Paul Jones

American Pageant Chapter 12

1. William Henry Harrison

William Henry Harrison was the ninth President of the United States, an American
military officer and politician, and the first president to die in office. The oldest president
elected until Ronald Reagan in 1980, and last President to be born before the United
States Declaration of Independence, Harrison died on his thirty-second day in office—the
shortest tenure in United States presidential history. His death sparked a brief
constitutional crisis, but that crisis ultimately resolved many questions about presidential
succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment.
2. Francis Scott Key
Francis Scott Key was an American lawyer, author, and amateur poet, from
Georgetown, who wrote the words to the United States' national anthem, "The Star-
Spangled Banner."
3. Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson was the seventh President of the United States (1829–1837). He was
military governor of Florida (1821), commander of the American forces at the Battle of
New Orleans (1815), and eponym of the era of Jacksonian democracy. A polarizing
figure who dominated American politics in the 1820s and 1830s, his political ambition
combined with widening political participation, shaping the modern Democratic Party.[1]
His legacy is now seen as mixed, as a protector of popular democracy and individual
liberty, checkered by his support for Indian removal and slavery. Renowned for his
toughness, he was nicknamed “Old Hickory." As he based his career in developing
Tennessee, Jackson was the first president primarily associated with the American
frontier. His portrait appears on the United States twenty-dollar bill.
4. James Monroe
James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was the fifth President of the United
States (1817–1825). His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819);
the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; the
admission of Maine in 1820 as a free state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine
(1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas, as well as
breaking all ties with France remaining from the War of 1812.
5. John C. Calhoun
John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18, 1782 – March 31, 1850) was the seventh Vice
President of the United States and a leading Southern politician from South Carolina
during the first half of the 19th century. Calhoun was an advocate of slavery, states'
rights, limited government, and nullification. He was the second man to serve as Vice
President under two administrations (as a Democratic-Republican under John Quincy
Adams and as a Democrat under Andrew Jackson), the first Vice President to have been
born after the American Revolution, and the first Vice President to resign from office.
Calhoun briefly served in the South Carolina legislature. There he wrote legislation
making South Carolina the first state to adopt universal suffrage for white men.
6. John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was the sixth President of
the United States from March 4, 1825 to March 4, 1829. He was also an American
diplomat and served in both the Senate and House of Representatives. He was a member
of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic
and Whig parties.
7. Daniel Webster
Daniel Webster (January 18, 1782 – October 24, 1852) was a leading American
statesman during the nation's Antebellum Period. He first rose to regional prominence
through his defense of New England shipping interests. His increasingly nationalistic
views and the effectiveness with which he articulated them led Webster to become one of
the most famous orators and influential Whig leaders of the Second Party System.
8. Henry Clay
Henry Clay, Sr. (April 12, 1777 – June 29, 1852) was a nineteenth-century American
statesman and orator who represented Kentucky in both the House of Representatives and
Senate. He served as Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829.
He was a dominant figure in both the First Party System and the Second Party
System. Known as "The Great Compromiser" and "The Great Pacifier" for his ability to
bring others to agreement, he was the founder and leader of the Whig Party and a leading
advocate of programs for modernizing the economy, especially tariffs to protect industry
from international competition, a national bank, and internal improvements to promote
canals, ports and railroads.
9. Nationalism
Nationalism is an ideology, a sentiment, a form of culture, or a social movement that
focuses on the nation. It is a type of collectivism emphasizing the collective of a specific
nation. While there is significant debate over the historical origins of nations, nearly all
specialists accept that nationalism, at least as an ideology and social movement, is a
modern phenomenon originating in Europe.
10. Peculiar institution
"(Our) peculiar institution" was an euphemism for slavery and the economic
ramifications of it in the American South. The meaning of "peculiar" in this expression is
"one's own", that is, referring to something distinctive to or characteristic of a particular
place or people. The proper use of the expression is always as a possessive, e.g., "our
peculiar institution" or "the South's peculiar institution". It was in popular use during the
first half of the 19th century, especially in legislative bodies, as the word slavery was
deemed "improper," and was actually banned in certain areas.
11. Sectionalism
Sectionalism is loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country,
rather than the nation as a whole.
12. American System
The American System was a mercantilist economic plan based on the "American
School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton, expanded upon later by Friedrich List, consisting
of a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building, and a national
bank to encourage productive enterprise and form a national currency. This program was
intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper, by providing a defense against
the dumping of cheap foreign products, mainly at the time from the British Empire.
13. Era of Good Feelings
The Era of Good Feelings (1817–25)[1] describes a period in United States political
history in which partisan bitterness abated. The phrase was coined by Benjamin Russell,
in the Boston newspaper, Columbian Centinel, on July 12, 1817, following the good-will
visit to Boston of President James Monroe.
14. Hartford Convention
The Hartford Convention was an event in 1814–1815 in the United States during the
War of 1812 in which New England's opposition to the war reached the point where
secession from the United States was discussed. The end of the war with a return to the
status quo ante bellum disgraced the Federalist Party, which disbanded in most places.
15. Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was a United States policy that was introduced on December 2,
1823, which said that further efforts by European governments to colonize land or
interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed by the United States of America as
acts of aggression requiring US intervention. The Monroe Doctrine asserted that the
Western Hemisphere was not to be further colonized by European countries, and that the
United States would not interfere with existing European colonies nor in the internal
concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued at the time when many Latin
American countries were on the verge of becoming independent from Spain, and the
United States, reflecting concerns echoed by Great Britain, hoped to avoid having any
European power take Spain's colonies. However, the immediate provocation was the
Russian Ukase of 1821 asserting rights to the Northwest and forbidding non-Russian
ships from approaching the coast.
16. Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery
and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation
of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana
Territory north of the parallel 36°30' north except within the boundaries of the proposed
state of Missouri. Prior to the agreement, the House of Representatives had refused to
accept this compromise and a conference committee was appointed. The United States
Senate refused to concur in the amendment, and the whole measure was lost.

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