Professional Documents
Culture Documents
13
Dear Customer
We are pleased to report that 2000 was another successful year for METTLER TOLEDO. In
particular, we enjoyed above average growth in Thermal Analysis. In response to this, we
have added a new colleague to our market support group/editorial team.
We are delighted to see that more and more customers want to publish their own articles
in UserCom.
Artifacts
Artifacts are effects observed on the measurement curve that are not directly caused by
the sample, i.e. effects that do not relate to the properties you want to measure.
The main types of TGA artifacts are:
Buoyancy effects caused by the density of the surrounding gas decreasing on heating.
Typically this results in an apparent gain in weight of 50g to 200g. Since buoyancy
effects are reproducible, the curves can be corrected by performing an automatic blank
curve subtraction. This also applies to buoyancy effects due to gas switching, which is
often used in TGA analysis. All the curves shown in this article are blank curve corrected.
Fluctuations of the purge gas flow rate can also affect the measurement curve. The
flow rate should therefore be kept as constant as possible and not be changed during a
measurement.
Sudden loss of mass arising from the ejection of part of the sample. This often occurs
when a sample decomposes with the formation of gas. You can prevent this by covering
the sample with coarse grain Al2O3 or a crucible lid with a hole.
Apparent weight gains caused by samples that foam and make contact with the furnace wall. You can avoid this problem by using smaller samples.
Contents
TA Tip
Interpreting TGA curves
New in our sales program
DMA/SDTA861e
Applications
Determination of the fiber content
of composite materials by
thermogravimetry
Investigation of the segregation
behavior of different mortar constituents with TGA/SDTA
Determination of polymer crystallinity with DSC measurements
DSC characterization of short
chain branching distribution in
polyethylene
Tips
TMA/SDTA840: Rapid cooling between measurements
Measurement conditions
In TGA, the exchange of materials between
the sample and the immediate surroundings must be possible. The crucible is
therefore either open or covered using a lid
with a hole.
The measurements are normally performed with a dynamic temperature program at rates between 0.5 and 50K/min,
often at 20K/min. A starting temperature
of 25C to 30C is used in order to detect
possible drying of the sample. The final
temperature is usually relatively high, e.g.
600C for organic substances or 1000C
for inorganic samples because in most
cases the decomposition of the sample is
also of interest. Organic samples are often
pyrolyzed under nitrogen. The carbon
black formed during the pyrolysis process
or present in the sample as an additive
(e.g. in polymers) is then burnt in an air
atmosphere.
A purge gas or at least a balance protection
gas must be used for all measurements.
Interpretation
In addition to the actual TGA curves, several other different curves are used to aid
interpretation:
the first derivative (DTG curve, rate of
change of mass),
the SDTA curve (measures exothermic or
endothermic effects in a similar way to
DSC) and possibly
EGA, Evolved Gas Analysis, i.e. FTIR or
MS measurements of evolved gases and
vapors.
The interpretation of SDTA curves is analogous to that of DSC curves and has already
been described in UserCom 10 and 11. The
next edition of UserCom will include an
article on EGA.
Chemical reactions
Thermogravimetry is often used to investigate chemical reactions in which weight
changes occur. A typical weight loss step is
about 100 C wide (for 1% to 99% conversion). The step usually develops slowly
from the initially horizontal TG curve. The
point of inflection is at about 60% conver-
2
UserCom 1/2001
sion. The radius of curvature is appreciably smaller at the end of the reaction than
at the beginning (Fig. 1a).
With stoichiometric reactions, the molar
mass of the eliminated molecule can be
determined as shown in the following example: the molar mass of aspartame (Fig.
3) is 312g/mol, the step of 10.4% at
180C therefore corresponds to 32g/mol.
Possible decomposition products are therefore O2, S or CH3OH. The most probable
substance is however methanol because
aspartame is not a peroxide and does not
contain sulfur.
Diffusion controlled reactions, in which
the transport of starting materials or products is restricted, proceed at an almost
constant rate (i.e. the slope of the TG
curve is almost constant, Fig. 1c).
Several steps often occur (Fig. 1d).
Explosive substances sometimes decompose so rapidly that the force of the recoil
disturbs the TGA signal (Fig. 1e). This
problem can be avoided by using smaller
sample quantities or by diluting the
sample with an inert substance.
Fig. 2. Example of a chemical reaction showing a gain in weight: In air, iron powder takes up 40% oxygen and forms Fe3O4 and Fe2O3. The SDTA signal confirms the strongly exothermic reaction. Heating rate
20K/min, 150l Al2O3 crucible. The reaction requires an exceptionally wide temperature range (about
600K) to achieve 1% to 99% conversion.
Fig. 3. Aspartame, an artificial sweetener, demonstrates relatively complex decomposition behavior. After
losing its water of crystallization at 130C, methanol is eliminated at 180C with the formation of a
piperazine ring. This reaction takes place over an extremely narrow temperature range of only 20K for
1% to 99% conversion. The SDTA curve shows that the piperazine derivative formed melts at 250C.
on melting is usually less than 1g. Despite this, the melting of a substance often
causes a noticeable change on the TGA
curve. This has to do with effects such as
increasing vapor pressure or more rapid
decomposition of the sample in the liquid
phase (Figures 4 and 5).
3
UserCom 1/2001
Fig. 7. A permanent magnet below the furnace of the thermobalance attracts the ferromagnetic material
(apparent increase in weight). The force is no longer exerted when the Curie temperature of the sample is
exceeded, but takes effect again on cooling. The abscissa shows the sample temperature Ts.
4
UserCom 1/2001
Deformation modes
The instrument provides four different deformation measurement modes:
tension
bending (3-point bending and dual cantilever)
shear
compression
The newly designed sample holder system
allows you to rapidly change from one deformation mode to the other. The interchangeable sample holder inserts that fix
the sample in position are very simple to
install.
Fig. 1. The new DMA/SDTA861e Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer from METTLER TOLEDO.
FA / LA:
FA:
LA:
g:
stiffness
force amplitude
displacement amplitude
geometry factor (depends on the
geometry of the sample and the
deformation mode)
5
UserCom 1/2001
6
UserCom 1/2001
12, 18, 40 N
200, 1000 Hz
4, 6 decades
Gas switching and/or controlled gas flow
Applications
Determination of the fiber content of composite
materials by thermogravimetry
Dr. B. Benzler, Applications laboratory, METTLER TOLEDO, Giessen, Germany
Introduction
Plastics are frequently filled or reinforced
with very different types of material in order to improve their mechanical and thermal properties. Organic fillers and reinforcing materials (e.g. wood flour) increase the toughness of a plastic. The addition of fibers can result in a major increase in stiffness and structural strength.
Besides natural organic fibers such as jute
and sisal, synthetic inorganic fibers (e.g.
glass and carbon fibers) and organic fibers
such as aramid are widely used for reinforcement purposes. Aramid fibers consist
of poly-p-phenylene terephthalamide and
are remarkable because of their high tensile strength and their relatively high decomposition temperature of about 550C.
Fiberglass-reinforced thermoplastics are
being increasingly used for technical products: they can be processed by injection
molding or extrusion and exhibit excellent
mechanical properties. This allows them to
be used in very diverse fields (car manufacturing, precision machines, electrical
engineering etc.).
Some examples of products reinforced with
aramid fibers are high pressure flexible
hoses, belts and bulletproof jackets.
The quality assurance of such composite
materials consists primarily of checking
the desired fiber content. This is very easily
done using thermogravimetry, as will be
shown in the following two examples.
Thermogravimetry (TG) or
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the mass of a sample that is heated
at a constant rate (usually linear) in a
controlled atmosphere. The examples de-
scribed here deal with the loss of mass resulting from the pyrolytic decomposition
of the plastics under nitrogen.
Example 1: Fiberglass-reinforced
polyamide PA 6
Samples of about 11 mg each of PA 6
(without fiberglass) and fiberglass-reinforced PA6 were examined by TGA under
the following experimental conditions:
Instrument: TGA/SDTA 851e STARe System thermobalance
Heating rate: 10 K/min
Temperature
range:
25 C to 800 C
Atmosphere: Nitrogen, 50 ml/min.
The resulting measurement curves and
their evaluations are shown in Figure1.
7
UserCom 1/2001
Fig. 2. TGA of an epoxy resin aramid fiber composite (middle): above: pure aramid fibers, below: pure
resin.
8
UserCom 1/2001
Conclusions
These examples show that
thermogravimetry is an excellent method
for the rapid and accurate determination
of the resin and fiber content in composite
materials. The decomposition temperatures provide additional qualitative information concerning the identity of the
components.
Thermogravimetric steps in %
RT...300C
300...520C
3.12
1.31
2.07
48.91
0.94
96.05
300...520C, DB
1.35
49.94
96.96
Introduction
The mineral constituents of mortar mixtures can be divided into two main groups
- reactive binders and inert fillers. By
mineral binders, we usually mean cement,
e.g. Portland cement or aluminous (highalumina) cement, anhydrite and/or hemihydrate (calcium sulfate) that hydrate
when mixed with water. The hydrates form
a solid matrix that binds the mortar together. Quartz or carbonate-rich sand and/
or their finely crushed powder are used as
fillers. Other possible mortar constituents
are latent hydraulic binders, glasses, lightweight fillers and a large number of organic additives such as cellulose ethers
and redispersible powders.
Fresh mortar is made by adding water and
mixing well. The particular working consistency of the mortar depends on the application. When used as an adhesive for
wall tiles, the shear strength and viscosity
should be on the high side. For self-leveling flooring, the mass may segregate to
certain degree. The mortar must remain
homogeneous, i.e. the coarse mineral constituents should not settle, and the water
with the dissolved and dispersed fine components should not rise to the surface too
much.
This article describes how the segregation
behavior of freshly made mortar was
quantitatively analyzed using TGA/SDTA. A
simple tile adhesive recipe was used as an
example.
Sample preparation
The tile adhesive consists of 40% Portland
cement (CEM I 52.5 R, JCF, Wildegg),
59.6% quartz sand (0.1-0.3 mm, Zimmerli
Mineralwerke, Zrich) and 0.4%
methylhydroxyethyl cellulose (MHEC
15000 PFF from Aqualon). 100 g of the dry
mixture were stirred with 23 g of water and
transferred to a concrete slab with a suitable tool. After five minutes, a 50x50 mm
earthenware tile was placed on the mortar
and a load of 2 kg applied. This compressed the mortar layer to 1.6 mm.
however not present in the original mixture and must therefore arise from a
carbonisation reaction. This interpretation
is supported by the fact that the carbonate
content correlates with the portlandite
content and has a tendency to increase
toward the concrete slab.
The SDTA curves show that the three
weight loss steps each correspond to endothermic processes. In addition there is an
exothermic process at about 260C and
another endothermic process at about
570C. These two peaks correspond to the
strongly exothermic decomposition of
MHEC and the solid-solid transition of
quartz. The MHEC and quartz content can
therefore be quantitatively determined by
evaluating the SDTA signal. The decomposition of MHEC in fact also causes a weight
loss. However, with low MHEC concentrations (in this case 0.4%), this weight loss
step is completely hidden by the drying
and dehydration processes of the ettringite.
In this case, only the quantitative evaluation of the exothermic SDTA peak allows
reliable information on the MHEC content
Fig. 1. The TGA and SDTA curves of three samples. The dotted curve shows the results of a TGA analysis
of a reference mortar sample consisting of Portland cement and quartz sand that did not contain any
MHEC. The uppermost sample in contact with the tile (continuous line) and the sample in the middle of
the mortar bed (dashed line) are shown as examples of the 5 individual samples.
9
UserCom 1/2001
Fig. 2. SDTA curves of six different dry mixtures with known quartz/cement ratios. The peaks are integrated over the same temperature range.
10
UserCom 1/2001
curves of Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3 do not exactly follow the cement distribution is evidence for the presence of different local
degrees of hydration.
The concentrations by weight of the different constituents of the mortar in the original mixture can be determined by averaging the concentrations of the different
mortar constituents along the depth profile. The ratio of the sample weight to the
total weight of all the samples is used as
the weight factor for the calculation of the
mean value for each sample. On the basis
of the TGA/SDTA measurements described
here, one finds values of 0.44% MHEC,
41.5% cement and 51.7% quartz sand for
the composition of the original mortar
11
UserCom 1/2001
Introduction
A large number of polymers are able to
form crystalline structures in which parts
of the macromolecules are orientated parallel to one another. Unlike low molecular
weight substances, the degree of crystallinity that can be achieved by polymers is
much lower than 100 percent and depends
on the molecular structure. Besides crystallites, amorphous regions can also be
formed in these materials. In practice one
distinguishes between two kinds of amorphous regions in partially crystalline polymers based on the different types of molecular mobility possible. The mobile
amorphous regions are between the crystallites. They also determine the step
height of the glass transition. At the surface of the crystallites there are rigid amorphous regions that exhibit an amorphous
structure but despite this do not take part
in the glass transition because of their reduced mobility (see UserCom 11). The
temperature at which crystallization occurs, how rapidly it takes place and the
degree of crystallinity achieved, depend on
the molecular structure of the sample.
As explained above, to determine the initial crystallinity the measured melting enthalpy, Hf, is compared to the value for a
100 percent crystalline sample, Hf100%.
12
UserCom 1/2001
Material
PE-LD, polyethylene, low density
PE-HD. polyethylene high density
PET, polyethylene terephthalate
PP, polypropylene
PA 6, polyamide 6
PA 66, polyamide 66
PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene
Table 1. Melting enthalpies of different thermoplastics
Fig. 3. Determination of the initial crystallinity of partially crystalline materials. Small crystals melt immediately after the glass transition and recrystallize to form larger, more stable crystals that then melt at
higher temperatures. Before the measurement, the sample (PET) was completely melted and annealed at
120C for 40 minutes.
13
UserCom 1/2001
Introduction [1 9]
The following acronyms are used in this
article:
MMD Molar Mass Distribution
SCBD Short Chain Branching Distribution
SCB Short Chain Branching
TREF Temperature Rising Elution Fractionation
SIST Stepwise Isothermal Segregation
Technique
SSA Successive Self-nucleation / Annealing
The properties of the copolymers of ethylene and higher -olefines (1-butene, 1hexene, 1-octene, 4-methyl-pentene, etc.)
are closely related to the molar mass distribution (MMD) and the short chain
branching distribution (SCBD) within the
macromolecule.
The MMD and the type and content of
monomers (or branching) can be determined by Size Exclusion Chromatography
(SEC) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
(NMR). The determination of the SCBD
requires the use of fractionation techniques. For instance, the monomer distribution along the molecular chains can be
determined by Temperature Rising Elution
Fractionation (TREF). This technique
fractionates the heterogeneous polyethylene (PE) by stepwise crystallization in solution onto an inert support. The support
temperature follows the crystallization
temperatures of the different molecular
structures of the PE chains. The method
involves dissolving the polymer in a suitable solvent at high temperature at 130C
to 140C. The dilute polymer solution is
then cooled slowly to room temperature.
14
UserCom 1/2001
PE1
0.958
e
26000
161300
745600
6.2
PE3
0.933
68
14800
205500
1460200
14.1
15
UserCom 1/2001
The SIST and SSA treatments were performed on all three PE samples. The resulting melting curves are shown in Figures 4 and 5. Table 3 summarizes the
melting enthalpies obtained following the
three different sample pretreatments (conventional DSC, SIST and SSA). The use of
SIST and SSA pretreatments allows the
three PE samples to be classified into two
groups. With PE2 and PE3 copolymers several more or less resolved peaks appear in
the DSC curves. As expected, this is not the
case with the PE1 homopolymer.
Fig. 3a. DSC measurements of the three different PE samples (heating experiment at 10 K/min)
PE1
PE2
PE3
Fig. 3b. DSC measurements of the three different PE samples (cooling experiment at 10 K/min)
16
UserCom 1/2001
Conventional DSC
216
188
174
SIST
SSA
234
186
178
224
192
166
Tm (C)
PE1
PE2
PE3
138.0
129.0
126.0
Tcc (C)
First peak
115.0
115.0
113.5
Tcc (C)
Second peak
80.5
74.0
Hm (J/g)
Hcc (J/g)
216
188
174
216
183
172
Table 2. Thermal characteristics of samples PE1, PE2 and PE3 determined by conventional DSC analysis
(first procedure)
Acknowledgement
The authors gratefully acknowledge the
help given by Mrs. Batrice van der Heyden
in performing the DSC measurements.
Literature
[1] T. Kamiya, N. Ishikawa, S. Kambe, N.
Ikegami, H. Nishibu and T. Hattori,
Antec90, 871-873.
[2] D.R. Parikh, B.S. Childress, and G.W.
Knight, Antec91, 1543-1545.
[3] E. Adisson, M. Ribeiro, A. Deffieux,
and M. Fontanille, Polymer, 1992,
volume 33, number 20, 4337-4342.
[4] M.Y. Keating, and E.F. Mccord,
Thermochimica Acta 243, 1994,
129-145.
[5] A.J. Muller, Z.H. Hernandez, M.C.
Arnal, and J.J. Sanchez, Polymer bulletin, 1997, 39, 465-472.
[6] A. Hanyu, and R. Wheat, Antec98,
1887-1891.
[7] C. Vandermiers, J.F. Moucin, P.
Damman, and M. Dosiere, Polymer,
2000, 41, 2915-2923.
[8] G. Glokner, Journal of applied polymer science: Applied polymer symposium 45 ,1990, 1-24.
[9] V. Stephenne, D. Daoust, G. Debras,
M. Dupire, R. Legras, and J. Michel,
submitted in journal of applied polymer science.
[10] R.G. Alamo, L. Mandelkern,
Thermochimica Acta 238, 1994, 155.
17
UserCom 1/2001
Tips
TMA/SDTA840: Rapid cooling between measurements
Dr. Markus Schubnell
Introduction
It takes a certain amount of time for the
TMA to cool down from the end temperature of an experiment to the initial temperature of the next measurement. To a
good approximation, the cooling behavior
can be described by an exponential function characterized by the cooling time
constant, . If the cooling time constant is
known, the time that the module needs to
cool down from a temperature of T1 to a
temperature of T2 is given by the following
equation:
tT1T2 = [ln(T1T0) ln(T2T0)]
where T0 is the lowest temperature that is
reached asymptotically. It lies between the
cryostat temperature and room temperature. The temperature of the cryostat
should be set to 22.0C as recommended
in the operating instructions. If the temperature of the cooling flange is below
16C or above 45C, the measurement is
automatically terminated and an error
message is displayed.
In principle, there are several ways to reduce the cooling time constant. These are
described in the following sections and are
discussed briefly in connection with typical
measurements.
Opening the furnace at the end of
the measurement
If the furnace is opened at the end of a
measurement, the surrounding air is free
to enter the furnace and reach the sample.
The cooling time constant is however only
reduced by about 20 s, which therefore
only has a small effect on the furnace
cooling time. On the other hand, the
sample itself cools much more rapidly
(cooling time constant about 50 s), which
may be desirable in certain circumstances.
18
UserCom 1/2001
So that the furnace can be opened immediately after it reaches the end temperature, the Furnace Open Permission must
have been previously activated in the experiment buffer.
Cooling with helium
At first sight, helium seems particularly
suitable for use as a purge gas because its
thermal conductivity is about six times
better than that of air or nitrogen. With a
helium flow rate of 30 ml/min, the cooling time constant is about 430s. This
cooling time constant is in fact only
slightly less than the cooling time constant obtained using a nitrogen flow rate
Purge gas Purge gas [ml/min]
air
0
air
0
air
2000
nitrogen
30
helium
30
100
150
200
300
500
700 1000
21.7
16.3
7.7
3.7
0.0
25.5
20.1
11.5
7.5
3.8
28.1
22.6
14.0
10.0
6.4
31.5
26.1
17.5
13.5
9.8
35.8
30.3
21.8
17.7
14.0
38.5
33.1
24.4
20.4
16.8
41.3
35.9
27.3
23.3
19.6
Table 2. Cooling times in minutes for natural cooling (no purge gas); =7.83 min, T0=20C
100
150
200
300
500
700 1000
14.8
11.0
5.2
2.5
0.0
17.4
13.7
7.8
5.1
2.6
19.1
15.4
9.6
6.8
4.3
21.5
17.8
11.9
9.2
6.7
24.3
20.6
14.8
12.1
9.6
26.2
22.5
16.6
13.9
11.4
28.1
24.5
18.6
15.9
13.4
Table 3. Cooling times in minutes with a purge gas flow rate of 2 l/min air; =5.3 min, T0=20C
Dates
TMA/DMA (Deutsch)
10. September 2001 Greifensee
S6)Re SW Workshop Basic (Deutsch) 10. September 2001 Greifensee
TGA (Deutsch
11. September 2001 Greifensee
DSC Basic (Deutsch)
12. September 2001 Greifensee
DSC Advanced (Deutsch)
13. September 2001 Greifensee
S6)Re SW Workshop Advanced (Deutsch) 14. September 2001 Greifensee
TMA/DMA (English)
September 17, 2001 Greifensee
S6)Re SW Workshop Basic (English) September 17, 2001 Greifensee
TGA (English)
DSC Basic (English)
DSC Advanced (English)
S6)Re SW Workshop Advanced (English)
Fr nhere Informationen wenden Sie sich bitte an METTLER TOLEDO GmbH, Giessen:
Frau Ina Wolf, Tel.: ++49-641 507 404.
Kundenkurse und Workshops:
DSC-Kundenkurs
Workshop Kurveninterpretation
TG-Workshop
S6)Re-Workshop (Basic)
Fachseminare:
Thermische Analyse in der pharmazeutischen Forschung und Produktion 21. 6. 2001 Basel (CH)
Thermoanalytische und spektroskopische Methoden an Kunststoffen
30. 10. 2001 Dsseldorf (DE)
France: Renseignements et inscriptions par Christine Fauvarque, METTLER TOLEDO S.A., Viroflay, Tl.: ++33-1 30 97 16 89, Fax: ++33-1 30 97 16 60.
Cours clients :
TG et logiciel S6)Re
DSC et logiciel S6)Re
DSC avanc et logiciel S6)Re
TMA et logiciel S6)Re
Journes dinformation:
Journe dinformation
Journe dinformation
Sminaires:
DSC Alternative et ses applications
19
UserCom 1/2001
Belgique: Renseignements et inscriptions par Pat Hoogeras, N.V. METTLER TOLEDO S.A., Zaventem, Tl.: ++32-2 334 02 09, Fax: ++32 2 334 0 334.
TA courses: ( day each topic)
Theory of polymers
17 September 2001 am Brussels (BE)
Basics of DSC & calibrations
17 September 2001 pm Brussels (BE)
Amorpous samples (Tg, workshops)
18 September 2001 am Brussels (BE)
Crystalline samples (Tm, Tc workshops) 18 September 2001 pm Brussels (BE)
Voor verdere informatie kunt U kontakt opnemen met: Hay Berden Mettler-Toledo B.V. Tiel . Tel. 0344-638363.
Per ulteriori informazioni prego contattare: Simona Ferrari, Mettler-Toledo S.p.A., Novate Milanese,
Tel.: ++39-2 333 321, Fax: ++39-2 356 2973 E-mail: simona.ferrari@mt.com
Corsi per Clienti:
DSC base
DSC avanzato
TGA
TMA
Para detalles acerca de los cursos y seminarios, por favor, contacte con: Francesc Catala en Mettler-Toledo S.A.E., Tel: ++34 93 223 76 00 E-Mail: francesc.catala@mt.com
Seminarios de Anlisis Trmico:
Jornada TA de aplicationes a Polmeros 23-oct-01 Barcelona
16-oct-01 Madrid
TA Customer Courses and Seminars for Sweden and the Nordic countries
Barcelona
Madrid
Barcelona
Madrid
For details of training courses and seminars please contact: Catharina Hasselgren at Mettler-Toledo AB,
Tel: ++46 8 702 50 24, Fax: ++46 8 642 45 62 E-mail: catharina.hasselgren@mt.com
For details of training courses and seminars please contact: Rod Bottom at METTLER TOLEDO Ltd Leicester, Tel 0116 234 5025, Fax 0116 236 5500
DSC basic training course
Basic Thermal Analysis Training based upon the STARe System version 6 is being offered in California and at Columbus, Ohio Headquarters. Training will include lectures and hands-on workshops. For information contact Jon Foreman at 1-800-638-8537 extension 4687, fax: 614-438-4871 or by e-mail: jon.foreman@mt.com
TA course
TA information day
TA Customer Courses in the South East Asia Regional Office, Kuala Lumpur.
For information on dates please contact:
For details of training courses and seminars please contact: Yasushi Ikeda at METTLER TOLEDO Japan, Tel.: +81-3-5762-0606; Facsimile: +81-3-5762-0756
TA information day
October 25, 2001 Osaka
Advanced S6)Re course
September 14, 2001 Tokyo
Advanced S6)Re course
November 15, 2001 Osaka
For further information regarding meetings, products or applications please contact your local METTLER TOLEDO representative.
Bei Fragen zu weiteren Tagungen, den Produkten oder Applikationen wenden Sie sich bitte an Ihre lokale METTLER TOLEDO Vertretung.
Internet: http:/www.mt.com
Editorial team
Dr. M. Schubnell,
Physicist
Dr. R. Riesen,
Chemical Engineer
J. Widmann,
Chemical Engineer
Dr. J. Schawe,
Physicist
20
UserCom 1/2001
C. Darribre,
Chemical Engineer
U. Jrimann
Electrical Engineer