. 05.06

General tips for using the operator DYNA_NON_LINE

U2.06.13

A civil engineering study with seismic loading

U2.06.10

Analysis of the seismic resistance of large metal tanks

U2.06.11

Soil-structure interaction (SSI) in seismic analysis with the

Code_Aster - MISS3D coupling
U2.06.07 (restricted access)

Etc
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Outline
Modeling and constitutive laws
Pre/Post Processing tools
Types of analysis
Some examples

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Simulate the aging of a reinforced concrete

structure over 60 years
Applied loads over time
Tension CH
Tension CV
Dome

VD5

VD2
VD1

VD4

VC1

400 700 760

2190

VD3

5840

9490

Operation (60 years)

Building (6 years)

Thermal dilatation
Drying shrinkage
Endogenous shrinkage
Creep / drying creep (BETON_UMLV_FP)

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GNU FDL Licence

VD6

20440 24090

Simulate the aging of a reinforced concrete

structure over 60 years

3D concrete
Reinforcing steel
Prestressing cables
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Simulate the aging of a reinforced concrete

structure over 60 years
Perte de tension dans les cbles

Evolution de la concentration en eau dans l'paisseur, au cours du temps

130

0
29
182,25
400
758
1474
2190
4035
5840
7687,5
9490
11337,5
13140
14987,5
16790
18637,5
20440
24090

120

110

concentration (l/m3)

100

90

80

70

60

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

temps (jour)

cble horizontal (H3)

cble vertical (V1)

dformation orthoradiale coeur

50

0
40
0,00

0,20

0,40

0,60

0,80

1,00

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

1,20

paisseur (m)

temps (jour)

dformation totale

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dformation fluage propre

dformation fluage dessiccation

Creep behaviour of containment building

Comparison of
computed and
experimental strain

View of the 3D model

Data fitting to predict

the future behaviour

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Illustration : behavior in case of severe accident

First step : strain at 60 years

(creep)

Second step : stress with high pressure (~0,5 MPa)

and high temperature (150C)

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Simulation of a beam at early age

+ 4-points flexion test

Free shrinkage beam : 4-point flexion test

48 days after casting

The results are satisfying for

temperature at early age

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Results obtained with Code_Aster

(local isotropic damage model)
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Study of cooling towers

Amplified displacement of a
cooling tower under wind load
(shell)

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Mechanical behavior of concrete pipes with

metal web
Impact of corrosion on the mechanical resistance

force / bending curve (tests / calculation)

30

Cracking
Plastification of reinforcement bars
Corrosion of the metal pipe web

Force (tonnes)

25

20

15
Tuyau 5 - Partiellement corrode

10

Tuyau 5 - exp. - Partiellement corrode

5

Tuyau 5 - Corrosion variable

0
0

10

12

14

16

18

Flexion (mm)

Test device

Map of damage + deformations

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A TGV on an aging prestressed concrete bridge

Vertical accelerations at balasts
multifiber beam
cracking
dynamic
rolling load

Comportement dynamique (vitesse = 360 km/h)

1.5

-2

accel vertical (m.s )

0.5

-0.5

-1
Lineaire
Nonlineaire

-1.5
0

0.02

0.04

0.06
t (s)

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0.08

0.1

Seismic calculation with Code_Aster

Taiwan 1999

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Examples of use
Reinforced concrete structures
nonlinear GLRC_DM constitutive law

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Examples of use
Metallic structures

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Examples of use
Pipes

Tanks (containing fluid)

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Seismic calculation of dams

Taking into account the energy dissipated in the soil and dam
waters : Soil-Structure Interaction, Soil-Fluid-Structure Interaction

Mode of an arch dam

Stresses in a dam under seismic loading
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Earth-filled dam simulation

Layered construction

Watering

Seismic loading
A C C [ M / S /S ]
3 ,5
A C C E L ER O

N36
N 10 9

2 ,5

N237

2
1 ,5
1
0 ,5
0
0

0 ,5

1 ,5

2 ,5

3 ,5

4 ,5

- 0 ,5
T IM E [ S ]
-1
- 1 ,5
-2
- 2 ,5
-3

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N 237
N 109
N 1144 N 36
N 950
N 1099

Simulation of the alkali-aggregate reaction

(RAG)
Validation on an industrial case : an existing dam segment

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Simulation of a concrete dam

Modeling of the joining up(*) and the friction between arch dam
segments
Hydromechanical modeling of the joint between the rock and the
dam foundation

* The joining up consists to fill the joints between the blocks at the end of construction of dam by grouting, to ensure the transmission of forces to the rock

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End of presentation
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